You are on page 1of 6

Construction and Building Materials 23 (2009) 2332–2337

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Construction and Building Materials


journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

Durability of self-consolidating lightweight aggregate concrete using dredged silt


Wang Her-Yung *
Department of Civil Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, ROC

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: This study examines the durability of self-consolidating lightweight aggregate concrete (SCLAC) made
Received 7 March 2008 from dredged silt from reservoirs in South Taiwan by chloride penetration, electrical resistivity, and
Received in revised form 28 October 2008 sodium sulfide solution. Analysis with a densified mixture algorithm demonstrates that a lower water-
Accepted 4 November 2008
to-binder ratio results in a higher compressive strength, smaller number of cracks, lower chloride pene-
Available online 18 December 2008
tration, and better ultrasonic pulse velocity. The results indicate that self-consolidating lightweight
aggregate concrete made of dredged reservoir silt has good hardening and durability characteristics.
Keywords:
Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hardening
Durability
Dredged silt
Self-consolidating lightweight aggregate
concrete (SCLAC)

1. Introduction 16], and durability [17]. Adding 20% fly ash and 20% and slag im-
proves surface resistivity, heat insulation, and lower gas perme-
There are 86 reservoirs in Taiwan, with 16 located in central and ability of LWAC [18]. If enough cement paste is used, then
southern Taiwan. These reservoirs display a 13% average decrease smaller paste amounts and denser aggregate packing results in a
in storage capacity due to sedimentation [1]. Dredged silt is one of higher strength efficiency, electrical resistance, and lower chloride
the most common problems of reservoirs. If dredged reservoir silt ion penetrability capacity of the SCLWC [19]. Now with a range of
is used to make lightweight aggregates for engineering, water stor- proprietary LWA available, manufactured mainly using industrial
age problems can be solved and reservoir capacity can be restored. byproducts such as fly ash and blast furnace slag, LWC in the
Meanwhile, using dredged reservoir silt also provides a solution to strength range of 30–80 MPa can be easily made. Previously, the
the sandstone, a material that is frequently mixed with cement to authors have evaluated and reported the long term strength devel-
form lightweight aggregate concrete (LWAC). High-performance opment and durability characteristics of LWC made with light-
LWAC shows superior properties, including low thermal conduc- weight coarse and lightweight fine aggregates [2]. The
tivity, high compressive strength, low shrinkage, and good work- experimental results prove that LWAC made from dredged silt
ability [2,3]. can help enhance durability of concrete [2,20].
Produce high pressure or no-fine LWA concrete bricks by In the construction industry, self-compacting concrete (SCC) has
dredged silt have high about unit Weight, thermal conductivity grown significantly due to its technical advantages [21]. Its techni-
and compression strength but the heat isolation is bad [4]. LWAC cal advantages result from the elimination of mechanical compac-
mixed with other lightweight aggregates also shows advantages tion. Compared to ordinary vibrated concrete, SCC offers many
for structure weight, anti-seismic ability, and fire protection and advantages to both technology and worker health [22]. Fracture
prevention. Thus, it is more energy efficient, is beneficial for disas- and acoustic emission analyses show that increasing the volume
ter prevention, ideal for high-rise buildings requiring anti-seismic of paste in SCC makes it more brittle [23]. Generally, SCC is fabri-
structures, and reduces energy consumption. In addition, the prop- cated using new generation superplasticizers to reduce the
erties of LWAC include high strength, heat insulation, sound water–binder ratio. In addition, supplementary cementations such
absorption, water resistance, fire prevention, high durability, vol- as natural pozzolans and fly ash are also used to increase the vis-
ume stability, ease of use, and cost efficiency [5–13]. cosity and reduce the cost of SCC. Fly ash has been reported to im-
LWAC has the clear advantages of a high strength/weight ratio, prove the mechanical properties and durability of concrete when
good tensile strength, low coefficient of thermal expansion [14– used as a cement replacement material [24]. High-volume fly ash
(HVFA) concretes contain large amounts of fly ash [25]. Increasing
* Tel.: +886 7 3814526x5237; fax: +886 7 3961321. the concentration of incorporated fly ash in HVFA SCC is under
E-mail address: wangho@cc.kuas.edu.tw investigation [26,27]. Compressive strength development, the

0950-0618/$ - see front matter Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.11.006
H.-Y. Wang / Construction and Building Materials 23 (2009) 2332–2337 2333

modulus of elasticity, and the splitting tensile strength of mixtures


are also being studied [28]. This paper examines the chemical and
physical properties of high durability concrete using a low water-
to-binder ratio and low water penetration. Dense aggregate pack-
ing involve the size gradation theory from mm to lm, and hence
the resistively of is higher then 20 kX cm and chloride penetration
lower than 2000 Coulomb [29]. In this study, we add pozzolanic
material to decrease the quantity of pores and reduce the mixing
water volume, thus enabling varied tests for durability and erosion
prevention of self-consolidating lightweight aggregate concrete.

