Southeast Asian Bulletin of Mathematics (2009) 33: 391–400 Southeast Asian

Bulletin of
Mathematics
c SEAMS. 2009

The (∈, ∈ ∨q)-Fuzzy Subsemigroups and Ideals of an

(∈, ∈ ∨q)-Fuzzy Semigroup∗

Yunqiang Yin and Dehua Xu

College of Mathematics and Information Sciences, East China Institute of Technology,
Fuzhou, Jiangxi 344000, China
Email: yinyunqiang@mail.bnu.edu.cn

Hongxing Li
School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Dalian University of Technology,
Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
Email: lhxqx@mail.bnu.edu.cn

Received 5 December 2006

Accepted 29 March 2007

Communicated by K.P. Shum

AMS Mathematics Subject Classification(2000): 03E72

Abstract. In this paper, using the idea of quasi-coincidence of a fuzzy point with a fuzzy
set, the concepts of the (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroups and ideals of an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy
semigroup are introduced and some related properties are investigated. Finally, in the
sense of homomorphism between two crisp semigroups, the image and the inverse image
of the (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroups and ideals are studied.

Keywords: Fuzzy point; Quasi-coincidence; (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroups; (∈, ∈ ∨q)-

fuzzy left (resp. right) ideals; (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideals.

1. Introduction

The concept of fuzzy set was introduced by Zadeh [19]. Since then, many pa-
∗ Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (60474023), Research Fund

for Doctoral Program of Higher Education (20020027013), Science and Technology Key Project
Fund of Ministry of Education (03184) and Major State Basic Research Development Program
of China (2002CB312200).
392 Y.Q. Yin et al.

pers on fuzzy sets appeared showing the importance of the concept and its
applications to logic, set theory, group theory, groupoids, real analysis, measure
theory, topology, ect. Many notions of mathematics can be extended to such
sets, and various properties of these notions in the context of fuzzy sets are
established. It was first applied to the theory of groups by A. Rosenfeld [14].
A. Rosenfeld’s definition was extended by C.V. Negoita and D.A. Ralescu [12]
and redefined by S.K. Bhakat and P. Das [4]. Since then, many authors fur-
ther introduced fuzzy subsemigroups, fuzzy subrings, fuzzy ideals and so on(see,
e.g., [5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18]). Especially, the concept of (α, β)-fuzzy
subgroups was introduced by S.K.Bhakat and P. Das [5], based on the idea of
quasi-coincidence of a fuzzy point with a fuzzy set, in which the (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy
subgroup is an important and useful generalization of (α, β)-fuzzy subgroups.
Recently, (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy K-algebra and fuzzy Lie algebra have also been stud-
ied by M. Akram [2, 3]. Intuitionistic (τ, s)-fuzzy ideals of nearring have been
studied by K.P. Shum and M. Akram in [15].
As a further study, we will discuss the (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroups and
ideals of an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy semigroup.

2. Preliminaries

In this section, we will briefly restate some basic notions which will be used in
the sequel.
Let X be any non-empty set. A mapping µ : X → [0, 1] is called a fuzzy
subset of X. For any A ⊆ X and r ∈ [0, 1], rA : X → [0, 1] is defined by

r if x ∈ A,
rA (x) =
0 otherwise.
for any x ∈ X. In particular, if r = 1, then 1A is said to be the characteristic
function of A, and we shall use the symbol CA for 1A .

Definition 2.1. [13] Let X be any non-empty set. A fuzzy subset λ of X defined
by 
r(6= 0) if y = x
λ(y) =
0 if y 6= x
is said to be a fuzzy point with support x and value r and is denoted by xr .

Definition 2.2. [13] A fuzzy point xr is said to belong to (resp. be quasi-coincident

with) a fuzzy set λ, written as xr ∈ λ (resp. xr q λ) if λ(x) ≥ r (resp. λ(x)+r >
1).
If λ(x) ≥ r or λ(x) + r > 1, then we write xr ∈ ∨q λ.

