Training Title

ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE PRINCIPLES & APPLICATIONS

Training Duration & Date

5 days

Electrical Maintenance Principles & Applications 5 03-07 April $3,300 Dubai

In any of 5 star hotel. Exact venue will be informed later.

Training Fees
• 3300 US$ per participant for Public Training includes Materials/Handouts,
tea/coffee breaks, refreshments & Buffet Lunch

Training Certificate
Define Management Consultants Certificate of course completion will be issued to
all attendees.

Language: English

TRAINING OVERVIEW

TRAINING DESCRIPTION
To successfully aware and understand the electrical maintenance principles. They could

successfully inspect and test electrical equipment; Electrical personnel must first fully

understand the technology of the electrical equipment. After the successful start-up and

subsequent continued operation, electrical equipment requires periodic inspection and testing.

This will ensure the electrical equipment operates correctly so that production is maximized in

a safe, cost effective and efficient manner.

Delegates are encouraged to raise queries both during and at any time after attending the

course and are also asked to bring with them any technical issues that they may have.
TRAINING OBJECTIVES
Participants attending this program will:

Return to their respective organizations equipped with new or refreshed skills to ensure that

electrical equipment is inspected, tested and operated in safe and a fashion that ensures

reduced costs. On successful completion of this course, participants will have:

A better understanding of maintenance purposes and types.

A better understanding of inspection and testing methods

A better understanding of the updated electrical condition monitoring.

A better understanding of troubleshooting procedures

An improved capability in testing equipment

An better understanding of safety issues.

A refreshed outlook on reading electrical drawings

A refreshed awareness of electrical safety concerns

WHO SHOULD ATTEND?

This course is intended for Electrical Engineers, Electrical Supervisors and Electrical

Technicians engaged in the maintenance, inspection and testing of Electrical Equipment.

Because the methods and examples are generic, personnel from all industries will benefit.

Participants require a good understanding of electricity and magnetism and possess some

relevant experience.

TRAINING METHODOLOGY:
The course is designed to have an interactive format to maximize delegate participation. Questions
and answers are encouraged throughout and at the daily sessions. Needs-Based case-studies and
examples will be discussed in problem solving workshop sessions. This gives participants the
opportunity to discuss with other delegates and the presenter their specific problems and appropriate
solutions. Only minimum note taking is encouraged to ensure maximum delegate attention during
the course.

• Highly interactive training

• Teaching lecture and lecture notes.
• Open discussions initiated by the lecturer.
• Case studies
 TRAINING OUTLINE:
I. Maintenance Scheduling For Electrical Equipment
1. Introduction
2. Maintenance and Test Procedures
• General.
• Infrared Scanning
• Fault and Load Flow Studies/Equipment Ratings
• Electrical Equipment Monitoring
• Maintenance Schedules and Documentation.
3. Electrical equipment maintenance schedules
(Transformers, Generators, Power Cables, Batteries and Battery Chargers,..)

II. Testing, Troubleshooting Principles and Commissioning Guide Of Electrical Equipment

1. Introduction
2. Basic principles in using a drawing and meter in
Troubleshooting circuits
3. Checks for circuit continuity with disconnected supply
4. Checks for circuit continuity with live supply
5. Tests and methods
6. Testing devices
7. Testing and Commissioning Methods
8. Testing and Commissioning Procedures.
9. Maintenance of Particular Types of Electrical Equipment
10. Nomo gram for temperature correction
11. Test voltages for Commissioning and Maintenance
12. Recommended insulation values for equipment

III. Condition Monitoring For Electrical Equipment

1. Approaches Based On Mathematical Models
• Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM)
• Condition Based Maintenance (CBM)
• Partial Discharge
2. Insulation Resistance Monitoring
• Insulation resistance test (IR)
• Megger test
• Polarization index test
• Dc hi-pot test
• Measuring insulation degradation
• Insulation power factor
• On line measuring partial discharge activity for insulation
3. On-Line Monitoring Of Transformers
 •Local Indications
•Thermography
•PDA - Partial Discharge Analysis
•Insulating Oil Properties And Tests
 Test for Dielectric Strength
 Water Content in Oil
 Acidity Test (Neutralization Number)
 Oxidation Inhibitor
 Interfacial Tension Test (IFT)
 Oil Color
 Oil Power Factor Test
 Insulating Oil Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA)
4. Understanding cable thermal behavior after installation
• Optical cable Temperature Monitoring