2. Experimental design

2.1. Materials

Dredged silt from reservoirs in southern Taiwan was collected, dried, sieved and Fig. 1. The appearance of two kinds of binding lightweight aggregate with different
made into raw aggregate pellets, which were then sintered into two types of LWA particle densities.
with particle densities of 800 kg/m3 and 1060 kg /m3. The other materials for con-
crete mixing included normal-weight aggregates, cement, fly ash, slag, superplast-
icizer and water. They were obtained locally from Taiwan and all met the specified
Table 2
requirements listed in CNS61, CNS3036, CNS12549, ASTM C494 TYPE-D, CNS13961
Chemical and physical properties of aggregates.
and CNS1240, respectively. Table 1 show the chemical composition and physical
properties of cement, fly ash and slag. Type of aggregate Dmax Particle density Absorption FM Unit weight
The silt used was dredged from the catchment area of A-Kung-Diann Reservoir (mm) (kg/m3) capacity (% (kg/m3)
in southern Taiwan. Fine and cohesive silt and clay accounted for 80% of the soil in by weight)
the catchment area. The specific gravity is 2730 kg/m3 and the void ratio is 1.78. The
chemical composition of the silt primarily includes SiO2 (56.87%), Al2O3 (22.93%) 1h 24 h
and Fe2O3 (10.79%). According to the findings of Riley [30], the silt from the Physical properties
A-Kung-Diann Reservoir is an ideal raw material for sintering lightweight aggre- Sand 2.38 2630 1.5 4.0 2.33 1675.0
gate. The lightweight aggregate is illustrated in Fig. 1, and its properties are indi- LWA1 12.7 800 4.2 8.9 6.65 541.7
cated in Table 2. River sands from the Kao-Ping River and superplasticizer are LWA2 9.5 1100 4.9 6.4 6.8 884.4
shown in Table 3.
LWA chemical properties
Chemical SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 K2O Na2O Other
2.2. Mix proportions components 56.87 22.93 10.79 2.66 0.33 6.2
(%)
The self-consolidating lightweight aggregate concrete (SCLAC) was made from
sintered silt dredged from the reservoir. Fly ash, slag and superplasticizer were
added to reduce the amount of cement and mixing water needed. Three different
water-to-binder (W/b) ratios (0.28, 0.32 and 0.40) and three different volumes of Table 3
mixing water (140, 150 and 160 kg/m3) were used to manufacture the SCLAC, which The properties of the superplasticizer.
was then cured under water for various lengths of time. Tests were then conducted
Item Unit Properties
to examine the effects of different mix proportions on the hardness and durability
of the SCLAC. Table 4 displays the mix proportions used for preparing SCLAC. Solid ingredient % 41
Chloride ion content ppm <500
Specific gravity – 1.1–1.13
pH value – 3–5
Table 1
Color – Yellow–brown
Chemical components and physical properties of cement fly ash and slag.

