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Abstract--In this paper, the modeling and simulation of Another scheme is constant tip speed ratio scheme [6-11].
sensor-less maximum power extraction algorithm for This scheme is based on wind speed and rotor speed
small wind turbine systems are presented. The algorithm measurements. The wind speed is measured, and the required
is based on the efficiency error to adjust the modulation rotor speed for maximum power generation is computed. The
index of the inverter in order to extract the maximum rotor speed is also measured and compared to the calculated
power from the wind turbine system. The model variables optimal rotor speed, while the resulting error is used to
are expressed in the d-q synchronous reference frame. A control a power interface. The first barrier to implement this
closed loop scheme employing a PI controller has been scheme is the wind and rotor speed measurements, which
simulated by using Matlab/Simulink. The complete system adds extra cost and increases the control system complexity.
has been simulated and tested for different types of
In this paper, an alternative approach for wind turbine
disturbance. The advantages of the proposed algorithm
systems maximum power extraction is described. Fig.1 shows
are that no knowledge of the wind turbine characteristics
a block diagram of the proposed system. The scheme is based
or measurement of the rotor speed is required. Also, the
on monitoring the generator’s output power using
paper demonstrates how to employ the particle swarm
measurements of the generator’s output voltages and currents
optimization (PSO) method to search efficiently the
then the stator copper loss is calculated. By using the power
optimal PI controller.
and the stator copper loss, the actual efficiency is calculated
Index Terms- maximum power extraction, small wind and compared to predetermined reference efficiency. The
turbine, sensor-less algorithm, PSO. modulation index is adjusted according to the error to make
the actual efficiency close to the reference one. Thus, neither
I. INTRODUCTION
knowledge of the wind turbine power versus the rotor speed
Wind turbine is considered today as energy source which of rotation or wind-speed characteristic nor measurements of
allow electrical production with minimum environment the wind speed are required.
perturbations. This energy source is especially suitable for
remote areas, which are not connected to the conventional
electrical grid. Large wind turbines are complex in operation, II. STAND-ALONE WIND TURBINE SYSTEM MODEL
deploy multitude of control methods and operate in grid-
A stand-alone variable speed wind turbine when connected
connected mode. On the other hand, small wind turbines can
to a load should be controlled to extract the maximum power.
be used for stand-alone as well as grid-connected system. To
The configuration of a wind generation system is depicted in
achieve optimum utilization of wind turbine system, the
Fig.1. The system consists of wind turbine, self-excited
maximum power extraction schemes have been used. These
induction generator (SEIG), three phase uncontrolled rectifier
schemes employ a rotor speed and wind velocity sensors.
bridge, DC link, pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter and
However, from aspects of reliability and cost, rotor speed and
local load. The wind turbine and the associated components
wind speed sensors are not usually preferred. There are
have been described in more details in the following
several schemes to extract the maximum power from the wind
subsections.
turbine system such as power control scheme and constant tip
speed ratio scheme. Power control scheme [1-5] is based on
A. The wind turbine characteristics
the wind turbine system optimal power versus the wind speed
The theoretical mechanical power available from the wind
characteristics, which is usually stored in a microcontroller
turbine is given by
memory. The wind speed is measured; the optimal output
power is calculated and compared to the actual output power. P m = 0 . 5 AV 3 C p (1)
The resulting error is used to control a power interface. This
scheme has disadvantage that knowledge of the power-speed Where is the air density, A is the swept area by the blades,
characteristic is required, this maximum power curve needs to V the wind speed, C P the power coefficient, C P is used to
be obtained via simulations or tests for individual wind
define the ratio between the mechanical power available of
turbines, which makes power control scheme difficult and
the turbine to the available wind power. Maximum power
expensive to implement in small wind turbine systems.
dV dc
=
1
(I r − I in ) (16)
V qinv = Vlphm = m
V dc
(19)
dt C
2
The DC current, which is the current through the inductor, is
given by: Vdinv = 0 (20)
dI r
=
1
(V − V ) (17)
dt L
r dc Assuming the inverter to be lossless, and neglecting the
harmonic components in the output waveform. Consequently,
Where: the DC and AC powers at the inverter sides are equal
Vin : The input voltage of the inverter
Vr : Rectifier output voltage 3
Vdc I in = Vqinv I qinv (21)
Ir : Inductor current 2
iin : Current of inverter side
C : Capacitance of capacitor The q- axis of inverter output current may be expressed by
L : Inductance of the inductor. 4
I qinv = I in (22)
3m
F. Pulse Width Modulation Inverter Model
The sinusoidal PWM inverter converts the DC bus voltage For resistance load, RL, transforming the load to the DC side
to that of a fixed frequency of 50Hz. The modulation phase of the inverter we get
voltage can be analyzed by applying a Fourier analysis. In
8
this thesis only the fundamental harmonic of the inverter is R Ldc = RL (23)
considered. The fundamental harmonic of the inverter output 3m 2
voltage can be shown to be of the following form [13].
Vdc
V1 ph (t ) = m sin(t ) (18) III. MAXIMUM POWER EXTRACTION SCHEME
2
When the wind speed increases, the input mechanical
Where: power increases. The different between the input power and
m is the modulation index. output power will convert to an increasing in the kinetic
V1 ph the fundamental harmonic of the phase voltage energy storied in the rotor. To benefit from this energy, the
more power should deliver to the load to reduce this
To simplify the analysis the initial orientation of q axis is accelerating.
taken such that it coincides with the output voltage, hence, the The objective of this work is to extract approximately the
q and d axis components of the inverter output voltage (line to maximum available power generated from the induction
neural) generator driven by the wind turbine without wind speed or
rotor speed measuring. To achieve this objective, sensor-less
algorithm is proposed, where the system is controlled to The performance index in the time domain is presented to
operate at maximum available efficiency of the system. estimate the parameters of PI controller. The performance
index in the time domain is given by:
The reference efficiency is calculated according to the open
loop response of the system at different wind speed. By
Table (1): The summary of parameters tuning
neglecting the rotor copper loss, the actual efficiency can be
PI controller
calculated as Performance
parameters
index
Pout Kp Ki
= (22) PSO algorithm 10 220 0.0582
Pout + 3 rs i s2 ZN method 11.25 34 0.3396
The actual efficiency is compared with that reference Trial and error 1 10 3.1901
efficiency and any mismatch is used to adjust the modulation
index of the inverter. The algorithm is so simple that it needs 0.014
only an online values of induction generator voltages and
currents which can be obtained easily by using just current 0.012
vd 3
(v q i q + v d i d ) 0.006
iq 2
id
+
÷
0.004
+
3 0.002
R s (iq2 + id2 )
2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Figure (2): The efficiency calculation PSO iterations No.
78
81.5 Vol. EC-8, pp. 520–526, Sept. 1993
%
81
80.5
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V. CONCLUSION Smoothing Using a Flywheel Driven by a Sensorless
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