IV. Earthing Systems

1. Introduction
2. Equipment Earthing
3. System Earthing
• Unearthed systems
• Solid earthing
• Resistance earthing
• Reactance earthing
4. Classification Of Supply / Installation System Earthing
5. Earthing Via Neutral Earthing Compensator
• Distribution transformers
• Zig Zag transformers
6. Comparison of Methods (Advantages/Disadvantages)
• Evaluation of earthing methods

V. Safety And Risk Assessment

1. Touch And Step Voltage
2. Effect of electric shock on human beings
3. Electric shock and sensitive earth leakage protection
4. Sensitive earth leakage protection
5. Arc Flash
6. Risk assessment principals
7. How to assess the risks in your workplace?
8. How to conduct risk assessment?
9. Risk assessment Job Briefing and Planning Checklist
10. Case Studies
 VI. Generator Fundamentals Maintenance ,Testing And Trouble Shooting
1. Principles of Generators
• AC Generators
• GENERATOR EXCITATION AND VOLTAGE CONTROL
• DIESEL GENERATOR SETS
• SYNCHRONISING OF GENERATORS
• LOAD SHARING
• LOAD SHEDDING
2. Preventative Maintenance
3. Trouble Shooting
• General Procedure
• Generator Does Not Produce Voltage
• Generator Produce Low Voltage
• Generator Produce High Voltage
• Generator Voltage Fluctuating
4. Fault analysis for Generator Control Circuit

VII. Motors, Motor Controller, Motor Starters Fundamentals, Maintenance And

Troubleshooting
1. Fundamentals
• Types of A.C Electric Motors
• Principles of Operation of the Induction Motor
• Enclosures and Cooling
• POWER FOR INDUCTION MOTORS
• STARTING OF INDUCTION MOTORS
• Motor Operation at Reduced Voltage
• Power Factor Correction
2. Motor Testing
3. Motor Failures

VIII. Circuit Breaker Fundamentals, Maintenance, Service ,Testing And Troubleshooting

1. Fundamentals
• Air Circuit Breakers.
• Vacuum Circuit Breaker
• SF6 Circuit breaker
• Oil Circuit Breaker Ratings
• Fuses
• Trip Circuit Supervision
• Circuit-Breaker Control
• Low Voltage Molded Case Current Limiting Circuit Breakers
 2. HV Circuit Breakers Maintenance
3. H.V Circuit-Breakers Tests
4. Low voltage Circuit Breaker Maintenance

IX. Transformer Fundamentals, Maintenance, Testing And Troubleshooting

1. Principles of Transformers
• Saturation Curve & Voltage Ratio of Transformers
• Current Ratio & Impedance of Transformers
• Transformer Construction
• Transformer losses and efficiency
• Transformer Cooling & Types
• Transformer Polarity
• Transformer Applications
• Transformer Accessories
• Maintaining Transformers
2. Preventative Maintenance
• Transformer Inspection
• Transformer Liquids
• Dielectric Test
• General Testing
• Other Important Tests
• Transformer Failure
• Disassembly for Inspection
3. Common Transformer Abnormalities
4. Transformer Oil Tests
5. Fault Analysis

X. UPS, Rectifiers, Inverters And Batteries Fundamentals Maintenance ,Testing And

Troubleshooting
1. UPS Fundamentals
• Rectifications & Inverters
• Inverters
• Batteries And Battery Charging
• Battery Charging Tests
• Safety During Battery Charging
• Mixing Electrolyte
2. Battery discharge test.
3. Troubleshooting Guide

NOTE: Case Studies, Last Day Review, Discussions & Assessment will be carried out.
 TRAINING INSTRUCTOR
DR. MOHAMED FAWZI
________________________________________________________________________________
Qualifications :
Ph.D. Degree in Electrical Power and Machine Engineering 1999
• PH. D In Electrical Power Systems & Machines, Faculty of
Engineering, Mansoura University 1999.
• Thesis Title: “ Restoration Of Electric Power Systems Using
Expert System ”

Masters Degree in Electrical Power and Machine Engineering

1989
• MSC. In Electrical Power Systems & Machines, Faculty of
Engineering, El Mansoura University 1989.
• Thesis Title: “ Optimum Planning Of Substations”

Bachelor of in Electrical Power and Machine Engineering

May- 1983
• B.Sc. in Electrical Power and machine Engineering, College of
Engineering, El Mansoura University 1983.