Experimental project Cement Fly ash Slag


Type I Local factory Chung Lien factory 2.3. Measurements

Chemical components (%) The specific gravity and absorption capacity of SCLAC were tested according to
SiO2 (S) 22.01 54.22 34.86 ASTM C127. LWAC cylinders (100  200 mm) were cast following the ASTM C192.
Al2O3 (A) 5.57 31.39 13.52 During casting, all the specimens were compacted by vibration. During the first
Fe2O3 (F) 3.44 2.33 0.25 24 h, the specimens were kept in the molds. Afterwards, the specimens were re-
S+A+F 31.02 – 48.63 moved and cured under water (25 ± 2 °C) until the time of testing.
CaO (C) 62.80 2.81 41.77 The slump test was performed according to the ASTM C134. The compressive
MgO (M) 2.59 0.59 7.18 strength of the cylindrical SCLAC specimens was tested following the ASTM C31.
SO3 (S) 2.08 0.01 1.74 The velocity of the ultrasonic wave was measured according to the ASTM C597.
f-CaO 1.05 – – The electrical resistivity of the concrete was assessed using a resistivity gauge. The
TiO2 (T) 0.52 1.42 – rapid chloride penetrability test was conducted in accordance with ASTM C1202.
Na2O (Na) 0.40 0.21 – Three specimens of 100 mm diameter and 50 mm thickness conditioned according
K2O (K) 0.78 1.16 – to the standard were subjected to 60 V potential for 6 h. The total charge that passed
V2O5 (V) 0.05 – – through the concrete specimens indicated the concrete resistance to chloride ion
Loss of ignition 0.51 2.39 0.31 penetration. The concrete’s anti-corrosion property against sodium sulfide attack
Dissolve residual 0.08 – – was evaluated following the ASTM C88-46T. After casting, the demoded specimens
C3S 40.10 – – were immersed in saturated sodium sulfide solution for 16–18 h. The weight of the
C2S 32.80 – – specimens was measured after drying for 12–16 h. The test cycle was repeated sev-
C3A 8.90 – – eral times to assess the durability of the concrete under chemical corrosion.
C4AF 10.50 – –
Physical properties 3. Test results and discussion
Fineness (cm2/g) 2970 3110 4350
Specific gravity 3.15 2.19 2.87
3.1. Properties of fresh concrete
Initial setting (min) 85 – –
Final setting (min) 151 – –
#325 Sieves–odd (%) – – 8.0 Fig. 2 shows that if the water-to-binder ratio is fixed at 0.28,
the amount of superplasticizer needs to be increased in order to
2334 H.-Y. Wang / Construction and Building Materials 23 (2009) 2332–2337

Table 4
Mixture proportions of SCLAC.

Code no. W/b Bulk density Cement Slag Fly ash Coarse aggregate Fine aggregate Moisture content SP
1 0.28 1562 314 16.8 140.9 289.8 801 130.6 9.4
2 0.28 1584 335 18.0 140.9 289.8 801 113.9 9.9
3 0.28 1634 382 20.5 140.9 289.8 801 119.7 10.8
4 0.32 1584 335 18.1 140.9 289.8 801 152.7 7.3
5 0.40 1484 240 12.9 140.9 289.8 801 152.2 7.8
6 0.28 1898 244 13.2 211.2 229.7 1200 127.4 12.6
7 0.28 1936 280 15.5 211.2 229.7 1200 135.3 14.7
8 0.28 1952 315 16.9 211.2 208.8 1200 144.9 15.1
9 0.32 1889 256 13.7 211.2 208.8 1200 147 13.0
10 0.40 1799 170 9.1 211.2 208.8 1200 149.1 10.9

Note: The particle density of Nos. 1–5 are the same 800 kg/m3, others are 1100 kg/m3. Unit: kg/m3.

60 60
W/b=0.28 Particle density=800 kg/m3 W/b=0.28
Ww=160kg/m3
50 W/b=0.32 Particle density =1100 kg/m3
50

Compress strength (MPa)


W/b=0.40

40
40
Slmmp (cm)

30
30
20
20
10
10
0
0
60 1 10 100
Age (Days)
50
Fig. 3. The influence of different W/b on compressive strength of SCLAC.
Flow Slump (cm)

40
strength. This agrees with results obtained by Rossignolo et al.
30 [12].

20 3.3. Splitting strength

10 As noted in Fig. 4, with a mixing water volume of 160 kg/m3, a


particle density of 1100 kg/m3, and different water-to-binder ra-
0 tios, splitting strength on Day 28 lies between 1.2 and 1.9 MPa.
Ww 140 kg/m 3 150 kg/m 3 160 kg/m3

Fig. 2. The properties of fresh SCLAC with different mixing water volumes. 2.5
Age (Days) 7 28 90

Ww=160 kg/m 3
Splitting strength (MPa)

make the concrete workable at lower water content. Paste viscos- 2 Particle density =1100 kg/m3
ity was high and still met workability requirements; the initial
slump of the fresh concrete was found to be 26–27 cm and the
slump flow was 51–58 cm even after 60 min. The increase in 1.5
the mixing water volume of the concrete will consequently re-
duce the use of aggregate while retaining high paste concentra-
tion and good slump. 1

