The history of telecommunication began with the use of smoke signals and drums in Africa, the

Americas and parts of Asia. In the 1790s, the first fixed semaphore systems emerged in Europe;
however it was not until the 1830s that electrical telecommunication systems started to appear.
This article details the history of telecommunication and the individuals who helped make
telecommunication systems what they are today. The history of telecommunication is an
important part of the larger history of communication.
Early telecommunications
Main articles: Beacon and Optical telegraphy
Early telecommunications included smoke signals and drums. Drums were used by natives in
Africa, New Guinea and South America, and smoke signals in North America and China.
Contrary to what one might think, these systems were often used to do more than merely
announce the presence of a camp.[1][2]
In 1792, a French engineer, Claude Chappe built the first visual telegraphy (or semaphore)
system between Lille and Paris. This was followed by a line from Strasbourg to Paris. In 1794, a
Swedish engineer, Abraham Edelcrantz built a quite different system from Stockholm to
Drottningholm. As opposed to Chappe's system which involved pulleys rotating beams of wood,
Edelcrantz's system relied only upon shutters and was therefore faster.[3] However semaphore as
a communication system suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers often
at intervals of only ten to thirty kilometres (six to nineteen miles). As a result, the last
commercial line was abandoned in 1880.[4]
Telegraph and telephone
Main articles: Electrical telegraph, Transatlantic telegraph cable, Invention of the telephone,
and History of the telephone

Stock telegraph ticker machine by Thomas Edison

A very early experiment in electrical telegraphy was an 'electrochemical' telegraph created by the
German physician, anatomist and inventor Samuel Thomas von Sömmering in 1809, based on an
earlier, less robust design of 1804 by Catalan polymath and scientist Francisco Salvá i Campillo.
[5]
Both their designs employed multiple wires (up to 35) in order to visually represent almost all
Latin letters and numerals. Thus, messages could be conveyed electrically up to a few kilometers
(in von Sömmering's design), with each of the telegraph receiver's wires immersed in a separate
glass tube of acid. An electrical current was sequentially applied by the sender through the
various wires representing each digit of a message; at the recipient's end the currents electrolysed
the acid in the tubes in sequence, releasing streams of hydrogen bubbles next to each associated
letter or numeral. The telegraph receiver's operator would visually observe the bubbles and could
then record the transmitted message, albeit at a very low baud rate.[5] The principal disadvantage
to the system was its prohibitive cost, due to having to manufacture and string-up the multiple
wire circuits it employed, as opposed to the single wire (with ground return) used by later
telegraphs.
The first commercial electrical telegraph was constructed in England by Sir Charles Wheatstone
and Sir William Fothergill Cooke. It used the deflection of needles to represent messages and
started operating over twenty-one kilometres (thirteen miles) of the Great Western Railway on 9
April 1839. Both Wheatstone and Cooke viewed their device as "an improvement to the
[existing] electromagnetic telegraph" not as a new device.
On the other side of the Atlantic Ocean, Samuel Morse independently developed a version of the
electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on 2 September 1837. Soon after he was
joined by Alfred Vail who developed the register — a telegraph terminal that integrated a
logging device for recording messages to paper tape. This was demonstrated successfully over
three miles (five kilometres) on 6 January 1838 and eventually over forty miles (sixty-four
kilometres) between Washington, DC and Baltimore on 24 May 1844. The patented invention
proved lucrative and by 1851 telegraph lines in the United States spanned over 20,000 miles
(32,000 kilometres).[6]
The first successful transatlantic telegraph cable was completed on 27 July 1866, allowing
transatlantic telecommunication for the first time. Earlier transatlantic cables installed in 1857
and 1858 only operated for a few days or weeks before they failed.[7] The international use of the
telegraph has sometimes been dubbed the "Victorian Internet".[8]
The conventional telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, based on his
earlier work with harmonic (multi-signal) telegraphs. The first commercial telephone services
were set up in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of New Haven and
London. Bell held the master patent for the telephone that was needed for such services in both
countries. The technology grew quickly from this point, with inter-city lines being built and
telephone exchanges in every major city of the United States by the mid-1880s.[9][10][11] Despite
this, transatlantic voice communication remained impossible for customers until January 7, 1927
when a connection was established using radio. However no cable connection existed until TAT-
1 was inaugurated on September 25, 1956 providing 36 telephone circuits.[12]
In 1880, Bell and co-inventor Charles Sumner Tainter conducted the world's first wireless
telephone call via modulated lightbeams projected by photophones. The scientific principles of
their invention would not be utilized for several decades, when they were first deployed in
military and fiber-optic communications.
Radio and television
Main articles: History of radio and History of television