Definition 2.3. Let X be a non-empty set, λ and µ be fuzzy subsets of X. If

xr ∈ µ implies xr ∈ ∨q λ, then we write µ ⊆ ∨q λ.
(∈, ∈ ∨q)-Fuzzy Subsemigroups and Ideals 393

Definition 2.4. Let X be any non-empty set and λ a fuzzy subset of X. Then for
any r ∈ (0, 1], the sets λr = {x ∈ X|λ(x) ≥ r} and Supp(λ) = {x ∈ X|λ(x) > 0}
are called r-cut set and supporting set of λ respectively.

Definition 2.5. [8, 9] Let S be a semigroup, λ and µ fuzzy subsets of S. Then

the product of λ and µ, denoted by, λ ◦ µ is defined by
( W
µ(y) ∧ ν(z) for y, z ∈ S,
(λ ◦ µ)(x) = x=yz
0 otherwise.

Clearly, for any fuzzy points xr and yt of S, xr ◦ yt = (xy)r∧t . Also, for any
fuzzy subsets λ, µ and ν of S, (λ ◦ µ) ◦ ν = λ ◦ (µ ◦ ν).

Definition 2.6. [8, 9] Let S be a semigroup. A fuzzy subset λ of S is called a

fuzzy subsemigroup of S if λ(xy) ≥ λ(x) ∧ λ(y) for any x, y ∈ S.

3. The (∈, ∈ ∨q)-Fuzzy Subsemigroups and Ideals of an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-

Semigroup

Definition 3.1. Let S be a semigroup. A fuzzy subset λ of S is said to be an

(∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup, if r, t ∈ (0, 1], xr , yt ∈ λ ⇒ xr ◦ yt ∈ ∨q λ, for all
x, y ∈ S.

It is clear that if λ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup of S, then Supp(λ) is

a subsemigroup of S.

Remark 3.2. A fuzzy subsemigroup according to Definition 2.6. is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-

fuzzy subsemigroup. However, the converse does not hold in general as the
following example shows.

Example 3.3. Let S = {a, b, c} be a semigroup with the following multiplication

table:
a b c
a a c b
b c b a
c b a c
Let µ : S → [0, 1] defined by µ = 0.5 0.6 0.6
a + b + c . Then it is clear that µ is an
(∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup of S, but it is not a fuzzy subsemigroup according
to Definition 2.7.

In the sequel, unless otherwise stated, λ always represents any given (∈, ∈
394 Y.Q. Yin et al.

∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup of a semigroup S. For any r, t ∈ [0, 1], M (r, t) will

denote r ∧ t. ∈ ∨q means ∈ ∨q does not hold and ⊆ ∨q implies ⊆ ∨q is not true.

Definition 3.4. Let µ be any non-empty fuzzy subset of λ. Then µ is said to be

an
(1) (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup of λ, if for any xr , yt ∈ λ, xr , yt ∈ µ ⇒
xr ◦ yt ∈ ∨q µ;
(2) (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy left (resp. right) ideal of λ, if for all xr ∈ λ, yt ∈ µ ⇒
xr ◦ yt ∈ ∨q µ (resp. yt ◦ xr ∈ ∨q µ);
(3) (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideal of λ, if it is both (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy left and (∈, ∈ ∨q)-
fuzzy right.

Theorem 3.5. Let µ be any non-empty fuzzy subset of λ. Then the following
statements are equivalent:
(1) µ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup of λ;
(2) for any x, y ∈ Supp(λ), µ(xy) ≥ M (µ(x), µ(y), 0.5);
(3) µ ◦ µ ⊆ ∨q µ;
(4) µ ◦ µ ∩ 0.5Supp(λ) ⊆ µ;
(5) for any r ∈ (0, 0.5], if µr is non-empty, then µr is a subsemigroup of λr .

