Mechanical Properties

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
OF
DENTAL MATERIALS
DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL, MDS
23-10-07 Dental material lecture

DEPARTMET OF PROSTHETICS @ Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
• Stress is the force / unit area acting on millions of atom

or molecules in a given plane of a material.
• Strain is the change in length / unit length. It is the
relative deformation of an object subjected to a stress.
• Tensile stress: is caused by a load that tends to stretch
or elongate a body. A tensile stress is always
accompanied by tensile strain.
• Shear stress: tends to resist the sliding or twisting of
one portion of a body over another.
DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
• Compressive stress: if a body is placed under a load that

tends to compress or shorten it, the internal resistance
to such a load is called compressive stress
• Elastic strain is reversible i.e. the object fully recovers
its original shape when the force is removed.
• Plastic strain represents a permanent deformation of
the materials that does not decrease when the force is
removed.

STRESS-STRAIN CURVE (Contd..)
• A tensile load is applied

to a wire in small
increments until it
breaks.
• If each stress is plotted on
a vertical co-ordinate and
the corresponding strain
is plotted on the
horizontal co-ordinate a
curve is obtained.

STRESS-STRAIN CURVE (Contd..)
• This is called stress-strain

curve.
• It is useful to study some
of the mechanical
properties.

PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
• Hooke’s Law: Within

elastic limit strain is
proportional to stress.
• The stress-strain curve is a
strait line. Along this line
material behaves
elastically and springs back
to its original size and
shape the instant force is
removed. Beyond point ‘P’
the line becomes non-
linear, stress is no longer
proportional to strain.

ELASTIC LIMIT
• The point ‘P’above which the curve degresses from a

strait line , is the maximum elastic strain a material can
undergo before under going permanent deformation and
this greatest elastic stress is known as Elastic limit.
• For practical purpose ,the elastic limit and proportional
limit represent the same stress. However , the
fundamental concept is different, one describes the
elastic behavior of the material whereas other deals
with proportionality of stress to strain.

STRENGTH
• It is the maximal stress required to fracture a structure.

• Strength is not a measure of individual atom to atom
attraction or repulsion , but rather it is a measure of the
interatomic forces collectively over the material which
is stressed.
STRENGTH IS BASICALLY OF FOUR TYPES:

• Tensile
• Compressive
• Shear
• Flexure

TENSILE STRENGTH
• Tensile Strength is
determined by subjecting
a rod , wire or a
dumbbell shaped
specimen to a tensile
loading.
• It is defined as the
maximal stress the
structure will withstand
before rupture.

DIAMETRAL TENSILE STRENGTH
• Brittle material an
indirect tensile test
called Diametral
compression test or
Brazillian test is used .
• A compressive load is
placed on the diameter
of a short cylindrical
material .
• Stress = 2(load) Π dia
thickness

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
• Crushing srength is
determined by subjecting
a cylindrical specimen to
a compressive load.
• The strength is obtained
from the cross sectional
area and force applied.
• Complex failure

SHEAR SRENGTH
• Maximum stress a
material can withstand
before failure in a shear
mode of loading. It is
tested using punch or
pushout method.
• Shear strength = Force/ Π
punch dia * thickness

TRANSVERSE SRENGTH
• Transverse strength or
modulus of rupture or
flexure strength
• Obtained using a beam
supported at each end
and load applied in the
middle.
• Also called three point
bending test.
• Used in long span bridges.
• Neutral Axis

POISSON’S RATIO
• If a cylinder is subjected to tensile stress or compressive

stress, there is simultaneous axial and lateral strain.
Within elastic range the ratio of lateral to the axial
strain is called Poisson's ratio.
• It is related to nature and symmetry of inter-atomic
bonding forces.
• Dental materials have Poisson's ratio value in range of
0.3 to 0.5.