In 1832, James Lindsay gave a classroom demonstration of wireless telegraphy to his students.
By 1854, he was able to demonstrate a transmission across the Firth of Tay from Dundee to
Woodhaven, a distance of two miles (3 km), using water as the transmission medium.[13]
Addressing the Franklin Institute in 1893, Nikola Tesla described and demonstrated in detail the
principles of wireless telegraphy. The apparatus that he used contained all the elements that were
incorporated into radio systems before the development of the vacuum tube. However it was not
until 1900 that Reginald Fessenden was able to wirelessly transmit a human voice. In December
1901, Guglielmo Marconi established wireless communication between Britain and
Newfoundland, earning him the Nobel Prize in physics in 1909 (which he shared with Karl
Braun).[14]
On March 25, 1925, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird publicly demonstrated the transmission
of moving silhouette pictures at the London department store Selfridges. In October 1925, Baird
was successful in obtaining moving pictures with halftone shades, which were by most accounts
the first true television pictures.[15] This led to a public demonstration of the improved device on
26 January 1926 again at Selfridges. Baird's first devices relied upon the Nipkow disk and thus
became known as the mechanical television. It formed the basis of semi-experimental broadcasts
done by the British Broadcasting Corporation beginning September 30, 1929.
However for most of the twentieth century televisions depended upon the cathode ray tube
invented by Karl Braun. The first version of such a television to show promise was produced by
Philo Farnsworth and crude silhouette images were demonstrated to his family on September 7,
1927. Farnsworth's device would compete with the concurrent work of Kalman Tihanyi and
Vladimir Zworykin. Zworykin's camera, based on Tihanyi's Radioskop, which later would be
known as the Iconoscope, had the backing of the influential Radio Corporation of America
(RCA). In the United States, court action between Farnsworth and RCA would resolve in
Farnsworth's favour.[16] John Logie Baird switched from mechanical television and became a
pioneer of colour television using cathode-ray tubes.[15]
After mid-century the spread of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay allowed television
networks to spread across even large countries.
Computer networks and the Internet
Main articles: Computer Networking -History and History of the Internet
On September 11, 1940, George Stibitz was able to transmit problems using teletype to his
Complex Number Calculator in New York and receive the computed results back at Dartmouth
College in New Hampshire.[17] This configuration of a centralized computer or mainframe with
remote dumb terminals remained popular throughout the 1950s. However it was not until the
1960s that researchers started to investigate packet switching — a technology that would allow
chunks of data to be sent to different computers without first passing through a centralized
mainframe. A four-node network emerged on December 5, 1969 between the University of
California, Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Institute, the University of Utah and the
University of California, Santa Barbara. This network would become ARPANET, which by 1981
would consist of 213 nodes.[18] In June 1973, the first non-US node was added to the network
belonging to Norway's NORSAR project. This was shortly followed by a node in London.[19]
ARPANET's development centred around the Request for Comment process and on April 7,
1969, RFC 1 was published. This process is important because ARPANET would eventually
merge with other networks to form the Internet and many of the protocols the Internet relies upon
today were specified through this process. In September 1981, RFC 791 introduced the Internet
Protocol v4 (IPv4) and RFC 793 introduced the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) — thus
creating the TCP/IP protocol that much of the Internet relies upon today. A more relaxed
transport protocol that, unlike TCP, did not guarantee the orderly delivery of packets called the
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) was submitted on 28 August 1980 as RFC 768. An e-mail
protocol, SMTP, was introduced in August 1982 by RFC 821 and http://1.0 a protocol that would
make the hyperlinked Internet possible was introduced on May 1996 by RFC 1945.
However not all important developments were made through the Request for Comment process.
Two popular link protocols for local area networks (LANs) also appeared in the 1970s. A patent
for the Token Ring protocol was filed by Olof Söderblom on October 29, 1974.[20] And a paper
on the Ethernet protocol was published by Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs in the July 1976
issue of Communications of the ACM.[21]
Internet access became widespread late in the century, using the old telephone and television
networks.

The Indian telecommunication industry is the world's fastest growing industry[1][2][3] with
791.38 million mobile phone subscribers as of February 2011.[4] It is also the second largest
telecommunication network in the world in terms of number of wireless connections after China.
[5]
See List of countries by number of mobile phones in use.
As the fastest growing telecommunications industry in the world, it is projected that India will
have 1.159 billion mobile subscribers by 2013.[6][7][8][9] Furthermore, projections by several
leading global consultancies indicate that the total number of subscribers in India will exceed the
total subscriber count in the China by 2013.[6][7] The industry is expected to reach a size of
344,921 crore (US$76.57 billion) by 2012 at a growth rate of over 26 per cent, and generate
employment opportunities for about 10 million people during the same period.[10] According to
analysts, the sector would create direct employment for 2.8 million people and for 7 million
indirectly.[10] In 2008-09 the overall telecom equipments revenue in India stood at 136,833 crore
(US$30.38 billion) during the fiscal, as against 115,382 crore (US$25.61 billion) a year before.
[11]

Contents
[hide]
 • 1 Modern growth
• 2 History
○ 2.1 Introduction of the telegraph
○ 2.2 Introduction of the telephone
○ 2.3 Further milestones and developments
 2.3.1 Indian telecom sector: recent policies
• 3 Emergence as a major player
○ 3.1 Privatization of telcommunications in India
○ 3.2 Telecommunications Regulatory Environment in India
• 4 Revenue and growth
• 5 Telephone
○ 5.1 Mobile telephones
○ 5.2 Landlines
• 6 Internet
○ 6.1 Low Speed Broadband (256 kbit/s - 2 mbit/s)
○ 6.2 High Speed Broadband (over 2 Mbit/s)
○ 6.3 Statistics
• 7 Broadcasting
• 8 Next generation networks
• 9 Mobile Number Portability (MNP)
• 10 International
○ 10.1 Submarine cables
• 11 Telecom Training in India
• 12 See also
• 13 References
• 14 External links