Proof. (1)⇒(2). For any x, y ∈ Supp(λ), if possible, let µ(xy) < M (µ(x), µ(y),
0.5). Choose r such that µ(xy) < r < M (µ(x), µ(y), 0.5). Then xr ∈ µ, yr ∈ µ
but xr ◦ yr = (xy)r ∈ ∨q µ, a contradiction. Therefore, (1) implies (2).
(2)⇒(3). For any xr ∈ µ ◦ µ, if possible, let xr ∈ ∨q W µ. Then µ(x) < r and
µ(x)
W + r ≤ 1. Hence µ(x) < 0.5. Now, r ≤ (µ ◦ µ)(x) = x=yz M (µ(y), µ(z)) ≤
x=yz µ(yz) (since 0.5 > µ(x) = µ(yz) ≥ M (µ(y), µ(z), 0.5) = M (µ(y), µ(z)))=
µ(x), a contradiction. Hence, xr ∈ ∨q µ. Therefore, (2) implies (3).
(3)⇒(4). For any xr ∈ µ ◦ µ ∩ 0.5Supp(λ) , namely r < 0.5 and xr ∈ µ ◦ µ.
If xr 6∈ µ, then µ(x) < r < 0.5, this implies that xr ∈ ∨q µ, which contradicts
xr ∈ µ ◦ µ ⊆ ∨q µ. Hence xr ∈ µ. Therefore, (3) implies (4).
(4)⇒(5). For any r ∈ (0, 0.5], T x, y ∈ µr , that is µ(x) ≥ r, µ(y) ≥ r,
we W then have µ(xy) ≥ (µ ◦ µ 0.5Supp(λ) )(xy) = M ((µ ◦ µ)(xy), 0.5) =
M ( ab=xy M (µ(a), µ(b)), 0.5) ≥ M (µ(x), µ(y), 0.5) ≥ M (r, 0.5) = r. This im-
plies that xy ∈ µr . Hence (4) implies (5).
(5)⇒(1). Let xr , yt ∈ µ. If xr ◦ yt = (xy)M(r,t) ∈ ∨q µ, then µ(xy) < M (r, t)
and µ(xy) + M (r, t) ≤ 1. Hence µ(xy) < 0.5. Choose s such that µ(xy) <
s ≤ M (r, t, 0.5) ≤ M (µ(x), µ(y), 0.5). Thus x ∈ µs , y ∈ µs but xy 6∈ µs , a
contradiction. Therefore, for all xr , yt ∈ µ, xr ◦ yt ∈ µ, namely (5) implies (1).

Theorem 3.6. Let µ be any non-empty fuzzy subset of λ. Then the following
statements are equivalent:
(1) µ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy left (resp. right) ideal of λ;
(∈, ∈ ∨q)-Fuzzy Subsemigroups and Ideals 395

(2) for any x, y ∈ Supp(λ), µ(xy) ≥ M (λ(x), µ(y), 0.5) (resp. µ(xy) ≥
M (µ(x), λ(y), 0.5));
(3) λ ◦ µ ⊆ ∨q µ (resp. µ ◦ λ ⊆ ∨q µ);
(4) λ ◦ µ ∩ 0.5Supp(λ) ⊆ µ (resp. µ ◦ λ ∩ 0.5Supp(λ) ⊆ µ);
(5) for any r ∈ (0, 0.5], if µr is non-empty, then µr is a left (resp. right) ideal
of λr .

Corollary 3.7. Let µ be an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup (resp. left ideal, right
ideal) of λ. Then Supp(µ) is a subsemigroup (resp. left ideal, right ideal) of
Supp(λ).

Theorem 3.8. Let µ be an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy left ideal and ν an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy
right ideal of λ. Then µ ◦ ν is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideal of λ.