THE PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE

1. May. 2004 – Present Electrical Instructor

Howard Finely A Khaleej ,For ADMA- OPCO Petroleum Co. at Abu Dhabi – UAE
The activities include the following but not limited to:

Managing, delivering and monitoring the On-the-Job training (OJT) activities, in
different fields .

Preparing required training materials for the Electrical Maintenance in co-
ordination with senior Electric engineer and line supervisors in different sites.

Assessing the juniors attending the Basic Course and prepare their Quarterly
Progress Reports (QPR's).

Provide the necessary support to assist the line supervisor in preparation of
QPR's for the juniors conducting OJT.

Preparing Specific Gap Elimination Programs (SGEP’s) covering the gaps
identified by the Competency Assurance Campaigns (CAC).

Monitoring the progress against Competency Based Development Programs and
report on problematical areas and problem solving.

Assessing staff against the Competence Portfolios.

Identifying Organizational Training Needs, co-ordinate with training leader and
prepare remedial action plans.

Assisting in updating the Job Competency training models.

Assist in preparing Progress Reports as required.

Select the level required (LR) for each training task.

All of mentioned training activities in all training phases such as, basic, OJT and
SGEP were conducted based on different types of training aids (Audible, visual
and hard copy materials)

CBT (Computer Based Training) and E-learning are the modern as a big role in
the training operation

6 months basic program was instructed/ taught for six groups in the following
basic knowledge modules, i.e. 16 Modules.

E-01 “Fundamentals of Electricity-01” E-02 “Fundamentals of Electricity-02”

E-03 “Fundamentals of Electricity-03” E-04 “Electrical power systems”

E-05 “AC Generators” E-06 “AC Motors”

E-07 “Transformers” E-08 “Switchgear”

E-09 “Cables” E-10 “Electric measurements”

E-11 “Electric control devices” E-12 “Electrical protection”

E-13 “Batteries and chargers” E-14 “Equipment in hazardous area”

E-15 “Electrical safety” E-16 “Electricity for non-electrical”

E-17 “ Programmable Logic Control

Fundamentals " PLC" ”

The given knowledge of each module are ensured to be understood by the

juniors through interaction and discussion between them and instructor in class
and by self-assessment daily test and end of module tests.

End of program test is the final assessment to measure the competency level for
the juniors.

18 months OJT program of 304 tasks ranges from knowledge, Workshop, and hot
tasks in fields.

2. MARCH ,2000 – May, 2004 BAPETCO ( BADER EL DEEN PETROLIUM COMPANY)

Technical Advisor
BABETCO is a gas producing company owned by BADER ALDEEN (Egyptian gas
producing company) and SHELL. The company has a new large project to produce gas from
22 new wells. The project has been designed, constructed, and operated by BRWON &
ROOTS. occupying this post to be technical advisor for the Electrical maintenance
department Mangers (Two mangers; one Egyptian and the other is Shell’s rep.).
The Main Interest Activities:
Responsible for the given below activities:

Leading the electrical maintenance team . To maintain the different activities
in conjunction with BROWN & ROOTS team.

Co ordinate the relation between the management (Owner side) in the field,
work force and BRWON & ROOTS (Main contracting side).

Plan the commissioning and handover of any new wellhead.

Review and recommend the maintenance strategies for the new plant,
including all relative issues such as spares, tools, technical specs. and
procedures.

Write the Job Description for the electrical maintenance Workforce .

Supervise the implementation of safety policy and procedure regarding the

Electrical maintenance activities ( High and Low Voltage ) .

Review and study specifications of the plant to recommend engineering and
economical solution to many available problems.

Planning for the plant / train shutdown of the process facilities.

Design the preventive maintenance procedures for all equipment in the plant

Responsibilities & Duties

Review the preventive maintenance planes and supervise the
implementation. I am familiar with the following planned maintenance
programs: MAXIMO (KHALDA) and IMMPOWER (in PABETCO).

