CHAPTER 2: THE STRUCTURE OF ATOM

1. The graph below shows the change in temperature with time when a matter in solid
state was heated.

Temperature/ OC
D

Time/s

By referring to the graph above, complete the table below.

Explanation in terms of energy change and

Point States of matter
movement of particles

Heating causes the particles to ………………………..

A to B more energy and vibrate ……………………….. The
temperature of the substance and the kinetic energy
…………………………………

Continuous heating does not cause the temperature of

the substance to increase. The energy absorbed is
B to C used to …………………………… the forces of
attraction between the ………………………. The
constant temperature is called the …………………..
…………………………………………..

Continuous heating causes the temperature of the

C to D liquid to …………………………… The particles move
………………………. Because their kinetic energy is
……………………………………..

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2. (a) The graph below shows the change in temperature with time when a matter in liquid
state is left to cool.

Temperature / OC

P
Q R

Time/s

By referring to the graph above, complete the table below.

Point State of matter Explanation

As cooling continues, particles lose …………..
P to Q Kinetic energy, move ………………………. and
the temperature …………………………
The stronger bonds ……………………. during
Q to R freezing release energy. This energy released
is the same as the energy ………………. to the
surroundings during cooling. Thus the
temperature remains unchanged. This constant
temperature is called …………………………..

R to S The temperature ………………………. as the

cooling continues

3. Symbols of Elements
The standard representation for an atom of any element shows the proton number and
the nucleon number of the element. It can be written as follows:

A
Z X
# A – Nucleon number

Z – proton number

X – symbol of element
Proton number
1 21 2
H Sc Nucleon number He

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 1 45 4
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be B C N O F Ne
7 9 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
23 24 27 28 31 32 35 40
19 20 21
K Ca Sc
39 40 45

By referring to part of the Periodic Table of Element above, complete the table below.

Symbo Proton No. of Nucleon No. of Standard

Element
l number neutrons number electrons representation
Scandium

Aluminium

Argon

Beryllium

Boron

Calcium

Carbon

Chlorine

Fluorine

Helium

Hydrogen

Lithium

Magnesium

Neon

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Phosphorus

Potassium
ISOTOPES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE

Fill in the blanks.

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1. Isotop merupakan atom-atom berbeza bagi unsur SAMA yang mempunyai nombor
proton ___________________ tetapi nombor nukleon ______________________
2. Complete the table below:

Number of Symbol of Number of Number of Number of Name of

Element
isotopes isotopes protons electrons neutrons isotope
1
1H 1
1 Hydrogen-2
Hydrogen 3
1 2
16
8O 8 8 Oxygen-16
8 9
Oxygen 3
18
8O
6 Carbon-12
6 7
Carbon 3 14
6C 6 8
35
17 Cl 17
Chlorine 2
17 20
35 Bromine-80
Bromine 2
35 35 Bromine-81

3. For each of the isotope listed below, state one of its uses.

a) Gamma rays of Cobalt-60: ………………………………………………………………….

b). Carbon-14: …………………………………………………………………………………..

c). Phosphorus-32: ……………………………………………………………………………..

d). Sodium- 24: …………………………………………………………………………………

e). Iodine -131: ……………………………………………………………………………………

SUSUNAN ELEKTRON

Fill in the blanks and complete the table below.

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 1. Electrons are filled in specific shells, starting with the shell nearest to the nucleus of the
atom. Every shell can be filled only with a certain number of electrons.
For the elements with proton number 1 to 20

The first shell can be filled with a maximum of ……………. electrons

The second shell can be filled with a maximum of ……………. electrons

The third shell can be filled with a maximum of …………….electrons

Use ‘x’ as symbol for electrons. Draw the maximum number of electrons in ea

2. Draw the electron

arrangement of a
23
sodium atom, 11 Na in the box
Number of protons
and complete the table below Number of electrons
Number of neutrons
Proton number
Nucleon number
Electron arrangement

x 3. Valence electrons are electrons in the ………………..………… shell of a neutral

atom.

4. Identify the number of valence electrons in these atoms according to its electron
arrangement.

Atom of Element Electron Arrangement Number of valence electrons

Oxygen 2.6
Aluminium 2.8.3
Chlorine 2.8.7
Neon 2.8
Potassium 2.8.8.1
Magnesium 2.8.2

CHAPTER 3 : CHEMICAL FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS

A RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS (RAM) AND RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS (RMM)

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Relative atomic mass of an element , Ar
= The average mass of an atom of the element
1/12 x the mass of an atom of carbon-12

Example:
Ar of C=12
Ar of O=16
Ar of Mg=24

Relative molecular mass of a substance, Mr

= The Average mass of a molecule of the substance

1/12 x the mass of an atom of carbon-12

Calculating Relative molecular mass,Mr

Mr= The sum of Ar of all atoms present in one molecule
2 Hydrogen
Molecular atoms
Example: formula

Mr of Water, H2O = 2(1) + 16 = 18

Relative atomic mass for

Relative atomic mass for
Oxygen
Hydrogen

Mr of Carbon dioxide, CO2 = 12 + 2(16) = 44

All Ar, Mr and Fr
For ionic substance , Relative formula mass , Fr have no unit
= The sum of Ar of all atoms present in the formula

