Cooperation Project Update

Draft: 3/30/05 9:47 AM

THE COOPERATION PROJECT:

OBJECTIVES, ACCOMPLISHMENTS, AND PROPOSALS

OBJECTIVES OF THE COOPERATION PROJECT

New knowledge about the nature of cooperation could alleviate suffering and create
wealth. Toward those ends, the Cooperation Project (CP):

• Catalyzes interdisciplinary study of cooperation through workshops, seminars,

and online knowledge communities.

• Maps the findings emerging from cooperation studies onto graphical

representations and visual interfaces.

• Educates the perceptions of practitioners in person and online with workshops,

conceptual toolkits, games, and simulations.

• Applies this knowledge to real world problems in partnership with practitioners.

Problems of health care, economic development, political and interpersonal conflict,

environmental sustainability, resource allocation, disaster relief, urban planning, civil
society, democratic governance, technological innovation, intellectual property, public
education—the most critical problems of our time—involve social dilemmas and
institutions for collective action that are not yet well-understood.

Evidence from biology, sociology, economics, political science, computer science, and
psychology suggest the feasibility of building an interdisciplinary framework for
understanding cooperation. Because of institutional specialization, a program of
cooperation studies will not happen without purposeful action. In order to catalyze the
growth of this enterprise, the CP has created:

• An open, shared, knowledge base of insights and resources relevant to

cooperation and collective action: the Knowledge Commons

• Several visual maps for customized navigation of the cooperation studies

landscape

• A university course with publicly available lecture videos and readings

Institute for the Future www.iftf.org p: 650.854.6322

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Cooperation Project Update Draft: 3/30/05 9:47 AM

• A workshop and guidebook for re-perceiving the role of cooperation in business

and the technologies that enable it

• The beginnings of a social network of cooperation researchers

The CP has convened expert workshops, published a syllabus, launched online discussion
communities, compiled reports, created and published video lectures, and built software
prototypes—the beginnings of a Cooperation Toolset. Now we seek to:

• Test and refine these instruments through workshops and further research—
attracting the best minds in cooperation-related disciplines to help.

• Learn how practitioners can use the knowledge and tools in their domains.

• Make these resources public and invite broad participation.

FIRST STEPS ACCOMPLISHED: 2003–2005

1. Toward a New Literacy of Cooperation in Business

Companies in high-tech industries have learned that working with competitors can build
markets and help avoid costly standards wars. The open source movement has shown that
world-class software can be built without corporate oversight or market incentives.
Google and Amazon have built fortunes for themselves and thousands of partners by
using the Internet to support a “sharing economy” that enriches by expanding the
population of partners rather than decreasing the number of competitors. Outsourcing has
turned competitors into common customers of design firms and contract manufacturers.

Connective and pervasive technologies are enabling new forms of human and machine
interactions and relationships; technologies and methodologies of cooperation will
present business institutions with a host of new opportunities and challenges for
organizing people, processes, relationships and knowledge. Increasing numbers of
enterprises using new forms of production and commerce could change the entire
economic framework, the way printing, banking, joint stock ownership companies, and
double-entry bookkeeping made capitalism possible a few centuries ago.

In the report, Toward a New Literacy of Cooperation in Business:

Managing Dilemmas in the 21st Century, we looked for ways to think
about two key business questions. How can new insights about the
dynamics of cooperation help identify new and valuable models for
organizing production and wealth creation? And how can
organizations enhance their creativity and stimulate innovation with
cooperation-based strategic models?

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2. Map of the Cooperation Studies Landscape

Interdisciplinary research is difficult to accomplish in part because universities, research

laboratories, and foundations are organized around specialization, and in part because
different disciplines use different vocabularies and share different mental models of
similar phenomena. A graphic representation of the knowledge landscape can provide a
shared, manipulable mental model that can serve as a stage for real discourse: discussing
how to improve the map could channel the first conversations among convened experts
toward a convergence on shared practical problems.

At the center of the map is the social dilemma, surrounded by seven lenses that use key
concepts from the various disciplines to understand the process of cooperation. These
concepts—synchrony, symbiosis, group selection, catalysis, commons, collective action,
and collective intelligence—describe dynamics that can be tuned to foster cooperative
behavior. Arrayed around these core concepts are more related concepts that suggest
ways to alter the dynamics of cooperation. We have plotted them in seven bands that
represent what we think are key levers for adjusting cooperative behavior: structure,
rules, resources, thresholds, feedback, memory, and identity.

