Words in the News

yxrt}udrf yHkESdyfjcif;
2006 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv

‘owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;’ pmtkyfudk jrefrmowif;or*~ u jynfwGif; jynfy&Sd

owif;ESifh pmayynm&Sifrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_jzifh xkwfa0jcif;jzpf+yD;/
ukefuspm;&dwfudk National Endowment for Democracy tzGJ@u uscHygonf?
uGefjyLwmjrefrmpmvHk;rsm;udk Radio Burma Group tzGJ@u aus;Zl;ðyygonf?
 tpd k ; &vk y f & yf (vlwOD;wa,mufxHwGif
A wm 0ef&Sdonf[k rqdkEdkifaom
tpdk;&vkyf&yf)?
abdication activism
eef ; pG e f @ jcif ; (bk&if odk@r[kwf bk&ifru (EdkifiHa&;/ vl@tcGifhta&; ponfwdk@twGuf
rdrd oabmtavsmuf eef;rS qif;ay;jcif;)?? wufºupGm) v_ y f & S m ;r_ ?
abrogation
activist
(Oya'/ pmcsKyf/ oabmwlnDcsuf ponfwdk@
(EdkifiHa&;/ vl@tcGifhta&; ponfwdk@twGuf
udk ESpfOD;ESpfzuf odk@r[kwf wOD;wnf;
wufºupGm) v_ y f & S m ;ol ?
oabmt&) y,f z suf j cif ;?
adjournment
absolutism
(tcsdeftwdkif;twmwcktwGuf) &yf e m;jcif ; ?
tºuif ; rJ h t m%m&S i f p epf ?
a¶$ ‹ qd k i f ; jcif ; ?
academic freedom
adjudication
ynma&;qd k i f & m vG w f v yf c G i f h ?
(tr_wckudk w&m;±Hk;wGif)
accord pD & if q H k ; jzwf j cif ; ? pD & if c suf ?
(yHkrSeftm;jzifh treaty ac: pmcsKyfxuf
administration
wqifhedrfhonfh) oabmwl n D c suf ?
tpd k ; &tzG J @ ? tk y f c sKyf a &;tzG J Π?
accountability
adversary system
wm0ef c H r _ ? wm0ef , l r _ ?
(w&m;vdk/ w&m;cH ESpfOD;pvHk;twGuf a&SŒae
Achilles’ heel rsm;xm;I =um;aew&m;ol}uD;u qHk;jzwf
aysmh u G u f (*&d '¾m&Dyg ppfol}uD; tmcD; ay;aom) w&m;òyif p epf ? t+yd K if p epf ?
vDpf Achilles Zmwfvrf;udk trDSðyI ay:
aegis
vmaom pum;)??
tumtuG , f ? taxmuf t yh H ?
acid test
affidavit
rS w f a usmuf w if j cif ; ?
(vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;aom odk@r[kwf
cd k i f r mr_ p pf a q;jcif ; ?
usrf;usdefI xGufqdkaom) xG u f q d k c suf ?
t+yD ; owf p rf ; oyf c suf ?
0ef c H u wd ð ycsuf ? tmrcH c suf ?
act of state
affirmative action

2 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
(,cifu zdESdyfcHcJh&aom vl enf;pkwdk@tm; aide-de-camp
tcGifhta&; ydkay;aom) OD ; pm;ay;pepf ? ud k , f a &;t&m&S d (ppfwyf toHk;tE_ef;)?

affluence Aids
tv#H y ,f j zpf j cif ; ? uH k v H k º u,f 0 jcif ; ? ud k , f c H t m;usa&m*g?
pnf ; pd r f c srf ; om?
alien
affluent Ed k i f i H j cm;om;?
csrf ; omaom? tv#H y ,f j zpf a om?
alienation
uH k v H k º u,f 0 aom? pnf ; pd r f j ynf h 0 aom? oD ; jcm;jzpf a tmif z,f x k w f j cif ; ?
agenda
allegiance
vk y f i ef ; pOf ? opP m cH j cif ; ?
agreement
alliance
(oHwrefa&;Y treaty ac: pmcsKyfxufydkI r[mrd w f ?
usOf;ajrmif;aom oabm&Sdonfh ESpfEdkifiH
odk@r[kwf EdkifiHwum) oabmwl n D c suf ? altruism
ud k , f u sd K ;pG e f @ 0g'? ud k , f u sd K ;pG e f @ jcif ; ?
aggregate demand y&[d w 0g'?
tpk p k 0,f v d k t m;?
altruist
aggregate supply trsm;tusKd ; aqmif o l ? y&[d w orm;?
tpk p k a&mif ; uk e f ? tpk p k a&mif ; tm;?
ambassador
aggression oH t rwf } uD ; ?
&ef p r_ ? usL;ausmf r _ ?
amendment
agitation (pm&Gufpmwrf;/ Oya' ponfwdk@tm;
v_ H @ aqmf r _ ? jznfhpGufjcif;/ tpm;xkd;jcif;/ ðzwfy,fjcif;
agrarian ðyonfh) jyif q if c suf ?
ajr,mqd k i f & m? pd k u f y sd K ;a&;qd k i f & m?
amnesty
ahistorical vG w f + id r f ; csrf ; omcG i f h ?
ord k i f ; ES i f h rouf q d k i f a om? analyse
qef ; ppf o nf / / cG J j crf ; pd w f j zmonf / /

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 3
 analysis (EdkifiHa&;wGif) bmoma&;acgif ; aqmif w d k @
qef ; ppf j cif ; // cG J j crf ; pd w f j zmjcif ; // v$ r f ; rd k ; jcif ; ud k qef @ usif a om0g'?
analyst
anti-communism
qef ; ppf o l / / a0zef r _ Y u|rf ; usif o l / / uG e f j rLepf q ef @ usif a &;0g'?
anarchy
anti-Semitism
rif ; rJ h p ±k d u f ?
*sK;qef @ usif a &;0g'?
anarchism
anti-trust laws
rif ; rJ h 0 g'?
(vlwpk wzGJ@u xdef;csKyfxm;+yD;
anarchist vGwfvyfpGmukefoG,fr_udk xdyg;aponfh)
rif ; rJ h 0 g'D ? csKyf u d k i f p D ; yG m ;pepf u d k qef @ usif o nf h
Oya'rsm;?
anatomy
cE< m aA'? apolitical
Ed k i f i H a &;ES i f h rouf q d k i f a om? Ed k i f i H a &;
annexation ryg aom?
(e,fy,fwcktm; xdke,fae vlxk. qENrygbJ
EdkifiHwcku) od r f ; yd k u f j cif ; ? od r f ; oG i f ; jcif ; ? apologetics
c&pf , mef umuG , f a &;0g'?
anthropologist
rEk \ aA'ynm&S i f ? apologist
(,Hk=unfcsuf/ bmomw&m;/ rl0g' ponf
anthropology wdk@tm;) umuG , f a &;om; ajymqd k o l ?
rEk \ aA'?
apology
Anti-ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM) umuG , f j cif ; ? acsyjcif ; ? avsmuf v J j cif ; ?
(tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh ,cif qdkAD,uf
jynfaxmifpkwdk@ csKyfqdkcJhaom) appeasement
wd k u f c sif ; ypf 'H k ; usnf (rw&m;onfh awmif;qdkcsufudk) tnH h c H
xd e f ; csKyf a &;pmcsKyf ? vd k u f a vsmjcif ; ? vd k u f a vsmausat;jcif ; ?

anti-colonialism appropriation
ud k v d k e D p epf q ef @ usif a &;0g'? (tpdk;&toHk;pm;&dwf twGuf) vsmxm;aiG ?

anti-clericalism Arabism

4 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
tm&yf t rsd K ;om;0g'? (jyifyurBmESifh tqufjzwfum pD;yGm;a&;/
tm&yf E d k i f i H r sm; nD ! G w f a &;0g'? EdkifiHa&;tm;jzifh zlvHkpGmaeaom) oD ; oef @
Ed k i f i H ? wud k , f a wmf E d k i f i H ?
arbitrary
xif & mðyjcif ; ? authoritarian
tm%m&S i f ?
arbitration
(=um;vl. jzefajzr_a=umifh tvkyform; authoritarianism
jy\em) ajy+id r f ; jcif ; ? (vlwOD;csif;pD. tcGifhta&;udk ta&;rxm;
bJ EdkifiHawmfu t&m&mudk xdef;csKyfaom)
archives tm%m&S i f tpd k ; &pepf ?
armf u G e f ; wd k u f ? rS w f w rf ; wd k u f ?
autocracy
aristocracy (tjrifhqHk;acgif;aqmifu tpdk;&tm%m
(csrf;omaom/ *k%fjrifhaom/ ppftiftm; rSefor# ,lxm;aom) tm%m&S i f pepf?
&Sdaom/ =oZm&Sdaom vlwpku v$rf;rdk;xm; zd E S d y f t k y f c sKyf a om pepf ?
onfh) vl w pk tpd k ; &?
autocrat
armistice Ek d i f i H a &;wG i f zd E S d y f t k y f c sKyf o l ?
ppf a jy+id r f ; jcif ; ? ,m,D p pf a jy+id r f ; jcif ; ?
automation
arms control (vltm;udk oHk;aomae&mwGif puftm;udk
vuf e uf x d e f ; csKyf j cif ; ? tpm;xdk;oHk;aom) puf t m;oH k ; pepf ?
atavism
automaton
ik y f a eonh f tusif h a [mif ; puf ± k y f ?
AD Z a[mif ; rsm; jyef a y:vmjcif ; ?
aemuf a =umif ; jyef j zp
zpff j cif ; ? autonomy
ud k , f y d k i f t k y f c sKyf c G i f h ?
Attorney General
a&S ΠaecsKyf ? axis
0if ± k d ; wef ; Ed k i f i H r sm; ('kwd,urBmppfumv
austerity *smref-tDwvD-*syefwdk@. emZD-zufqpf
ud k , f u sif h w &m;? ®c;jcH j cif ; ? ppfr[mrdwftzGJ@udk &nf!¸ef;oHk;pGJonfh
autarchy a0g[m&)??

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 5
 B balkanization
axis of evil Ed k i f i H ò yif r sm; ay:xG u f v mjcif ;
raumif ; qd k ; 0g; Ed k i f i H r sm;tzG J @ (tar&duef (abmvfuef a'o&Sd EdkifiHrsm;wGif
orRw a*smhbk&Sfu tD&ef tD&wfESifh ajrmuf jzpfyGm;cJhouJhodk@ pnf; vHk;aom
udk&D;,m;udk@udk &nf!¸ef;oHk;pGJonfh a0g[m&) EdkifiHwcktjzpfrS &efvdkaom tpdwf
tydkif;rsm;tjzpf òyuGJjcif;)??
baby boomer
(tar&duefjynfY uav;arG;zGm;E_ef; jrifhrm; ballistic missiles
cJhonfh) 1960 ck E S p f r sm;twG i f ; wd k u f c sif ; ypf ' H k ; usnf ?
arG ; zG m ;ol ?
ballot
backbencher rJ p m&G u f ? rJ j ym;?
ygwD a cgif ; aqmif r [k w f a om
barter
v$ w f a wmf t rwf ?
uk e f z vS , f j cif ; pepf ?
balance of payments
belligerency
aiG p m&if ; &S i f ; wrf ; ?
ppf j zpf f q J tajctae?
balance of power
bias
tif t m;csd e f c G i f v #m?
buf v d k u f j cif ; ? rsuf E S m omay;jcif ; ?
balance of terror
bicameral
zsuf q D ; tm; csd e f c G i f v #m
v$ w f a wmf E S p f & yf pepf ?
(tEkjrLtiftm;}uD; EdkifiH tcsif;csif;
wOD;.zsufqD;tm;udk wOD; u pdk;&drfojzifh bicameral government
ppfrjzpf&Jaom tajctae)?? v$ w f a wmf E S p f & yf &S d a om tpd k ; &?
balance of trade big stick
uk e f o G , f r _ &S i f ; wrf ; (EdkifiHwck. oGif;ukef +cd r f ; ajcmuf j cif ; ? vS e f @ vH k ; ay;jcif ; ?
ESifh xkwfukef r#ajcudk wGufcsufjcif;)??
bilateral
balanced budget tjyef t vS e f / ES p f O D ; ES p f z uf (jzpfaom)??
(0ifaiGu oHk;aiGxuf ydkaom/ odk@r[kwf
0ifaiGESifh oHk;aiG nDr#aom) r#wonf h bilateralism
aiG p m&if ; &S i f ; wrf ; ?

6 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
(EdkifiHtcsif;csif; pD;yGm;a&;/ vHkðcHa&;wGif bloc
tjyeftvSef yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufonfh) tk y f p k ?
ES p f O D ; ES p f z uf yl ; aygif ; aqmif & G u f a &;rl ?
block voting
bill of rights (tzGJ@0ifrsm;udk,fpm; tzGJ@wzGJ@u ay;aom)
(vlwOD;csif;ESifh EdkifiHawmfwdk@. tcGifhta&; pk p nf ; rJ ?
wdk@udk &Sif;vif;a=ujimaom) tcG i f h t a&;
blockade
a=ujimpmwrf ; ? yd w f q d k @ r_ ?
biodiversity
Blue house
ouf & S d t rsKd ; rsKd ; yl ; wG J w nf & S d r _ ? td r f j ymawmf (awmifudk;&D;,m; orRw
Bio-tec tdrfawmf)?
ZD 0 enf ; ynm?
Bolshevism
bipartisan abmvf & S D A pf 0 g' (uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh
tpd k ; &ES i f h twd k u f t cH ES p f z G J @ pvH k ; . teufwl)?
axmuf c H r _ u d k &aom?
bourgeois
(tar&duefEdkifiHwGif) 'D r d k u &uf E S i f h &D y wf (txufwef;v$mESifh tvkyform;vlwef;pm;
bvD u if ygwD E S p f c k p vH k ; . axmuf c H r _ u d k t=um;Y&Sdaom) vl v wf w ef ; pm;?
&aom (rl0g'/ ta=umif;t&m/ vlyk*~dKvf (rwfcfpf0g' tvdktm;jzifh t&if;tESD;&Sdaom
ponfjzifh)? ukefxkwfolrsm;/ ukefonfrsm;/ tao;pm;
bipartisanship pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;&Sifrsm; yg0ifonfh) "e&S i f
tpd k ; &ES i f h twd k u f t cH nD ! G w f r _ ? vl w ef ; pm;?
(tar&duefEdkifiHwGif) 'D r d k u &uf E S i f h &D y wf
boycott
bvD u if ygwD E S p f c k p vH k ; . nD ! G w f r _ ? oyd w f a rS m uf j cif ; ? yl ; aygif ; aqmif & G u f r _
birdflu rðyjcif ; ?
=uuf i S u f w k y f a uG ; a&m*g?
braindrain
blacklist OD ; aES m uf , k d p D ; r_ (wdkif;jynfwckrS
emrnf y suf p m&if ; ? ynmwwf ynm&Sifrsm; tjcm;wkdif;jynfodk@
oGm;a&muf tvkyfvkyfudkifjcif;)??
black market
arS m if c d k a ps;? arS m if c d k a ps;uG u f ? brand
uk e f t rS w f w H q d y f ?

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 7
 brand loyalty C
trS w f w H q d y f u d k pG J j rJ j cif ; ?
by-election
breach of the peace =um;jzwf a &G ; aumuf y G J ?
&yf & G m +id r f ; csrf ; a&;ud k xd y g;apr_ ?
&yf & G m +id r f ; csrf ; a&;ud k csd K ;azmuf r _ ? by-laws
a'oqd k i f & m Oya'?
break through tzG J @ tpnf ; toif ; tyif ; qd k i f & m
tcuf t cJ r S vG e f a jrmuf o G m ;r_ ? pnf ; rsOf ; ?
brigandage
by product
cd k ; qd k ; vk , uf j cif ; (txl;ojzifh awmykef; ab;xG u f y pP n f ; ?
"m;jywdkufjcif;)??
by stander
brinkmanship
ab;rS & yf = unf h o l ?
(ppfrufjzpfEdkifajc&Sdonfudk odvsufESifh)
Ed k i f i H a &; oH w ref a &; pG e f @ pm;r_ ? cabinet
tpd k ; &tzG J @ ?
budget
aiG p m&if ; &S i f ; wrf ; ? aiG a y;aiG , l & S i f ; wrf ; ? cadre
&oH k ; aiG p m&if ; ? trmcH t zG J @ ? trmcH t zG J @ om;? au'g?
budget deficit campaign
(aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;Y) vd k a iG j yjcif ; ? Ed k i f i H a &; vl r _ a &;wG i f
pnf ; ±H k ; v_ H @ aqmf j cif ; ?
budget surplus
(aiGpm&if;&Sif;wrf;Y) yd k a iG j yjcif ; ? canon law
c&pf , mef a usmif ; awmf o H k ; Oya'?
bureaucracy
AsL±d k u a&pD , Eœ & m; (vkyfief; canvass
rwGifus,fr_udk a0zefonfhoabmjzifhvnf; rJ q G , f o nf ? qG J a qmif o nf ?
oHk;pGJwwfonf)?
capital
business cycle òr@awmf ? aiG t &if ; tES D ; ?
pD ; yG m ;a&;oH o &m?
Capitalism
pD ; yG m ;a&;tod k i f ; t0d k i f ; ?
t&if ; &S i f 0 g'? aiG & S i f 0 g'?

