Professional Documents
Culture Documents
On
Environmental Impact
Assessment
(in Leather Industry)
Submitted To:-
Prof. Leena
Submitted By:-
Siddharth Singh
MBA [Marketing]
Date: 11/12/2009
1
INDEX
1. EIA Introduction 3
9. Final Consideration 20
10. References 21
2
{EIA}
Introduction:
Definition:
Leather Industry
3
Introduction:
Raw material for leather industry is raw hide or skin. The salt used for
preserving the skin/hide discharges huge amount of pollution load in terms
of total dissolved solids (TDS) and chlorides. Other major polluting
chemicals used in tanning industry are lime, sodium sulphide, ammonium
salts, sulphuric acid, chromium salts and vegetable tanning materials.
Currently, about 6.5 million tons of wet salted hides and skins are processed
worldwide annually. About 3.5 million tons of various chemicals are used
for leather processing. A considerable part of this amount is discharged into
the effluent. At an average consumption of 45-50 m3 of the waste liquor and
800 kg of solid wastes per ton of raw hide are discharged by the leather
industry. The composition of liquid and solid wastes generated in tanneries
worldwide are: COD, 1470; BOD, 619; suspended solids, 920; chromium,
4
30; sulphur, 60; and solid wastes (trimmings, fleshing, shaving & buffing
dust), 3000 thousand tons.
5
Indian Leather Industry
For a number of years the leather sector was reserved for small-scale
sector in India. This was done primarily to promote employment. A number
of policy instruments such as tax exemption, licensing restrictions and
reservation policy were used to encourage the growth of the leather industry
in the small scale and cottage industry sector.
During the 1970s, India export consisted largely of raw hides and
skins. In later years, the government introduced policies to promote the
6
export of higher value added products. For example, it banned the export of
raw hides and skins and introduced quotas on the export of semi-finished
leather. It also provided several incentives for export of finished products. As
a result, India’s leather export basket has seen important change. The
proportion of leather products has seen a sharp increase since the early
1980s. Presently, more than 80% of India’s exports (by value) consist of
finished products.
1. The raw hides and skins are salt preserved in India. This causes a serious
problem of excess of salt in tannery effluent.
2. The yield of leather from wet salted stock is lower in India than
international norms. This is partly due to higher level of process waste.
7
3. The chemical consumption in Indian tanneries is about 25 to 30% higher
than international norms. This is due to the use of inefficient equipment
and processes and the absence of recycling.
4. The specific water consumption in Indian tanneries is more than double
that of tanneries in developed countries. The tanning units in India
consume an average of 40 liter/sq ft of finished leather. Compared to this,
the tanneries in developed countries consume about 12-15 liters/sq ft.
5. A majority of the tanneries in India are very old and their layout is not
efficient. This leads to bottlenecks for process and material handling,
multidirectional material flow and excessive material handling. Most of
these tanneries also have very unhygienic working conditions, inadequate
ventilation and lighting.
8
LEATHER PRODUCTION PROCESS
1) Preparatory stages:
The preparatory stages are when the hide/skin is prepared for tanning.
Preparatory stages may include: preservation, soaking, liming, unhairing,
fleshing, splitting, reliming, deliming, bating, degreasing, frizzing,
bleaching, pickling and depickling.
2) Tanning:
Tanning is the process which converts the protein of the raw hide or
skin into a stable material which will not putrefy and is suitable for a wide
variety of end applications. The principal difference between raw hides and
tanned hides is that raw hides dry out to form a hard inflexible material that
when re-wetted (or wetted back) putrefy, while tanned material dries out to a
flexible form that does not become putrid when wetted back. There is a large
number of different tanning methods and materials that can be used, the
choice is ultimately dependent on the end application of the leather. The
most commonly used tanning material is chromium, which leaves the leather
once tanned a pale blue color (due to the chromium), this product is
commonly called “wet blue”. The hides once they have finished pickling will
typically be between pH of 2.8-3.2. At this point the hides would be loaded
in a drum and immersed in a float containing the tanning liquor. The hides
9
are allowed to soak (while the drum slowly rotates about its axle) and the
tanning liquor slowly penetrates through the full substance of the hide.
Regular checks will be made to see the penetration by cutting the cross-
section of a hide and observing the degree of penetration. Once a good even
degree of penetration exists, the pH of the float is slowly raised in a process
called basification. This basification process fixes the tanning material to the
leather and the more tanning material fixed the higher the hydrothermal
stability and increased shrinkage temperature resistance of the leather. The
pH of the leather when chrome tanned would typically finish somewhere
between 3.8-4.2.
3) Crusting:
10
Figures below show the complete leather manufacturing process,
highlighting the main waste generation points.
11
RESIDUE GENERATED
IN
LEATHER PRODUCTION
Solid residue is defined as any solid material that stems from the daily
activities of humans in society and which the producer or owner does not
consider to have enough importance to be preserved.
Liquid effluents
12
hairs, muscle tissue, fat and suspended blood. There are salts (such as sulfite,
sulfate, chloride, sodium, calcium, ammonia), proteins and diverse amino
acids in solution. These effluents have high concentrations of solids in
suspension, dissolved proteins and acidic pH. This is the phase with the
highest concentration of pollutant and toxic loads in tanning effluents. In
order to have an idea of the potential environmental impact, consider that the
average weight of 23 Kg/salted hide8 and an average organic load of
domestic sewage of 54 Kg DBO9/inhabitant/day is the polluting potential of
a biodegradable organic load of a tannery that processes 3000 hides/day,
equivalent to a population of 85,600 inhabitants. The impact is thus quite
significant.