3.2. Compressive strength


0.5
As seen in Fig. 3, SCLAC with a mixing water volume of 160 kg
per cubic meter has stronger compressive strength, and by Day 7
it reaches 70% of the strength achieved at 28 days with a low
0
water-to-binder ratio of 0.28. Given the same density and mixing 0.28 0.32 0.4
water volume, concrete with lower water-to-binder ratio has high- W/b
er compressive strength. The strength increases with age whatever
W/b ratio is. Time, and by Day 91 it achieves stronger compressive Fig. 4. The relationship between SCLAC splitting strength and W/b.
H.-Y. Wang / Construction and Building Materials 23 (2009) 2332–2337 2335

Corresponding to the results found by Jamal Alduaij et al. [31], and 80


will increase to 1.5–2.2 MPa on Day 91. W/b=0.28
Self-consolidating lightweight aggregate concrete tends to de- Ww=160kg/m3
velop splitting strength early, but the growth of this property slows W/b=0.32 Particle density =800kg/m3

Concrete Resistivity (KΩ -cm)


down at later stages of development. Owing to the strength limita-
60 W/b=0.40
tion of the aggregate, self-consolidating lightweight aggregate con-
crete has a lower splitting strength than that of heavyweight
concrete. Because the strength of LWA is lower than that of cement
slurry, splitting tension may occur, as noted by Gerrits [32].
40
3.4. Ultrasonic pulse velocity

Fig. 5 indicates that the highest ultrasonic pulse velocity is seen 20 KΩ -cm
when SCLAC has a lower water-to-binder ratio and longer curing 20
time. During mixing with water, concrete hydration is triggered
quickly and it will stimulate a pozzolanic response to form a good
interface of densified cement and speed up ultrasonic pulse veloc-
ity. The lower the water-to-binder ratio is, the less water is used
0
and the greater and more densified the paste becomes, thus
1 10 100
increasing the gel accumulation and reducing the largest number
Age (Days)
of pores.
Fig. 6. The influence of different W/b for the SCLAC on electrical resistance.
3.5. Electrical resistivity

Fig. 6 demonstrates that the resistivity of SCLAC is increased


600
with age whatever W/b is. When it completes hydration in this
W/b=0.28 91days
way, fewer pores will evolve and block channels of current; conse-
Charge Passed (coulombs)

quently, the relevant electrical resistivity will increase. Concrete 500


with a low water-to-binder ratio shows a slower development of
electrical resistivity during early curing. On Day 28, due to the ef-
fect of the pozzolanic response, concrete with a lower water-to- 400
binder ratio grows rapidly in the development of electrical resistiv-
ity. On Day 28, concrete has electrical resistivity larger than
20 kX cm with excellent anti-erosion capacity. 300

3.6. Rapid chloride penetrability test


200

According to ASTM C1202, this study uses the current proper-


Particle density (kg/m3) 1100 800
ties of concrete to determine the possibility of chloride penetra- 100
tion. High chloride penetration deteriorates durability on a long 140 150 160
term basis [28]. The classification of ‘‘low penetration” indicates Water (kg/m3)
a low possibility of chloride damage to the concrete. As shown in
Fig. 7, lightweight aggregate with both types of particle densities Fig. 7. The influence of SCLAC with different mixing water volumes on electro
and a water-to-binder ratio of 0.28 has lower chloride penetration. osmosis.

4500 800
W/b=0.28 W/b=0.32 W/b=0.40 W/b=0.28 y = 0.034x2 - 7.5945x + 708.92
91 days
700 R2 = 0.7782
Ww=160kg/m3
Charge Passed (coulombs)

Particle density =800kg/m3


600
Pulse Velocity (m/s)

4000
500

400

300
3500
200

100

3000 0
3 7 28 56 90 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Age (Days) Concrete Resistivity(k Ω -cm)
Fig. 5. The relationship between ultrasonic pulse velocity and W/b of SCLAC. Fig. 8. Comparison of SCLAC electrical resistance with electro osmosis volume.
2336 H.-Y. Wang / Construction and Building Materials 23 (2009) 2332–2337