[edit] Modern growth

A large population, low telephony penetration levels, and a rise in consumer spending power has
helped make India the fastest-growing telecom market in the world. The market's first operator
was the state-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), created by corporatization of the
Indian Telecommunication Service, a government unit formerly responsible for provision of
telephony services. Subsequently, after the telecommunication policies were revised to allow
private operators, companies such as Bharti Airtel, Reliance Communications, Tata Indicom,
Idea Cellular, Aircel and Loop Mobile have entered the market (Bharti Airtel currently being the
largest telecom company in India). In the fiscal year 2008-09, rural India outpaced urban India in
mobile growth rate.
The total number of telephones in the country stands at 826.25 million, while the overall tele-
density has increased to 69.29% as of Feb 28th, 2011.[4] Mobile telephony experiences growths at
rates such as 18.98 million subscribers a month, which were added in October 2010.[citation needed]
[edit] History
Telecom in the real sense means the transfer of information between two distant points in space.
The popular meaning of telecom always involves electrical signals and as a result, people often
exclude postal or any other raw telecommunication methods from its meaning. Therefore, the
history of Indian telecom can be started with the introduction of telegraph.
[edit] Introduction of the telegraph
The Indian postal and telecom sectors saw a slow and uneasy start. In 1850, the first
experimental electric telegraph line was started between Kolkata and Diamond Harbor. In 1851,
it was opened for the use of the British East India Company. The Posts and Telegraphs
department occupied a small corner of the Public Works Department,[12] at that time.
Subsequently, the construction of 4,000 miles (6,400 km) of telegraph lines connecting Kolkata
(then Calcutta) and Peshawar in the north along with Agra, Mumbai (then Bombay) through
Sindwa Ghats, and Chennai (then Madras) in the south, as well as Ootacamund and Bangalore
was started in November 1853. Dr.William O'Shaughnessy, who pioneered the telegraph and
telephone in India, belonged to the Public Works Department, and worked towards the
development of telecom throughout this period. A separate department was opened in 1854 when
telegraph facilities were opened to the public.
[edit] Introduction of the telephone
In 1880, two telephone companies namely The Oriental Telephone Company Ltd. and The
Anglo-Indian Telephone Company Ltd. approached the Government of India to establish
telephone exchanges in India. The permission was refused on the grounds that the establishment
of telephones was a Government monopoly and that the Government itself would undertake the
work. In 1881, the Government later reversed its earlier decision and a licence was granted to the
Oriental Telephone Company Limited of England for opening telephone exchanges at Calcutta,
Bombay, Madras and Ahmedabad and the first formal telephone service was established in the
country.[13] On the 28th January 1882, Major E. Baring, Member of the Governor General of
India's Council declared open the Telephone Exchanges in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. The
exchange in Calcutta named the "Central Exchange", was opened at third floor of the building at
7, Council House Street, with a total of 93 subscribers. Later that year, Bombay also witnessed
the opening of a telephone exchange.
[edit] Further milestones and developments

A Mobile Phone Tower.

• 1902 - First wireless telegraph station established between Sagar Islands and
Sandheads.
• 1907 - First Central Battery of telephones introduced in Kanpur.
• 1913-1914 - First Automatic Exchange installed in Shimla.
• 1927 - Radio-telegraph system between the UK and India, with Imperial
Wireless Chain beam stations at Khadki and Daund. Inaugurated by Lord Irwin
on 23 July by exchanging greetings with King George V.
• 1933 - Radiotelephone system inaugurated between the UK and India.
• 1953 - 12 channel carrier system introduced.
• 1960 - First subscriber trunk dialing route commissioned between Lucknow
and Kanpur.
• 1975 - First PCM system commissioned between Mumbai City and Andheri
telephone exchanges.
• 1976 - First digital microwave junction introduced.
• 1979 - First optical fibre system for local junction commissioned at Pune.
• 1980 - First satellite earth station for domestic communications established
at Secunderabad, A.P..
• 1983 - First analog Stored Program Control exchange for trunk lines
commissioned at Mumbai.
• 1984 - C-DOT established for indigenous development and production of
digital exchanges.
• 1995 - First mobile telephone service started on non-commercial basis on 15
August 1995 in Delhi.
While all the major cities and towns in the country were linked with telephones during the
British period, the total number of telephones in 1948 numbered only around 80,000. Post
independence, growth remained slow because the telephone was seen more as a status symbol
rather than being an instrument of utility. The number of telephones grew leisurely to 980,000 in
1971, 2.15 million in 1981 and 5.07 million in 1991, the year economic reforms were initiated in
the country.
While certain measures were taken to boost the telecom industry from time to time, (for example
introduction of the telex service in Mumbai in 1953 and commissioning of the first Subscriber
trunk dialling route between Delhi and Kanpur and between Lucknow and Kanpur in 1960), the
first waves of change were set going by Sam Pitroda in the eighties.[14] The real transformation in
scenario came with the announcement of the National Telecom Policy in 1994.[15]
[edit] Indian telecom sector: recent policies
• All villages shall receive telecom facilities by the end of 2002.
• A Communication Convergence Bill introduced in the Parliament on August
31, 2001 is presently before the Standing Committee of Parliament on
Telecom and IT.
• National Long Distance Service (NLD) is opened for unrestricted entry.
• The International Long Distance Services (ILDS) have been opened to
competition.
• The basic services are open to competition.
• In addition to the existing three, a fourth cellular operator, one each in four
metros and thirteen circles, has been permitted. Cellular operators have been
permitted to provide all types of mobile services including voice and non-
voice messages, data services and PCOs utilizing any type of network
equipment, including circuit and/or package switches that meet certain
required standards.
• Policies allowing private participation have been announced as per the New
Telecom Policy (NTP), 1999 in several new services, which include Global
Mobile Personal Communication by Satellite (GMPCS) Service, digital Public
Mobile Radio Trunked Service (PMRTS) and Voice Mail/ Audiotex/ Unified
Messaging Services.
• Wireless Local Loop (WLL) has been introduced to provide telephone
connections in urban, semi-urban and rural areas promptly.
• Two telecom PSUs, VSNL and HTL have been disinvested.
• Steps are being taken to fulfill Universal Service Obligation (USO), funding,
and administration.
• A decision to permit Community Phone Service has been announced.
• Multiple Fixed Service Providers (FSPs) licensing guidelines were announced.
• Internet Service Providers (ISPs) have been allowed to set up International
Internet Gateways, both Satellite and Landing stations for submarine optical
fiber cables.
• Two categories of infrastructure providers have been allowed to provide end-
to-end bandwidth and dark fiber, right of way, towers, duct space etc.
 • Guidelines have been issued by the Government to open up Internet
telephony (IP).