Atmospheric emissions
Solid waste
Solid wastes are the most generated. They can be grouped into two
categories:
Non-tanning solid waste: from the rawhide and fleshing and splitting,
these are the chippings, flesh, and other wastes resulting from the
preparation for tanning process. These wastes are classified as non-
13
hazardous and are rich in collagen and fats. They can be transformed
into glue, gelatin, and gum, among others.
Tanning solid waste: these are from the effluent treatment station
(chromecontaminated sludge), from the wet finishing phase, when the
leather goes through the physical-mechanical phases of resting,
leveling and cutting (comprised of: burrs, chromed shavings, chaffing,
scrapings and chippings of tanned leather) and buffing dust. These
wastes are classified as hazardous materials (class 1 wastes) and are
rich in trivalent and hexavalent chrome (which can cause cancer and
mutations in humans). For each piece of tanned leather, 2 to 3 kg of
chromed shavings is generated.
It is thus possible to see the great waste generation by the sector, and
waste that can result in expressive environmental impacts. It is fundamental
for the sector to invest in specific cares and treatments in the search to
minimize these impacts on the environment. That’s why it is so important to
implement effective waste management systems, or even to prevent such
waste.
These impacts can occur at every phase of the production process and
they follow the emission forms and environmental aspects that can cause
such impacts:
14
by the skins; soil contamination through pieces of hide and salt with
organic matter.
15
A large number of chemical products are used, such as surfactants,
solvents, fungicides, insecticides, acids, natural or synthetic tannin
agents, chrome, titanium, magnesium, dyes, salts, sulfonated oils, etc.
Leather industry employees are the most jeopardized because they live
with chrome daily, as well as with other toxic compounds. Most of them
suffer from skin allergies and have allergic rhinitis, according to Elizabeth
Nascimento, professor of toxicology at the University of São Paulo (USP)
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences. Prolonged stays in environments where
chrome is used favors the development of lung cancer through the inhalation
of large quantities of the substance. As with every heavy metal, chrome
accumulates in the organism due to direct contact or the consumption of
contaminated water and foods, and over the years, it can cause organ failure,
such as kidneys, and eventually death. When inhaled in large doses, its
hexavalent form, which is rarer and more hazardous, causes perforations in
the nasal septum.
16
subtle. Their effects cannot be seen, but they just as or more serious than
those caused by liquid effluent pollution.
One alternative that has been growing in the sector is tanning without
the use of chrome. This chrome-free process can become an excellent
business opportunity and it will be the future way to tan leathers. As an
example, we can cite a footwear company located in Northampton shire,
England, specialized in footwear for babies that does not use chrome in
leather tanning. According to the company, the use footwear with
conventional leather can cause irritation and dermatitis on babies’ feet. The
chrome in the leather can also be ingested if the babies put the shoes in their
mouths. The leather used by the company is tanned using vegetal extracts
that have less impact on the environment and are biodegradable.
17
Another foreign company that is investing in the chrome-free process
is Ecopell, located in Germany. The tanning process used by the industry
employs plants and ingredients that do not harm the environment.
a) Desalting and soaking. The salt load in the effluent can be reduced by:
• Decreasing the amount of salt used to preserve hides by adding
environmentally acceptable anti-septics such as boric acid and sodium
sulphide. It must, however, be mentioned that the use of these
preservatives reduces shelf life.
18
• Use of improved methods of desalting by using Dodeca frames
and desalting machies.
• Processesing fresh (green) hides, which have been preserved by
chilling.
b) Unharing and liming. The pollutants from these processes can be reduced
by using the following technologies:
• Recycling spent float. This also leads to a reduction in the
amount of water consumption.
• Enzymatic unharing. This can lead to a reduction in the use of
sulphide, leading to a reduction of COD by 30-40%.
c) Deliming and Bating. The environmentally friendly alternatives include:
ammonia free delimng and bathis and carbon dioxide deliming.
d) Chrome tanning. Cleaner technologies to reduce chrome content in the
effluent are:
• High exhaustion process in which short floats at higher
temperature and pH are used. The process increases the extent of
chrome exhaustion and reduces the chrome content in the effluent.
• Recovery/recycling of chrome. In this process, chrome in the
effluent is recovered and reused in tanning process.
• Low or no chrome tanning.
e) Post Tanning. The methods to reduce the load of pollutants generated by
these processes are:
• High Exhaustion
• Chrome fixing in neutralization
• Chrome precipitation.
• Replacing nitrogenous compounds with other filling agents;
• Phasing out environmentally hazardous chemicals with high
COD and BOD values, and limited biodegradability.
19
FINAL CONSIDERATIONS
Some considerations can be made from this study. The leather sector
is very expressive in the national manufacturing universe. The production of
leather implies the large consumption of natural resources, especially water,
and significant impacts on the environment, since large quantities of solid
waste, liquid effluents and atmospheric emissions are generated. If these are
not duly treated and appropriated disposed they can harm human health and
water sources as well as contaminate the soil.
20
minimizing sector problems and towards generating jobs and foreign
reserves, thus contributing towards the country's growth.
References:
21
Shanmugam Kavitha, “Polluting Leather Units face Closure Threat”,
Business Standrard, April 28, 2002.
http://www.brazilianleather.com.br
http://www.euroleather.com
www.indianleatherportal.com
kanpurbds.fibre2fashion.com/indian-leather-ind.asp
dipp.nic.in/industry/leather
weblis.unep.org
www.fao.org
22