Proof. Assume that µ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy left ideal of λ, then by Theorem 3.6.,
we have λ ◦ (µ ◦ ν) ∩ 0.5Supp(λ) = (λ ◦ µ) ◦ ν ∩ 0.5Supp(λ) = (λ ◦ µ ∩ 0.5Supp(λ) ) ◦ ν ⊆
µ ◦ ν. Similarly, assume that ν is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy right ideal of λ, then
(µ ◦ ν) ◦ λ ∩ 0.5Supp(λ) ⊆ µ ◦ ν. Therefore, µ ◦ ν is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideal of λ.

Theorem T 3.9. Let {µi |i ∈ I} be any family of (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroups of

λ. Then i∈I µi is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup of λ. If {µi |i T ∈ I} is any
family
S of (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy left (resp. right) ideals of λ, then both i∈I µi and
i∈I µi are (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy left (resp. right) ideals of λ.

Proof. The case for intersection is straightforward. Let {µi |i ∈ I} be any

familySof (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy left ideals of λ. Then S for any x ∈ Supp(λ), if
(λ ◦ ( Si∈I µi ))(x) = 0, it is clear that ((λ ◦ ( i∈I µi )) ∩ 0.5Supp(λ) )(x) =
0 ≤ ( i∈I µi )(x). Otherwise,
S there exist y, z ∈ Supp(λ) S such that x = yz.
Thus,
W we have ((λ ◦ (
S i∈I i µ )) ∩ 0.5 )(x)
Supp(λ) W = M ((λ ◦ ( Wi∈I µi ))(x), 0.5) =
M (Wx=yzWM (λ(y), ( i∈I µi )(z)), 0.5) = MW ( x=yzW M (λ(y), i∈I µi (z)), 0.5) =
M
W W( i∈I x=yz M (λ(y), µi
W (z)), 0.5) = S i∈I x=yz M (λ(y), µi (z), 0.5) ≤
i∈I Sx=yz i µ (yz) = µ
i∈I Si (x) = ( S i
i∈I µ )(x). This implies that
(λ ◦ ( i∈I µi )) ∩ 0.5Supp(λ) ⊆ i∈I µi . Hence i∈I µi is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy left
ideal of λ.

By Theorem 3.9., we can deduce the following Theorems:

Theorem 3.10. The family of all the (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroups of λ equipped
with fuzzy set inclusion relation ” ⊆ ” constitutes a complete lattice. Its maximal
element is λ. Moreover, it is closed under fuzzy set intersection.

Proof. If µ and ν are two (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroups of λ, then µ ∩ ν is also

an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup of λ(by Theorem 3.9.) and is the greatest lower
396 Y.Q. Yin et al.

bound, while the unique smallest (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup containing µ ∪ ν,

namely the intersection of the family of all (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroups of λ
containing µ ∪ ν is their least upper bound. There is no difficulty in replacing
{µ, ν} by an arbitrary family of (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroups of λ, and so
the family of all the (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroups of λ equipped with fuzzy
set inclusion relation ” ⊆ ” constitutes a complete lattice. It is clear that its
maximal element is λ and it is closed under fuzzy set intersection.

Theorem 3.11. The family of all the (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy left (resp. right) ideals of
λ equipped with fuzzy set inclusion relation ” ⊆ ” constitutes a complete lattice.
And for any (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy left (resp. right) ideals µ and ν of λ, µ ∩ ν and
µ ∪ ν are the greatest lower bound and least upper bound of {µ, ν}, respectively.
Its maximal element is λ. Moreover, it is closed under fuzzy set intersection and
union.

Theorem 3.12. Let µ be an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy left ideal of λ and i(µ) = {xr |xr ∈
µ, xr ◦ λ ⊆ ∨q µ, r ∈ (0, 1]}. Then i(µ) is the largest (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideal of λ
contained in µ.