Plan , allot the necessary taskforces to run both of contingency and routine
day to day jobs to maintain safely all wellheads and a plant of the following
activities :

Power & Utilities

Three GE gas turbine generators ( 25 MVA each, 11KV )

Emergency diesel generator ( 1MVA ,0.4KV ).

6 Step down transformers (2 MVA, 11KV / 0.4KV) , 1 transformer

(1.2 MVA,11KV/0.4KV) and 1 transformer ( 350 KVA,11KV/0.4KV)

5 Motors (5.1 MW , 11KV) and 10 motors (2.4MW,11KV) and their auxiliaries
low voltage motors and heaters.

High Voltage switchgear ( 11KV )

Low Voltage switchgear ( 400V ) controlled by microprocessor named
“CLINK” which can control all low voltage loads with control room( DCS)
and with the Unit Control Panels (UCP)

Power Management System (PMS) which control the generation and the High
Voltage motors

UPS Systems

Gas wells with its control which are fed from the Solar Cells.

Instrument Compressed Air.

Inert Gas Plant (3 Units).

Glycol Dehydration Facilities.

Demineralization Water Facilities.

Potable Water.

Fuel Gas Heater/Scrubber.

Hot Oil Facility ( 3 Unites).

Methanol Facility.

Drainage System.

Process Facilities
Two Trains, each one has the following facilities:

Separators.

Gas Treatment Facility (Absorber & Sweetening Columns) .

Turbo Expander.

Export Compressor.

Flare System.

In addition to this there are some common facilities :

Wellheads.

Stabilization of Condensate.

Condensate Storage.

Recycling Compressors.

Metering Stations

3. JUNE 1987- OCT 1993 KHALDA PETROLIUM COMPANY

ELECTRICAL ENGINEER

KHALDA is an oil and gas producing company owned by KHALDA (Egyptian oil and gas
producing company) and REPSOL. The company has large project to produce oil and gas
The Main Interest Activities:
Responsible about the given below activities:

Leading the electrical maintenance team . To maintain the different activities

Plan the commissioning and handover of any new locations ( there are 8
locations ).

Review and recommend the maintenance strategies for the plant, including
all relative issues such as spares, tools, technical specs. and procedures.

Supervise the implementation of safety policy and procedure regarding the
electrical maintenance activities(High and Low Voltage )

Review and study specifications of the plant to recommend engineering and
economical solution to many available problems.
Responsibilities & Duties

Review the preventive maintenance planes and supervise the
implementation. I am expert in using the following planned maintenance
programs.

Plan , a lot of t he necessary taskforces to run both of contingency and routine
day to day jobs to maintain safely all wellheads and a plant of the following
activities :

Designing and constructing new control systems .

Performing Hand – Over , commissioning and pre-commissioning for

many projects .

Performing some modifications and suggestions for many projects to improve
its efficiency and reliability after doing some analysis .

Preparation of maintenance procedures and schedules for electric power

systems and controls .

Requesting spare parts lists and procurement .

Carrying out preventive and predictive maintenance for all electric
equipment

Maintenance for the following :-
1. 63 diesel generators rated between 50 to 240 kw.
2. 02 diesel generators rated 650 kw Each .
3. 02 stand – by generators rated 750 kw. Each.
4. All pump motors at process area that contains (2 heater
treaters , test heater , 2 desalters , 2 separators , 3 reverse
osmosis units (R.O) , 6 air compressors , loading and
unloading pumps , control room and switch gear ).
5. All cables and control circuits for process area .
6. Maintaining 3 switch gears ( One at process area , 2nd at
water injection plant and the 3rd at one of the remote area
field ).
 7. Maintaining all power transformers (Two 2500 KVA , two
750 KVA , and two 500 KVA ) 3.3 / 0.400 KV and 3.3 / 11 KV .
8. Maintaining 8 injection pump motors at injection plant ( 350
HP, .3 kv ) with its control circuits .
9. Maintaining all domestic loads ( Camp lighting , equipment
and catering offices , pipe yard , war house and workshop).
10. Water fire systems ( Control system ).
11. Fire and gas detection systems and panels for all switch
gears, process area , offices , workshop , and remote area.
12. O.H.T.L. ( 11.5 kv ) and substations ( 11.5 kv to 2500 or 1500
v ) at two fields .
13. Control circuit of all submersible pump motors (2500 & 1500
v).
14. Maintaining all electric equipment and control system for
(Core plant and receiving station) .
15. Maintaining all switch – rack , distribution panels and control
system at 4 remote areas .