Together, the lenses and

the levers provide a
multidisciplinary
framework for thinking
about cooperation and
cooperative strategies.
They offer both an
overview of the key
studies to date and a
palette of choices for
tuning cooperative
systems—a toolset for
imagining new solutions to
social dilemmas. We must
be cautious, however, in
applying this tool. The
field of cooperative studies
is young, and this map
represents only the most
summary view of it. A lens
is something you see through; it’s a tool for understanding, not a tool for
engineering. With his in mind, we present the map as a way to reexamine present
problems and to think about the cooperative potential of groups in new ways.

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3. Technologies of Cooperation

Emerging digital technologies present new opportunities for developing complex

cooperative strategies that change the way people work together to solve problems and
generate wealth. Central to this class of cooperation-amplifying technologies are eight
key clusters, each with distinctive contributions to cooperative strategy:

Self-organizing mesh networks define architectural principles for building both tools
and processes that grow from the edges without obvious limits, that distribute the burden
of the infrastructure throughout the population of participants, and that establish the
foundation for the emergence of swarm intelligence in systems of people and devices.

Community computing grids provide models for recovering currently squandered

resources from distributed sources and for providing mutual security within a network of
people and/or devices, supported by explicit choices about when and how to foster
cooperation versus competition.

Peer production networks create a framework for volunteer communities to accomplish

productive work in parallel. These potentially unbounded communities create new value
by rapidly solving problems that would tax or stymie smaller workgroups; self-
organization dramatically reduces coordination costs.

Social mobile computing includes a cluster of technologies and principles that allow
large or small groups of people—even if they are strangers —to act in a coherent and
coordinated fashion in place and space, supported by information accessed in real time
and real space.

Group-forming networks support the emergence of self-organized subgroups within a

large-scale network, creating exponential growth of the network and shortening the social
distance among members of the network.

Social software makes explicit, amplifies, and extends many of the informal cooperative
structures and processes that have evolved as part of human culture, providing the tools
and awareness to guide people in intelligently constructing and managing these processes
to specific ends.

Social accounting tools suggest methods and structures to measure social connectedness
and establish trust among large communities of strangers, building reputation along
dimensions that are appropriate to a specific context and creating a visible history of
individual behavior within a community.

Knowledge collectives model the structures, rules, and practices for managing a
constantly changing resource as a commons, for securing it against deliberate or
accidental destruction and degradation, multiplying its productivity, and for making it
easily accessible for wide ranging uses.

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Each of these technology clusters can be viewed not only as a template for design of
cooperative systems, but also as tools people can use to tune organizations, projects,
processes, and markets for increased cooperation. Specifically, each can be used in
distinctive ways to alter the key dimensions of cooperative systems—structure, rules,
resources, thresholds, feedback, memory, and identity.

4. Toward a Literacy of Cooperation: Stanford Course

A first step toward growing a literacy and interdisciplinary vocabulary was “Toward a
Literacy of Cooperation,” a ten-week course of lectures, class discussions, and online
discourse sponsored by the Stanford Humanities Lab in Winter 2005. Andrea Saveri and
Howard Rheingold were the instructors, with guest lectures by some of the best minds in
the sociology, biology, economics, and computer science of cooperation. The lecture
videos and audio tracks were streamed online and are being edited for downloading. The
course description is at http://shl.stanford.edu/hum202.html and the record of the class
group blog, with links to resources, is at http://cooperation.rheingold.com. The syllabus is
at http://shl.stanford.edu/hum202_syllabus.html. Douglas Schuler at Evergreen College is
replicating the course, and Zephyr Teachout, former Internet coordinator for the Howard
Dean campaign, has proposed offering it at Stanford. Saveri and Rheingold are in
discussion with U.C. Berkeley to present a version of the course in the future. As we
develop the curriculum for introductory cooperation studies, we make our syllabi, online
discussions, instructors’ notes, audio and video lectures, PowerPoint slides freely
available online. In addition to inspiring and provisioning other teachers, the course is
ongoing research into the methods of using our maps, exercises, and vocabularies to
educate perception—and serves as an organizing node for a social network of cooperation
studies teachers. Although we have a long way to go to understand the complexities of
human social behavior, first-rate thinkers in a number of disciplines have provided
excellent places to start. If there is to be a future generation of cooperation studies
researchers, courses like t his are needed to spark their vision and introduce them to
essential ideas.