Proof. (1) i(µ) is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideal of λ. In fact, let x, y ∈ Supp(λ). If

possible, let i(µ)(xy) < M (i(µ)(x), λ(y), 0.5). Choose r such that i(µ)(xy) <
r < M (i(µ)(x), λ(y), 0.5). Then xr ∈ i(µ) and yr ∈ λ, namely xr ∈ µ and
xr ◦ λ ⊆ ∨q µ. Now, xr ◦ yr = (xy)r ∈ xr ◦ λ ⊆ ∨q µ and (xy)r ◦ λ =
xr ◦ (yr ◦ λ) ⊆ xr ◦ λ ⊆ ∨q µ. Then there must be (xy)r ∈ µ. Otherwise,
if (xy)r 6∈ µ, then µ(xy) < r < 0.5, thus (xy)r ∈ ∨q µ, a contradiction. This
implies that (xy)r ∈ i(µ), namely i(µ)(xy) > r, a contradiction. Therefore,
i(µ)(xy) ≥ M (i(µ)(x), λ(y), 0.5), for any x, y ∈ Supp(λ). Similarly, i(µ)(xy) ≥
M (λ(x), i(µ)(y), 0.5), for all x, y ∈ Supp(λ). Consequently, i(µ) is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-
fuzzy ideal of λ.
(2) It is clear that i(µ) ⊆ µ.
(3) Let ν be any (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideal of λ such that ν ⊆ µ. Then for any
xr ∈ ν ⊆ µ, we have xr ◦ λ ⊆ ∨q ν ⊆ µ, this implies that xr ∈ i(µ). Hence
ν ⊆ i(µ).
Therefore, i(µ) is the largest (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideal of λ contained in µ.

Theorem 3.13. Let µ be an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy left ideal of S and I(µ) = {xr |µ◦xr ⊆
∨q µ, r ∈ (0, 1]}. Then I(µ) is the largest (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup of S such
that µ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideal of I(µ).

Proof. (1) µ ⊆ I(µ). In fact, for any xr ∈ µ, we have µ ◦ xr ⊆ S ◦ µ ⊆ ∨q µ(since

µ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy left ideal of S).
(2) I(µ) is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup of S. In fact, let x, y ∈ S. If
possible, let I(µ)(xy) < M (I(µ)(x), I(µ)(y), 0.5). Choose r such that I(µ)(xy) <
r < M (I(µ)(x), I(µ)(y), 0.5). Then xr ∈ I(µ), yr ∈ I(µ), (xy)r 6∈ I(µ) and
r < 0.5. If ∃zt ∈ µ such that zt ◦ (xy)r = (zxy)M(r,t) ∈ ∨q µ, namely, µ(zxy) <
(∈, ∈ ∨q)-Fuzzy Subsemigroups and Ideals 397

M (r, t) < r < 0.5, then µ(xy) = M (S(z), µ(xy), 0.5) ≤ µ(zxy) < r < 0.5(since
µ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy left ideal of S). Hence (xy)r = xr ◦ yr ∈ ∨q µ, which
contradicts yr ∈ I(µ). This implies that µ◦(xy)r ⊆ ∨q µ, namely (xy)r ∈ I(µ), a
contradiction. Therefore, I(µ)(xy) ≥ M (I(µ)(x), I(µ)(y), 0.5), for any x, y ∈ S.
Consequently, I(µ) is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup of S.
(3) µ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideal of I(µ). In fact, since µ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy
left ideal of S, so I(µ) ◦ µ ⊆ S ◦ µ ⊆ ∨q µ.
Now, if possible, let ∃x, y ∈ Supp(I(µ)) such that µ(xy) <
M (µ(x), I(µ)(y), 0.5). Choose r such that µ(xy) < r < M (µ(x), I(µ)(y), 0.5).
Then xr ∈ µ, yr ∈ I(µ), (xy)r ∈ ∨q µ. Since yr ∈ I(µ), so (xy)r = xr ◦ yr ∈
µ ◦ yr ⊆ ∨q µ, namely, (xy)r ∈ ∨q µ, a contradiction. Hence µ(xy) ≥
M (µ(x), I(µ)(y), 0.5), for any x, y ∈ Supp(I(µ)), namely µ ◦ I(µ) ⊆ ∨q µ.
Therefore, µ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideal of I(µ).
(4) Let ν be an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup of S such that µ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-
fuzzy ideal of ν. Then for any xr ∈ ν, we have µ ◦ xr ⊆ µ ◦ ν ⊆ ∨q µ, that is
xr ∈ I(µ), hence ν ⊆ I(µ).
Consequently, I(µ) is the largest (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup of S such that
µ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideal of I(µ).