8 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
 jzwf a wmuf jcif ; ? uef @ owf j cif ; ?
capitulation
qif q mvk y f j cif ; ?
vuf e uf c sjcif ; ? vuf e uf c s pmwrf ; ?
census
caption
ppf w rf ; aumuf j cif ; ? oef ; acgif p m&if ; ?
yH k p m? az:!¸ e f ; csuf ?
centralization
carte blanche
A[d k w G i f tm%mpk j cif ; ? A[d k t m%myd k i f
(wzufom;pdwfóuuf vkyfapqdkonfh
pepf ? A[d k c sKyf u d k i f r _ ?
oabmjzifh) pm&G u f t vG w f w G i f vuf r S w f
a&;xd k ; ay;jcif ; ? centrism
(vuf0J vuf,m r,drf;aom) A[d k 0 g'?
caste
(Zmwdt& vltcsif;csif; tv$m cGJjcm;xm; century
aom) Zmwf ? &mpk E S p f ?
caste system chain of command
(Zmwdt& vltcsif;csif;) tqif h q if h trd e f @ ay;jcif ; ?
Zmwf c G J j cm;onh f p epf ?
chairman (chairwoman, chairperson)
caucus OuU Ï ? obmywd ?
(udk,fpm;vS,fa&G;&ef/ rl0g'cs&ef ponfwdk@
twGuf usif;yaom) oD ; oef @ pnf ; a0;yG J ? charisma
(EdkifiHa&;ESifh ywfoufaom) tk y f p k i ,f r sm; =oZmwd u U r &S d j cif ; ?
tpnf ; ta0;? chancellor
t"d y wd ?
casus belli
ppf a =ujim&ef vH k a vmuf a om character assassination
ta=umif ; ? ppf ð yEd k i f a om tajctae? toa&zsuf j cif ; ?
censor charisma
pd p pf j zwf a wmuf y d w f y if o l ? qif q m? ES p f v d k z G , f a umif ; jcif ; ?
=oZmwd u U r &S d j cif ; ?
censorship
(trsm;jynfoltwGuf roifhavsmf[laom charter
ta=umif;jycsufjzifh) pd p pf j cif ; ?

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 9
 (ukvor*~uJhodk@aom EdkifiHwumtzGJ@tpnf; òr@?
rsm;.) zG J @ pnf ; yH k Oya'? òr@jy Oya'?
city-state
chauvinism òr@jyEd k i f i H ?
rsuf u ef ; rsd K ;cspf 0 g'?
(vlrsdK;/ EdkifiH/ vdif ponfwdk@ESifh ywfouf civil disobedience
onfh tpGef;a&muf0g'rsm;udk &nf!¸ef;&m vl x k u tm%mzD q ef j cif ; ?
wGifvnf; oHk;pGJonf? Oyrm- male civil liberties
chauvinism ac: a,musFm;0g'?) vl r _ v G w f v yf c G i f h ?
cheap money civil rights
twd k ; enf ; acs;aiG ? vl r _ t cG i f h t a&;?
checks and balances civil servant
(tpdk;&w&yfudk Oya'ðytzGJ@/ w&m;a&;tzGJ@ t&yf z uf 0 ef x rf ; ?
rsm;tjzpf oD;jcm;Xmersm;cGJI) tm%m jynf o l @ 0ef x rf ; tvk y f ?
xd e f ; n‡ d j cif ; ? tjyef t vS e f
tm%mxd e f ; n‡ d j cif ; ? civil service
t&yf z uf 0 ef a qmif r _ ?
Christian Democrats
c&pf , mef 'D r d k u &uf ? civil war
jynf w G i f ; ppf ?
church and state
bmoma&;ES i f h Ed k i f i H a &; (EdkifiHtcsdK@wGif civilian
Tt&mESpfckudk ra&m,Sufap&[k tajccH t&yf o m;?
Oya't& wm;jrpfxm;+yD; tcsdK@EdkifiHrsm;wGif
civilization
rl bmoma&; acgif;aqmifrsm;u EdkifiHa&;&m
,Of a us;r_ ? ,Of a us;r_ v l @ tzG J @ tpnf ; ?
rsm;udk yl;wGJaqmif&Gufonf?)
civitas
citizen
Ed k i f i H o m;jzpf r _ (vufwifpum;)??
(arG;&myg tcGifhta&;t& odk@r[kwf Oya'
a=umif;t& jzpfvmaom) Ed k i f i H o m;? clan
vl r sd K ;pk t EG , f ?
citizen journalism
jynf o l v l x k y g0if a om owif ; ynm? class

city

10 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
(vkyfief;/ vlr_tqifhtwef;/ pD;yGm;a&; cohort
tqifhtwef; ponfwdk@tm;jzifh cGJjcm;xm; wyf z G J @ 0if ? wynf h w yef ; ? aemuf v d k u f ?
aom) vl w ef ; pm;tv$ m ?
Cold War
class struggle ppf a t;wd k u f y G J ?
vl w ef ; pm;wd k u f y G J ?
collaboration
classical economics &ef o l E S i f h yl ; aygif ; aqmif & G u f j cif ; ?
(18 &mpkESpfY wGifus,fcJh+yD; òyifqdkifr_udk yl ; aygif ; =uH p nf j cif ; ?
tm;ay;aom) a&S ; ¶d k ; pD ; yG m ;a&;ynm&yf ?
collective
clemency tpk t zG J @ tm;jzif h ? pk a ygif ; jzpf a om?
toem;cH j cif ; ? ouf n ‡ m jcif ; ?
collective bargaining
vG w f + id r f ; csrf ; omcG i f h ? tpk t zG J @ vd k u f awmif ; qd k n ‡ d E d _ i f ; jcif ; ?
coalition
collective farm
!G e f @ aygif ; tzG J @ ? bH k v ,f , majrpcef ; ?
code
collective responsibility
(qdkif&m Oya'rsm;udk aygif;pkxm;aom) tzG J @ vd k u f wm0ef , l j cif ; (Oyrm- tpdk;&
Oya'pk (Oyrm- &mZ0wfOya'o)?? tzGJ@ wm0ef)?
jypf
y pfr _ q d k i f & m ud k " Oya'?
collective security
code of conducts (r[mrdwftzGJ@0ifEdkifiHwck wdkufcdkufcHv#if
usif h 0 wf p nf ; rsOf ; rsm;? r[mrdwfwzGJ@vHk;u &efoltm; 0dkif;0ef;
codification wdkufcdkufrnf[k uwdðyxm;aom) pk a ygif ;
qd k i f & m Oya'rsm;ud k pk a ygif ; jcif ; ? vH k ð cH a &;pepf (Oyrm- aewdk;pmcsKyf)?

coercion collectivism
tEd k i f x uf ð yrl j cif ; ? bH k 0 g'?

coexistence collectivization
(t,ltq rwlonfh vlyk*~dKvf/ tzGJ@tpnf;/ trsm;yd k i f od k @ r[k w f bH k y d k i f tjzpf
EdkifiH ponfwdk@) twl , S O f w G J a exd k i f j cif ; ? ðyvk y f j cif ; ?

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 11
 colonialism
e,f y ,f od r f ; yd k u f p d k ; rd k ; a&;0g'? commissioner
ud k v d k e D 0 g'? (aumfr&Sifem) rif ; }uD ; ?

colonization commitment
ud k v d k e D e ,f y ,f x l a xmif j cif ; ? ,H k = unf c suf ? oH E M d Ï mef ?
ud k v d k e D ð yjcif ; ?
committee
colony aumf f r wD ?
wd k i f ; wyg;. pd k ; rd k ; r_ u d k cH a e&aom
common good
e,f y ,f ? ud k v d k e D ?
trsm;aumif ; usd K ;?
columnist
Common Market
owif ; pmwG i f yH k r S e f a qmif ; yg;a&;ol / /
bH k a ps;?
yif w k d i f a qmif ; yg;&S i f ?
commonsense
comedy
[moZmwf ? tajccH t od ^ m%f ? yuwd t od ^ m%f ?
yif u d k , f t od ^ m%f ?
comity
(Oya'uJhodk@t&mrajrmufaomfvnf; commonwealth
EdkifiHwum qufqHa&;udk acsmarG@apaom) trsm;aumif ; usd K ;? "eo[m, (tzGJ@)?
usif h x H k ; ? commune
bH k & d y f o m? òr@e,f (Oa&myEdkifiH tcsdK@wGif
comment
oabmxm;rS w f c suf ? oHk;pGJaom a0g[m&)??
Communism
commentary
tÏuxm ? &S i f ; vif ; a0zef o nh f u srf ; ? uG e f j rLepf 0 g'?

Communist Manifesto
commerce
uk e f o G , f a &;? uG e f j rLepf a=ujimpmwrf ; ?

community
commercialism
uk e f o G , f p D ; yG m ;0g' (aiGaemufvdkufpepf tod k i f ; t0k d i f ; ? tpk t zG J @ ?
[lIvnf; &Hzef&Hcg oHk;onf)? competition
tm;òyif r _ ? pD ; yG m ;òyif r _ ?
commission
aumf r &S i f ?

12 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
competitiveness (vlxk=um;Y jzpfap/ EdkifiHa&;ygwD tcsif;csif;
,S O f ò yif E d k i f j cif ; ? ,S O f o mr_ ? =um;Y jzpfap &&Sdaom) trsm;pk
,S O f ® yif E d k i f t m;? od k @ r[k w f wcJ e uf oabmwl n D c suf ?
compromise consent of the governed
n‡ d E d _ i f ; jcif ; ? tavsmh t wif ; ðyjcif ; / vl x k q EN ?
tay;t,l v k y f j cif ; ?
conservatism
conciliation (tajymif;tvJ }uD;}uD;rm;rm;udk rvdkvm;
(tjiif;yGm;aeaom bufESpfzuf) ajyvnf aom) a&S ; ±d k ; pG J 0 g'/ orm;±d k ; us0g'/
atmif óu;yrf ; jcif ; ? &if = um;aph j cif ; ? uG e f q m aA;wpf 0 g'?
conciliator conservative
jzef a jzay;ol ? n‡ d E d _ i f ; ay;ol ? a&S ; ±d k ; pG J 0 g'D ? orm;±d k ; us0g'D ?
uG e f q maA;wpf 0 g'D ?
confederation
(umuG,fa&;/ EdkifiHjcm;a&; ponfh tpdk;&wm0ef conservative party
wdk@udk twlusifhoHk;aomfvnf; wEdkifiHcsif; uG e f q maA;wpf y gwD ? a&S ; ±d k ; pG J y gwD ?
tm;jzifh vGwfvyfaomEdkifiHwdk@udk pkpnf;xm;
onfh) Ed k i f i H a ygif ; pk ? consortium
(ukr`%Drsm;/ txl;ojzifh b%fukr`%Drsm;
confidence-building pkzGJ@xm;aom) vk y f i ef ; &S i f } uD ; rsm;tzG J @ ?
,H k = unf r _ w nf a qmuf j cif ; ?
conspiracy
conflict of interest v#d K Œ0S u f p G m yl ; aygif ; =uH p nf j cif ; ?
tusd K ;pD ; yG m ; 0d a &m"d jzpf r _ (rdrd.
udk,fydkif tusdK;pD;yGm;ESifh conspiracy theory
rdrdyg0ifaqmif&Gufaeaom trsm;ydkif v#d K Œ0S u f p G m yl ; aygif ; =uH p nf o nf qd k a om
tusdK;pD;yGm;wdk@t=um; 0da&m"d jzpfr_)? t,l t q?

conflict resolution constitution

yÉd y uQ a jz&S i f ; r_ ? (EdkifiHwck.) zG J @ pnf ; yH k tajccH O ya'?

conscription constitutional government

Oya't& ppf r _ x rf ; apjcif ; ?

consensus

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 13
 tajccH O ya'ES i f h nD ! G w f a om tpd k ; & (vdkufem&ef ysufuGufygu Oya'a=umif;
(zGJ@pnf;yHktajccHOya'ESifh tnD zGJ@pnf; t& ta&;,lcH&Edkifonfh) oabmwl n D
usifh=uH tkyfcsKyfaom tpdk;&)? csuf / pmcsKyf / uef x ±k d u f p mcsKyf ?

constitutional law convention

(EdkifiHwck. tpdk;&ESifh EdkifiHom;wdk@t=um;&Sd (EdkifiHtrsm; yg0ifcsKyfqdkaom) pmcsKyf /
qufqHa&;udk jyÏmef;aom) uG e f A if ; &S i f ; ? (Oyrm - *sDeDAmpmcsKyf/
zG J @ pnf ; yH k q d k i f & m Oya'? *sDeDAmuGefAif;&Sif;)?? nD v mcH ?

constitutional monarchy convergence theory

tajccH O ya'ES i f h tnD tk y f c sKyf a om aygif ; pnf ; r_ o abmw&m;?
bk & if p epf ? pnf ; rsOf ; cH bk & if p epf ?
cooperate
consul yl ; aygif ; aqmuf & G u f o nf / /
aumif p pf 0 ef ?
cooperation
consulate yl ; aygif ; aqmuf & G u f j cif ; ?
aumif p pf 0 ef ± H k ; ?
corporation
consumer tusd K ;wl p D ; yG m ;tzG J @ ? aumf y d k a &;&S i f ; ?
pm;oH k ; ol ?
cosmopolitan city
consumerism (EdkifiHwumrS vlrsdK;aygif;pHkudk awG@&aom)
pm;oH k ; ol 0 g'? òr@}uD ; jy}uD ; ?

consumption cost-benefit analysis

pm;oH k ; r_ (pD;yGm;a&; qdkif&m toHk;tE_ef;)?? &if ; aiG jrwf a iG wG u f u d e f ; ?

containment counter-revolution
xd e f ; csKyf j cif ; ? uef @ owf j cif ; ? wef j yef a wmf v S e f a &;?

contempt of court coup d'etat

±k H ; awmf t m; rxD r J h j rif ð yr_ ? tm%mod r f ; r_ ?

contract court martial

ppf c H k ± k H ; ?

14 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
covenant culture
(ESpfOD; ESpfzuf vufrSwfa&;xdk;xm;+yD; "avh ? ,Of a us;r_ ?
vdkufem&ef ysufuGufygu oabmwlxm;
curfew
onfhtwdkif; aqmif&Guf&onfh) pmcsKyf /
uwd ð yv$ m ? (Oya' toHk;tE_ef;) nrxG u f & trd e f @ ? ae0if r D ; +id r f ; trd e f @ ?

currency
credibility
,H k = unf a v;pm;cH & r_ ? aiG a =u;?

crime currency convertibility

&mZ0wf r _ ? (aiGa=u;wrsdK;udk ESpfouf&m EdkifiHjcm;aiGESifh
vJvS,fEdkifaom) vJ v S , f E d k i f p G r f ; tm;?
criminology
&mZ0wf r _ a A'? custody
xd e f ; od r f ; jcif ; ?
crisis
custom
tcG e f t aumuf ? "avh x H k ; wrf ; ?

D dark horse
zsuf j rif ; ?
}uD ; rm;onf h t cuf t cJ tusyf t wnf ; ?
de facto
criterion vuf a wG @ oabmt&?
t&nf t csif ; owf r S w f c suf ?
de jure
cult Oya'oabmt&?
(udk;uG,f,Hk=unfr_ESifh ywfoufaom)
*d k % f ; ? dead heat
òyif w l y ef ; 0if j cif ; ? oa&usjcif ; ? ol r Ed k i f
cult of personality ud k , f r Ed k i f taetxm;?
yk * ~ d K vf a &;ud k ; uG , f r _ ?
deadlock
cultural revolution aomif r wif a &rus? vd y f c J w nf ; vnf ; ?
(1966 ckESpfrS 1976 ckESpf txd w±kwfjynf a&S Œ rwd k ; om aemuf r qk w f o m
wGif jzpfyGm;cJhaom) taetxm;?
,Of a us;r_ a wmf v S e f a &;?