4. DEC 1986 - JUNE 1987 CENTRAL WORKSHOP OF THE LAND RECLAMATION CO.
CONSTRUCTING AND MAINTENANCE ENGINEER

Responsibilities & Duties

Maintenance for control circuits of motors and submersible pump .

Designing and constructing new control circuit for any extensions shop or at
field .

Maintenance for power distribution panels and cables .

Designing and constructing new distribution panels .

Supervisory on a group of technicians that can execute electrical jobs .

5. JAN 1984 - JULY 1986 EGYPTIAN AIR FORCE IN MAIN COMPUTER CENTER
( WORKED WITH I . L. S “USA AIR FORCE
MAINTENANCE ENGINEER FOR ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM
Responsibilities & Duties

Maintenance and operating the uninterruptible power supply (UPS).

Maintenance for the control circuits of central air conditioning .

Maintenance for the feeding transformers .

Maintenance for the regulating transformers .

Maintenance for two stand by generators ( 240 kw each ).

Maintenance for automatic transfer switches .

Maintenance for domestic loads .

Supervision on the electric systems of the micro wave building for airport
that will be linked with the computer center .

6. Design The Electrical Maintenance Programs For :

Badre El Deen Petroleum Co. at Egypt.

Alexandria Main Library (Bibliotheca Alexandria “BA”) at Egypt.
7. Design The Competency Assessment Programs For :

Badre El Deen Petroleum Co. at Egypt.

Sonahess Co. at UAE.
8. Design The Organization Chart and Job Description for Electrical Discipline for Alexandria
Main Library (Bibliotheca Alexandria “BA”) at Egypt.

9. Assessor to select new Offshore Electrical Instructors for ADMA Petroleum Co. at Abu
Dhabi

10. Third Assessor For Career Ladder Assessment at ADGAS Petroleum Co. at Abu Dhabi

11. Assessing The Final Year Students Of Engineering College ( Electrical Department) In
Project

SECOND: THE ACADEMIC EXPERIENCE

1-Supervisor For MSC student at Tanta University, ELECTRIC POWER AND MACHINE
DEP in Optimum Selection of Distributed Generators and its effect on the Electrical
Network
2- MARCH ,1999 – May, 2004 MANSOURA UNIVERSITY, ELECTRIC POWER AND
MACHINE DEP.

Electrical Power And Machine Lecturer at Mansoura University.

3- 1993 -1999 MANSOURA UNIVERSITY, ELECTRIC POWER AND MACHINE DEP. “

DOMIATA BRANCH”

Electrical Power And Machine Lecturer

 4- 1998- 2001- MEMBER OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT BETWEEN MANSOURA
UNIVERSITY AND EGYPTIAN ELECTRIC MINISTRY .

This project was held through the “ Supreme Council of Universities Foreign

Relations Coordination Unit “ , University Linkage Project II Grant 207 .

TEACHING WORK

1- Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering,

2- Electric machines (1),
3- Electric Engineering for mechanical engineers,
4- Electrical Testing and Instrumentation,
5- Protective earthing systems concept and design,
6- Power system analysis (1),
7- Power system operation and control,
8- Utilization of electric energy,
9- Teaching devices operations, motor starting wiring diagram including all traditional
methods of motor starting (i.e. direct on line, start/delta, autotransformers starting
methods) including equipment sizing and selection.
10- Teaching many lab activities, including but not limited to the following instruments:

Fluke Avo meter.

Megger tester.

Hi-pot instrument.

Dielectric test of oil tester.

On line and off line phase rotation meter.

Synchronization systems.

Earthing and soil resistivity measurements.

RCD tester.

Harmonic analyzers.

Test relays secondary injection unit.

