Stearns' 5th ed Vocabulary page #

Homo sapiens The human species man that emerged as most successful at the 9
end of the Paleolithic period. (p. 10)
Paleolithic Age The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 b.c.e.; typified by use of 9
crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence. (p. 9)
Neanderthals Species of genus Homo that disappeared at the end of the 11
Paleolithic period. (p. 12)
agrarian revolution Occurred between 8000 and 5000 b.c.e.; transition from 12
hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture. (p. 16)
band A level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; 12
nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis. (p. 13)
matrilineal Family descent and inheritance traced through the female line. (p. 15) 14
matrilocal A culture in which young men upon marriage go to live with the brides' 14
families. (p.15)
Natufian complex Preagricultural culture; located in present-day Israel, Jordan, 14
and Lebanon; practiced the collection of naturally present barley and wheat to
supplement game; typified by large settlement sites. (p. 15)
Neolithic Revolution The succession of technical innovations and changes in 15
human organization tha tled to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 BCE
Bronze Age From about 4000 b.c.e., when bronze tools were first introduced in 16
the Middle East, to about 1500 b.c.e.., when iron began to replace it. (p. 30)
Neolithic Age The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 b.c.e.; period in 16
which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and
animals accomplished. (p. 9)
nomads Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of 16
civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies. (p.
pastoralism A nomadic agricultural life-style based on herding domesticated 16
animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary
agricultural societies. (p. 18)
shifting cultivators An intermediate form of ecological adaptation in which 16
temporary forms of cultivation are carried out with little impact on the natural
ecology; typical of rain forest cultivators. (p. 81)
Yellow River basin Also known as Huanghe River basin; site of the development 17
of sedentary agriculture in China. (p. 61)
Jericho Early walled urban culture site based on sedentary agriculture; located in 20
modern Israeli-occupied West Bank near Jordan River. (p. 24)
Çatal Huyuk [chät l hU yook] Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; 21
located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had
greater degree of social stratification. (p. 25)
chichimecs American hunting-and-gathering groups; largely responsible for the 22
disruption of early civilizations in Mesoamerica. (p. 22)
polis City-state form of government; typical of Greek political organization from 22
800 to 400 b.c.e. (pl. poleis). (p. 23)
savages Societies engaged in either hunting and gathering for subsistence or in 22
migratory cultivation; not as stratified or specialized as civilized and nomadic
societies. (p. 23)
Sumerians People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 b.c.e.; created first 28
civilization within region; organized area into city-states. (p. 31)
city-state A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; 29
consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king. (p. 31)
cuneiform [kyU nEE uh fôrm, kyU nEE uh-] A form of writing developed by the 29
Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets. (p. 32)
Epic of Gilgamesh The first literary epic in Western civilization; written down c. 29
2000 b.c.e.; included story of Great Flood. (p. 33)
potter's wheel A technological advance in pottery-making; invented c. 6000 29
b.c.e.; encouraged faster and higher-quality ceramic pottery production. (p. 30)
animism A religious outlook that sees gods in many aspects of nature and 30
propitiates them to help control and explain nature; typical of Mesopotamian
religions. (p. 33)
Mesopotamia Literally "between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the 30
alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys. (p. 31)
ziggurats Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple 30
complexes. (p. 33)
civilization Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to 31
produce food surpluses; and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant
and manufacturing groups. (p. 9)
Sargon I Ruler of city-state of Akkad; established the first empire in 31
Mesopotamian civilization c. 2400 b.c.e. (p. 35)
Babylonian empire Unified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 b.c.e.; collapsed due to 32
foreign invasion c. 1600 b.c.e. (p. 35)
Hammurabi The most important ruler of the Babylonian empire; responsible for 33
codification of law. (p. 35)
Hittites An Indo-European people who entered Mesopotamia c. 1750 b.c.e.; 35
destroyed the Babylonian empire; swept away c. 1200 b.c.e. (p. 37)
Pharaoh Title of kings of ancient Egypt (p. 39) 35
Akhenaton [äk nät n, ä kuh-] Egyptian pharaoh of the New Kingdom; attempted 36
to establish a one-god religion, replacing the traditional Egyptian pantheon of
gods. (p. 39)
Narmer First pharaoh of Egyptian Old Kingdom; ruled c. 3100 b.c.e. (p. 39) 36
pyramids Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial 36
sites for pharaohs. (p. 40)
hieroglyphs The form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than 37
Mesopotamian cuneiform. (p. 40)
mummification The act of preserving the bodies of the dead; practiced in Egypt to 37
preserve the body for enjoyment of the afterlife. (p. 41)
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