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 15
 debate
tacstwif a jymqd k r _ ? demography
(a'owck&Sd vlxk. zGm;aoE_ef;/ vlOD;a&
decentralization xlxyfE_ef;/ vlrsdK;pktcsdK; ponfwdk@udk
A[d k c sKyf u d k i f r _ zsuf o d r f ; jcif ; ? avhvmaom) vl O D ; a& tajctae
avh v m qef ; ppf a &;aA'?
declaration
a=ujimcsuf ? deport
jynf E S i f ' %f a y;onf ?
default
aºu;rqyf E d k i f j cif ; ? ysuf u G u f j cif ; ? depression
pD ; yG m ;ysuf u yf q d k u f j cif ; (pD;yGm;a&;
deficit financing
acs;aiG j zif h pD ; yG m ;vnf y wf j cif ; ? toHk;tE_ef;)?? pd w f " gwf u sjcif ; (pdwWaA'
toHk;tE_ef;)??
deflation
aiG u sKH @ jcif ; ? vnf y wf a iG yrm% desegregation
av#mh c sjcif ; ? vl r sd K ;t& cG J j cm;quf q H r _ u d k
wd k u f z suf j cif ; (vlrsdK;t& cGJjcm;qufqHr_
defunct segregation . qef@usifzuf)?
rwnf & S d a wmh o nf h ?
tvk y f r vk y f a wmh o nf h ? despot
ouf O D ; qH y d k i f b k & if ? tm%m&S i f ?
delegate
ud k , f p m;vS , f ? despotism
ouf O D ; qH y d k i f bk & if p epf ? tm%m&S i f 0 g'?
delegation
ud k , f p m;vS , f t zG J @ ? destabilize
rwnf r +id r f j zpf a tmif v k y f o nf ?
demagogue
(vlxkudk) vuf c k y f c sLI rJ q G , f j cif ; ? détente
(vl+ydef;}udKuf) ruf v H k ; ay;I rJ q G , f o l ? (EdkifiHrsm;t=um;) wif ; rmr_
avsmh y g;atmif vk y f j cif ; ?
democracy
'D r d k u a&pD ? determinism
jyÏmef ; cH 0 g'?
democrat
'D r d k u &uf p D j rwf E d k ; ol ? 'D r d k u &uf y gwD 0 if ? deterrence
[ef @ wm;onf ? &ef u d k &ef j zif h
wm;qD ; jcif ; ?

16 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
 vl x k r J u d k wd k u f ± k d u f & ,l o nf h 'D r d k u a&pD
devaluation enf ; vrf ; ?
aiG w ef b d k ; av#mh c sjcif ; ?
directive
devolution vrf ; !¸ e f c suf ?
(A[dkwGif&Sdaom tm%mudk atmufajc
tqifh txd) v$ J a jymif ; ay;jcif ; ? dirty linen
ygwD t wG i f ; a&; (EdkifiHa&; toHk;tE_ef;)?
dialectic
(tar;tajzðyI) yd k i f ; jcm;oH k ; oyf a om? disarmament
vuf e uf z suf o d r f ; a&;?
dialectical materialism
(rmcfhpf0g'. yifr,Hk=unfcsuf jzpfaom) discrimination
'd k i f , mvuf w pf ¶k y f 0 g'/ tEk y Ëd a vmr cG J j cm;quf q H j cif ; ?
±k y f 0 g'g'/ 'G E N 0 g'?
displaced person
dictatorship (ppfa=umifhjzpfap/ zdESdyfcH&I jzpfap) ae&yf
tm%m&S i f p epf ? ud k pG e f @ cG m xG u f a jy;&ol ?

dictatorship of the proletariat dissident

t&if ; rJ h tm%m&S i f p epf (uGefjrLepf tpd k ; &ES i f h oabmxm;uG J v G J o l ?
toHk;tE_ef;)?? tpd k ; &qef @ usif o l ?

diehard divide and rule

w,l o ef o l ? acgif ; rmol ? (rdrdu tkyfcsKyfxm;ol odk@r[kwf rdrd.
&efoludk tm;aysmhatmif) tcsif ; csif ;
diplomacy pd w f 0 rf ; uG J j ym;atmif v k y f I tk y f c sKyf j cif ; ?
oH w ref c if ; ? oH w ref a &;? oH w ref aoG ; cG J t k y f c sKyf j cif ; ?
y&d , m,f ?
divine king
diplomat bk & m;uqif ; ouf v monf q k d a om
oH w ref ? bk & if ?
diplomatic immunity
divine right
oH w ref u if ; vG w f c G i f h ?

direct democracy

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 17
 (a&S;bk&ifwdk@u olwdk@. tkyfcsKyfpD&ifydkifcGifh
udk &nf!¸ef;&mwGif ajymavh&Sdonfh)
bk & m;ay; tcG i f h t a&;?
division of labor
(u|rf;usif&m tvdkuf) tvk y f c G J a 0jcif ; ?
doctrine
(bmomw&m;wck odk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&;ygwD
wck.) rl 0 g'/ ,H k = unf c suf / (dogma ESifh
E (wifoGif;ukefwcktay: tcGeftjzpf aumufcHcJh
teufwl?) (&Hzef&HcgwGif EdkifiHjcm;a&;rl0g'
wckckudk &nf!¸ef;&mwGifvnf; oHk;onf?)
dogma
(bmomw&m;wck odk@r[kwf EdkifiHa&;ygwD
wck.) rl 0 g'/ ,H k = unf c suf ? (doctrine
ESifh teufwl? w&m;aoqefonfh
t,ltq wckckudk &nf!¸ef;&mwGifvnf;
oHk;onf?)
dogmatism
w&m;ao 0g'?
domestic
jynf w G i f ; ES i f h ouf q d k i f a om?
domestic affairs
jynf x J a &;?
domino theory
18 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
(ta&SŒawmiftm&SwEdkifiH uGefjrLepf jzpfoGm;
ygu usefEdkifiHrsm;yg uGefjrLepfjzpfoGm;vdrfhrnf
qdkaom ppfat;umvtwGif;u ay:xGef;cJh
onfh) qif h u J ò yvJ r _ oD t d k & D / 'd k r D E d k oD t d k & D ?
draconian laws
jyif ; xef & uf p uf a om Oya'rsm; (atoif
òr@jyEdkifiHtm; jyif;xef&ufpufaom Oya'rsm;jzifh
pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfcJhonfh 7 &mpkESpf *&dbk&if Draco
udk tpGJðyI ay:xGef;vmaom pum;&yf)?
drawback
onfh aiGudk ,if;ukeftm; jyefvnfwifydk@csdefY)
jyef x k w f a y;jcif ; (pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m
toHk;tE_ef;)?? tm;enf ; csuf ?
due process
w&m;Oya'ES i f h t nD (Oya'qdkif&m
toHk;tE_ef;)??
dynasty
rif ; quf ? om;pOf a jr;quf tk y f c sKyf j cif ; ?
earmarked
&mxm;+yD ; jzpf a om?
ecology
(ouf&SdowW0grsm;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif
wdk@. qufpyfr_udk avhvmonfh)
a*[aA'/ o[ZmwaA'/ obm0pepf ?
economic growth
pD ; yG m ;wd k ; wuf r _ (,if;udk EdkifiHwck. xkwf
ukefESifh 0efaqmifr_wdk@ wdk;wufvmjcif;udk
&nf!¸ef;onfh pkpkaygif; trsdK;om;xkwfukef
Gross National Product - GNP ESifh
wdkif;wmonf)? embargo
(pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&; ponftm;jzifh) Ed k i f i H
economic warfare wck t m; yd w f q d k @ ta&;,l j cif ; ?
(pD;yGm;a&; òyifbufEdkifiHrsm; tcsif;csif;
ukefoG,fcGefwdk;jr‡ifhjcif;/ oGif;ukef uef@owf embassy
jcif; ponfh enf;vrf;rsm;udk oHk;pGJwdkufcdkuf oH ± k H ; ?
onfh) pD ; yG m ;a&;ppf y G J ? embezzlement
tvG J o H k ; pm;ðyjcif ; ?
economics
pD ; yG m ;a&;ynm? emeritus
vk y f c G i f r S t+id r f ; pm;,l + yD ; aomf v nf ;
economy
pD ; yG m ;a&;? &mxl ; tac:ta0:ud k
xd e f ; od r f ; oH k ; pG J c G i f h & ol ?
election
a&G ; aumuf y G J ? emigration
jynf y od k @ xG u f c G m jcif ; ? jynf y wG i f
electorate tajccs &ef xG u f c G m jcif ; ?
rJ a y;cG i f h & S d o nf h yk * ~ d K vf r sm;? rJ q EN & S i f ?
eminent domain
electronics (avsmfa=u; tvHktavmufay;I) yk * ~ v d u
tD v uf x &G e f e pf y nm? yd k i f y pP n f ; ud k trsm;yd k i f od r f ; ,l c G i f h & S d o nf h
tpd k ; &vk y f y d k i f c G i f h ?
eleventh hour
aemuf q H k ; tcsd e f ? tcsd e f r S D ¶ H k a v;? empire
vuf e uf E d k i f i H a wmf ? tif y g,m?
elite
tcG i f h x l ; cH v l p k ? vuf a &G ; pif v l p k ? enclave
vl @ rvd k i f ? =oZmtm%m&S d a om (e,fajr}uD;wcku 0ef;&Hxm;aom)
vl a usmf v l a rmf t k y f p k ? e,f a jri,f ?
elite force entente
txl ; wyf z G J @ ? vuf a &G ; pif w yf z G J @ ? Ed k i f i H w um r[mrd w f p mcsKyf t zG J @ ?

emancipation entrepreneur
vG w f + id r f ; cG i f h ð yjcif ; ? vG w f a jrmuf j cif ; ?
vG w f a jrmuf c G i f h ?

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 19
 pD ; yG m ;a&;vk y f i ef ; &S i f ? pG e f @ pm;wD x G i f ethos
vk y f i ef ; &S i f ? (tvkyfóu;pm;jcif;/ òc;jcHjcif; paom)
tusif h t =uH / usif h 0 wf e D w d ?
environmental protection
obm0ywf 0 ef ; usif xd e f ; od r f ; euthanasia
umuG , f a &;? (aq;ukoI r&onfh jyif;xefaom a&m*g
'%f cHpm;ae&olwdk@tm; olwdk@. awmif;qdk
envoy csuft& remrusif aoap&ef qdkaom)
oH w ref ? (oHtrwf}uD; tqifhxuf apwemjzif h touf a oap&ef
edrfhaom) oH u d k , f p m;vS , f ? pD r H a y;jcif ; ?
equal opportunity evolution
wef ; wl t cG i f h t vrf ; ? qif h u J w d k ; wuf a jymif ; vJ j cif ; jzpf p Of ?
equal pay ex officio
wef ; wl v k y f c ?

equilibrium
pD ; yG m ;a&; nD r #ajc? pD ; yG m ;a&; wnf + id r f r _ ?
(pD;yGm;a&; toHk;tE_ef;)
establishment
(vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;/ EdkifiHa&;tzGJ@tpnf;/
bmoma&; tzGJ@tpnf;/ ppfwyf/ ynm&Sif
tzGJ@ ponfwdk@udk xdef;csKyfxm;aom)
zG J @ pnf ; wnf a xmif r _ ?
ethics
usif h 0 wf ? ud k , f u sif h w &m;?
ethnic
vl r sd K ;pk 0 if ?
ethnocentrism
(rdrd. vlrsdK; odk@r[kwf vlrsdK;pku tjcm;
vlrsdK; odk@r[kwf vlrsdK;pkrsm;xuf omonf
qdkaom) vl r sd K ;pk A[d k ð y0g'?
F
rd r d . tzG J @ tpnf ; ud k ud k , f p m;ðyI
wuf a &muf & aom? &mxl ; tavsmuf
wm0ef , l & aom?
exchange of notes
pmc|ef v $ m vJ v S , f j cif ; ?
executive privilege
(tpdk;&tm%mydkifwdk@taejzifh v$wfawmf
odk@r[kwf w&m;±kH; a&SŒarSmufY xGufqdk&mwGif
trsdK;om;tusdK;pD;yGm;udk xdcdkufapEdkifonfh
tcsuftvufrsm;tm; xkwfaz:ajymqdk&ef
rvdkonfh) tm%myd k i f txl ; tcG i f h t a&;?
exile

20 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
(jypf'%fwcktjzpf) e,f E S i f c H & jcif ; ? Fabianism
(EdkifiHa&; ta=umif;a=umifh) wd k i f ; wyg;od k @ azbD , ef 0 g' (1884 ckESpfwGif +AdwdefEdkifiHY
wd r f ; a&S m if a exd k i f j cif ; ? jynf a jy;? ay:xGef;cJhaom qdk&S,fvpf0g' wrsdK;)??

existentialism faction
jzpf w nf r _ 0 g' (jyifopftawG;tac:&Sif (tzGJ@tpnf;wcktwGif; trsm;ESifh t,ltq
,ef;aygqwf John-Paul Sartre a=umihf rwlaom) tk y f p k ? oif ; uG J tk y f p k ?
vlodrsm;vmonfh '\e)??
failed state
expansionism t&m&m c|wf ð cH u saeonf h Ed k i f i H ?
e,f a jrch s J x G i f a &;0g'? rd r d z mom &yf w nf E d k i f p G r f ; r&S d a wmh o nf h
Ed k i f i H ?
expatriate
ae&if ; Ed k i f i H u d k pG e f @ cG m ol ? fait accompli
(rdrd. EdkifiHom; tjzpfudk pGef@v$wfI) (jyifopfpum;) od o mxif & S m ;+yD ; jzpf o nf h
tjcm; Ed k i f i H o m; tjzpf cH , l o l ? tcsuf t vuf ? tjiif ; yG m ;p&mrvd k a om
tcsuf t vuf ?
exploitation
tcG i f h t a&;,l j cif ; ? tjrwf x k w f j cif ; ? fanatic
acgif ; yH k j zwf j cif ; ? w,l o ef o rm;?

export fascism
wif y d k @ jcif ; ? yd k @ uk e f ? wif y d k @ onf ? zuf q pf 0 g'?

expropriation faux pas

(avsmfa=u; tvHktavmuf ray;bJ) (jyifopfpum;) ravsmf u ef r _ ?
yk * ~ v d u yd k i f y pP n f ; ud k Ed k i f i H y d k i f tjzpf
federalism
od r f ; ,l j cif ; ? wOD ; wa,muf . ypP n f ; ud k (EdkifiHwckudk zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk toGifjzifh
&,l I ravsmf toH k ; ðyjcif ; ? tkyfcsKyfonfh) zuf ' &,f 0 g'/ zuf ' &,f
extradition usif h p Of ?
(&mZ0wfr_ usL;vGefxm;oltm; pGJcsuf
federation
wif&ef odk@r[kwf jypf'%fuscHap&ef (wdkif;ESifhjynfe,fwdk@u A[dktpdk;&ESifh tm%m
twGuf) w&m;cH v$ J a jymif ; ay;tyf j cif ; ? cGJa0,laom) zuf ' &,f j ynf a xmif p k ?
(0&rf;ajy; w&mcHtm;) jypf r _ u sL;vG e f & m z,f ' &,f & S i f ; tzG J @ ?
Ed k i f i H o d k @ jyef y d k @ jcif ; ?
feedback

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 21
 uH k @ jyef c suf ?
G
feminism
(trsdK;om;rsm;ESifhwef;wl tcGifhta&; &&Sd&ef atmuf a jcrS w f p k ?
awmif;qdkwdkufyGJ0ifonfh) trsd K ;orD ; 0g'?
foreign policy
feminist Ed k i f i H j cm;a&;rl 0 g'?
trsd K ;orD ; tcG i f h t a&; v_ y f & S m ;ol ?
formal
feudalism yH k p H u sjzpf a om?
ajr&S i f p epf ?
format
fiat yH k p H ?
(tm%mydkifwdk@u v$wfawmf. todtrSwf
ðyr_ rygbJ xkwfjyefaom) wcsuf v $ w f forum
trd e f @ ? (w&m;0iftkyfcsKyfpD&ifydkifcGifhr&Sdaom aqG ; aEG ; yG J ?
tpdk;&wdk@u trsm;qHk; toHk;ðyavh&Sdonf?)
fourth estate
fifth column (pme,fZif;ESifh tjcm; owif;jzef@vkyfief;
(rdrdwyfwGif;&Sd) &ef o l @ buf o m;? yÌrH rsm;tm; &nf!¸ef;onfh) pwk w W r ¾d K if ?
wyf o m;? ol @ vl u d k , f h b uf o m;? (pydef
franchise
jynfwGif;ppftwGif;Y ay:aygufcJhaom cG i f h ð ycsuf? rJ a y;cG i f h ?
toHk;tE_ef;?) (vkyfief;&Sif wOD;u emrnf}uD;ukr`%Dwck.
figure trnfudk iSm;&rf; oHk;pGJonfh)
(taqmifta,mifoabmr#om jzpf+yD; vuf c G J u k r ` % D ?
trSefwu,f tm%mr&Sdonfh) Ed k i f i H h
free enterprise
acgif ; aqmif / Ed k i f i H h Oao#mif / (tpdk;&. pGufzufr_ r&Sdonfh)
acgif ; aqmif ? vG w f v yf a om pD ; yG m ;a&;vk y f i ef ; ?
fiscal policy
free market
b¾ma&; rl 0 g'? vG w f v yf a om aps;uG u f ?
footnote
free market economy
vG w f v yf a om aps;uG u f p D ; yG m ;a&;?