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5. The Knowledge Commons

The Knowledge Commons (KC), an online database and interface that allows users to
store, create, find, and collate, and discuss information, is being created to support an
ongoing interdisciplinary study of cooperation and collective action .It is designed and
licensed to allow any population to use it for any knowledge domain

The components of the knowledge commons system are:

• Numerous interfaces including graphic “cooperation maps”

• A database of texts, summaries, findings, interviews, audio and video lectures,

discussions, games, and simulations

• An open-access system that enables users to add and refine content

• Ranking/reputation systems by which useful information is made more visible and

less useful data less so; user-defined filters that can rank according to user-defined
populations of critics.

A user accesses the knowledge commons by clicking on one of the many interfaces
available. The interface presents the user with a tool for visualizing the objects and
relations in the system. For example, the initial interface is a graphical map of
cooperation literature as well as “findings” extracted from that literature. At this point
there are several branching possibilities for the user:

• The user moves the cursor around the graphic interface (the mandala map, for
example), and as it moves over key concepts, a hotspot becomes visible.

• Hovering on the hotspot pops up a balloon with a one-sentence description of the

node—a key concept, author, activity, archive, source material.

• Holding down the mouse button on the hotspot pops up a menu of choices: One
paragraph and one page summary, key findings/insights, animation, simulation,
source material index, related discussions, related bookmarks, networks of people
who indicate interest in that node.

• If the user clicks on a finding, article, or interview, he will be presented with the
content. The “relations,” or things which that content is related to, such as author,
publication year, topic, and keywords will be presented in the interface as further
pathways for exploration.

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• If the user clicks on a “relation,” the system presents all data that instantiates the
relation. For example, if the user clicks on a “topic” (which connects related
material), then the system will show all of the material in that topic.

Users may add new substantive content (an article reference or interview, summary or
insight) including labeling or tagging it with relations to other content. Many items in the
KC will have discussions attached in the form of “posts” threaded underneath a single
item or linked to multiple items, such as a discussion comparing three different articles.

Because the knowledge commons is pluralistic, new relations emerge over time as
different viewpoints refine the content. As these new “knowledge webs” emerge, new
interfaces, or lenses, expand the ways that users can view and interact with the
knowledge content. These webs become instruments for educational and analytic
methods.

A basic working prototype of the KC has been created using open source tools, and
populated with an initial database of summaries and key insights from 50 fundamental
texts, and six edited video lectures from our Stanford Course. Several different visual
interfaces have been sketched but not fully implemented.

6. The Cooperation Network

Scientific, scholarly, and policy disciplines grow out of and are maintained by social
networks. Networks that span more than half a dozen separate disciplinary boundaries are
not likely to grow without deliberate positive action. The face-to-face workshops, college
courses, and online discussions conducted during the accomplishment of the first phase
of the Cooperation Project began the process of growing a social network. As the
Cooperation Toolset grows as an object to think with, and the project uses its past
accomplishment to attract the best minds to future workshops, courses, discussions, and
joint ventures, the social network of cooperation researchers, educators, and practitioners
will grow. In the next stage of development, the Knowledge Commons will afford
ongoing online discussions to maintain the relationships that began in CP-related events.

NEXT STEPS: 2005–2007

Workshopping and Expanding the Knowledge Commons

The Knowledge Commons is a scaffold for learning and interdisciplinary exchange, an

educational resource for scientists and public policy makers, a publishing medium for the
emerging interdiscipline, and a tool that can be used for other knowledge domains
besides cooperation studies. A researcher in a particular specialty can use the visual
interfaces and filters to get quick perspectives of the landscape in other disciplines,
through carefully prepared summaries and insights from the top 100 fundamental
documents, or delve deeper into hundreds of reports, links, bibliographies, and videos. A
community of contributors, similar to the Wikipedia community, will be encouraged to

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grow the KC when it is made public. Before this can be done, however, fundamental
problems must be solved: how are blogs and threaded discussions to be related to issues
and documents, providing a medium for ongoing discourse? What qualifications should
be set for becoming a contributor? What kind of reputation systems could make it
possible to invite the widest pool of contributors, and at the same time float the most
valid contributions to the top? How are GPL-like or Creative Commons licenses to be
applied to the KC? A number of workshops will be necessary to bring the present
prototype to the point where the best researchers in related fields, and their students, will
want to swarm on it.