ELASTIC MODULUS
SYNONYM: Young’s modulus or

Modulus of elasticity
DEFINITION:
• Relative stiffness or rigidity of a material within the
elastic range. It is the ratio of elastic stress to elastic
strain. It has a constant value as determined from a
stress strain graph.
ELASTIC STRAIN:
• Deformation that is recovered upon removal of an
externally applied force or pressure.
ELASTIC MODULUS
• Because Elastic modulus represents the ratio of Elastic

stress to the Elastic strain, it follows that the lower the
strain for a given stress, the greater the value of the
Modulus and stiffer is the material.
• It is not a measure of strength of a material and is
independent of ductility of material.
• It is measured in the linear region of the stress-strain
graph.

ELASTIC MODULUS (Contd..)
• This property is indirectly related to other mechanical

properties.
• Modulus of elasticity is given in units of force per unit
area ,typically giga Newton per square meter (GN/m2 )
or giga Pascals (GPa).
E= Stress / Strain = ( P/A) / (Cl/ lo)
E = Elastic Modulus
P = Applied force or load
A= cross sectional area of the material under stress
Cl= increase in length
lo = original length
STRESS STRAIN CURVE -MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
Slope of s-s curve

APPLICATION
• The metal frame of a metal-ceramic bridge should have

a high stiffness. If the metal flexes, the porcelain
veneer on it might crack or separate.
• If one wire is more difficult to bend than another of the
same size and shape , considerably higher stress must be
induced before the desired strain can be produced in a
stiffer wire. Such a material would possess a
comparative high modulus of Elasticity.
• A polyether material have greater stiffness than all
other elastomeric impression materials. thus a greater
force is needed to remove a impression tray from
undercuts in mouth.
DYNAMIC ELASTIC MODULUS
• Measured when system in dynamic status.

• Measured by ultrasonic longitudinal and transverse wave
transducers and appropriate receivers.
• Easy to calculate but slightly higher values than static
method within acceptable range.
• If shear stress is induced then we can calculate shear
strain and shear modulus of the material.
• Shear modulus is usually about 38 % of the elastic
modulus.

YIELD STRENGTH
• A small amount of permanent strain is tolerable.

• The limit of tolerable permanent strain is the Yield
strength.
• Yield strength is defined as the stress at which a
material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from
proportionality of stress to strain.
• It is a property that represents the stress value at which
a small amount (0.1% or 0.2%) of plastic strain has
occurred.
• A value of either 0.1% or 0.2% of the plastic strain is
often selected and is referred to as the Percent offset.
• Cannot be used for brittle materials.
STRESS STRAIN CURVE – YIELD STRENGTH

FLEXIBILITY
• Ability of a material to deform or under go larger strain

for relatively less stress.
• The maximal flexibility is defined as the strain that
occurs when the material is stressed to its proportional
limit.
• For e.g. in an orthodontic appliance, a spring is often
bent to a considerable distance under the influence of a
small stress. Such a material is referred as flexible.

RESILIENCE
• The amount of energy absorbed within a unit volume of

a structure when it is stressed to its proportional limit.
• It is also described as the relative amount of elastic
energy per unit volume released on unloading of a test
specimen. It is a term associated with springiness of a
material.
• Resilience is measured using the stress-strain graph and
it corresponds to the area under the straight line portion
of curve. It is the area bounded by the elastic region.

RESILIENCE
• The material with larger

elastic area has the
higher resilience.
• Modulus of resilience
• R=( proportional limit)2
• 2 Elastic modulus.

TOUGHNESS
• It is defined as energy required to fracture a material.

• It is measured as a total area under stress strain curve.
• Toughness of the material is dependent on the ductility
and malleability of the material than upon the flexibility
or elastic modulus.

TOUGHNESS

IMPACT STRENGTH
IMPACT:
• It is the reaction of a stationary object to a collision
with a moving object. Depending on the resilience of
the object , energy is stored in the body without causing
deformation or with deformation.
• Impact resistance decreases with increase in stiffness.
• Resilient material have high impact strength.
• Increase in volume leads to increase in impact
resistance.