22 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
free trade general election
vG w f v yf a om uk e f o G , f r _ ? taxG a xG a &G ; aumuf y G J ?

freedom general strike

vG w f v yf r _ ? vG w f v yf c G i f h ? taxG a xG o yd w f ?

freedom of expression generalisimo

vG w f v yf p G m xk w f a zmf w if j ycG i f h ? (&mxl;tjrifhqHk;) Ad k v f c sKyf } uD ; ? (rl&if;
tDwmvsH pum;?)
freedom of opinion
vG w f v yf p G m awG ; ac:,l q cG i f h ? genocide
vl r sd K ;ðzwf owf j zwf r _ ? vl r sd K ;wH k ;
Freudian owf j zwf r _ ?
(pdwfo±kyfcGJq&m qpf*ref z±dGK'f Sigmund
Freud . aemufvdkuf) z±d G K 'f 0 g'D ? gentleman agreement
E_ w f j zih f oabmwl x m;csuf ?
front organizations
ta,mif j ytzG J @ tpnf ; ? geopolitics
Aef ; jytzG J @ tpnf ; ? yx0D E d k i f i H a &;?

fundamentalism
a&S ; ±d k ; bmoma&;0g'? w&m;&if ; 0g'?
führer
acgif ; aqmif } uD ; (*smrefEdkifiHwGifoHk;onf)?
gag rule
(ta=umif;t&mwckudk rajymqdk raqG;aEG;&[k
wm;jrpfonfh) E_ w f y d w f O ya'?
0pD y d w f O ya'?
gerontocracy
(touf}uD;olwdk@u v$rf;rdk;xm;onfh)
ouf } uD ; tpd k ; &?
gerrymander
(ygwD wckudk rJtrsm;qHk; &apvdkaom
oabmjzifh rJ±Hke,fajrudk pdwfóuufpDpOf
aom) rJ ± H k r ormr_ / a¶G ; aumuf y G J
rormr_ ?

gazetted holiday
tpd k ; &±H k ; yd w f & uf ?

general
Ak d v f c sKyf } uD ; ? taxG a xG ?

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 23
 (rdrdtm; axmufcHap&ef) vl t rsm;tóuuf
H ajymqd k j cif ; ?
globalization grassroots
wurB m vH k ; tusH K ;0if a pjcif ; ? tajccH v l x k ?
(vGwfvyfpGm ukefoG,fr_udk
tajcðyxm;onfh) urB m h pD ; yG m ;a&;0g'/ gross national product (GNP)
urB m vH k ; qd k i f & m0g'/ urB m h & G m 0g'/ tpk p k trsd K ;om;xk w f u k e f ? taxG a xG
*vd k b ,f v d k u f a Z;&S i f ; ? trsd K ;om;xk w f u k e f ?

gold standard greenhouse effect

(aiGa=u;pepfwGif a&$udk pHtjzpf xm;onfh) rS e f v H k t d r f tusd K ;ouf a &muf r _ (&Hzef&HcgY
a&$ p H x m;pepf (1930 ckESpf rwdkifrDu urBmhylaEG;r_ global warming udk &nf!¸ef;
toHk;rsm;onf)? &mwGifvnf; oHk;pGJonf)?

good offices guerrilla

Ed k i f i H w ck od k @ r[k w f tzG J @ tpnf ; wck u d k ajymuf u sm;wyf o m;?
ud k , f p m;ðyaom ±H k ; ? (olwyg;. guerrilla warfare
tjiif;yGm;r_ udk ormorwfuspGm ajymuf u sm; ppf q if a &;?
jzefajzay;onfh) od u Q m &S d ±H k ; awmf ?
apwemtavsmuf ul n D j cif ; ? guild
toif ; tzG J @ ? tpnf ; t±H k ; ? *d k % f ; ?
government gazette
tpd k ; &jyef w rf ; ? guillotine
(jyifopfEdkifiHY &mZ0wfom;rsm;udk okwfoif
governor &mwGif 1792 ckESpfrS 1977 ckESpftxd toHk;
bk & if c H ? jynf e ,f t k y f c sKyf a &;r– ; ? ðycJhaom) acgif ; jzwf p uf ?
graft habeas corpus
(tm%mtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfI) ud k , f u sd K ; (rw&m; csKyfaESmifcHae&jcif; odk@r[kwf
&S m jcif ; ? vmbf p m;jcif ; ? n‡if;yef;ESdyfpufcH&jcif; &Sd r&Sd ppfaq;onfh
grand strategy
oabmjzifh w&m;cHtm;) ±H k ; xk w f j cif ; ?
r[mAsL[mpD r H c suf ? a&S @ awmf o G i f ; pmc|ef a wmf t rd e f @ ?

grandstanding

24 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
 [pf y D (tar&duefEdkifiHY 1960 ckESpfrsm;
I twGif;u ay:xGef;cJh+yD; orm;±dk;us EdkifiHa&;
vlr_a&; tpOftvmrsm;udk ypfy,fonfh
hard currency
vli,fv_yf&Sm;r_wGif yg0ifolrsm;)??
(wnf+idrfaom aiGwefbdk;&Sdojzifh rnfonfh
EdkifiHjcm;aiGjzifhrqdk vJvS,fEdkifonfh) aiG r m? holocaust
('kwd,urBmppftwGif; *sK;vlrsdK; 6 oef;udk
head of state
pcef;oGif;+yD; "gwfaiG@jzifh pepfwus owfjzwf
(trsm;tm;jzifh tm%mtppftrSef r&SdbJ
cJhonfh) tpk t ðyH v d k u f avmif w d k u f o G i f ;
taqmifta,mif oabmr#om jzpfonfh)
owf j zwf r _ ?
Ed k i f i H h O ao#mif / Ed k i f i H h a cgif ; aqmif /
Ed k i f i H a wmf t}uD ; tuJ ? hostage
"g;pmcH ?
header
xd y f p nf ; pmquf ? [uf ' g? (uGefysLwm House of Commons
toHk;tE_ef;) atmuf v $ w f a wmf (+AdwdefEdkifiHoHk;)??
hegemony House of Lords
=oZmv$ r f ; jcif ; ? Ad k v f u sjcif ; ? txuf v $ w f a wmf (+AdwdefEdkifiHoHk;)??
hierarchy House of Representatives
xuf a tmuf p Of p epf ? &mxl ; pOf p epf ? jynf o l @ v$ w f a wmf ?
hermit state human resource
txD ; usef E d k i f i H ? vl o m;t&if ; tjrpf ?
high commissioner human rights
r[mrif ; }uD ; ? vl @ tcG i f h t a&;?
high court humanitarian
txuf w &m;±H k ; ? vl o m;csif ; pmemaxmuf x m;aom?
hijack idealism
jyef a y;qG J o nf / / (EdkifiHa&;wGif jrifhjrwfaomusifhpOfwdk@ v$rf;rdk;
&rnf qdkaom) Ed k i f i H a &; usif h p Of j rwf 0g'?
hippie (hippy)
pd w f u l ; ,Of 0 g'? (vlom;wdk@. tm;enf;csuf
rsm;udk xnfhrwGufbJ jzpfEdkifonfxuf jzpfoifh

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 25
 onfudk OD;pm;ay;onfh vufawG@rusaom0g'
tjzpf a0zefcH&avh &Sdonf?) incentive
ruf v H k ; ?
identity
oD ; oef @ trS w f t om;? income tax
0if a iG c G e f ?
ideology
tawG ; tac: oabmw&m;? incomes policy
(aiGazgif;yGr_udk umuG,fonfh taejzifh
immigration vkyfcESifh ukefaps;E_ef;udk xdef;csKyfxm;onfh)
(EdkifiHjcm;om;wOD;u tjcm;EdkifiHwckwGif 0if a iG x d e f ; csKyf a &;rl ?
yHkrSefaexdkif&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh) jynf 0 if r _ ?
vl 0 if r _ ? incorporation
aygif ; pnf ; jcif ; ?
impeachment
(jypfr_wckckudk ta=umif;jyI) &mxl ; rS incrementalism
z,f & S m ;&ef w&m;pG J q d k j cif ; / &mxl ; rS (owdjzifh) wqif h + yD ; wqif h ajymif ; vJ j cif ; ?
ðzwf c sjcif ; ? wd k ; wuf a jymif ; vJ j cif ; ?

index
imperialism
e,f c h s J 0 g'? t!¸ e f ; ?

indexation
import
wif o G i f ; jcif ; ? oG i f ; uk e f ? wif o G i f ; onf ? vk y f c ES i f h aiG a zgif ; yG E _ e f ; ud k wd k u f ± d k u f
quf p yf x m;onf h r l (pD;yGm;a&;
import quota toHk;tE_ef;)??
oG i f ; uk e f c G J w rf ; ?
indictment
in vogue pG J c suf w if j cif ; ?
acwf p m;aeaom?
individualism
inalienable right wud k , f a wmf 0 g'? woD ; yk * ~ v 0g'//
arG ; &myg tcG i f h t a&;? bk & m;ay;
tcG i f h t a&;? ajymif ; vJ r &aom indoctrination
tcG i f h t a&;? rl 0 g'/ tawG ; tac:/ ,H k = unf c suf
ponf w d k @ ud k jzef @ jzL;jcif ; /

26 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
oif = um;ay;jcif ; ? (tawG;tac:wckudk
±dkufoGif;onfh oabmrsdK; J
!¸ef;qdkonfhtcgwGifvnf; Ta0g[m&udk taqmuf t tH k ? taxmuf t ul ð y
oHk;pGJavh&Sdonf?) taqmuf t tH k ?

industrial revolution initiative

puf r _ a wmf v S e f a &;? pOD ; aqmif & G u f v _ y f & S m ;r_ ?

industrial zone insurgence

(pufr_vkyfief;rsm; pkpnf;wnf&Sd&m) ol y k e f x r_ ?
puf r _ Z H k ?
insurgent
industrialization ol y k e f ?
puf r _ x l a xmif a &;? puf r _ x l a xmif j cif ; ?
insurrection
INF Treaty (Intermediate Range xºuql y l r _ ? axmif x m;jcm;em;r_ ?
Nuclear Forces Treaty)
(tar&duefESifh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwdk@ integration
1987 ckESpfu csKyfqdkcJhom) wmvwf y pf aygif ; pnf ; jcif ; ? wom;wnf ;
tEk j rL'H k ; usnf xd e f ; csKyf a &;pmcsKyf ? jzpf a tmif ð yjcif ; ?

infidel intellectual property

bmomrJ h o l ? bmomw&m;r&S d o l ?
t,l r S m ;ol (tqdk;oabm/ ±_wfcsonfh
oabm &nf!¸ef;&mwGif oHk;pGJavh&Sdonf)?
infiltration
(&efol@e,fajr/ &efol@tzGJ@tpnf; twGif;odk@)
xd k ; azguf 0 if a &muf j cif ; ?
inflation
aiG a =u;azgif ; yG r _ ? 0,f v d k t m;us+yD ;
uk e f a ps;E_ e f ; jrif h w uf r _ ?
infrastructure
(EdkifiHwck. vrf;yef;/ qufoG,fa&;/
ynma&; ponfwdk@ tusHK;0ifonfh) tajccH
tod ^ m%f y pP n f ; yd k i f q k d i f r _ ?
intellectuals
ynmwwf (intelligentsia ESifh teuf
qifwl)?
intelligentsia
ynm&S i f ? wwf o d y nm&S i f tk y f p k ?
(intellectuals ESifh teufqifwl)?
interest
(pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;/ trsdK;om;a&; ponfh)
tusd K ;pD ; yG m ;? pd w f 0 if p m;r_ ? twd k ; E_ e f ; ?
interest group
tusd K ;wl t k y f p k ? tusd K ;aqmif t k y f p k ?

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 27
 intermediate missile L
wmvwf y pf ' H k ; ?
(,cif ta&SΠOa&my&Sd uGefjrLepfEdkifiHrsm;udk
international law
&nf!¸ef;onfh) oH u ef @ vef @ um?
Ed k i f i H w um Oya'?
Islamic fundamentalism
internationalism
tpP v rf a&S ; ±d k ; pG J 0 g'? tpP v mrf
(EdkifiHtcsif;csif; cspf=unfpGm yl;aygif;aqmif
w&m;&if ; 0g'? tpP v mrf tajccH p G J 0 g'?
&Gufjcif;udk vdkvm;onfh) Ed k i f i H w um0g'?
isolationism
intervention
(EdkifiHwcku tjcm;EdkifiHwdk@ESifh tquf
(tjcm;EdkifiHwck. ta&;t&mwdk@Y)
toG,f rðybJ aeonfh) txD ; usef 0 g'?
0if a &muf p G u f z uf r _ ?
ivory tower
interventionism
vuf a wG @ b0ES i f h uif ; uG m r_ ?
pd w f u l ; ,Of r _ ?

K jihad
bk & m;ocif . tvd k a wmf u s
(tjcm;EdkifiHwck. ta&;t&mwdk@Y) wd k u f y G J 0 if j cif ; (tm&yfpum;? tpPvmrf
0if a &muf p G u f z uf a &;rl ? t,ltq)??
(tpPvmrfomoem aumif;usdK;twGuf
investment wdkufonfh) jrif h j rwf a om wd k u f y G J ?
&if ; ES D ; ðryf E S H r _ ?
jingoism
iron curtain w,l o ef rsd K ;cspf 0 g'?

journal
*sme,f ? rS w f w rf ; ?

journalism
owif ; pmynm// owif ; ynm?

journalist
owif ; pmq&m// owif ; orm;?
*sme,f v pf ?

28 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
judaism kitchen cabinet
*sL;bmom? a&[l ' D bmom? orR w od k @ r[k w f 0ef } uD ; csKyf .
teD ; uyf q H k ; t=uH a y;rsm; (yHkrSeftm;jzifh
judicial review tpdk;&tzGJ@0if r[kwfolrsm;)??
(wnfqJOya'wcktm; tajccHOya'ESifh
nD!Gwfr_ &Sd-r&Sd w&m;v$wfawmfcsKyfu) labor movement
Oya'a=umif ; t& oH k ; oyf j cif ; ? tvk y f o rm;v_ y f & S m ;r_ ?

judiciary labor union

w&m;pD & if y d k i f c G i f h t m%m? tvk y f o rm;or*~ ?
w&m;pD & if a &;?
lame duck
junk food tpG r f ; r&S d a wmh o l (r=umrD &mxl;rS E_wfxGuf
oG m ;a&pm? awmhrnfh tqifhjrifht&m&Sd. =oZmtm%m
usqif;oGm;yHkudk &nf!¸ef;&mwGifvnf;oHk;onf)?
junta
ppf t pd k ; &? tm%mod r f ; ppf t k y f p k ? landlocked
uk e f ; wG i f ; yd w f (a'o/ EdkifiH ponfjzifh)?
jurisdiction
tk y f c sKyf p D & if y d k i f c G i f h t m%m? landslide
(a&G;aumufyGJwGif) jywf j ywf o m;om;
jurisdictional dispute
tEd k i f & jcif ; ? ajròyjcif ; ?
(tpdk;&wck. Xmersm; t=um;) tk y f c sKyf p D & if
yd k i f c G i f h t m%mES i f h ywf o uf I tjiif ; yG m ;r_ ? law and order
w&m;Oya' pd k ; ;rd k ; jcif ; ?
jurisprudence
Oya'ynm? Oya'pepf ? layman
omref v l ? vl + yd e f ; ?
jury
w&m;ol } uD ; tzG J @ ? leadership
acgif ; aqmif y d k i f ; ? acgif ; aqmif r _ ?
just war
w&m;aomppf y G J ? (righteous war lease
[kvnf; oHk;onf?) (ajr/ tdrf/ ponfwdk@udk) tiS m ;csjcif ; ?

keynote leftist
t"d u usaom tcsuf ? aomh c suf ?

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 29
 vuf 0 J o rm;? vuf 0 J 0 g' ,H k = unf o l ? Oya'ðytzG J @ ? v$ w f a wmf ?
vuf 0 J 0 g'D ? uG e f j rLepf / qd k & S , f v pf /
vpf b &,f ponf h 0g'rsm;ud k legitimacy
,H k = unf o l ? (w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD &aom) w&m;0if
pD & if t k y f c sKyf y d k i f c G i f h ? w&m;Oya'ES i f h
left-wing nD ! G w f r _ ?
(uGefjrLepf/ qdk&S,fvpf/ vpfb&,f ponfh)
legitimation
vuf 0 J E d k i f i H a &;?
Oya'ES i f h nD ! G w f a tmif ð yjcif ; ?
legal
Oya'ES i f h nD ! G w f a om? leisure class
Zd r f c H v l w ef ; pm;?
legal fold
Oya'abmif ? Leninism
vD e if 0 g'?