As our social network of cooperation researchers grows, the initial knowledge base of 50
texts and six videos will expand to 200 summarized resources, with a bibliographic
collection of several hundred more—ready for summarization and/or distillation of
insights by the growing network in the future. We intend to extend our work with face-to-
face cooperation and public goods games and incorporate online simulation games to the
knowledge commons.

Refining the Maps and Visual Interfaces

A click-and-drag version of the first draft map could serve as a kind of graphical Delphi
tool for harvesting the judgment of a community of experts, each of whom could re-
arrange the map to suit their particular understanding. The graphic map is also the design
for a point-and-click front end for the database. The map is what Seymour Papert called
“an object to think with.” Taken together with the methodologies for using the toolset, the
input and resource functions of the Knowledge Commons, and the cooperation games,
the graphic map is part of a comprehensive instrument for enabling exploration and
encouraging insight. But the first maps are starting points, not definitive end-points. Our
next step must involve diverse communities of users, graphic designers, and domain
experts. Are other visualizations possible or even better? How can the static sketches
become interactive instruments? What do the best thinkers in cooperation-affiliated
domains think about the map? Are the levers and lenses accurate? Are there others that
we’ve missed? A program of expert workshops, user studies, and design exercises will
enable us to bring the maps to a broader population, with some confidence in their rigor,
accuracy, and utility.

Designing and Developing Educational Methods and Practices

The most important aspect of cooperation/collective action models lies in understanding

how to use them—for insight, rather than control. Playing the games or knowing the
theory or seeing the graphical map or studying the knowledge base is not going to confer
any magical ability to design or intervene in human social activities. However, as a tool
for seeing and medium for discussion, the Cooperation Toolset can serve as a test bed for
insight methodologies by practitioners in a wide variety of practices: conflict resolution,
business strategy, sustainability planning, resource allocation, leadership training,
distributed decision-making and forecasting. From the encounter of practitioners and the
Toolset, methodologies can be learned and designed—methods of using the Toolset that

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provoke insight and provide practitioners with internal models and heuristics for better
understanding the social dilemmas in their own fields. The Toolset, the body of
knowledge it makes available and navigable, the contributors and practitioners who use
it, change it, and grow it, constitute a technosocial system in which the human element is
always central. Just as a microscope or telescope magnify aspects of the natural world to
make them more visible and, together with a logical methodology, thus understandable,
the Toolset should make the dynamics of cooperation more visible and, together with the
experience and discourse of practitioners, more understandable. No model of human
collective action can be applied automatically to any specific group of human, but can
only serve to inform the people who end up making the decisions, or whose behavior
aggregates into something collectively decisive.

We’ve used blogs, wikis, and message boards in our learning groups, and plan to
continue to refine our immersive online learning methods through the discursive
capabilities we will build into the Knowledge Commons.

In our work with businesses and college students, we found that the experiential
component gained by playing cooperation games was successful in both motivating and
equipping learners. Working together with Stanford post-doctoral student, Scott Brave,
we illustrated fundamental principles of game theory, social dilemmas, and public goods,
using paper cups, chairs, and poker chips as props.

We’ve also developed several face-to-face interactive workshop processes for business
and nonprofit organizations that involve hands on engagement with key concepts and
frameworks in the cooperation toolkit to increase their understanding of cooperation and
insights about their own organization’s cooperative possibilities.

We plan to continue to explore both face-to-face and online games and simulations,
workshop processes, and other immersive and reflective activities as learning vehicles for
the cooperation toolkit.

Working with Practitioners: Using the Cooperation Toolset

If knowledge truly is a scaffold for power, those who work to enact change in the world
could benefit from thinking tools that show the dynamics of cooperation in new ways.
Drawn from a multitude of disciplines, this Cooperation Toolset is meant to act more like
a lens than a formula, designed to educate the perceptions of practitioners, not to give
them a scientific recipe for social engineering.