[edit] Emergence as a major player

In 1975, the Department of Telecom (DoT) was separated from Indian Post &
Telecommunication Accounts and Finance Service. DoT was responsible for telecom services
in entire country until 1985 when Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) was carved
out of DoT to run the telecom services of Delhi and Mumbai. In 1990s the telecom sector was
opened up by the Government for private investment as a part of Liberalisation-Privatization-
Globalization policy. Therefore, it became necessary to separate the Government's policy wing
from its operations wing. The Government of India corporatised the operations wing of DoT on 1
October 2000 and named it as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). Many private
operators, such as Reliance Communications, Tata Indicom, Vodafone, Loop Mobile, Airtel,
Idea etc., successfully entered the high potential Indian telecom market.
[edit] Privatization of telcommunications in India
The Indian government was composed of many factions (parties) which had different ideologies.
Some of them were willing to throw open the market to foreign players (the centrists) and others
wanted the government to regulate infrastructure and restrict the involvement of foreign players.
Due to this political background it was very difficult to bring about liberalization in
telecommunications. When a bill was in parliament a majority vote had to be passed, and such a
majority was difficult to obtain, given to the number of parties having different ideologies.
Liberalization started in 1981 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi signed contracts with Alcatel
CIT of France to merge with the state owned Telecom Company (ITI), in an effort to set up
5,000,000 lines per year. But soon the policy was let down because of political opposition. She
invited Sam Pitroda a US based Non-resident Indian NRI to set up a Center for Development
of Telematics(C-DOT), however the plan failed due to political reasons. During this period,
after the assassination of Indira Gandhi, under the leadership of Rajiv Gandhi, many public
sector organizations were set up like the Department of Telecommunications (DoT) , VSNL and
MTNL. Many technological developments took place in this regime but still foreign players were
not allowed to participate in the telecommunications business.[16]
The demand for telephones was ever increasing. It was during this period that the Narsimha Rao-
led government introduced the national telecommunications policy [NTP] in 1994 which brought
changes in the following areas: ownership, service and regulation of telecommunications
infrastructure. They were also successful in establishing joint ventures between state owned
telecom companies and international players. But still complete ownership of facilities was
restricted only to the government owned organizations. Foreign firms were eligible to 49% of the
total stake. The multi-nationals were just involved in technology transfer, and not policy making.
[16]