Example:
Fr of Magnesium oxide, MgO = 24 + 16 = 40
Fr of Sodium chloride, NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5

1. Calculate the relative formula masses of the following ionic compounds in the table.

Substance Compound formula Relative formula mass, Fr

Potassium oxide K2O 2(39) + 16 = 94

Aluminium sulphate Al2(SO4)3 2(27)+3[32+4(16)]=342

Zinc nitrate Zn(NO3)2

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 Aluminium nitrate Al(NO3)3

Calcium carbonate CaCO3

Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2

Hydrated copper(II) CuSO4.5H2O 64 + 32 + 4(16) + 5[2(1) + 16]=250

sulphate

Hydrated sodium Na2CO3.10H2O

carbonate

Sodium hydrogen NaHSO4

sulphate

Aluminium chloride AlCl3

Copper(II) sulphate CuSO4

Zinc carbonate ZnCO3

Potassium K2CO3
carbonate

[Relative atomic mass: O,16; C,12; H,1; K,39 ; Cu,64 ; Zn, 65; Cl, 35.5 ; Al, 27 S,32 ;
Ca, 40; Na,23; N, 14]

B THE MOLE AND THE NUMBER OF PARTICLES

1. Relationship between number of moles and number of particles

(atom/ion/molecules):

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 x Avogadro Constant
number of moles number of particles

∻ A vogadro Constant

Number of moles Number of particles

0.5 mol of carbon atoms …………………………………… atoms of

carbon

0.2 moles of hydrogen gas ( H2) (i) …………………………..molecules

of hydrogen gas
(ii) …………………………….Atoms of
hydrogen

2 mol of carbon dioxide molecules ………………x 10 23 molecules of carbon dioxide

gas contains :

………………. atoms of C and

…………………. atoms of O

0.007 mol of calcium ions ……………………… calcium ions

…………………………. mol of water 6.02 x 10 25 molecules of water

0.4 mol of ozone gas ( O3) ………………….x 10 23 molecules of ozone,

contains :

……………………… atoms of O

a) 3 mol of carbon dioxide, (CO2) contains …………………………………….. molecules

b) 0.5 mol Copper (II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 contains ………………………………….. Cu2+

ions and …………………………………………………. NO3- ions

C NUMBER OF MOLES AND MASS OF SUBSTANCES

x Molar mass
Number Mass
Of in g
moles
∻ Molar mass

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 1. Calculate the masses of these substances
a) 2 moles of aluminium atoms b) 10 moles of iodine atoms
Mass = Mass =

c) 3 moles of lithium atoms d) 0.5 moles of oxygen gas (O2)

Mass = Mass =

e) 0.1 moles of sodium f) 2 moles of chlorine molecules (Cl2)

Mass = Mass =

2. Calculate the Number of Moles from a given Mass

a) 88g of carbon dioxide (CO2) b) 3.1g of sulphur dioxide (SO2)

Number of moles = Number of moles =

c) 560g of potassium hydroxide (KOH) d) 392g of sulphuric acid (H2SO4)

Number of moles = Number of moles =

e) 170g of ammonia (NH3) f) 120g of magnesium oxide (MgO)

Number of moles = Number of moles =

D NUMBER OF MOLES AND VOLUME OF GAS

x 22.4/24 dm3
Number of moles of gas Volume of gas

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 ∻22.4/24 dm3

a) 3 moles of oxygen b) 2 moles of CH4

Volume = Volume =

c) 0.3 moles of Argon d) 0.2 moles of SO3

Volume = Volume =

e) 0.1 moles of N2 f) 1.5 mol of N2

Volume = Volume =

Complete the diagram below . (Refer to Page 33,34 & 38-Chemistry textbook)

Volume of gas (dm3)

Mass in gram Number of moles No of particles

Solve these numerical problems

1. What is the volume of 0.3 mole of sulphur dioxide gas at STP?

[Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP]

(Ans: 6.72 dm3)

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2. Find the number of moles of oxygen gas contained in a sample of 120 cm3 of the gas
at room conditions.
[Molar volume: 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions]

(ans: 0.005 mol)

3. Calculate the number of water molecules in 90 g of water, H2O.

[Relative atomic mass: H, 1; O, 16. Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]

(Ans; 3.01x 1024 molecules)

4. What is the volume of 24 g methane ,CH4 at STP?

[Relative atomic mass: H, 1; C, 12. Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP]

(Ans: 33.6 dm3)

5. How many aluminium ions are there in 20.4 g of aluminium oxide, Al2O3?
[Relative atomic mass: O, 16; Al, 27. Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-

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 (2 x 0.2 x 6.02 x1023)

6. Calculate the number of hydrogen molecules contained in 6 dm3 of hydrogen gas at

room conditions.
[Molar volume: 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023
mol-1]

(Ans: 1.505x1023 molecules)

7. Find the volume of nitrogen in cm3 at STP that consists of 2.408 x 1023 nitrogen
molecules.
[Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP. Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]

(Ans: 8.96 dm3 )

E CHEMICAL FORMULAE

1) There are two types of chemical formulae. Complete the following:

** Empirical Formula 

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** Molecular Formula 

2) Find the empirical formula of a compound

Example of calculation:
a) When 11.95 g of metal X oxide is reduced by hydrogen, 10.35 g of metal X is
produced. Find the empirical formula of metal X oxide [ RAM; X,207; O,16 ]

Element X O
Mass of element(g) 10.35 11.95-10.35
Number of moles of atoms 10.35÷207 (11.95-10.35)÷16

Ratio of moles
Simplest ratio of moles

Empirical formula : ……………

b) A certain compound contains the following composition:

Na 15.23%, Br 52.98% , O 31.79%, [ RAM : O, 16; Na, 23; Br,80]
(Assume that 100g of substance is used)
Element Na Br O
Mass of element(g) 15.23 52.98 31.79
Number of moles atoms 15.23 ÷23 52.98÷80 31.79÷16

Ratio of moles
Simplest ratio of moles

Empirical formula:: ……………………………………………….

c) 2.52g of a hydrocarbon contains 2.16 g of carbon. The relative molecular mass of the
hydrocarbon is 84. [RAM H,1; C,12]
i. Find the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon

ii. Find the molecular formula of the carbon.

Chemical Formula for ionic compounds:

Complete the table below :
Cation Formula Anion Formula
Hydrogen ion H
+ Flouride ion F
−

Lithium ion Chloride ion

Sodium ion Bromide ion
Potassium ion Iodide ion

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 Magnesium ion Hydroxide ion
Calcium ion Ca2+ Nitrate ion
Barium ion Ba 2+ Manganate(VII) ion
Copper(II) ion Ethanoate ion CH 3 COO
−

Iron(II) ion O2−

Iron (III) ion Sulphate ion
Lead (II) ion Sulphide ion 2−
S
Zinc ion Carbonate ion
Chromium (III) ion Dichromate (VI) ion Cr 2 O
7 2−
Aluminium ion 3+ PO
Al 4 3−
Ammonium ion Chromate (VI) ion

a) Chemical formula of an ionic compound comprising of the ions Xm+ and Yn- is constructed
by exchanging the charges of each element. The formula obtained will XnYm

Example : Sodium oxide Copper (II) nitrate

Na+ O2- Cu2+ NO3-

+1 -2 +2 -1

2 1 1 2

= Na2O = ....................

b) Construct a chemical formula for each of the following ionic compounds:

(i) Magnesium chloride (ii) Potassium carbonate

(iii) Calcium sulphate (iv) Copper (II) oxide

(v) Silver nitrate (vi) Zinc nitrate

(vii Aluminium oxide (viii) Iron(II) hydroxide

)

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 (ix) Lead(II) sulphide (x) Chromium(III) sulphate

CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Complete the following word equations and write in chemical equation

a) Sodium + chlorine  …………………………..

………… + ……………  NaCl
b) Carbon + ………..  Carbon dioxide
………. + …………  ……………………..

c) Sulphur + oxygen  ……………………………

……….. + ………..  …………………………..

d) Zinc + oxygen  ………………………………..

………… + O2  ………………………………..

3) Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions and interpret the equations
quantitatively.

(a). Carbon monoxide gas + oxygen gas  carbon dioxide gas

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Interpreting:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(b). Hydrogen gas + nitrogen gas  ammonia gas

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Interpreting:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

(c). Aluminium + Iron (III) oxide  aluminium oxide + Iron

……………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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 Interpreting:
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

** Numerical Problems Involving Chemical Equations

Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the following equation:

2
H 2 O2 (l)  2 H 2 O (l) + O2 (g)
1). Calculate the volume of oxygen gas,
O2 measured at STP that can be obtained from
the decomposition of 34 g of hydrogen peroxide,
H 2 O2 .
3 −1
[Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; O, 16. Molar volume : 22.4 dm mol at STP]

(Ans: 11.2 dm3)

2).Silver carbonate Ag2CO3 breaks down easily when heated to produce silver metal
2 Ag2CO3(l) 4 Ag (s) + 2
CO2 (g) + 2 O
Find the mass of silver carbonate that is required to produce 10 g of silver
[Relative atomic mass: C, 12 ; O, 16 ; Ag, 108]

(Ans : 12.77g)

3). 16 g of copper (II) oxide, CuO is reacted with excess methane,

CH 4 . Using the
equation below, find the mass of copper that is produced.
[Relative atomic mass : Cu, 64 ; O, 16]
4 CuO (s) + CH 4 (g)  4 Cu (s) + CO 2 (g) + 2 H 2 O (l)

(Ans : 12.8 g)

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4). A student heats 20 g of calcium carbonate
CaCO 3 strongly. It decomposes according
to the equation below:
CaCO 3 (s) CaO (s) + CO 2 (g).
(a). If the carbon dioxide produced is collected at room conditions, what is its volume?

(b). Calculate the mass of calcium oxide, CaO produced.

[Relative atomic mass: C, 12 ; O, 16; Ca, 40. Molar volume :
24 dm3 mol−1 at room conditions]

(Ans : (a). 4.8 dm 3 (b) 11.2 g)

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