M Leninist
vD e if 0 g'D ?

liaison / liaison officer

legalism
quf o G , f a &; t&m&S d (ppfwyfwGif toHk;
Oya'om t"d u 0g'?
rsm;onfh toHk;tE_ef;)?? =um;rS n‡ d E d _ i f ;
legalistic aqmif & G u f o l ? =um;rS quf o G , f a y;ol ?
Oya'ud k wd u spG m vd k u f e mwwf a om?
liberal
legality (nDr#aomvl@abmif wnfaxmifa&;udk
w&m;Oya'ES i f h n D ! G w f r _ ? aZmiff;ay;onfh) vpf b &,f
Ed k i f i H a &;orm;?
legislation vpf b &,f u saom?
Oya'ðyjcif ; ?
(Oya'ðytzGJ@rS csrSwfaom) Oya'? liberalism
vpf b &,f 0 g'?
legislator
(vlxku a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufonfh) liberation
Oya'ðytrwf / v$ w f a wmf t rwf ? vG w f a jrmuf j cif ; ? vG w f a jrmuf a pjcif ; ?
vG w f v yf j cif ; ? vG w f v yf a pjcif ; ?
legislature
liberty

30 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
vG w f v yf a &;? vG w f v yf r _ ? t,ltqrSm The end justifies the
means [lI jzpfonf?)??
limited government
(vkyfydkifcGifhenf;onfh) uef @ owf c H tpd k ; &? macroeconomics
(tvkyfvufrJhE_ef;/ tpkpk trsdK;om;xkwfukef/
limited war pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_/ b¾ma&;&Sif;wrf; nDr#r_/
uef @ owf p pf y G J ? aiGazgif;yGr_ ponfh pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m taxGaxG
lobby tcsuftvufrsm;udk avhvmoHk;oyf&mwGif
rJ q G , f p nf ; ±H k ; jcif ; ? u|rf;usifonfh) taxG a xG p D ; yG m ;a&;
ynm&S i f ? (tEkpdwfpD;yGm;a&;ynm&Sif micro-
Lobbyists economics ESifh oabmcsif; qef@usifonf?)
(tpdk;& odk@r[kwf tiftm;}uD;ol.
=oZmudk qef@usifI vlxkudk magic realism
rdrdzufygvmatmif) yÌvuf o ±k y f r S e f 0 g'?
pnf ; ±H k ; ol ?
magistrate
local government (atmufajctqifh w&m;±Hk;Y ±Hk;xdkifonfh)
(A[dktpdk;& r[kwfonfh) w&m;ol } uD ; ?
a'oqd k i f & mtpd k ; &?
majority
logistics vl r sm;pk ? trsm;pk ? (w&m;Oya't& vl}uD;
axmuf y H h y d k @ aqmif a &;tzG J @ ? jzpf+yD[k owfrSwfcH&onfh)
t&G , f a &muf j cif ; ?
Lower House
atmuf v $ w f a wmf ? mandate
(tyfESif;onfh) vk y f y d k i f c G i f h ?
Machiavellian v$ J t yf t m%m?
tm%m&a&;twG u f t"d u
vk y f a qmif o l (EdkifiHa&;Y w&m;onf manifesto
rw&m;onfudk r=unfhbJ a=unmpmwrf ; ?
tm%m&a&;twGuf bmrqdk
Maoism
vkyfaqmif&rnf[k oGefoifcJhonfh 15 armf p D w k e f ; 0g'?
&mpkESpf tDwvD EdkifiHa&;ynm&Sif eDudkvdk
rmcD,mA,fvD Niccolo Machiavelli . Maoist
t,ltqudk ,Hk=unfol? ‚. vdk&if; armf p D w k e f ; 0g'D ?

maritime law

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 31
 a&a=umif ; Oya'? vl t pk t jyH K vd k u f owf j cif ; ?

market masses
aps;? aps;uG u f ? vl x k ?

market economy massive retaliation

aps;uG u f p D ; yG m ;a&;? tvH k ; t&if ; jzif h wk H @ jyef j cif ; ?

market forces materialism

(0,fvdktm;ESifh a&mif;vdktm;udk Ed_;qGay;onfh) ±k y f 0 g'?
aps;uG u f a rmif ; ES i f t m;?
matriarchy
marketing rd e f ; rv$ r f ; rd k ; onf h vl @ abmif ?
aps;uG u f j r‡ i f h w if a &;?
mayhem
martial law tjyif ; txef emusif a pr_ ?
(ppfwyfu EdkifiH odk@r[kwf a'owckudk }uD ; pG m ±k w f ± k w f o J o J j zpf r _ ?
ta&;ay:tkyfcsKyf&mwGif xkwfjyefonfh)
ppf O ya'? McCarthyism
ruf u moD rl 0 g' (rouFmolwdk@tm;
Marxism taxmuftxm; rcdkifvHkbJ uGefjrLepf[k
rwf c f p f 0 g'? pGyfpGJcJhonfh tar&duef qD;edwftrwf
*sdK;qufzf rufumoD Joseph McCarthy
Marxist udk tpGJðyac:a0:aom0g')??
rwf c f p f 0 g'D ?
media
Marxism-Leninism (±kyfjrifoH=um;/ a&'D,dk/ owif;pm/ tifwmeuf
(qdkAD,ufEdkifiHu usifhoHk;cJhonfh) rwf c f p f - ponfh vlxkt=um; owif;jzef@onfh vkyfief;udk
vD e if 0g'? aqmif&Gufonfh)
mass hysteria vl x k q uf o G , f a &;,Eœ & m;?
vl t rsm; xd e f ; rEd k i f o d r f ; r& jzpf j cif ; ? owif ; jzef @ ynm? rD ' D , m?

mass media mediation

(±kyfjrifoH=um;/ a&'D,dk/ owif;pm/ tifwmeuf =um;0if a ph p yf j cif ; ? jzef a jzjcif ; ?
ponfh vltrsm;udk xdawG@Edkifonfh) vl x k
memorandum of understanding
quf o G , f a &; ,Eœ & m;? vl x k r D ' D , m?

massacre

32 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
em;vnf r _ p mc|ef v $ m ?
mixed economy
mercenary (qdk&S,fvpfpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifh vGwfvyfaom
a=u;pm;? pD;yGm;a&;pepfwdk@ a&mpyfxm;onfh)
a&m,S u f p D ; yG m ;a&;pepf ?
messianism
u,f w if & S i f u d k ,H k = unf o nf h 0 g'? mobilization
(ppftwGuf) wyf r sm;ud k
methodology
pk ± H k ; toif h j yif j cif ; ? ppf j yif j cif ; ?
enf ; vrf ; qd k i f & m pnf ; pepf ?
enf ; ynmaA'? moderate
(EdkifiHa&;Y vuf0JESifh vuf,m t,lrsm;.
microeconomics tv,fY &yfwnfaom) tv,f t vwf
(pD;yGm;a&;,Eœ&m;udk taxmuftyhHhay;onfh orm; (EdkifiHa&; tpGef;a&muf radical ESifh
vkyfom;/ ukr`%D/ aps;uGuf ponfh tEkpdwf qef@usifzuf)?
tcsuftvufrsm;udk avhvmonfh) tEk p d w f
pD ; yG m ;a&;ynm&S i f ? (taxGaxGpD;yGm;a&; modern
ynm&Sif macroeconomics ESifh oabmcsif; acwf o pf ? armf ' ef ?
qef@usifonf?)
modernism
militant acwf o pf 0 g'? armf ' ef 0 g'?
ppf a oG ; ºu?
modus vivendi
militia (aemufqHk;oabmwlnDcsuf r&rDpyf=um;
jynf o l @ ppf (tjrJwrf;ppfonf r[kwfonfh vuf&Sd taetxm;udk tvGwfoabm
ppfonf)? rSwfwrf;wifonfh) ,m,D r S w f w rf ; ?

millennium
axmif p k E S p f ?

mine
rd k i f ; AH k ; ? owW K wG i f ; ?

minimum wage
ted r f h q H k ; vk y f c ?

minority
vl e nf ; pk ? tenf ; pk ?

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 33
 xd e f ; csKyf x m;jcif ; ? (pD;yGm;a&;
N toHk;tE_ef;)??

(aemufqHk;oabmwlnDcsuf r&rDpyf=um; Monroe Doctrine

vufiif;aqmif±GufEdkifonfh) rG e f ± d k ; rl 0 g' (urBm@taemufjcrf;
=um;jzwf t pD t pOf ? EdkifiHa&;&m wdk@wGif Oa&myEdkifiHwdk@u
0ifa&mufpGufzuf jcif;udk qef@usifonfh
momentum tar&dueforRw *sdrf;pfrGef±dk; James
t&S d e f t [k e f ? Monroe vufxuf 1823 ckESpf tar&duef

monarchy
EdkifiHjcm;a&;rl)?
bk & if p epf ? moralism
monetarism
(bmoma&;ESifh rywfoufaom)
(pD;yGm;a&; pDrHudef;csrSwf&mwGif pD;yGm;a&; vl @ usif h 0 wf 0 g'?
twGif;&Sd aiGa=u;yrm% wdk;yGm;r_u tc&m muckraker
tusqHk; jzpfonfqdkaom) (xif&Sm;olwdk@u rawmfrw&m;vkyfjcif;udk
aiG a =u;y"me0g'? trsm;odatmif ðyvkyfaom) pH k p rf ; a&;
money laundry
owif ; axmuf ? (investigative reporter
aiG a =u;c0gcsjcif ; (aiGrJudk aiGjzLjzpfatmif ESifh teufwl?)
vkyfjcif;)?? muckraking
money supply
(xif&Sm;olwdk@u rawmfrw&m;vkyfjcif;udk
(vnfywfaiGESifh b%f&SdaiGrsm; tygt0if owif;axmufu) trsm;od a tmif
jzpfonfh) pD ; yG m ;a&;twG i f ; &S d aiG a =u;? aqmif & G u f j cif ; ? txk y f a jzjyjcif ; ?

monism mudslinging
(bk&m;wqlwnf;&Sdonfqdkaom t,l0g'udk (EdkifiHa&;Y rdrd. twdkuftcHudk oduQmus
,Hk=unfonfh *sK;/ c&pf,mef/ tpPvmrf atmif) tyk w f c sjcif ; ?
ponfh) bk & m;wql t,l 0 g'? multilateralism
monopoly
Ed k i f i H p H k 0 g'? Ed k i f i H p H k y g0if r _ ?
vuf 0 g;}uD ; tk y f j cif ; ? vl w OD ; od k @ r[k w f multinational corporations
vl w pk u xd e f ; csKyf x m;jcif ; ? vk y f i ef ; &S i f Ed k i f i H p H k aumf y d k a &;&S i f ; ?
wOD ; od k @ r[k w f wpk u aps;uG u f u d k

34 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
multiple warheads
('Hk;usnfwpif;u AHk;xdyfzl; trsm;tjym;udk
o,faqmif ypfcwfEdkifaom) 'H k ; ya'om?
xd y f z l ; pH k 'H k ; usnf ?
multipolar
(ppfat;acwfumv tar&duefESifh qdkAD,uf
ESpfOD;ESpfzuf vGefqGJaomacwfrsdK; r[kwfawmh
bJ/ ppfat;acwfvGefumvwGif tiftm;}uD;
EdkifiHtrsm;u) buf a ygif ; pH k r S vG e f q G J r _ ?
Ed k i f i H p H k vG e f q G J r _ ?
municipal law
jrLeD p y,f Oya'? a'oqd k i f & m Oya'?
Muslim Brotherhood
(tm&yfEdkifiHtrsm;tjym;wGif awG@&aom
a&S;±dk;pGJ t,ltq&Sdonfh) rl q vif
nD a emif t zG J @ ?
Napoleonic law
(jyifopfEdkifiHwGif ,cktxd toHk;ðyaeonfh)
eyd k v D , H a cwf Oya'?
nation
("avhxHk;pH/ ,Ofaus;r_/ bmompum;wdk@
wlnD+yD; twlwuG aexdkif=uonfh) vl r sd K ;/
Ed k i f i H ?
nation state
acwf o pf E d k i f i H (a,bk,soabmt&
vuf&Sd wnf&Sdaeaom EdkifiHtm;vHk;udk
&nf!¸ef;onf? bmomaA'oabmt&rl
EdkifiH&Sd vltm;vHk;u ,if;EdkifiHudk rdrd.
udk,fydkifEdkifiHtjzpf ,Hk=unf owfrSwfrSom
tqdkyg EdkifiHudk nation state [kac:onf?)??
national debt
(tpdk;&u wif&Sdaeaom) Ed k i f i H h t aºu;?
national interest
trsd K ;om;tusd K ;pD ; yG m ;?
national liberation
trsd K ;om;vG w f a jrmuf a &; (yHkrSeftm;jzifh
udkvdkeDtjzpf odk@r[kwf zdESdyfcHae&aom
tjzpfrS EdkifiHwck vGwfajrmufvmjcif;udk
&nf!¸ef;onf?)??
nationalism
trsd K ;om;a&;0g' (usOf;ajrmif;+yD;
w&m;vGef oabmaqmifonfh
trsdK;om;a&;0g'rsdK;udk &nf!¸ef;&mwGif
t"du oHk;pGJonf?)??
nationalization
(tpdk;&u yk*~vduydkif ypPnf;OpPmrsm;udk
odrf;,l+yD;) trsd K ;om;yd k i f ð yjcif ; ?
jynf o l y d k i f ðyjcif ; ?
naturalism
obm00g' (pmayqdkif&m toHk;tE_ef;)??
owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 35
 ausmif;rsm;Y c&pf,mef qkawmif;pmqdkr_udk
O tm;ay;jcif; ponfwdk@udk ðyvkyfcJhonfh)
vuf , mopf 0 g'g'?? (&Hzef&Hcg
natural law
vuf,mpGef;0g' radical right [kvnf;
obm0 ed , mr?
oHk;onf?)
natural resource
Nihilism
obm0 t&if ; tjrpf ?
(vuf&Sd vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&; pnf;rsOf;rSefor#
natural rights udk jiif;y,f+yD;/ vlwOD;csif;pD. tºuif;rJh
obm0tcG i f h t a&;? vGwfvyfr_udk tm;ay;onfh) ewW d 0 g'?
bk & m;ay;tcG i f h t a&;? (unalienable (vufwifbmompum; nihil ‘r&Sdjcif;’ rS
rights ESifh teufwl) qif;oufvmonf)?

naturalization nobility
(EdkifiHjcm;om; wOD;udk) Ed k i f i H o m;ðyjcif ; ?
negotiation P
aqG ; aEG ; n‡ d E d _ i f ; jcif ; ?
tay;t,l ð yvk y f j cif ; ?
txuf w ef ; v$ m ?
nepotism
nomads
aqG r sd K ;om;csif ; aumif ; pm;a&;0g'?
(tdrf,mtwnfwus r&SdbJ a&=unf&m
neutrality jrufEk&m) c&D ; vS n f h v nf o G m ;wwf a om
=um;aejcif ; ? vl r sd K ;?

New Left nominate

(1960 ckESpfrsm;u tar&duefEdkifiHY ay:xGef;cJh (a&G;aumufcHtjzpf) trnf w if o G i f ; onf ?
+yD; AD,uferfppfyGJtwGif;Y AD,uferfwdk@udk
nomination
axmufcHjcif;/ vlrJtcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_ Black
(vlwa,muftm; a&G;aumufwifajr‡muf
Panther movement udk tm;ay;jcif; ponf
cH&ap&ef &nf&G,fI) tqd k ð yjcif ; ?
wdk@udk ðyvkyfcJhonfh) vuf 0 J o pf 0 g'?
non-aligned
New Right
buf r vd k u f (tzGJ@/ v_yf&Sm;r_ ponfjzifh)?
(tar&duefEdkifiHY 19&0 ckESpfrsm;twGif;
ay:xGef;cJh+yD; oaE<zsufcsr_ wm;qD;jcif;/ Non-Aligned Movement
buf r vd k u f v _ y f & S m ;r_ ?