During this period, the World Bank and ITU had advised the Indian Government to liberalize
long distance services in order to release the monopoly of the state owned DoT and VSNL; and
to enable competition in the long distance carrier business which would help reduce tariff's and
better the economy of the country. The Rao run government instead liberalized the local services,
taking the opposite political parties into confidence and assuring foreign involvement in the long
distance business after 5 years. The country was divided into 20 telecommunication circles for
basic telephony and 18 circles for mobile services. These circles were divided into category A, B
and C depending on the value of the revenue in each circle. The government threw open the bids
to one private company per circle along with government owned DoT per circle. For cellular
service two service providers were allowed per circle and a 15 years license was given to each
provider. During all these improvements, the government did face oppositions from ITI, DoT,
MTNL, VSNL and other labor unions, but they managed to keep away from all the hurdles.[16]
After 1995 the government set up TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) which
reduced the interference of Government in deciding tariffs and policy making. The DoT opposed
this. The political powers changed in 1999 and the new government under the leadership of Atal
Bihari Vajpayee was more pro-reforms and introduced better liberalization policies. They split
DoT in two- one policy maker and the other service provider (DTS) which was later renamed as
BSNL. The proposal of raising the stake of foreign investors from 49% to 74% was rejected by
the opposite political party and leftist thinkers. Domestic business groups wanted the government
to privatize VSNL. Finally in April 2002, the government decided to cut its stake of 53% to 26%
in VSNL and to throw it open for sale to private enterprises. TATA finally took 25% stake in
VSNL.[16]
This was a gateway to many foreign investors to get entry into the Indian Telecom Markets.
After March 2000, the government became more liberal in making policies and issuing licenses
to private operators. The government further reduced license fees for cellular service providers
and increased the allowable stake to 74% for foreign companies. Because of all these factors, the
service fees finally reduced and the call costs were cut greatly enabling every common middle
class family in India to afford a cell phone. Nearly 32 million handsets were sold in India. The
data reveals the real potential for growth of the Indian mobile market.[17]
In March 2008 the total GSM and CDMA mobile subscriber base in the country was 375 million,
which represented a nearly 50% growth when compared with previous year.[18] As the unbranded
Chinese cell phones which do not have International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) numbers
pose a serious security risk to the country, Mobile network operators therefore planned to
suspend the usage of around 30 million mobile phones (about 8 % of all mobiles in the country)
by 30 April.[19] 5–6 years the average monthly subscribers additions were around 0.05 to 0.1
million only and the total mobile subscribers base in December 2002 stood at 10.5 millions.
However, after a number of proactive initiatives were taken by regulators and licensors, the total
number of mobile subscribers has increased greatly to 706.69 million subscribers as of Oct 31st
2010.[4][20]
India has opted for the use of both the GSM (global system for mobile communications) and
CDMA (code-division multiple access) technologies in the mobile sector. In addition to landline
and mobile phones, some of the companies also provide the WLL service. The mobile tariffs in
India have also become lowest in the world. A new mobile connection can be activated with a
monthly commitment of US$0.15 only. In 2005 alone additions increased to around 2 million per
month in the year 2003-04 and 2004-05.[citation needed]
In June 2009, the Government of India banned the import of several mobile phones
manufactured in China citing concerns over quality and the lack of IMEI's which make it
difficult for authorities in India to track the sale and use of such phones.[21] In April 2010, the
Government was also reported to be blocking Indian service providers from purchasing Chinese
mobile technology citing concerns that Chinese hackers could compromise the Indian
telecommunications network during times of national emergency. A series of attacks on Indian
government websites and computer networks by suspected Chinese hackers has also made Indian
regulators suspicious with regards to the import of potentially sensitive equipment from China.
The companies reported to be affected by this are Huawei Technologies and ZTE.[22][23][24]
[edit] Telecommunications Regulatory Environment in India
LIRNEasia's Telecommunications Regulatory Environment (TRE) index, which summarizes
stakeholders’ perception on certain TRE dimensions, provides insight into how conducive the
environment is for further development and progress. The most recent survey was conducted in
July 2008 in eight Asian countries, including Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Maldives,
Pakistan, Thailand, and the Philippines. The tool measured seven dimensions: i) market entry; ii)
access to scarce resources; iii) interconnection; iv) tariff regulation; v) anti-competitive practices;
and vi) universal services; vii) quality of service, for the fixed, mobile and broadband sectors.
The results for India, point out to the fact that the stakeholders perceive the TRE to be most
conducive for the mobile sector followed by fixed and then broadband. Other than for Access to
Scarce Resources the fixed sector lags behind the mobile sector. The fixed and mobile sectors
have the highest scores for Tariff Regulation. Market entry also scores well for the mobile sector
as competition is well entrenched with most of the circles with 4-5 mobile service providers. The
broadband sector has the lowest score in the aggregate. The low penetration of broadband of
mere 3.87 against the policy objective of 9 million at then end of 2007 clearly indicates that the
regulatory environment is not very conducive.[25]
[edit] Revenue and growth
The total revenue in the telecom service sector was 86,720 crore (US$19.3 billion) in 2005-06
as against 71,674 crore (US$15.9 billion) in 2004-2005, registering a growth of 21%.estimted
revenue of FY'2011 is Rs.835 Bn (US$ 19 Bn Approx).The total investment in the telecom
services sector reached 200,660 crore (US$44.5 billion) in 2005-06, up from 178,831 crore
(US$39.7 billion) in the previous fiscal.[26]
Telecommunication is the lifeline of the rapidly growing Information Technology industry.
Internet subscriber base has risen to more than a 100 million in 2010.[27] Out of this 11.47 million
were broadband connections.[4] More than a billion people use the internet globally.
Under the Bharat Nirman Programme, the Government of India will ensure that 66,822 revenue
villages in the country, which have not yet been provided with a Village Public Telephone
(VPT), will be connected. However doubts have been raised about what it would mean for the
poor in the country.[28]
It is difficult to ascertain fully the employment potential of the telecom sector but the enormity of
the opportunities can be gauged from the fact that there were 3.7 million Public Call Offices in
December 2005[29] up from 2.3 million in December 2004.
The value added services (VAS) market within the mobile industry in India has the potential to
grow from US$500 million in 2006 to a whopping US$10 billion by 2009.[30]
[edit] Telephone
On landlines, intra-circle calls are considered local calls while inter-circle are considered long
distance calls. Currently Government is working to integrate the whole country in one telecom
circle. For long distance calls, the area code prefixed with a zero is dialed first which is then
followed by the number (i.e. To call Delhi, 011 would be dialed first followed by the phone
number). For international calls, "00" must be dialed first followed by the country code, area
code and local phone number. The country code for India is 91.
Telephone Subscribers (Wireless and Landline): 826.25 million (feb. 2011) [4]
Land Lines: 34.87 million (feb. 2011)[4]
Cell phones: 791.38 million (feb. 2011) [4]
Monthly Cell phone Addition: 20.20 million (feb. 2011) [4]
Teledensity: 69.29% (feb. 2011) [4]
Projected Teledensity: 1 billion, 84% of population by 2012.[31]
[edit] Mobile telephones
See also: List of mobile network operators of India and List of mobile network
operators

