Section 16: Neutral Axis and

Parallel Axis Theorem

16-1
 Geometry of deformation
• We will consider the deformation of an ideal, isotropic prismatic beam
– the cross section is symmetric about y-axis
• All parts of the beam that were originally aligned with the longitudinal axis
bend into circular arcs
– plane sections of the beam remain plane and perpendicular to the
beam’s
beam s curved axis
Note: we will take these
directions for M0 to be
positive However
positive. However, they are
in the opposite direction to
our convention (Beam 7),
and we must remember to
account for this at the end.

16-2 From: Hornsey

 Neutral axis

16-3 From: Hornsey

 6.3 BENDING DEFORMATION OF
• A neutralAsurface
STRAIGHT MEMBER
is where longitudinal fibers of the
material will not undergo
g a change
g in length.
g

16-4 From: Wang

 6.3 BENDING DEFORMATION OF
• Thus, A
weSTRAIGHT MEMBER
make the following assumptions:
1. Longitudinal axis x (within neutral surface)
does not experience any change in length
2. All cross sections of the beam remain plane
p
and perpendicular to longitudinal axis during
the deformation
3. Any deformation of the cross-section within its
own plane will be neglected
• In particular, the z axis, in plane of x-section and
about which the x-section rotates, is called the
neutral
t l axis
i
16-5 From: Wang
 6 4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA
6.4
• By mathematical expression,
equilibrium equations of
moment and forces, we get
Equation 6-10
6 10 ∫A y dA = 0

σmax
Equation 6-11 M=
c
∫A y2 dA

• The integral represents the moment of inertia of x-

sectional area, computed about the neutral axis.
We symbolize its value as I.
I
16-6 From: Wang
 6 4 THE FLEXURE FORMULA
6.4
• Normal stress at intermediate distance y can be
determined from
My
Equation 6-13 σ = −
I

• σ is -ve as it acts in the -ve direction (compression)

• Equations
E ti 6
6-1212 andd66-13
13 are often
ft referred
f d to
t as
the flexure formula.

16-7 From: Wang

 *6
6.6
6 COMPOSITE BEAMS
• Beams constructed of two or more different
materials are called composite beams
• Engineers design beams in this manner to develop
a more efficient means for carrying applied loads
• Flexure formula cannot be applied directly to
determine normal stress in a composite beam
• Thus a method will be developed to “transform” a
beam’s x-section into one made of a single material,
th we can apply
then l th
the fl
flexure fformula
l

16-8 From: Wang

16-9 From: Hornsey
 Moments of Inertia
• Resistance to bending,
twisting, compression or
tension of an object is a
function of its shape
• Relationship of applied
force to distribution of
mass (shape) with
respect to an axis
axis.

Figure from: Browner et al, Skeletal Trauma 2nd Ed,

16-10 From: Le Saunders, 1998.
 Implant Shape
• Moment of Inertia:
further away material
is spread in an object,
greater the stiffness
• Stiffness and strength
are proportional to
radius4

16-11 From: Justice

16-12 From: Hornsey
 Moment of Inertia of an Area by Integration
• S
Secondd moments or moments off inertia
i i off
an area with respect to the x and y axes,
I x = ∫ y 2 dA I y = ∫ x 2 dA
• Evaluation of the integrals is simplified by
choosing dΑ to be a thin strip parallel to
one of the coordinate axes.

• For a rectangular area,

h
I x = ∫ y dA = ∫ y 2bdy = 13 bh 3
2
0
• The formula for rectangular areas may also
be applied to strips parallel to the axes,
dI x = 13 y 3 dx dI y = x 2 dA = x 2 y dx

16-13 From: Rabiei

 Homework Problem 16.1

Determine the moment of

inertia of a triangle with respect
to its base.

16-14 From: Rabiei

 Homework Problem 16.2

a) Determine the centroidal polar

moment of inertia of a circular
area by direct integration.
integration
b) Using the result of part a,
determine the moment of inertia
of a circular area with respect to a
diameter.
16-15 From: Rabiei
 Parallel Axis Theorem
• Consider moment of inertia I of an area A
with respect to the axis AA’

I = ∫ y 2 dA

• The axis BB’ passes through the area centroid

and is called a centroidal axis.