Practitioners who seek to improve civil society, resolve conflicts, foster international
understanding, plan sustainable development, design regulatory regimes for intellectual
property and public goods, design technologies, must necessarily work from personal
experience and specialized training. It’s not easy to keep up with theory when you are in
the field, much of the most salient theory is found in a number of disconnected
disciplines, and much of it is expressed in difficult technical terminology. How will
practitioners improve their success rate when they can quickly grasp a synthesis of what

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the best minds in sociology, biology, economics, political and computer sciences have
discovered about cooperation? If they could engage in structured discourse and directly
experience cooperation-based games, could they engage theory in more concrete ways—
and use appropriate aspects of that theory to inform their practice? How might their
experience in attempts to facilitate collective action feed the Knowledge Commons, for
the benefit of other theorists and other practitioners? Can we use forms of collective
action to better understand collective action? One of our first practitioner partnerships
focuses on the health care community.

Catalyzing Innovation in the Health Community

The CP is working with the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to catalyze breakthrough
innovations among a diverse group of stakeholders that will lead to improved health and
health care by fostering the development of:

• A new awareness and literacy of cooperative strategy in the extended health

community

• A reflexive application of that cooperative strategy in creating RWJF’s own

ongoing, collective knowledge commons—an online repository of diverse,
relevant innovations and interpersonal network of innovators that will serve as a
dynamic, public resource for ongoing discussion and discovery of opportunities
for transformation in health and health care

Our approach incorporates the best new knowledge about cooperative strategy, collective
organizational dynamics, and commons-based value creation to provide a framework for
prioritizing research that will significantly transform the broader health arena. We are
developing the outline of a dynamic knowledge community that RWJF can implement to
disseminate our findings and attract a community of pioneers who will grow this
knowledge base and apply it to the most pressing problems related to health and health
care. Our strategy is to position RWJF as a dedicated leader in engaging a community of
pioneers to develop the best collective wisdom about meaningful innovation in health,
enhance cross-organizational and cross industry cooperation, and improve those
organizations’ ability to see opportunities for individual and collective success.

Application to Strategic Planning

The CP has worked with the Herman Miller Company to explore the application of
cooperation studies to the strategic planning process of a for-profit corporation, we are in
discussions with other business enterprises, and we seek other partners to not only
support further research, but to provide practical, real-world problems to test the
Cooperation Toolset.

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We also seek partners in the NPO, NGO, and foundation worlds, who are working on
solving public problems that entail social dilemmas or commons issues, or could benefit
from applied use of cooperation technologies.

Working with Practitioners: Expansion Plans

We have several proposals in development to expand our work with practitioners of all
kinds.

1. Using Cooperative Strategy to Grow Community Wealth

The goal of the proposed project is to develop a theoretical framework and practical
toolkit for enabling local communities and regions to leverage and grow community
assets to create more sustainable wealth creation that reflects the values of the
community.

Local communities, especially those in inner cities, marginalized rural areas, and regions
experiencing rapid urbanization, face severe challenges of economic stagnation or
instability and loss of community control over resources and assets. One only needs to
look at rust belt communities or those with a new WalMart to see the shifts in economic
power and the imbalance of wealth creation.

At the same time, experiments in new bottom–up economic structures are emerging and
presenting a new vision of social and economic organization and wealth creation. Open
source software, Wikipedia, Google, eBay, Craig’s List, the Creative Commons—the
first successful pioneers of Internet-enabled sharing economies—have begun to exploit
the economic opportunities that network technologies and new methods of social
networking have made possible. Might these be the earliest instances of new economic
forms, enabled by new social technologies—just as capitalism was enabled by printing,
stock corporations, insurance companies, double-entry bookkeeping?

Using the Interra card rollout in Spring 2005 (Interra provides a payment card for use
with local merchants that also serves as a vehicle to “empower a community-based
movement of citizen consumers by providing tools for direct alignment between daily
economic activities and our deepest human values.”), the project will evaluate Interra’s
offerings and assess the prospects for broader diffusion. The project will use Interra as a
case study to analyze the implications of an emerging sharing economy—an alternative
economic structure based on principles of bottom up, open, peer-to-peer interactions, and
intensive social, technical, and transactional networking.