With a subscriber base of more than 791 million,[4] the Mobile telecommunications system in
India is the second largest in the world and it was thrown open to private players in the 1990s.
The country is divided into multiple zones, called circles (roughly along state boundaries).
Government and several private players run local and long distance telephone services.
Competition has caused prices to drop and calls across India are one of the cheapest in the world.
[32]
The rates are supposed to go down further with new measures to be taken by the Information
Ministry.[33] In September 2004, the number of mobile phone connections crossed the number of
fixed-line connections and presently dwarfs the wireline segment by a ratio of around 20:1.[4] The
mobile subscriber base has grown by a factor of over a hundred and thirty, from 5 million
subscribers in 2001 to over 680 million subscribers as of Sep 2010 [4] (a period of less than 9
years) . India primarily follows the GSM mobile system, in the 900 MHz band. Recent operators
also operate in the 1800 MHz band. The dominant players are Airtel, Reliance Infocomm,
Vodafone, Idea cellular and BSNL/MTNL. There are many smaller players, with operations in
only a few states. International roaming agreements exist between most operators and many
foreign carriers.
India is divided into 22 telecom circles. They are listed below:[4]
• Assam
• Andhra Pradesh
• Bihar
• Delhi & NCR
• Gujarat
• Haryana
• Himachal Pradesh
• Jammu and Kashmir
• Karnataka
• Kerala
• Kolkata
• Madhya Pradesh
• Maharashtra & Goa
• Mumbai
 • North East (Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, &
Tripura)
• Orissa
• Punjab
• Rajasthan
• Tamil Nadu
• Uttar Pradesh (East)
• Uttar Pradesh (West)
• West Bengal
A list of states (including the metros Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai in their respective states and
exluding National Capital Territory Delhi) with the largest subscriber base as of Mar 03rd
2011[update] is given below
Subscriber Population Mobile phones per 1000
State
base[4] (01/03/2011) [34]
population

Uttar Pradesh 106,192,054 199,581,477 532

Maharashtra 94,841,692 112,372,972 844

Tamil Nadu 68,168,580 72,138,958 945

Andhra
59,364,339 84,665,533 701
Pradesh

West Bengal 60,928,561 91,347,736 667

Bihar 52,100,177 103,804,637 502

Karnataka 48,465,542 61,130,704 793

Gujarat 45,881,267 60,383,628 760

Rajasthan 42,380,958 68,621,012 618

Madhya
44,256,394 72,597,565 610
Pradesh

Delhi 16,753,235 37,539,635 2,241

Kerala 30,954,858 33,387,677 927

Punjab 27,817,459 27,704,236 1,004

India 791,381,574 1,210,193,422 654

[edit] Landlines
Until the New Telecom Policy was announced in 1999, only the Government-owned BSNL and
MTNL were allowed to provide landline phone services through copper wire in India with
MTNL operating in Delhi and Mumbai and BSNL servicing all other areas of the country. Due
to the rapid growth of the cellular phone industry in India, landlines are facing stiff competition
from cellular operators. This has forced landline service providers to become more efficient and
improve their quality of service. Landline connections are now also available on demand, even in
high density urban areas. The breakup of wireline subscriber base in India as of September
2009[update] is given below[35]
Subscriber
Operator
base

BSNL 25,378,036

MTNL 3,458,399

Bharti Airtel 3,280,658

Reliance
1,232,060
Communications

Tata Teleservices 1,289,179

HFCL Infotel 188,943

Teleservices Ltd 38,037

All India 34,865,312

The list of eight states (including the metros Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai in their respective
states) with largest subscriber base as of Feb 2011[update] is given below [36]
Subscriber
State
base

Maharashtra 5,845,504

Tamil Nadu 3,481,360

Kerala 3,302,031

Uttar
2,326,813
Pradesh

Karnataka 2,741,983

Delhi 2,829,816

West Bengal 2,173,485

Andhra
2,376,882
Pradesh

[edit] Internet
India has the world's third largest Internet users with over 100 million users (of whom 40 million
use the internet via mobile phones) as of December 2010.[37] Internet penetration in India is one
of the lowest in the world which is 8.4% of the population, compared to other nations like United
States, Japan or South Korea where internet penetration is significantly higher than in India.[38]
The number of broadband connections in India has seen a continuous growth since the beginning
of 2006. As of Feb 2011, total broadband Internet users in the country have reached 11.47
million [39]. See List of countries by number of broadband Internet users
Broadband in India is more expensive as compared to Western Europe/United Kingdom and
United States.[40]
After economic liberalization in 1992, many private ISPs have entered the market, many with
their own local loop and gateway infrastructures. The telecom services market is regulated by the
TRAI and the DoT, which has been known to impose censorship on some websites.
See also: List of ISPs in India and Internet censorship in India