36 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
 vl w pk t k y f c sKyf a &;?
non-intervention
0if a &muf r pG u f z uf a &;? oligopoly
vl w pk u xd e f ; csKyf x m;aom (aps;uGuf/
non-proliferation tm%m ponfjzifh)?
rjyef @ yG m ;a&;?
olive branch
nonpartisan +id r f ; csrf ; a&;urf ; vS r f ; jcif ; (a&S;a[mif;
ygwD p G J uif ; aom? buf r vd k u f a om? *&dacwfwGif ppfajy+idrf;vdkolu oHvGifcufudk
nonviolence udkifaqmifjyojcif;rS qif;oufvmaom pum;)??
t=urf ; rzuf a om tðytrl (rl0g'/
ombudsman
v_yf&Sm;r_ ponfjzifh)? (tpdk;&Xmewckck tay: rauseyfojzifh
normalization wdkifwrf;vmaom trlwdk@udk
yH k r S e f j zpf a pjcif ; ? ppfaq;&onfh) tr_ p pf 0 ef x rf ; ?

nuclear family omnibus bill

tEk j rL (EsLuvD , m;) vuf e uf y d k i f tr,f p H k Oya'=urf ; (Oya'pum;)??
Ed k i f i H r sm;? (pm/ oDcsif;/ Zmwfvrf;) aygif ; csKyf ?

nuclear reactor open society

tEk j rL "mwf a ygif ; zd k ? vG w f v yf a om vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; ?
vG w f v yf a om urB m ?
nuclear waste
tEk j rL pG e f @ ypf y pP n f ; rsm;? opportunism
ud k , f u d k ; &S m 0g'? tacsmif o rm;0g'?
nuclear winter
tEk j rL aqmif ; opportunist
(EsLuvD;,m;AHk;uGJ+yD;aemuf jzpfvmrnfh tcG i f h t a&;orm;?
ywf0ef;usiftajctae)??
opposition
obscenity (v$wfawmfwGif tm%m&ygwDESifh qef@usifzuf
(umr&m*ESifh ywfoufonfh) rzG , f & mr_ / jzpfaom) twd k u f t cH (ygwD/ tzGJ@)??
±k e f @ &if ; r_ ?
oppression
oligarchy zd E S d y f r _ ?

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 37
 orthodoxy parity
(bmoma&;/ EdkifiHa&;Y trsm;vufcHonfh) (tcGifhta&;/ vkyfc ponfwdk@) wef ; wl n D r #r_ ?
tpOf t vm ,H k = unf u d k ; uG , f r _ ?
Parliament
ozone layer v$ w f a wmf ? ygvD r ef ?
(urBmhavxkudk v$rf;ðcHumuG,fxm;aom)
participatory democracy
td k Z k e f ; "gwf a iG @ tv$ m ?
(tpdk;&. qHk;jzwfcsufrsm;wGif vlxk odk@r[kwf
pacifism vlxkudk,fpm;ðytzGJ@tpnf;rsm;u wdkuf±dkufyg0if
ppf r vd k v m;aom0g' (EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm; qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh&Sdonfh) vl x k ' D r d k u a&pD ?
udk ppfrwdkufbJ oHwrefenf;jzifhom
+idrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;vdkonfh 0g')?? partisan
wpf b uf b uf y gaom?
pact
tk y f p k ? partition
(EdkifiHwckudk) yd k i f ; jcm;jcif ; ?
panacea
jy\emrS e f o r#ud k ajyvnf apEd k i f a om party
enf ; vrf ; ? t&m&mud k uk p m;ay;Ed k i f a om (EdkifiHa&;) ygwD ?
aq;? ewf a q;? party line
(EdkifiHa&;ygwD wcku csrSwfxm;aom)
pan-African
tmz&d u wv$ m ;? ygwD r l / ygwD v d k i f ; ?
party platform
pan-Arab
tm&yf a 'owv$ m ;? Ed k i f i H a &;ygwD w ck . &yf w nf c suf ?

passive resistance
panarabism
tm&yf E d k i f i H p H k 0 g'? at;aq;pG m tH w k j cif ; ? cH r ajym-
tm&yf t rsd K ;om;a&;0g'? em;raxmif enf ; jzif h tH w k j cif ; ?
tm&yf n D ! G w f a &;0g'? passport
Ed k i f i H u l ; vuf r S w f ? Ed k i f i H o m;vuf r S w f ?
pan-Islamic
tpP v mrf a vmuwv$ m ;? paternalism
(tazu rdom;pkwckudk tkyfcsKyfouJhodk@
paramilitary
t&H w yf z G J @ ? tul w yf z G J @ ? acgif;aqmifwOD;u EdkifiH odk@r[kwf tzGJ@

38 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
tpnf;wcktm; tkyfcsKyfaom) people’s democracy
zcif t k y f p d k ; r_ pepf ? (uGefjrLepftpdk;&rsm;u rdrdwdk@. EdkifiHa&;pepfudk
&nf!¸ef;ajymqdkonfh) vl x k ' D r d k u a&pD ?
patriarchy
a,muF s m;v$ r f ; rd k ; aom vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; ? per capita
wOD ; csif ; (0ifaiG/ xkwfukef ponfjzifh)?
patrician
txuf w ef ; v$ m rS yk * ~ d K vf ? vl @ rvd k i f ? persona non grata
rvd k v m;tyf o l ? (tu,fI tpdk;&u oHwref
patrimony wOD;tm; rvdkvm;tyfol persona non grata
zcif x H r S &aom tarG y pP n f ; ? Ed k i f i H . tjzpf a=unmygu tqdkyg oHwreftaejzifh
tEk y nmES i f h &wemtarG ? ,if;EdkifiHrS xGufcGmay;&onf?)
patriotism petit bourgeois
rsd K ;cspf 0 g'? rsd K ;cspf p d w f " gwf ? vl v wf w ef ; pm;xuf wqif h e d r f h o l ?
patronage philosopher king
(tm%m&Sdolu ol.aemufvdkufrsm;tm; tvkyf ynm&S i f bk & if ?
ay;jcif;/ tjcm;tcGifhta&;rsm;ay;jcif; ponf
tm;jzifh) apmif r r_ / rpr_ ? phobia
a=umuf w wf a oma&m*g?
peaceful coexistence
+id r f ; csrf ; pG m twl , S O f w G J a exd k i f j cif ; ? planned economy
(A[dktpdk;&u xdef;csKyfaom) pD r H u d e f ; cs
peer pD ; yG m ;a&;?
txuf w ef ; v$ m rS yk * ~ d K vf (+AdwdefEdkifiHoHk;)?
plebiscite
peer to peer vl x k q EN c H , l y G J ?
tqif h t wef ; wl n D o l tcsif ; csif ; ?
tqif h t wef ; wl n D o nf h t &m plenipotentiary
tcsif ; csif ; ? (tpdk;&tzGJ@udk,fpm; qHk;jzwfEdkifcGifh&Sdonfh)
txl ; tm%muk e f & ?
people
vl x k ? jynf o l ? pluralism
(tpdk;&w&yf. vkyfief;rsm;udk csrSwf taumif
people power txnfaz:&mwGif EdkifiH&Sd OD;aqmiftzGJ@tpnf;
vl x k t m%m? rsm; Oyrm - vkyfief;&SiftzGJ@rsm;/ tvkyform;

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 39
 or*~rsm;/ tjcm; vlxktzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkyg political
yg0ifcGifhay;onfh) A[k 0 g'? Ed k i f i H a &;ES i f h ywf o uf a om?

plutocracy political access

(tpdk;&tzGJ@udk aiG&Sifa=u;&Sifwdk@u v$rf;rdk; Ed k i f i H a &;t& ayguf a &muf a om?
xm;onfh) vl c srf ; omtpd k ; &? Ed k i f i H a &;orm;rsm;ES i f h tu|rf ; 0if a om?
"e&S i f t pd k ; &? Ed k i f i H a &;orm;rsm;ES i f h vuf v S r f ; rS D r _ ?

point of order political asylum

(tpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif w&m;0ifqHk;jzwfcsuf Ed k i f i H a &; cd k v _ H r _ ?
wck csrSwf+yD;aemuf tqdkyg qHk;jzwfcsuf
political capital
onf vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;ESifh nD!GwfpGm csrSwf Ed k i f i H a &; cG e f t m;?
aom qHk;jzwfcsuf [kwf-r[kwf wpHk
wa,mufu ar;jref;aom) axmuf u G u f ? political economy
Ed k i f i H a &; abm*aA'?
polarization
(tjiif;yGm;r_wckudk ajyvnfatmif n‡dEd_if;&m political party
wGif oabmrwlEdkifbJ oabmxm;csif;) Ed k i f i H a &; ygwD ?
a0;uG m vmjcif ; ? tvS r f ; a0;oG m ;jcif ; ?
political realism
police power Ed k i f i H a &; t&S d w &m;0g' (vufawG@EdkifiHa&;
(EdkifiHom;wdk@. vlr_zlvHka&;/ usef;rma&;/ realpolitik ESifh teufcsif; qifwlonf)?
vHkðcHa&; ponfwdk@ r,dk,Gif;&atmif
aqmif&Guf&onfh) tk y f c sKyf E d k i f p G r f ; &nf ? political theory
Ed k i f i H a &; oD t d k & D ? Ed k i f i H a &; t,l t q?
police state (EdkifiHa&; t,ltqrsm;udk avhvmaom)
(EdkifiHom;wdk@udk tm%mydkifrsm; txl;ojzifh Ed k i f i H a &;aA'?
axmufvSrf;a&;tzGJ@u tjrJrjywf apmifh=unfh
tEœ&m,fay;avh&Sdonfh) tm%m&S i f E d k i f i H ? politician
zd E S d y f t k y f c sKyf o nf h E d k i f i H ? Ed k i f i H a &;orm;?

politicization
policy
rl 0 g'? ay:vpD ? (EdkifiHa&;ESifh rywfoufaom ta=umif;
t&mudk) Ed k i f i H a &;qef a tmif ð yvk y f j cif ; ?
policy maker Ed k i f i H a &;Zmwf o G i f ; jcif ; ?
ay:vpD c srS w f o l ?

40 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
politics
Ed k i f i H a &;? prejudice
(tusdK;ta=umif;trSef tay: tajcrcHbJ)
populism rd r d . xif j rif , l q csuf t & (qHk;jzwfjcif;)??
vl x k ó uuf 0 g'?
prerogative
portfolio txl ; tm%m?
orR w . ±H k ; tzG J @ ? tpd k ; & ±H k ; tzG J @ ? 0ef } uD ;
wOD ; . vk y f i ef ; wm0ef ? president
(EdkifiHwck.) orR w ?
possession (tzGJ@tpnf;wck.) OuU Ï ?
vuf 0 ,f & S d r _ (ydkifqdkifcsifrS ydkifqdkifrnf)?
pressure group
post modernism zd t m;ay;tk y f p k (tusdK;aqmiftkyfpk
armf ' ef v G e f 0 g'? yd k @ pf a rmf ' ef 0 g'? interest group ESifh teufwl)?

post mortem prestige

aovG e f + yD ; aemuf ? *k % f o d u Q m ?
pragmatic price controls
vuf a wG @ usaom? aps;E_ e f ; uef @ owf r _ ?
pragmatism primary elections
vuf a wG @ tvk y f j zpf a &;0g'? tajccH t qif h a&G ; aumuf y G J ?
(ygwDpHka&G;aumufyGJ rwdkifrD usif;yaom)
pragmatist
vuf a wG @ tvk y f j zpf a &;ud k OD ; pm;ay;ol ? ygwD w G i f ; a&G ; aumuf y G J ?
vuf a wG @ usol ? prime minister (premier)
0ef } uD ; csKyf ?
preamble
(w&m;Oya' odk@r[kwf tajccHOya'wck.) privacy
ed ' gef ; ? (vlwOD;wa,muf.) twG i f ; a&;?
precedent private sector
(aemufaemifwGif ay:aygufvmonfh tr_tcif; yk * ~ v d u u¾?
wdk@udk qHk;jzwf&mwGif Oyrmtjzpf ,l&onfh)
pD & if x H k ; ? jzwf x H k ; privatization

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 41
 Q proletariat
t&if ; rJ h v l w ef ; pm;?
yk * ~ v d u yd k i f ð yjcif ; (jynfolydkifðyjcif;
propaganda
nationalization ESifh qef@usifzuf)?
0g'jzef @ csd r _ ?
privilege
proportional representation
tcG i f h x l ; ?
(a&G;aumufyGJY &&Sdonfh rJ&mcdkifE_ef; t&
pro choice v$wfawmfY) tcsd K ;us ae&m&jcif ; ?
(udk,f0efonfwOD;taejzifh udk,f0efudk tcsd K ;us ud k , f p m;ðyr_ ?
qufvufvG,frnf odk@r[kwf zsufcsrnfudk
prosecution
qHk;jzwfydkifcGifh &Sdoifhonf[k ,lqaom)
(w&m;±Hk;Y) tr_ p pf a q;jcif ; ?
ud k , f 0 ef z suf c syd k i f c G i f h vd k v m;ol ?
w&m;pD & if j cif ; ?
pro life
prosecutor
ud k , f 0 ef z suf c syd k i f c G i f h u d k qef @ usif o l ?
tpd k ; &a&S Πae?
probate
protectionism
(jynfwGif;aps;uGufudk umuG,faomtm;jzifh
EdkifiHjcm;oGif;ukefrsm;tay: tcGefwdk;jr‡ifhaumufcH
R jcif;/ oGif;ukefuef@owfjcif; ponfwdk@udk ðyvkyf
onfh) ud k , f u sd K ;pD ; yG m ; umuG , f a &;rl 0 g'?
(aowrf;pmwck ppfrSefr_ &Sd-r&Sd ppfaq;onfh)
aowrf ; pmppf a q;r_ ? protectorate
apmif h a &S m uf c H e ,f a jr?
probation
ajccsKyf j zif h v $ w f j cif ; ? protocol
(t+yD;owf oabmwlnDr_ r&rD/ tajccH
probe oabmwlnDcsufrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wifonfh)
pH k p rf ; ppf a q;r_ ? oabmwl n D c suf rl = urf ; ?
oH w ref u sif h p Of ?
production
xk w f v k y f r _ ? providence
zef q if ; &S i f . apmif r r_ ?
productivity
xk w f v k y f t m;? provocation

42 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
&ef p r_ ? aoG ; ajrus atmif E d k i f r _ ? qH k ; ±H _ ; r_
}uD ; aom atmif j rif r _ ?
proxy
ud k , f p m;? tusd K ;aqmif ? ud k , f y G m ;? quid pro quo
wcsuf c sif ; vuf w H k @ jyef j cif ; ? wck a y;I
public interest wck jyef & jcif ; ? qef a y; aq;&?
vl x k t usd K ;pD ; yG m ;?
Quisling
public morals opP m azguf ('kwd,urBmppftwGif; rdrdEdkifiH
jynf o l @ eD w d ? jynf o l @ ud k , f u sif h w &m;? udk opPmazgufI *smrefwdk@ zGJ@pnf;ay;onfh
public opinion aemfa0 ±kyfao;tpdk;&wGif 0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;
vl x k t jrif ? ,lcJhol Vidkun Quisling tm; tpGJðyI
wGifus,fvmaom toHk;tE_ef;?)??
public opinion poll
vl x k t jrif ppf w rf ; ? quorum
(v$wfawmfw&yf/ tzGJ@wck. pnf;a0;qHk;jzwfr_
public ownership w&m;0ifjzpfap&ef twGuf pnf;a0;&mwGif &Sdae
(vlxkudk udk,fpm;ðyI) tpd k ; &u &rnfh) tenf ; qH k ; vl O D ; a&/
yd k i f q d k i f r _ ? vl x k y d k i f q d k i f r _ ? owf r S w f O D ; a&?
public sector racism
(vlxkudk udk,fpm;ðyaom) tpd k ; &yd k i f u ¾? vl r sd K ;cG J j cm;a&;0g'? vl r sd K ;}uD ; 0g'?
vl x k y d k i f u ¾? jynf o l y d k i f u ¾?
racist
public works vl r sd K ; cG J j cm;quf q H o l ? vl r sd K ;jcm;ud k
(vrf;/ wHwm; aqmufvkyfjcif; ponfh) ES d r f c sol ?
vl x k t usd K ;ðyvk y f i ef ; ? jynf o l @ vk y f i ef ; ?
radical
puppet regime (vl@tzGJ@pnf;wckY }uD;rm;aom ajymif;vJr_
±k y f a o;tpd k ; &? wckckudk tvsifjrefqHk; jzpfapvdkaom)
tpG e f ; a&muf o rm;? w,l o ef o rm;?
purge
(EdkifiHa&;ygwD odk@r[kwf tzGJ@wGif;rS) radioactive waste
xk w f y ,f j cif ; ? oef @ pif j cif ; ? a&'D , d k o wW d º u pG e f @ ypf y pP n f ; rsm;?
pyrrhic victory radioactivity