0 structure. Figs. 9 and 10 show the test results for SCLAC after 15
Ww=160 kg/m3 dry and wet soaking cycle tests according to ASTM C452, 101. A
Particle density=1100 kg/m3 fixed mixing water volume of 160 kg/m3 and water-to-binder ratio
-3
of 0.28 yields concrete with better anti-erosion ability. However, at
the maximum water-to-binder ratio of 0.4, major loss, cracks,
-6
Loss Weight (%)

white powder and leaching of gypsum and calcium sulphoalumi-


nate occur.
-9

-12 W/b 4. Conclusion


0.28
-15 (1) Fresh self-consolidating lightweight aggregate concrete can
0.32 meet the requirements of high flowability and slumping
-18 time, depending on the concrete. Slump and slump flow of
0.40
SCLAC reaches 26–27 cm and 51–58 cm, respectively.
-21 (2) Even with different water-to-binder ratios, SCLAC can reach
0 5 10 15 20 70% or more of their compressive strength by Day 7. Given
Cycle the same density and mixing water volume, SCLAC with a
lower water-to-binder ratio has higher compressive
Fig. 9. The weight loss of SCLAC with different W/b after repeated washing by strength.
sulfate (15).
(3) Owing to the limitations of aggregate strength, SCLAC has
splitting strength of 1.2–1.9 MPa and will increase to 1.5–
2.2 MPa on Day 91.
(4) For fixed water volume and different water-to-binder ratios
measured over time, the greater the SCLAC volume and the
lower the water-to-binder ratio, the better the ultrasonic
pulse velocity.
(5) Electrical resistivity of the self-consolidating lightweight
aggregate concrete is higher than 20 KX cm by Day 28 with
good anti-erosion ability.
(6) The SCLAC with a lower water-to-binder ratio has lower
chloride penetration, a smaller number of cracks, and less
weight loss.

References

[1] Lin JJ. View on dredging the silt in Taiwan area reservoirs, workshop on
dredging reservoir silt. In: The workshop on reservoir-silt lightweight
production and utilization. Taiwan, Taichung; 2002. p. 25–40.
[2] Wang HY, Tsai KC. Engineering properties of lightweight aggregate concrete
made from dredged silt. Cem Concr Compos 2006;28(5):481–5.
[3] Wang HY. Study on durability of densified high-performance lightweight
aggregate concrete. Comput Concr 2007;4(6):1–12.
[4] Bair SS. Effects of the aggregate gradation on the durability of the lightweight
aggregate concrete. Master paper, Department of Civil Engineering, National
Chung Hsing University; 2002.
Fig. 10. The appearance of SCLAC with different W/b after repeated washing (15) [5] Chen HG, Chang MT. Development and manufacturing techniques for non-
by sulfate (Ww = 160 kg/m3, particle density = 1100 kg/m3). structural lightweight aggregate concrete products. In: Proceedings of
conference on manufacturing and applications of lightweight aggregate
concrete from the silts of reservoirs. Taipei; December 2003. p. 33–63.
[6] Wang HY. Study on chemical properties and lightweight aggregate production
Increased chloride penetration corresponds to a lower electrical using silt of Taiwan southern reservoirs. Final report of the research plan of
resistance and a lower compressive strength. A low water-to-bin- lightweight aggregate production by reservoir silt. Utilization and promotion
of lightweight aggregate concrete. Energy conservation lightweight aggregate
der ratio exhibits reduced pores for penetration and thus, the low-
association; 2003.
est chloride penetration. By Day 91, each group of SCLAC exhibits [7] Huang CL, Peng YN, Lee LS, Huang MF. The optimal mixture design and
chloride penetration lower than 1000 Coulomb, therefore SCLAC workability of the lightweight aggregate concrete. In: The workshop on
reservoir-silt lightweight production and utilization. Taiwan, Taipei; 2003. p.
has lower chloride penetration and is able to prevent penetration
229–47.
and erosion. [8] Hsiao CB, Huang CL, Peng CP. Economic evaluation on the lightweight
Fig. 8 shows the inverse linear relationship between chloride aggregate concrete utilized on RC construction, research result of the
penetration and the electrical resistance, formulated as Architecture and Building Research Institute (MOI). Taiwan; 2002.
[9] Tsai CH. Study on the properties of sintered lightweight aggregate concrete. BA
y = 0.034x2 7.5945x + 708.92 and strength of R2 = 0.7782. Lower thesis, Department of construction engineering, National University of Science
chloride penetration will yield higher electrical resistivity. and Technology. Taiwan, Taipei; 2001.
[10] Yen T. Study on chemical properties and lightweight aggregate production
technology by using silt of Taiwan reservoirs. In: The workshop of lightweight
3.7. Anti-corrosion property aggregate concrete production and utilization by using reservoir silt. Taipei;
2003. p. 3–29.
Taiwan is an island surrounded by sea and easy erosion by sea [11] Hague MN, Khaiat HAI, Kayali O. Strength and durability of lightweight
concrete. Cem Concr Compos 2004;26(4):307–14.
water causes the loss of calcium hydroxide and the occurrence of [12] Joao A Rossignolo, Marcos VC Agensini, Jerusa A Morais. Properties of high-
calcium carbonate, thus lowering the pH value and increasing performance LWAC for precast structures with Brazilian lightweight
the number of pores and chloride penetration to the concrete aggregates. Cem Concr Compos 2003;25:77–82.
H.-Y. Wang / Construction and Building Materials 23 (2009) 2332–2337 2337