[edit] Low Speed Broadband (256 kbit/s - 2 mbit/s)

The current definition of Broadband in India is speeds of 256 kbit/s. TRAI on July 2009 has
recommended raising this limit to 2 Mbit/s.[41]
As of February 2011[update], India has 11.47 million broadband users, constituting 0.9% of the
population.[4] India ranks one of the lowest provider of broadband speed as compared countries
such as Japan, South Korea and France.[8][40]
Because of the increase in Broadband penetration and the quality of service steadily improving,
many non-resident Indians are now enjoying the ability to communicate with family in India
from around the world. However, many consumers complain that ISPs still fail to provide the
advertised speeds - some even failing to meet the 256 kbit/s standards.
[edit] High Speed Broadband (over 2 Mbit/s)
• Airtel has launched plans up to 16 Mbit/s on ADSL2+ enabled lines and is
piloting new 30 Mbit/s and 50 Mbit/s plans in limited areas.[42]
• Beam Telecom offers plans up to 6 Mbit/s for home users and has 20 Mbit/s
plans available for power users in only Hyderabad city.[43]
• BSNL offers ADSL up to 8 Mbit/s in many cities.It also started offering FTTH
speeds ranging from 256Kbps to 100Mbps.[44]
• Hayai Broadband will offer FTTH services up to 100 Mbit/s, with an Internal
network speed of 1 Gbit/s.
• Honesty Net Solutions offers Broadband over Cable at up to 4 Mbit/s.
• MTNL offers VDSL at speeds up to 20 Mbit/s in selected areas [45]
 • Reliance Communications offers 10 Mbit/s and 20 Mbit/s broadband internet
services in selected areas.[46]
• Tata Indicom offers 10 Mbit/s, 20 Mbit/s and 100 Mbit/s options under the
"Lightning Plus" tariffs structure/[47]
• O-Zone Networks Private Limited Pan-India public Wi-Fi hotspot provider
giving wireless broadband up to 2 Mb/s.[48]
The main problem consumers face with High Speed Broadband in India is that they are
frequently expensive and/or they have limited amounts of data transfer included in the plan.
[edit] Statistics
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) & Hosts: 86,571 (2004) Source: CIA World FactBook
Country code (Top-level domain): .in
[edit] Broadcasting
Main article: Media of India

AIR Radio Tower

Radio broadcast stations: AM 153, FM 91, shortwave 68 (1998), Domestica Radio,

Broadcasting
Radios: 116 million (1997)
Television terrestrial broadcast stations: 562 (of which 82 stations have 1 kW or greater
power and 480 stations have less than 1 kW of power) (1997)
Televisions: 110 million (2006)
In India, only the government owned Doordarshan (Door = Distant = Tele, Darshan = Vision) is
allowed to broadcast terrestrial television signals. It initially had one major National channel
(DD National) and a Metro channel in some of the larger cities (also known as DD Metro).
Satellite/Cable television took off during the first Gulf War with CNN. There are no regulations
against ownership of satellite dish antennas, or operation of cable television systems, which led
to an explosion of viewership and channels, led by the Star TV group and Zee TV. Initially
restricted to music and entertainment channels, viewership grew, giving rise to several channels
in regional languages, especially Hindi. The main news channels available were CNN and BBC
World. In the late 1990s, many current affairs and news channels sprouted, becoming immensely
popular because of the alternative viewpoint they offered compared to Doordarshan. Some of the
notable ones are Aaj Tak (means Till Today, run by the India Today group) and STAR News,
CNN-IBN, Times Now, initially run by the NDTV group and their lead anchor, Prannoy Roy
(NDTV now has its own channels, NDTV 24x7, NDTV Profit, NDTV India and NDTV
Imagine).New Delhi TeleVision.
Here is a reasonably comprehensive List of Indian television stations.
[edit] Next generation networks
In the Next Generation Networks, multiple access networks can connect customers to a core
network based on IP technology. These access networks include fibre optics or coaxial cable
networks connected to fixed locations or customers connected through wi-fi as well as to 3G
networks connected to mobile users. As a result, in the future, it would be impossible to identify
whether the next generation network is a fixed or mobile network and the wireless access
broadband would be used both for fixed and mobile services. It would then be futile to
differentiate between fixed and mobile networks – both fixed and mobile users will access
services through a single core network.
Indian telecom networks are not so intensive as developed country’s telecom networks and
India's teledensity is low only in rural areas. 670,000 route kilometers (419,000 miles) of
optical fibres has been laid in India by the major operators, even in remote areas and the
process continues. BSNL alone, has laid optical fibre to 30,000 Telephone Exchanges out of
their 36 Exchanges. Keeping in mind the viability of providing services in rural areas, an
attractive solution appears to be one which offers multiple service facility at low costs. A rural
network based on the extensive optical fibre network, using Internet Protocol and offering a
variety of services and the availability of open platforms for service development, viz. the Next
Generation Network, appears to be an attractive proposition. Fibre network can be easily
converted to Next Generation network and then used for delivering multiple services at cheap
cost.
[edit] Mobile Number Portability (MNP)
TRAI announced the rules and regulations to be followed for the Mobile Number Portability in
their draft release on 23 September 2009. Mobile Number Portability (MNP) allows users to
retain their numbers, while shifting to a different service provider provided they follow the
guidelines set by TRAI. Once a customer changes his/her service provider & retaining the same
mobile number they are expected to hold the mobile number with a given provider for at least 90
days, before they decide to move to another service provider. This restriction is set in place to
keep a check on exploitation of MNP services provided by the service providers.[49]
As per news reports, Government of India decided to implement MNP from December 31, 2009
in Metros & category ‘A’ service areas and by March 20, 2010 in rest of the country.
It has been postponed to March 31, 2010 in Metros & category 'A' service areas. However, time
and time again, lobbying by the state-run firms, BSNL and MTNL has resulted in innumerable
delays in the implementation of Mobile Number portability. The latest reports suggest BSNL and
MTNL are finally ready to implement the Mobile Number Portability by October 31, 2010.[50]
A press release by the Department of Telecommunications on 30 June 2010 said "Keeping the
complexity and enormity of the testing involved before MNP is implemented and keeping in
view the present status of implementation by various operators, it has now been decided to
extend the time line for implementation of MNP to 31st October 2010."[51]
The latest official report is that Mobile Number Portability will be phased in slowly, starting with
Haryana which will have MNP on or soon after November 1, 2010.[52]
A news report on 25 November 2010 said Mobile Number Portability (MNP) was finally
launched in Haryana. The MNP service inaugurate by the Union Minister of Communications &
IT Mr. Kapil Sibal by making the inaugural call to Shri Bhupindrer Singh Hooda, the Chief
Minister of Haryana from a ported mobile number in function held at Rohtak city.[53] Another
news report said it will be implemented across India on January 20, 2011. Even as DoT has
recommended a porting fee of Rs. 19, some operators such as Idea Cellular may consider
waiving off the porting charges.[54]
[edit] International
• Nine satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian
Ocean region).Microwave
• Nine gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata,
Chennai, Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad and Ernakulam.