2. Creating Wealth through Cooperative Relationships

New business and production structures are beginning to provide compelling evidence
that diverse property and ownership rights can effectively catalyze new methods of
wealth creation. One only needs to look at the Internet’s Amazon and eBay, open source
software production, Wikipedia, and other examples of peer based commons production,
knowledge collectives, and resource collective to see that wealth and value can be

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generated through cooperative means, many times under conditions that would not be
productive using proprietary, competitive strategies. The difficulty for business and other
organizations is knowing when and how to use open, bottom–up strategies of production
and sharing. How does an organization systematically assess appropriate integration
points with the sharing economy?

The purpose of this project is to develop a strategic framework for making the open vs.
closed property rights decision. We will develop a set of thinking frameworks and
decision guidelines that help organizations (1) understand when and how to utilize
cooperative strategy, commons based production, and collective processes of bottom–up
value creation; and (2) how to deploy diverse property regimes across the organization to
create widespread wealth, perhaps even new sources of wealth. One important part of the
strategic framework will be a graphic map that helps practitioners think critically about
the social dilemmas they face in their communities, markets, and industries and the
choices, threats, and challenges posed by those social dilemmas. This will be an
important starting point for understanding the incentives and payoffs of various property
regimes and structural relationships.

3. Participatory Media and China’s Democratic Transition

The goal of this project is to explore interactive digital media and communication
technologies in order to advance the world’s understanding of China, and to promote the
knowledge, culture and social practices of those technologies, which will facilitate
China’s democratic transition, sustainable development and peaceful emergence in the
global community.

China is in the nascent stages of a momentous transition that will shape the world of the
21st century and beyond. Over 94 million Chinese are now online, and 330 million cell
phones are in use in the country. Participatory media technologies such as Weblogs,
Wikis and RSS are transforming communication, publishing and social organizations in
profound ways. This digital revolution has already altered the course of China’s ongoing
social and economic reforms while also creating unprecedented opportunities for
journalists and researchers to cover this complex and rapidly changing country.

How can we apply the participatory media approach—i.e. harness the distributive powers
of the Internet by utilizing both traditional media and user-generated content—to enhance
the world’s knowledge of China? How can new communication technologies, culture and
social practices be developed and applied to help grow civil society and create emerging
democratic institutions? Which technologies, methods of implementation, and culture of
social practices will encourage China’s transition towards a more open, humane and
democratic society? And finally, what are the ways to effectively promote new
knowledge and practices that will systematically facilitate massive adaptation of such
technologies and practices?

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4. Defining the Emerging Health Commons

Health and health care account for a large and growing part of the U.S. economy and
suffer from numerous well-documented challenges. Often, these challenges reflect what
UCLA sociologist Peter Kollock calls social dilemmas: situations in which individual
rationality leads to collective irrationality, or more simply put, what seems best for you
isn’t best for the collective (including you).

Health and health care is rife with these complex social dilemmas. The domain is
characterized by complex interdependence among diverse stakeholders with distinct,
sometimes conflicting objectives. Many times individual stakeholders end up acting in
ways that optimize locally and for the short term, rather than globally and for the long
term.

The Institute for the Future (IFTF) proposes to build a landscape map of the emerging
health commons that will identify key areas of innovation in the application of
cooperative strategy to complex health dilemmas. Current experiments suggest new
cooperative arrangements and approaches for improving the allocation of scarce
resources, stimulating new behaviors to create collective benefit, and catalyze
innovations in health services. Some examples of new cooperative arrangements and
health commons in the next 5–10 years include:

• Genetic and other biotech and life science research commons to increase the pace
and diversity of meaningful innovations in drug discovery and therapeutic
developments

• Equitable employee incentives, reward structures, monitoring and sanctions that

that lower the barriers to making healthy behavior choices, and the collective
costs of illness, lower health premiums, and increase employee health.

• Health consumers knowledge commons that collectively share and aggregate

personal health information (diagnosis, medical record data, and other medical)

• Collective intelligence processes that focus on diagnostic challenges for remote

practitioners and complex symptoms

• Decision markets for R&D labs that are strapped for financial resources or need to
tap broad sets of expertise to solve difficult research problems

• Processes of aggregation of clinical trial data to develop valid data sets of hard to
find cases more rapidly

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