CONDUCTED COURSES (Many Times ):

1. Conducting 5-days short course in “Operation & Maintenance of Circuit Breakers &
Switchgears “ at Dubai .
2. Conducting 5-days short course in “Electrical Equipment: Selection, Applications,
Operation “ at Dubai.
3. Conducting 5-days short course in “Troubleshooting of Electrical Equipment “at
Dubai.
4. Conducting 5 days short course in “Protection Of Electrical Power Systems “ at
Dubai.
5. Conducting 5 days short course in “ Electrical Substation Engineering” at Dubai
6. Conducted 5 days short course in “Modern Power system Protective Relay” at Abu
Dhabi
7. Conducted 5 days short course in “ Modern Electric Power System Design,
Modeling , analysis and Problem Solving” at Kualalampour- Malysia .
8. Conducted 5 days short course in “ Variable Speed Drives” at Dubai.
9. Conducted 5 days short course in “Power System Protection in Industrial Electrical
Networks” at Dubai.
10. Conducted 3 days in House Course for Dubai Electrical Networks in “ National
Electrical Safety Code “NESC” ” at Dubai.
11. Conducted 3 days short course for Dubai Electrical Networks in " Preventive And
Predictive Maintenance Of Electrical Machines"
12. Conducted 5 days short course for Mobiely Co. in “Modern Electrical Power System
” at Jeddah- Saudi Arabia.
13. Conducted 5 days course, For Qaseem Cement Co. at Saudi Arabia in " 33 KV
Switchgear Study & Substation Maintenance"
14. Conducted 5 days course for National Titanium Dioxide Co. (CRISTAL) at Yanbu at
Saudi Arabia in "Preventive And Predictive Maintenance Of Electrical Machines".
15. Conducted 5 days course for QCHEM Co. at Qatar in "Protection Relays & Electrical
Installation"
 16. Conducted 5 days Course For Abu Dhabi Regulation & Supervision Bureau and Abu
Dhabi Water and Electricity Authority (ADWEA), To certify their contractors in
"Electricity Wiring Regulations" .

ATTENDED TRAINING COURSES

1- July , ( 1 – 15 ) , 1988 : at “ GE Power Systems Co.”.

HW / SW ( Programming language , ladder program ) Maintenance , troubleshooting and
applications of ( PLC) model series six .
2- Dec. , ( 10 – 30 ) , 1988 : at “ First Egyptian Engineering Co.”
Familiarization and application of interactive ( Computerized ) maintenance management
system (IMMS).

The IMMS is mainly an information and decision support tool.

It’s heart in the planning module which is based on equipment condition
monitoring together with planned and optimized stoppage .

The system provides the technical or managerial level with simple information in
different formats and presentations in order to evaluate and optimize all aspects
of the maintenance program .
3- Jan. , ( 23 – Feb 10 ) ., 1989 : at “ First Egyptian Engineering Co.”

Fundamental of turbo machinery vibration .

Principles of application of machinery shaft alignment .

Trouble shooting turbo machinery control logic .

Vibration analysis and diagnostic techniques .

4- Dec., ( 3 – 8 ) , 1989 : at “ Egyptian Mechanical Engineering Association”

Preventive maintenance course .
5- Jan., 1990 : at “ ERC Cairo University “

Power system distribution planning and economics .
6- Nov., ( 23 – 28 ) ., 1991 : at “ ERC Cairo University “

Electrical installation in buildings and factories .
7- Feb., ( 4 -18 ) ., 1992 : at “ GE Industrial & Power Systems Co.”

Testing and calibration of protective relays .
8- Fire Fighting (FF) Course : at “ ADMA-OPCO DAS-Abu Dhabi “
9- Breathing Apparatus (BA) Course : at “ ADMA-OPCO DAS-Abu Dhabi “
10 - Courses Attended During Master Studies :-

Computerized high mathematics .

Electric power network analysis .

Economic operation for electric power networks .

Digital control system .

Electrical power stations and its economics .
8- Attended Courses Preceding the PHD Studies :-

Electric Power system operation .

Application of Artificial Intelligence on Electric Power Systems.

Published Papers

"Optimum Sitting and Sizing of Distributed Generation Using Traditional

Method-Abstract ",Mansoura University conference March 2010. M.F.Kotb,
K.M.Shebl , M. El Khazendar and A. El Husseiny

“Maintenance Scheduling Of Generating Units In Electric Power System”
Mepecon 2008, M.F.Kotb.

“ Expert System For Electric Power System Restoration“, Mepecon’2000 ,
M.S.Kandil ,K.M.Shebl, K.Yassin, M.F.Kotb .

“Power System Restoration Methodology With Particular Reference To Island
Detection “ Mepecon 1998, M.S.Kandil,K.M.Shebl , K.Yassin ,M.F. Kotb .