[13] Lin PY, Chang YY, Chen CJ, Wen SB. Preparation of lightweight aggregate from [23] Rozie‘re E, Granger S, Turcry Ph, Loukili A. Influence of paste volume on
the mixture of low water content reservoir sludge and dry powders. In: TCI shrinkage cracking and fracture properties of self-compacting concrete. Cem
2007 concrete technology conference and exhibition, Paper; 2007 [N-5]. Concr Compos 2007;29:626–36.
[14] Lo TY, Cui HZ, Li ZG. Influence of pre-wetting and fly ash on mechanical [24] Bilodeau A, Sivasundaram V, Painter KE, Malhotra VM. Durability of concrete
properties of lightweight concrete. Waste Manage 2004;24:333–8. incorporating high volumes of fly ash from sources in US. ACI Mater J
[15] Hossain KMA. Properties of volcanique pumice based cement and lightweight 1994;91:3–12.
concrete. Cem Concr Res 2004;34:283–91. [25] Bilodeau A, Malhotra VM. High-volume fly ash system: concrete solution for
[16] Mouli M, Khelafi H. Performance characteristics of lightweight aggregate sustainable development. ACI Mater J 2000;97:41–8.
concrete containing natural pozzolan. Build Environ 2008;43:31–6. [26] Bouzoubaa N, Laclemi M. Self-compacting concrete incorporating high
[17] Chia KS, Zhang MH. Water permeability and chloride penetrability of high- volumes of class F fly ash preliminary results. Cem Concr Res
strength lightweight aggregate concrete. Cem Concr Res 2002;32:639–45. 2001;31(3):413–20.
[18] Sun YM, Chang TP, Huang WH. Effects of pozzolanic material with different [27] Sahmaran M, Yaman I, Tokyay M. Self-compacting concrete with high volume
lightweight aggregates. In: TCI 2007 concrete technology conference and fly ash content and new generation of superplasticizer. In: Proceedings of the
exhibition, Paper; 2007 [A-6]. concrete 2005 national symposium, Turkish; 2004. p. 225–33.
[19] Hwang CL, Hung MF. Durability design and performance of self-consolidating [28] Burak Felekoglu, Selcuk Turkel, Bulent Baradan. Effect of water/cement ratio
lightweight concrete. Construct Build Mater 2005;19:619–26. on the fresh and hardened properties of self-compacting concrete. Build
[20] Zhang MT. The mix particle size light quality concrete tile nature and produces Environ 2007;42:1795–802.
research of the system technology. National Chung Hsing University; 2004. [29] Hwang CL. High performance concrete theory and practice. Taipei: James
[21] Okamura H, Ouchi M. Self-compacting concrete: development, present use and Publisher; 2007.
future. In: Skarendahl A, Petersson O, editors. Proceedings of the 1st [30] Riley CM. The bloating of clays. New York: John Wiely and Sons, Inc.; 1990.
international RILEM symposium on self-compacting concrete; 1999. p. 3–14. [31] Jamal Alduaij, Khalid Alshaleh, Naseer Haque M, Khalid Ellaithy. Lightweight
[22] Walraven J. Structural aspects of self-compacting concrete. In: Wallevik O, concrete in hot coastal areas. Cem Concr Compos 1999;21:453–8.
Nielsson I, editors. Proceedings of third RILEM international symposium on [32] Gerrits A. Design considerations for reinforced lightweight concrete. Int J Cem
self-compacting concrete. Reykjavik, Iceland: RILEM Publications; 2003. Compos Lightweight Concr 1998;3(1):57–69.

You might also like