I = ∫ y 2 dA = ∫ ( y ′ + d )2 dA
= ∫ y ′ 2 dA + 2d ∫ y ′dA + d 2 ∫ dA

I = I + Ad 2 parallel axis theorem

16-16 From: Rabiei

 Parallel Axis Theorem
• Moment of inertia IT of a circular area with
respect to a tangent to the circle,
( )
I T = I + Ad 2 = 14 π r 4 + π r 2 r 2

= 54 π r 4

• Moment of inertia of a triangle with respect to a

centroidal
id l axis,
i
I AA′ = I BB′ + Ad 2

I BB′ = I AA′ − Ad 2
= 12
1 bh 3 ( )
− 2 bh 3 h
1 1 2

= 36
1 bh 3

16-17 From: Rabiei

 Moments of Inertia of Composite Areas
• The moment of inertia of a composite area A about a given axis is
obtained by adding the moments of inertia of the component areas
A1, A2, A3, ... , with respect to the same axis.

16-18 From: Rabiei

Example: y (Dimensions in mm)
200

10

z Centroidal
C t id l
o Axis
125

120

y = 89.6 mm
60

1
y = ∫ y'⋅dA
n A A
20

y=
1
[(200 × 10 )(125 ) + (120 × 20 )(60 )]
(200 × 10 + 120 × 20 )
y=
1
[250,000 + 144,000] = 394,000
= 89.55 mm
(4,400 ) 4,400 −3
16-19 From: University of Auckland = 89 . 6 × 10 m
 y
Example: 200 (Dimensions in mm)
10 • What is Iz?
30.4 • What is maximum σx?
z 120 o
2
In = Iz + A y
89.6

200
20 20 3 10

2 30.4 35.4

bd3 (20 )(89.6 )3

Iz ,1 = = = 4.79 × 10 6 mm 4
1 89.6 3 3
bd3 (20 )(30.4 )3
I z ,2 = = = 0.19 × 10 6 mm 4
20 3 3
I z ,3 =
bd3 2
+ Ay =
(200 )(10 )
3
( )( )
+ 200 × 10 35.4 = 3.28 × 10 6 mm 4
2

12 12
16-20 University of Auckland
 y
Example: 200 (Dimensions in mm)
10 • What is Iz?
30.4 • What is maximum σx?
z 120 o
2
In = Iz + A y
89.6

200
20 20 3 10

2 30.4 35.4

1 89.6
Iz = Iz ,1 + Iz ,2 + Iz ,3
20
⇒ Iz = 8.26 × 10 6 mm 4 = 8.26 × 10 −6 m4
16-21 University of Auckland
Maximum Stress:

y
40.4 Mxz
x
NA

89.6

Mxz
σx = − ⋅ y'
Iz

Mxz
σ x ,Max = − ⋅ yMax
Iz

⇒ σ x ,Max =−
(
Mxz
8.26 × 10 −6 ) (
⋅ − 89 . 6 × 10 −3
) ((N/m2 or Pa))

16-22 University of Auckland

 Homework Problem 16.3
SOLUTION:
• Determine location of the centroid of
composite
it section
ti with
ith respectt to
t a
coordinate system with origin at the
centroid of the beam section.
• Apply the parallel axis theorem to
determine moments of inertia of beam
section and plate with respect to
The strength of a W14x38 rolled steel
composite section centroidal axis.
beam is increased by attaching a plate
to its upper flange.
Determine
D t i the
th momentt off inertia
i ti andd
radius of gyration with respect to an
axis which is parallel to the plate and
passes through the centroid of the
section.
16-23 From: Rabiei
 Homework Problem 16
16.4
4
SOLUTION:
• Compute the moments of inertia of the
bounding rectangle and half-circle with
respect to the x axis.
• Th
The momentt off inertia
i ti off the
th shaded
h d d area is
i
obtained by subtracting the moment of
inertia of the half-circle from the moment
of inertia of the rectangle.
rectangle
Determine the moment of inertia
of the shaded area with respect to
the x axis.

16-24 From: Rabiei