Next, we will turn our attention to the relations between the (∈, ∈ ∨q)-
fuzzy subsemigroups (resp. ideals) of λ and the subsemigroups (resp. ideals) of
Supp(λ). Let us begin with the following Lemma.

Lemma 3.14. Let A be any subsemigroup (resp. ideal) of Supp(λ). Then the
fuzzy subset µ of λ is defined by

r x∈A
µ(x) = for all x ∈ Supp(λ)
t otherwise
V
where r, t ∈ (0, 1] and x∈S λ(x) ≥ r > t, is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup
(resp. ideal) of λ

Proof. Straightforward.

Lemma 3.14. indicates that for any subsemigroup (resp. ideal) A of Supp(λ),
there exist (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroups (resp. ideals) of λ whose supporting
set are precisely A.
Assume that µ is any (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup (resp. ideal) of λ. Let
µ = {ν|ν is an (∈, ∈ ∨q) − f uzzy subsemigroup(resp.ideal) of λ and Supp(µ) =
Supp(ν)}. Then it’s easy to see that µ is a equivalent class of the family of all the
(∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroups (resp. ideals) of λ. Combing this with Corollary
3.7., Theorem 3.8. and Lemma 3.14., we can have the following Theorem:

Theorem 3.15. Let A = {µ|µ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideal of λ} and B = {P |P is

an ideal of Supp(λ)}. Then the mapping f : A → B, f (µ) = Supp(µ) defines an
398 Y.Q. Yin et al.

isomorphism between A and B under the multiplication defined by µ ◦ ν = µ ◦ ν.

Proof. By Corollary 3.7. and Lemma 3.14., it can be easily seen that f is a
one-to-one correspondence between A and B. By Theorem 3.8., we know for
any (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideals µ and ν, µ ◦ ν is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideal of λ, namely
µ ◦ ν ∈ A. Hence, the multiplication is well defined. It is now easy to verify
f is a homomorphism. Therefore, the mapping f : A → B, f (µ) = Supp(µ)
defines an isomorphism between A and B under the multiplication defined by
µ ◦ ν = µ ◦ ν.

4. Problem of Homomorphism

In this section, based on the homomorphism between two crisp semigroups, we

will study the properties of the image and the inverse image of the (∈, ∈ ∨q)-
fuzzy subsemigroups and ideals of an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy semigroup.

Definition 4.1. [14] Let f be any function from a set X to a set X ′ . A fuzzy subset
λ of X is called f -invariant if for any x, y ∈ X, f (x) = f (y) ⇒ λ(x) = λ(y).

Clearly, f −1 (f (λ)) = λ, provides that λ is f -invariant.

Lemma 4.2. Let S ′ be a semigroup, λ and λ′ (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroups of

S and S ′ , respectively, and f a homomorphism from S to S ′ . Then

(1) f (λ) is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup of S ′ ;

(2) f −1 (λ′ ) is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup of S;
(3) The mapping λ → f (λ) defines a one-to-one correspondence between the
set of the f -invariant (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroups of S and the set of
the (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroups of S ′ .