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 43
 a&'D , k d o wW d º ujcif ; ?
random movement
usyef ; v_ y f & S m ;r_ ?
rank and file
wyf o m;rsm;? t=uyf w yf o m;? (t&m&Sd
t&mcHrsm; ryg0ifyg?)
ratification
(tpdk;&u tjcm;EdkifiHwckESifh csKyfqdkcJhaom
pmcsKyfwckudk v$wfawmftrwfrsm;.
axmufcHrJjzifh) w&m;0if twnf ð yjcif ; ?
rationing
(&Sm;yg;aom vloHk;ukefrsm;udk) tcsd K ;us
0,f , l c G i f h ? &m&S i f ?
raw materials
uk e f = urf ; ?
reactionary
acwf a emuf j yef q G J o l ?
Reagan Doctrine
(uGefjrLepfqef@usifolrsm;udk ulnD&rnf
qdkaom tar&duef orRw a&mfe,fvf
a&*if Ronald Reagan .) a&*if r l 0 g'?
rebellion
yk e f u ef r _ ? awmf v S e f r _ ?
recession
pD ; yG m ;ysuf u yf ? pD ; yG m ;qk w f , k w f r _ ?
(yHkrSeftm;jzifh tpkpktrsdK;om;xkwfukefyrm%
Gross National Product ajcmufvxuf ydkI
usqif;r_udk &nf!¸ef;&mY oHk;pGJonf?)
red herring
(tajzwckudk wduspGmrajzbJ)
wvG J a jymif ; ajzjcif ; ? (trsm;.tm±kHudk
v$Jonfhtaejzifh) rqd k i f o nf u d k a jymjcif ; ?
vS D ; v$ J a jymjcif ; ?
redistribution
(EdkifiHb¾maiGudk nDr#pGm jzef@a0vdkaom
oabmjzifh) b¾maiG jyef v nf c G J a 0jcif ; ?
b¾maiG jyef v nf a e&mcsjcif ; (Oyrm -
csrf;omolwdk@tm; tcGefwdk;jr‡ifh aumufcHI
qif;&Jolwdk@tm; axmufyHha=u;ay;jcif;?)??
reference
t!¸ e f ; ? &nf ! ¸ e f ; csuf ?
referendum
vl x k q EN c H , l y G J ?

reform
realism
t&S d w &m;0g'? o±k y f r S e f 0 g'? (pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&; ponfwdk@tm;)
ðyjyif a jymif ; vJ r _ ?
realpolitik
vuf a wG @ Ed k i f i H a &; (*smrefpum;? EdkifiHa&; reformist
t&Sdw&m;0g' political realism ESifh ðyjyif a jymif ; vJ a &;orm;?
teufcsif; qifwlonf?)?? refugee
(ppf odk@r[kwf tiwfab;a=umifh ae&yfudk

44 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
pGef@cGmI t&yfwyg;Y) cd k v _ H o l ? 'k u Q o nf ? representative
ud k , f p m;vS , f ?
regime
ppf t pd k ; &? w&m;0if tk y f c sKyf p D & if y d k i f c G i f h representative government
r&S d a om tpd k ; &? (vlxku v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;udk
a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;tm;jzifh zGJ@pnf;
regimentation xm;aom) vl x k u d k , f p m;ðytpd k ; &?
(vlxkudk) waoG ; woH wrd e f @
jzpf a pjcif ; ? yH k o G i f ; jcif ; ? ppf y H k o G i f ; jcif ; ? repression
ppf y H k p H ð yjcif ; ? (tpdk;&u twdkuftcHrsm;ESifh tpdk;&qef@usifol
rsm;tm;) acsr_ e f ; jcif ; / ES d y f u G y f j cif ; /
ES d r f e if ; jcif ; ?
S
reprisals
vuf w H k @ jyef j cif ; ? vuf p m;acsjcif ; ?
regionalism jyef v nf a y;qyf a pjcif ; ?
(EdkifiHwGif;&Sd a'orsm;. uGJjym;aom vuQ%m
rsm;udk axmufxm;I udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh reprieve
wpdwfwa'o ay;tyfxm;aom) (aordef@udk ,m,D) qd k i f i H h j cif ; ?
a'oqd k i f & m tk y f c sKyf a &;rl ?
republic
rehabilitate orR w Ed k i f i H ?
jyef v nf x l a xmif o nf ?
research
rehabilitation ok a woe?
jyef v nf x l a xmif a &;?
researcher
reparations ok a woeynm&S i f ? ok a woD ?
ppf a vsmf a =u;?
resolution
repatriation ta&;,l & ef q H k ; jzwf c suf ?
ae&yf j yef y d k @ jcif ; (Oyrm - ppfajy;'kuQonf
retail
rsm;/ ppfoHk@yef;rsm;udk EdkifiH&if;odk@ jyefydk@jcif;)? vuf v D ?
representation
retaliation
ud k , f p m;ðyjcif ; ?

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 45
 vuf p m;acsjcif ; ? vuf w H k @ jyef j cif ; ? royalty
(revenge, reprisal wdk@ESifh teufwl) xD ; eef ; ? bk & if od k @ r[k w f bk & if r
±k H ; awmf ? xD ; EG , f eef ; EG , f ? bk & if h
retroactive legislation aqG a wmf r sd K ;awmf ?
(twdwfumv wcktxd) aemuf a =umif ; jyef tusd K ;aqmif c ?
tusd K ;ouf a &muf a paom Oya'?
rubber stamp
reverse discrimination (av;av;eufeuf rpOf;pm;bJ)
(vlenf;pkrsm;udk tcGifhta&;ay;vGef;ojzifh tvG , f w ul twnf ð yvd k u f a om?
vlrsm;pkwdk@ epfem&aom) rnf u mrwW twnf ð yvd k u f a om?
ajymif ; jyef c G J j cm;r_ ?
rule of thumb
revisionism (oabmw&m;t& rSefonf rSm;onf tyxm;
(trsm;vufcH+yD;jzpfaom ta=umif;jcif;&m I) vuf a wG @ tvk y f j zpf a om enf ; vrf ; ?
rsm;udk rSef-rrSef) jyef v nf p d p pf r _ ?
rules and regulations
revisionist pnf ; rsOf ; pnf ; urf ; rsm;?
jyef v nf j yif q if a &;orm;?
ruling class
revolution tk y f c sKyf o l vl w ef ; pm;?
awmf v S e f a &;?
sabotage
revolutionary (wrifwum/ pepfwus ðyvkyfaom)
awmf v S e f a &;orm;? tzsuf v k y f i ef ; ?
rhetoric sacred cow
pum;ajymynm? qG J a qmif r _ & S d a tmif (EdkifiHa&;t&) txd r cH E d k i f a om t&m?
pum;vH k ; vS v S r sm;jzif h ajymqd k j cif ; // "avh x H k ; pH ? pepf ?
right-wing sanctions
(vuf&Sdtajctaeudk rajymif;rvJbJ (EdkifiHwcktm; tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;u) '%f c wf
qufxm;wwfonfh) vuf , mEd k i f i H a &;? ta&;,l j cif ; ? (pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;t&)
yd w f q d k @ ta&;,l j cif ; ?
riot
t"d u ±k % f ; ? ±k e f ; &if ; qef c wf j zpf r _ ? sanctuary

46 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
cd k v _ H & m? jypf ' %f c H & jcif ; rS vG w f u if ; &m? vH k ð cH a &;?
uG e f ; cd k & m?
sedition
satellite country yk e f u ef r _ j zpf a p&ef v_ H @ aqmf j cif ; ? tpd k ; &
(trnfcHtm;jzifhom vGwfvyf+yD; vufawG@ qef @ usif r _ u d k tm;ay;jcif ; ?
tm;jzifh tjcm;EdkifiH}uD;wck. xdef;csKyfr_udk
cHae&aom) t&H E d k i f i H / xd e f ; csKyf c H E d k i f i H ? segregation
(ausmif;/ vkyfcGifESifh tjcm; trsm;jynfol
scarcity qdkif&m ae&mXmersm;wGif vlrsdK;a&;udk
&S m ;yg;r_ ? t"du tajccHI) cG J j cm;quf q H j cif ; ?

secession self-determination
cG J x G u f j cif ; ? ud k , f y d k i f j yÏmef ; cG i f h ?
ud k , f h = urR m ud k , f z ef w D ; cG i f h ?
secessionist
cG J x G u f v d k o l ? seminar
ES D ; aES m zvS , f y G J ? ES D ; aES m aqG ; aEG ; yG J ?
secret ballot
v#d K Œ0S u f r J ? separation of powers
(EdkifiHwck. tkyfcsKyfa&;/ Oya'ðya&;ESifh w&m;
sect pD&ifa&;u¾rsm;udk oD;jcm;cGJxm;onfh)
(yif&if;bmoma&;*dk%frS cGJxGufvmaom) tm%mcG J a 0jcif ; ?
oif ; uG J * d k % f ; / *d k % f ; i,f ?
separatism
sectarian cG J x G u f a &;0g'?
*d k % f ; *% uG J j ym;r_ a =umif h jzpf a om?
serf
secular v,f u |ef (tv,facwf toHk;tE_ef;)??
bmoma&;ES i f h rywf o uf a om?
avmuD a &;&m jzpf a om? serfdom
v,f u |ef b 0 (tv,facwf toHk;tE_ef;)??
secularization
(ynma&;/ EdkifiHa&; ponfwdk@tm;) servitude
bmoma&;ES i f h rywf o uf a tmif (taºu;udk) tvk y f j zif h a y;qyf & jcif ; ?
ðyvk y f j cif ; ? avmuD a &;tjzpf u|ef c H & jcif ; ?
aqmif & G u f j cif ; ?
short-range missiles
security

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 47
 wmwd k y pf 'H k ; usnf ?
show trials
(w&m;Oya'twdkif; ppfaq;pD&ifonf
r[kwfbJ ,if;odk@ ppfaq;pD&ifoa,mif
trsm;jrifomatmif ðyvkyfxm;aom)
±k y f j ycH k ± H k ; / [ef j ycH k ± H k ; ?
shuttle diplomacy
vG e f ; ysH oH w ref a &;?
silk stocking district
vl * k % f w ef & yf u G u f ?
silver-tongued
pum;ajymvd r R m aom?
sit-down strike
xd k i f o yd w f ?
sitting on the fence
jcH p nf ; ±d k ; cG x d k i f j cif ; ?
social contract
(EdkifiHESifh EdkifiHom;wdk@t=um; wnf&Sdonfh
w&m;r#wr_udk tajccHaom)
vl r _ a &;qd k i f & m oabmwl n D c suf ?
social Darwinism
vl r _ q if h u J j zpf p Of 0g' (obm0ordkif;
ynm&Sif csm;vfpf'g0if. ‘cHEkdif&nf&Sdol
&Sifoefjcif;’ survival of the fittest
oabmw&m;ESifh ‘obm0. a&G;cs,fr_’
natural selection oabmw&m;wdk@udk
vlr_jzpfpOfwGif xnfhoGif;oHk;pGJaom 0g')?
social justice
48 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
(vlr_todkif;t0dkif;wckY vlrsdK;/ bmom/ vdif
ponfwdk@tm;jzifh cGJjcm;qufqHr_ r&Sdonfh)
vl r _ a &;w&m;r#wr_ ?
social security
vl r _ v H k ð cH a &; (vlr_zlvHka&; social welfare
ESifh teufqifwl)?
social services
vl r _ 0 ef x rf ; vk y f i ef ; ?
vl r _ 0 ef a qmif v k y f i ef ; ?
social stratification
vl r _ t qif h t wef ; cG J j cm;owf r S w f j cif ; ?
social welfare
vl r _ z l v H k a &; (vlr_vHkðcHa&; social
security ESifh teufqifwl)?
socialism
qd k & S , f v pf 0 g'?
socialization
(vl@tzGJ@tpnf;wck. pHrsm;/ wefbdk;rsm;/
vdktyfcsufrsm;ESifh)
tu|rf ; 0if a tmif ð yjcif ; ?
vl r _ a &;u|rf ; usif j cif ; ?
trsm;yd k i f ð yvk y f j cif ; ?
society
vl @ tzG J @ tpnf ; ?
sovereign
tcsKyf t jcm tm%myd k i f a om?
sovereignty
tcsKyf t jcm tm%myd k i f r _ ?
speculation
(wcsdefcsdefwGif jrwfvdrfhrnf[k cef@rSef;I) T
aiG u pm;jcif ; / aps;upm;jcif ; / ta&mif ;
t0,f vk y f j cif ; ?
states’ rights
sphere of influence jynf e ,f r sm;. tcG i f h t a&;?
=oZme,f y ,f ?
statesman
spokesperson tar#mf t jrif } uD ; rm;onf h
ajyma&;qd k c G i f h & S d o l ? Ed k i f i H a cgif ; aqmif ?

stagflation status
pD ; yG m ;wef @ aiG a =u;azmif ; yG r _ ? tqif h t wef ; ?
(pD;yGm;a&;wdk;wufr_E_ef; &yfwef@oGm;+yD;
status quo
tvkyfvufrJhESifh aiGazgif;yGE_ef; òyifwl
aejrJ t wd k i f ; ?
jrifhrm;vmjcif;?)
statute
standing orders
Oya'jyÏmef ; csuf ?
(v$wfawmfw&yf.)
wnf q J v k y f x H k ; vk y f e nf ; ? steering committee
yJ h u d k i f a umf r D w D ? OD ; pD ; aumf r D w D ?
Star Wars
=u,f w m&m ppf q if a &; pD r H u d e f ; stimulus
(tar&dueforRw a&*ifu 1983 ckESpfwGif (0,fvdktm;jrifhvmap&ef tpdk;&u tcGef
a=unmcJhaom ‘tar&duef avydkifeufudk av#mhcsjcif; odk@r[kwf tpdk;&toHk;pm;&dwf
avqma&mifjcnfjzifh 'Hk;usnf&efrS umuG,f jr‡ifhwifjcif; ponfhenf;vrf;wdk@tm;jzifh
xm;rnf qdkonfh‘ r[mAsL[m pD;yGm;a&;udk) Ed _ ; qG a y;jcif ; ?
umuG,fa&; pDrHudef; Strategic Defense
Initiative ESifh twlwl jzpfonf?)?? storm in a tea cup
wpd w f u d k wtd w f v k y f j cif ; ?
START (Strategic Arms Reduction ao;i,f a omud p P u d k t}uD ; ch s J j cif ; ?
Treaty)
(1991 ckESpfwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkESifh straddle the fence
qdkAD,uf,leD,Hwdk@ csKyfqdkcJhaom) jcH p nf ; ±d k ; cG x d k i f j cif ; ? avS e H E S p f z uf
r[mAsL[m vuf e uf a v#mh c sa&;pmcsKyf ? eif ; jcif ; ?

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 49
 Strategic Defense Initiative
r[mAsL[m umuG , f a &;pD r H u d e f ;
(tar&dueforRw a&*ifu 1983 ckESpfwGif
a=unmcJhaom ‘tar&duef avydkifeufudk
avqma&mifjcnfjzifh 'Hk;usnf&efrS umuG,f
xm;rnf qdkonfh’ pDrHudef;? =u,fwm&m
ppfqifa&; pDrHudef; Star Wars ESifh twlwl
jzpfonf?)??
strategy
r[mAsL[m?
straw vote
(a&G;aumufyGJY &v'f rnfodk@&Sdrnfudk cef@rSef;
vdkaomtm;jzifh ðyvkyfonfh) tprf ; rJ /
tóurJ / vl x k o abmxm; ppf w rf ; ?
tóuppf w rf ; aumuf , l r _ ?
strike
oyd w f ? oyd w f a rS m uf j cif ; ? v#yf w jyuf
wd k u f c d k u f j cif ; ?
structural unemployment
pepf a =umif h jzpf a om a&&S n f
tvk y f v uf r J h (Oyrm - acwfukefvmaom
ausmufrD;aoG; vkyfief;wGif tvkyfvufrJh
jzpf&olwdk@onf tjcm;vkyfief;rsm;wGif
tvG,fwul tvkyfr& Edkifojzifh a&&Snf
tvkyfvufrJh jzpf&jcif;rsdK;?)??
subject
tk y f p d k ; cH & ol r sm;?
subpoena
(w&m;±Hk;odk@ vma&muf&ef) qif h a c:pm?
oAŠ m ef p m?
50 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
subsidy
(vlxkaumif;usdK;&Sdapaom vkyfief;rsm;
aqmif&Gufaeaom yk*~vduvkyfief;&Sifrsm;
udk tpdk;&uay;aom) taxmuf t yH h ?
subsistence
&S i f o ef a &;? &S i f o ef & ef enf ; vrf ; ?
subversive
tzsuf o abmqef o nf h ?
tzsuf v k y f & yf j zpf a om?
succession
(&mxl;) quf c H j cif ; ?
suffrage
rJ q EN a y;yd k i f c G i f h ?
summit diplomacy
(ppfat;wdkufyGJumvu acwfpm;cJhaom)
xd y f o D ; tpnf ; ta0; oH w ref a &;?
xd y f o D ; tpnf ; ta0; oH c if ; wref c if ; ?
superpower
U
r[mtif t m;}uD ; Ed k i f i H ?
supply and demand
a&mif ; vd k t m;ES i f h 0,f v d k t m;?
surplus value
(vkyfcESifh ukefypPnf;wefzdk;wdk@ jcm;em;jcif;rS
&vmaom) tyd k w ef z d k ; ?
surrealism V
trS e f v G e f 0 g' (pmaytEkynm
toHk;tE_ef;)?? tariff
(jynfwGif;xGufukefwdk@ ta&mif;xdkif;rnfudk
surveyor umuG,faomtm;jzifh jynfyrS wifoGif;
ppf w rf ; aumuf , l o l ? aom ukefypPnf;rsm;tay: csrSwfonfh)
sustainable development
xyf a qmif ; cG e f / tcG e f t wk y f ?
cd k i f r maom zG H @ òz;r_ ? taxation
symposium
(sales tax ta&mif;cGef/ income tax
(oD;oef@ta=umif;t&mwckudk aqG;aEG;&ef 0ifaiGcGef ponfwdk@ tñuH;0ifonfh)
&nf&G,fðyvkyfaom) oD ; oef @ aqG ; aEG ; yG J ? tcG e f a umuf , l j cif ; ?

syndicate territorial waters

(oD;oef@ aps;uGufwckudk xdef;csKyfxm; a&yd k i f e uf ?
vdkonfh &nf&G,fcsufjzifh ukr`%Dtrsm; terrorism
pkaygif;zGJ@pnf;xm;onfh) uk r ` % D t k y f p k ? t=urf ; zuf 0 g'?
qif ' D u d w f ?
terrorist
synthesis t=urf ; zuf o rm;?
yl ; aygif ; zef w D ; jcif ; ?
quf p yf a ygif ; pnf ; jcif ; ? orl [ ? theocracy
bmoma&;acgif ; aqmif w d k @ u
taboo tk y f c sKyf a om Ed k i f i H (Oyrm - tD&efEdkifiH)?
("avhxHk;pHESifh rnD!Gwf[k qdkum)
wm;jrpf c H x m;&aomt&m? third party
wwd , tif t m;pk ? wwd , yk * ~ d K vf ?
tactics
enf ; AsL[m? Third World
(qif;&Jaom EdkifiHrsm; yg0ifonfh)
wwd , urB m ?

