Professional Documents
Culture Documents
3 months 12 15 2 years
3 Days 1 month 2 months 5 months months 1 year
months
Distinguish Touch| turn-taking words|mouth 10 words 300
prefer recognition, attention pointing
Speech sight words
mother's resulting in towards
Sounds
Sounds recognition a distant
voice early
acquisition of object
labials
Decreolization
Innate Critical | Sound
gestures Period Distinguishing
Depignization
New
Words at
end of
Baby Cross-
Cultural
sentences
Talk
Repetition
of
sentences
Unitary Differentiated
Overlapping Appropriate
Intra utterance
Calqueing
code-mixing Bilingual Aphasiacs
diff. Syn. and
(Obler & Gjerlow, Phon.
Phonology (Obler 2006) constructions
& Gjerlow, 2006)
(Genesee, 2001)
not
acquired
Interference
Age Reasons for
unavailable
Code-
Switching Characteristics
Hoffman Bilingual
exposure
Cultural (1991) to Speech
backgrounds mixed Hoffman
input
more
Code- (1991)
Borrowing
complex Switching
A Brief History of Language Policy in the United States
17th century historical acceptance of bilingualism
18th century battle for a national language: German vs. English
Language choices = democracy
Language uniformity = political harmony
No language policy
Noah Webster and the standardization of English
19th century increase of English dominance due to checked emigration and War of 1812
1830s tides turn; but still no uniform language policy
19th century goal of linguistic assimilation/cultural tolerance
Late 19th century decline of Bilingual Education due to Anti-Catholic sentiment
Enactment and repeal of English only
Coercive assimilation
English language requirement of 1906
Ideological link between Americanization and English
Case studies: Puerto Rico, the Phillipenes
Roosevelt and language as a loyalty issue
Language restrictionism: Germany and WWI: Meyer vs, Nebraska
Eradication of bilingual instruction by the 1930s
From polyglot to monolingual in one generation
Bilingualism and Native Americans
Flip flop of bil. Edu. For NA
1848 treaty of guad. Prom of lang rights to Spanish speakers
Use of language power to divest people of their land
California Biligualism: 1848 Span-Eng 1979: English Gold Rush
English Gestapos: Texas criminal offense to teach in L1
Cultural Deprivation theory and class bias
Rise of ESL in 1930s
Coral Way and the rebirth of Bilingual Education
Bilingual Education
For Against
L2
Theories
ACT
The Noticing Delacrative |
Hypothesis Procedural
Knowledge
(Schmidt,
Learning Strategies
2001) (Andersen, 1982)
Input
Hypothesis
(i+1)
Monitor
Morpheme Hypothesis
Acquisition Over,
Hypothesis Input Optimal,
Hypothesis Under
(Krashen,
1981)
BICS CALP
L1 L2
Academic Skills Academic Skills
Principles
Communication|Meaning|Task|
Materials
Authentic|Dialogues|Multi-Modal
CLT Activities
Gaps|Tasks|Roleplays|Games|Communication Exercises
Roles
Teacher: Facilitator|Participant|Needs Analyst|Counselor|Group Manager
Student: Negotiator|Effective Communicatory
Interactional
(Kramsch,
1986)
Strategic
Competence Intonation
Technological
(Kenning,
Sociolinguistic
(Chun, 1986)
Criticisms 2006)
Canale Competence
and Swain, of CC
Discourse
1980) Competence
Strategic Intercultural
(Oxford and (Byram &
Grammatical Cohen, 1992) Corbett, 2010)
Competence
History of Methods and Approaches
Community Language
Audiolingual The Natural Approach
Learning
1950s 1980s 1970s
Behaviorism Cognitvism Humanism
Dialogues Comprehension-based Establish interpersonal
memorization pre-early-extended group trust in L1
mimicry production phases Heavy use of L1 to
Minimal Grammar Build BICS understand L2
Contextualized Grammar i+1 Translation
No L1 silent period Counselor-centered
Reinforcement TPR
Mistake-free production games
Computer Lab skits
Substitution Exercises
Sheltered-Instruction
Echevarria and Graves (2007)
Elements of an
Instructional Conversation
(Goldenberg, 1992)
1. Thematic Focus
2. Background|Schema SIOP Echevarria, Vogt & Short, (2000)
3. Direct teaching
4. Promotion of complex
Hands-on Vocabulary Language
Time-on-Task languageScaffolding Strategies
material review Objectives
5. Elicitation of reasons
6. Open-ended questions
Higher Order
7. Responding to students Pacing Background
Feedback Interaction Thinking Groupwork
Knowledge
8. Connected Discourse Schools
9. Challenging, Non-threatening
Native-
atmosphere Clear Content Links to Past
Practice Language Review
10. General Support Explanation
participation, self- Objectives learning
selected turns
Adjusting Oral Discourse
(Pritzos, 1992)
Group is greater
Conceptual Task than sum of its Roles
parts
Interdependent
Cross-ethnic
Members
Cooperation & Training
less competitivism
Improves Oral
Group
Language
Arrangement
Proficiency
Improves Time-
on-Task
Language Learning Strategies
(Oxford, 1991)
Memory Cognitive Compensation Metacognitive Social Affective
associations practice Communication
Communication organizing Negotiating Encouraging
strategies arranging
TPR Analyzing and Meaning Relaxing
Multi-modal Reasoning planning
Systematic Variable
Competence and
Morpheme Acquisition
Performance
Studies
Chomsky, 1960s | Idealized speaker
Brown, 1973| L1 child
L1 child
Labov, 1970 | Language in Use
de Villiers and de Villiers, 1973 | L1L1 child
child
Cri
tical Pedagogy (McClaren, 1989)
Dialectics
Contradiction
Questioning Theory
Dynamic
Socially contructed
POWER
Practices|Ideologies|Values
Dominant|
Subordinate| Culture
SubCulture
Cultural Capital
Maintenance of dominance
through social consensus
Hegemony Unknowing participation
Active structuring of lower
class culture and experience
Dominant
Discourse
(Bakhtin, 1950s)
Education Hidden
Curriculum &
Cultural Politics
Sociolinguistics
623
Communication
Theories and Principles of Language Teaching
605
Subject Theorists & Subject Theorists &
Dates Dates
Styles & Strategies Guiora et al (1972); Personality Factors Bloom (1964); Gardner &
Oxford (1990); Cohen Lambert (1972, 1985);
(1998) Myers (1962); Horwitz,
Horwitz & Cope (1986)
Age & Acquisition Lenneberg (1967) Sociocultural Factors Schumann (1976); Acton
(1979); Lakoff (2004);
Whorf (1956)
First Language Skinner (1957); Vygotsky Communicative Hymes (1972); Cummins
Acquisition (1987?); Chomsky (1957); Competence (1980); Gumperz (1972);
Piaget (1955); Anderson Canale & Swain (1980);
(1983, 1985); McLaughlin Savignon (1998); Halliday
(1987, 1990); Chamot & (1973); Van Ek &
O’Malley (1990) Alexander (1975); Wilkins
(1976); Krashen (1981,
1985)
Human Learning Skinner (1957); Ausubel Cross-Linguistic Influence Slinker (1972); Corder
(1964); Rogers (1951?); & Learner Language (1967);
Freire (1970); Gardner
(1999);