Proof. (1) For any x′ , y ′ ∈ S ′ , if f −1 (x′ ) = ∅ or f −1 (y ′ ) = ∅, then

M (f (λ)(x′ ), f (λ)(y ′ ), 0.5) = 0 ≤ f (µ)(x′ y ′ ).
Now, suppose that f −1 (x′ ) 6= ∅ and f −1 (y ′ ) 6= ∅, then f −1 (x′ y ′ ) 6= ∅. Thus

f (λ)(x′ y ′ ) =
W
λ(z)
Wz∈f −1 (x′ y′ )
≥ λ(xy)
Wx∈f (x ),y∈f −1 (y′ )
−1 ′

≥ M (λ(x), λ(y), 0.5)

W (x ),y∈f (y ) W
x∈f −1 ′ −1 ′

= M ( x∈f −1 (x′ ) µ(x), y∈f −1 (y′ ) λ(y), 0.5)

= M (f (λ)(x′ ), f (λ)(y ′ ), 0.5)

This implies that f (λ) is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup of S ′ .

(2) Assume that λ′ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup of S ′ . For any x, y ∈ S,
(∈, ∈ ∨q)-Fuzzy Subsemigroups and Ideals 399

we have
f −1 (λ′ )(xy) = λ′ (f (xy))
= λ′ (f (x)f (y))
≥ M (λ′ (f (x)), λ′ (f (y)), 0.5)
= M (f −1 (λ′ )(x), f −1 (λ′ )(y), 0.5)
This implies that f −1 (λ′ ) is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup of S.
(3) This part is the direct consequence of parts (1) and (2).

Theorem 4.3. Let S ′ be a semigroup, µ and µ′ (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroups

(resp. ideals) of λ and f (λ), respectively, and f a homomorphism from S to S ′ ,.
Then the following statements hold:
(1) f (µ) is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup (resp. ideal) of f (λ);
(2) f −1 (µ′ ) is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup (resp. ideal) of λ;
(3) The mapping λ → f (λ) defines a one-to-one correspondence between the
set of the f -invariant (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subseigroups (resp. ideals) of λ and
the set of the (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subseigroups (resp. ideals) of f (λ).

Proof. By Lemma 4.2., we know that f (λ) is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy subsemigroup

of S ′ .
(1) Suppose that µ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideal of λ. For any x′ , y ′ ∈
Supp(f (λ)), it is clear that f −1 (x′ ) 6= ∅ and f −1 (y ′ ) 6= ∅, then f −1 (x′ y ′ ) 6= ∅.
Thus we have
f (µ)(x′ y ′ ) = z∈f −1 (x′ y′ ) µ(z)
W
W
≥ x∈f −1 (x′ ),y∈f −1 (y′ ) µ(xy)
W
≥ x∈f −1 (x′ ),y∈f −1 (y′ ) M (λ(x), µ(y), 0.5)
W W
= M ( x∈f −1 (x′ ) λ(x), y∈f −1 (y′ ) µ(y), 0.5)
= M (f (λ)(x′ ), f (µ)(y ′ ), 0.5)

Similarly, f (µ)(x′ y ′ ) ≥ M (f (µ)(x′ ), f (λ)(y ′ ), 0.5). This implies that f (µ) is an

(∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideal of f (λ).
(2) Suppose that µ′ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideal of f (λ). Then, for any x, y ∈
Supp(λ), we have

(f −1 (µ′ ))(xy) = µ′ (f (xy))

= µ′ (f (x)f (y))
≥ M (f (λ)(f (x)), µ′ (f (y)), 0.5)
= M ((f −1 (f (λ)))(x), (f −1 (µ′ ))(y), 0.5)
≥ M (λ(x), (f −1 (µ′ ))(y), 0.5)

Similarly, (f −1 (µ′ ))(xy) ≥ M ((f −1 (µ′ ))(x), λ(y), 0.5). This implies that f −1 (µ′ )
is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy ideal of λ.
(3) This part is a direct consequence of parts (1) and (2).
The case for semigroup can be similarly proved.
400 Y.Q. Yin et al.

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