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 51
 Truman Doctrine
W x±l ; rif ; rl 0 g' (tar&dueforRw [,f&D
x±l;rif;u 1947 ckESpfwGif jyÏmef;cJhaom
torture ‘vlenf;pk vufeufudkifrsm;.&efESifh jyify&ef
n‡ i f ; yef ; ES d y f p uf j cif ; ? udk a=umuf&GHŒae&olwdk@tm; tultnDay;&
n‡ i f ; yef ; ES d y f p uf o nf ? rnf’ qdkonfh rl0g')?
total war trusteeship
rD ; uk e f , rf ; uk e f ppf y G J ? tvH k ; pH k p pf y G J ? (wcsdefcsdefwGif tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiH
O\H k p pf y G J ? jzpfvmrnfh e,fajrwcktm; ukvor*~.
totalitarianism
!¸ef=um;csufjzifh tjcm;EdkifiHwcku a*gyu
tm%m&S i f p epf ? tm%muk e f p epf ? toGifjzifh wm0ef,lapmifha&Smuf&aom)
wygwD p epf ? e,f a jrxd e f ; a*gyuvk y f i ef ; ?

toxic wastes tyranny

tqd y f o if h p G e f @ ypf y pP n f ; ? (tkyfcsKyfa&;/ Oya'ðya&;ESifh w&m;pD&ifa&;
tm%m oHk;&yfpvHk;udk csKyfudkifI wdkif;jynf
trade union
tvk y f o rm;or*~ ?
X
treason (high-reason)
Ed k i f i H a wmf o pP m azmuf r _ ? udk zdESdyf tkyfcsKyfaom) tm%m&S i f t pd k ; &?
qd k ; oG r f ; aom tpd k ; &? zd E S d y f t k y f c sKyf j cif ; ?
treaty
(w&m;0ifcsKyfqdkxm;+yD; csKyfqdkolwdk@u tyrant
pmcsKyfygtwdkif; vdkufem&ef wm0ef&Sdonfh
pD;yGm;a&;/ ppfa&;/ +idrf;csrf;a&; ponfhwdk@ESifh
ywfoufonfh) Ed k i f i H w um pmcsKyf ? Y
trend
vm;&m? wd r f ; !¸ w f & m? rif ; qd k ; rif ; npf ?

underground
tribunal
cH k ± H k ; ? ajratmuf ? v#d K Œ0S u f (vkyfief;)??

unemployment rate
truce
,m,D typf t cwf & yf p J j cif ; ? tvk y f v uf r J h E _ e f ; ?

52 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
 txuf v $ w f a wmf ?
Z
usurpation
rw&m;ojzif h tm%m&,l j cif ; ?
unilateral
wzuf o wf ? wzuf w nf ; rS ? usury
rwef w qtwd k ; jzif h aiG a cs;jcif ; ?
united front
nD ! G w f a om wyf O D ; ? utility
(vloHk;ukef ypPnf;rsm;udk) oH k ; pG J j cif ;
United Nations (UN) (pD;yGm;a&; qdkif&m toHk;tE_ef;)??
uk v or*~ ?
utopia
universalism pd w f u l ; urB m (vlr_ESifh EdkifiHa&;pepfwdk@
wavmuvH k ; ES i f h tusKH ; 0if a omrl ? vHk;0O\Hk jynfhpHk&rnf qdkaom t,ltq?
vl o m;wd k i f ; bk & m;ocif . u,f w if j cif ; pma&;q&m qmaomrwfpfrdk;&f Sir
cH & rnf qd k a om c&pf , mef ,H k = unf r _ ? Thomas More u 1516 ckESpfwGif
upper house xkwfa0cJhaom pmtkyftrnfudk tpGJðy+yD;
ay:aygufvmaom toHk;tE_ef;?)??
vanguard
a&S Πajy;wyf ? (EdkifiHa&;Y) t=uH O D ; ol ?

Vatican Councils
(±dkrifuufovpf c&pf,mef*dk%f;csKyf ±Hk;pdkuf
&m AmwDuefòr@wGif&Sd+yD;/ ‚omoemqdkif&m
udpP&yfrsm;udk ðypka=unmavh&Sdonfh)
AmwD u ef a umif p D ?

vendetta
(ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm =umjrifhae+yDjzpfonfh)
a&&S n f t rk e f ; w&m;? tòi;taw;?
veto
wcsuf v $ w f t m%m? AD w d k t m%m?

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 53
 vicious circle
qd k ; usd K ;oH o &m? tqd k ; oH o &m?
vigilante
(yHkrSef vHkðcHa&;tpDtrHwdk@ ysufpD;oGm;ojzifh
e,fajrcHwdk@u rdrdwdk@zmom zGJ@pnf;&onfh)
ud k , f x l u d k , f x uif ; tzG J @ ?
ud k , f x l u d k , f x vH k ð cH a &;tzG J @ ?
visa
jynf 0 if c G i f h ? AD Z m?
vox populi
vl x k t oH (vufwifpum;)?
war crime
ppf & mZ0wf r _ ?
warhead
('Hk;usnf/ awmfyD'dk ponfh ppfvufeufrsm;.)
vuf e uf x d y f z l ; ?
Warsaw Pact
0gaqmppf t k y f p k ? 0gaqmpmcsKyf t zG J @
(ydkvef EdkifiH 0gaqmòr@wGif
ppfa&;r[mrdwfpmcsKyf csKyfqdk zGJ@pnf;cJhonfh
,cif ta&SΠOa&my
uGefjrLepfEdkifiHrsm;tzGJ@)?
weapon of mass destruction (WMD)
zsuf t m;jyif ; xef a om vuf e uf ?
vl t rsm;ud k aoapEd k i f a om vuf e uf ?
welfare
(vlxk) aumif ; pm;a&;? (vlr_) zl v H k a &;?
welfare state
54 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
(tpdk;&u vlr_zlvHka&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
yHhydk;ay;onfh) vl r _ z l v H k a &; Ed k i f i H ?
jynf a wmf o mEd k i f i H ?
westernization
(taemufEdkifiHwdk@. EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/
,Ofaus;r_ pepfrsm;udk twk,l toGif
ajymif;onfh) taemuf t oG i f a jymif ; jcif ; ?
white elephant
(tpmrsm;rsm; au|;&+yD; tvkyfenf;enf;om
cdkif;&aom qifjzLawmfudk arG;xm;&ouJhodk@)
wG u f a jcrud k u f j cif ; ?
white paper
tpk d ; &tpD & if c H p m?
women’s movement
trsd K ;orD ; tcG i f h t a&;v_ y f & S m ;r_ ?
working class
tvk y f o rm; vl w ef ; pm;?
workshop
vk y f i ef ; aqG ; aEG ; yG J ?
World Bank
urB m @b%f ?
writ
pmc|ef v $ m ?
xenophobia
(tusdK;ta=umif; cdkifvHkr_ r&SdbJ)
vl r sd K ;jcm;/ Ed k i f i H j cm;om;rsm;ud k
rES p f o uf j cif ; ?
yardstick
(E_dif;,SOfjcif;ðyonfh) pH ? pH c sd e f p H ! ¸ e f ; ? ARIAT - Asian Regional Initiative
ud k u f w H ? against Trafficking in Women and
Children
year book tm&S a 'oqd k i f & m trsd K ;orD ; ES i f h uav;
ES p f c sKyf rS w f w rf ; pmtk y f ? ol i ,f vl u k e f o G , f r _ w d k u f z suf a &;?

zealot ASEAN - Association of South-

(txl;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;/ bmoma&;wdk@wGif East Asian Nations
vGefuJpGm pdwftm;xufoefaom) ta&S Πawmif t m&S Ed k i f i H r sm;toif ; ?
w,l o ef / tpG e f ; a&muf ? CAT - Committee Against Torture
(U.N)
zero-sum game n‡ i f ; yef ; ES d y f p uf r _ wd k u f z suf a &;
(wa,mufu omwdkif; wa,mufu aumf r D w D ?
em&onfh) tusKd ; tjrwf v H k ; 0r&S d a om
upm;enf ; ? CEDAW - Committee on the
Elimination of Discrimination
Zionism Against Women (U.N.)
([efa*&D *sL;vlrsdK; oDtdk'dk[mZ,fvf trsd K ;orD ; cG J j cm;quf q H r _ yaysmuf a &;
Theodor Herzl wDxGifcJhonfh ‘urBmtESH@&Sd aumf r D w D ?
*sL;vlrsdK;wdkif;onf a&S;a[mif;*sL;vlrsdK;wdk@.
tquftEG,f jzpfonf’ qdkaom) CERD - Committee on the
Elimination of Racial Discrimination
ZD , G e f 0 g'? (U.N.)
Edik if w
H um tzGt
ŒJ pnf;rsm; vl r d s K;cG J j cm;quf q H r _ yaysmuf a &;
International aumf r D w D ?
Organizations
CESCR - Committee on
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
AFTA - ASEAN Free Trade Area
(U.N.)
tmqD , H pD ; yG m ;a&;/ vl r _ a &;ES i f h ,Of a us;r_ tcG i f h
vG w f v yf p G m uk e f o G , f a &;e,f a jr? ta&;rsm; aumf r D w D ?
APEC - Asia-Pacific Economic
CHR - Commission on Human
Cooperation
Rights (U.N.)
tm&S - ypd z d w f pD ; yG m ;a&; yl ; aygif ; vl @ tcG i f h t a&; aumf r D & S i f ?
aqmif & G u f r _ (tzG J @ )?
CIS - Commonwealth of Independent
States

owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm; 55
 vG w f v yf a om Ed k i f i H r sm; uk v or*~ pm;eyf & d u Q m ES i f h
"eo[m,tzG J @ ? pd k u f y sd K ;a&;tzG J @ ?

CoE - Council of Europe FATF - Financial Action Task Force

Oa&myaumif p D ? on money laudering
aiG r J w d k u f z suf a &;qd k i f & m b¾ma&;
CRC - Committee on the Rights of vk y f i ef ; tzG J @ ?
the Child (U.N.)
uav;ol i ,f tcG i f h t a&; aumf r D w D ? GA - General Assembly (U.N.)
taxG a xG n D v mcH ?
CSW - Commission on the Status of
Women (U.N.) GATT - General Agreement on Tariff
trsd K ;orD ; tqif h t wef ; aumf r D & S i f ? and Trade
tcG e f E S i f h uk e f o G , f a &;qd k i f & m taxG a xG
DAW - Division for the oabmwl n D c suf ?
Advancement of Women (U.N.)
trsd K ;orD ; rsm; wd k ; wuf a &; XmecG J ? HRC - Human Rights Committee
(Committee on Civil and Political
ECOSOC - Economic and Social Rights) (U.N.)
Council (U.N.) vl @ tcG i f h t a&; aumf r D w D (Ed k i f i H o m;ES i f h
pD ; yG m ;a&;ES i f h vl r _ a &; aumif p D ? Ed k i f i H a &;tcG i f h t a&;rsm; aumf r D w D ) ?
ECOWAS - Economic Community of
IAEA - International Atomic Energy
West African States
Agency (U.N.)
taemuf t mz&d u Ed k i f i H r sm; Ed k i f i H w um tEk j rLpG r f ; tif at*sif p D ?
pD ; yG m ;a&;tzG J @ ?
ICC - International Criminal Court
EP - European Parliament
(U.N.)
Oa&myygvD r ef ? Ed k i f i H w um &mZ0wf c H k ± H k ; ?
ESCAP - Economic and Social
ICJ - International Court of Justice
Commission for Asia and the Pacific
(U.N.)
tm&S E S i f h ypd z d w f a 'o pD ; yG m ;a&;ES i f h Ed k i f i H w um w&m;±H k ; ?
vl r _ a &; aumf r D & S i f ?
ICRC - International Committee of
EU - European Union the Red Cross
Oa&myor*~ ? Ed k i f i H w um =uuf a jceD aumf r D w D ?
FAO - Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations

56 owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;
ICTR - International Criminal NAC - North Atlantic Council
Tribunal for Rwanda (U.N.) ajrmuf t wW v ef w pf aumif p D ?
&0ef ' gEd k i f i H q d k i f & m Ed k i f i H w um &mZ0wf r _
=um;emppf a q;a&; cH k ± H k ; ? NAFTA - North American Free Trade
Agreement
ICTY - International Criminal ajrmuf t ar&d u
Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia vG w f v yf p G m uk e f o G , f a &; pmcsKyf ?
(U.N.)
,cif ,l * d k q vm;AD ; ,m;Ed k i f i H q d k i f & m NATO - North Atlantic Treaty
Ed k i f i H wum &mZ0wf r _ Organization
=um;emppf a q;a&; cH k ± H k ; ? ajrmuf t wW v ef w pf pmcsKyf t zG J @ ?
aewd k ; tzG J @ ?
IE - Independent Expert (U.N.)
vG w f v yf a om ynm&S i f ? oD ; jcm; NGO - non-governmental
ynm&S i f ? organization
tpd k ; &ES i f h rywf o uf a om tzG J @ tpnf ; ?
ILO - International Labour
Organization (U.N.) OAS - Organization of American
Ed k i f i H w um tvk y f o rm; tzG J @ ? States
tar&d u Ed k i f i H r sm;tzG J @ ?
IMF - International Monetary Fund
Ed k i f i H w um aiG a =u;&H y H k a iG (tzG J @ )? OAU - Organization of African Unity
tmz&d u nD ! G w f a &;tzG J @ ?
IOM - International Organization for
Migration OCHA - Office for the Coordination
vl o m;rsm; e,f a jra&$ Πajymif ; jcif ; of Humanitarian Affairs (U.N.)
qd k i f & m Ed k i f i H w umtzG J @ ? vl r _ 0 ef x rf ; a&;&m
n‡ d E d _ i f ; aqmif & G u f r _ ± H k ; ?
IPU - Interparliamentary Union
ygvD r ef t zG J @ rsm; or*~ ? ODIHR - Office for Democratic
Institutions and Human Rights
(OSCE)
LAS - League of Arab States (The
Arab League) 'D r d k u &uf w pf tzG J @ tpnf ; rsm;ES i f h
tm&yf E d k i f i H r sm;toif ; ? tm&yf v d * f ? vl @ tcG i f h t a&;qd k i f & m±H k ; ?

LDC - Least Developed Countries OECD - Organization for Economic

zG H @ òz;r_ t enf ; qH k ; Ed k i f i H r sm;? Co-operation and Development
pD ; yG m ;a&;yl ; aygif ; aqmif & G u f r _ E S i f h
zG H @ òz;a&; tzG J @ ?

OHCHR - Office of the High

Commissioner forowif ;oHk; a0gRights
Human [m&rsm; 57
 ‘owif;oHk; a0g[m&rsm;’ pmtkyfudk jrefrmowif;or*~ u jynfwGif; jynfy&Sd
owif;ESifh pmayynm&Sifrsm;. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_jzifh xkwfa0jcif;jzpf+yD;/
ukefuspm;&dwfudk National Endowment for Democracy tzGJ@u uscHygonf?
uGefjyLwmjrefrmpmvHk;rsm;udk Radio Burma Group tzGJ@u aus;Zl;ðyygonf?