IMPACT STRENGTH
• It is the energy required

to fracture a material
under force.
• A charpey type tester is
used. It has a heavy
pendulum which swings
down to fracture the
specimen.
• Another instrument called
Izod impact tester can
also be used.

PERMANENT DEFORMATION
Once the Elastic limit of a material is crossed by a specific

amount of stress ,the further increase in strain is called
permanent deformation.
Impression materials
Clasp

FATIGUE
• A Structure subjected to repeated or cyclic stress below

its proportional limit can produce abrupt failure of these
structure.
• Fatigue behavior is determined by subjecting a material
to a cyclic stress of known value and determining the
number of cycles that are required to produce failure.

STATIC FATIGUE
• Some material support a static load for a long period of

time and fail abruptly. This type of failure may occur in
wet environment. E.g. ceramic materials.

BRITTLENESS
• A brittle material fractures at or near its proportional

limit.
• It is opposite of toughness.
• Brittle material will not bend appreciably without
breaking.
• Though a brittle material may have a very high
compressive strength. E.g. glass.

DUCTILITY
• Ability of a material to withstand permanent

deformation under a tensile load without rupture.
• It is the ability of the metal to be drawn into wires.
• Ductility depends on tensile strength.
• It decreases with increase in temperature.

DUCTILITY (Contd..)
MEASUREMENT OF DUCTILITY
1.Percentage elongation after fracture
Gauge length = 51mm
1.Measuring reduction in cross sectional areas of fractured
ends in comparison to the original area of the wire. This
is also called as reduction in area method.
2.Cold bend test.

MALLEABILITY
• It is the ability of a material to withstand rupture under

compression.
• It is seen in hammering or rolling of a material into
sheets.
• It is not dependent on the strength of the material
• It increases with temperature.
• Gold is most ductile and malleable and silver stands the
second.
• Platinum is third most ductile and copper is third most
malleable.

COLD WORKING
• Strain hardening or work hardening.

• When a metal is stressed beyond its proportional limit
the hardness and strength of the material increases at
the area of the formation but the ductility of the metal
decreases and the brittleness of the metal increases.
• The key to minimize the risk of embrittlement is to
deform the metal in small increments.

STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS
THESE INCLUDES
• Surface flaws
• Internal voids
• air bubbles.
• Inclusions of other materials
• Hertzian load
• Sharp angles
• Notches
• Thermal mismatch

READING GRAPH

EXCERSICE

Thank you!
© 2007 Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute

Mechanical Properties

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

23-10-07 Dental material lecture

• Stress is the force / unit area acting on millions of atom

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• Compressive stress: if a body is placed under a load that

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• A tensile load is applied

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• This is called stress-strain

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• Hooke’s Law: Within

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• The point ‘P’above which the curve degresses from a

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• It is the maximal stress required to fracture a structure.

STRENGTH IS BASICALLY OF FOUR TYPES:

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• If a cylinder is subjected to tensile stress or compressive

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

SYNONYM: Young’s modulus or

• Because Elastic modulus represents the ratio of Elastic

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• This property is indirectly related to other mechanical

E= Stress / Strain = ( P/A) / (Cl/ lo)

Slope of s-s curve

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• The metal frame of a metal-ceramic bridge should have

• Measured when system in dynamic status.

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• A small amount of permanent strain is tolerable.

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• Ability of a material to deform or under go larger strain

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• The amount of energy absorbed within a unit volume of

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• The material with larger

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• It is defined as energy required to fracture a material.

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• It is the energy required

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

Once the Elastic limit of a material is crossed by a specific

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• A Structure subjected to repeated or cyclic stress below

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• Some material support a static load for a long period of

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• A brittle material fractures at or near its proportional

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• Ability of a material to withstand permanent

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• It is the ability of a material to withstand rupture under

DR. VINAMRA DHARIWAL

• Strain hardening or work hardening.