[edit] Submarine cables

• LOCOM linking Chennai to Penang, Malaysia
• India-UAEcable linking Mumbai to Al Fujayrah, UAE.
• SEA-ME-WE 2 (South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 2)
• SEA-ME-WE 3 (South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 3) - Landing sites
at Cochin and Mumbai. Capacity of 960 Gbit/s.
• SEA-ME-WE 4 (South East Asia-Middle East-Western Europe 4) - Landing sites
at Mumbai and Chennai. Capacity of 1.28 Tbit/s.
• Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG-FEA) with a landing site at Mumbai
(2000). Initial design capacity 10 Gbit/s, upgraded in 2002 to 80 Gbit/s,
upgraded to over 1 Tbit/s (2005).
• TIISCS (Tata Indicom India-Singapore Cable System), also known as TIC (Tata
Indicom Cable), Chennai to Singapore. Capacity of 5.12 Tbit/s.
• i2i - Chennai to Singapore. Capacity of 8.4 Tbit/s.
• SEACOM From Mumbai to the Mediterranean, via South Africa. It currently
joins with SEA-ME-WE 4 off the west coast of Spain to carry traffic onward to
London (2009). Capacity of 1.28 Tbit/s.
• I-ME-WE (India-Middle East-Western Europe) with two landing sites at Mumbai
(2009). Capacity of 3.84 Tbit/s.
• EIG (Europe-India Gateway), landing at Mumbai (due Q2 2010).
• MENA (Middle East North Africa).
 • TGN-Eurasia (Announced) Landing at Mumbai (due 2010?), Capacity of 1.28
Tbit/s
• TGN-Gulf (Announced) Landing at Mumbai (due 2011?), Capacity Unknown.

[edit] Telecom Training in India

The incumbent telecom operators (BSNL & MTNL) have maintained several telecom training
centres at regional, circle and district level. BSNL has three national level institutions, namely
Advanced Level Telecom Training Centre (ALTTC) at Ghaziabad, UP; Bharat Ratna Bhim Rao
Ambedkar Institute Of Telecom Training at Jabalpur, MP; and National Academy of Telecom
Finance and Management.
MTNL incorporated Centre for Excellence in Telecom Technology and Management (CETTM)
in 2003-04. It is the largest telecom training centre in India and one of the biggest in Asia with a
capex plan of over 100 crore (US$22.2 million). CETTM is situated at Hiranandani Gardens,
Powai, Mumbai with built area of 486,921 sq ft (45,236.4 m2). It provides training in telecom
switching, transmission, wireless communication, telecom operations and management to
corporates and students besides its own internal employees.
Other than the government opearators some private players like Bharti (Bharti School of
Telecom Management part of IIT Delhi), Aegis School of Business and
Telecommunication(Banglore and Mumbai) and Reliance have started their own training centres.
In addition some independent centres like Telcoma Technologies providing Telecom Training
have also evolved in India.
CELLiNOR is also one of the leading telecom training providers, based at Gurgaon, Haryana. It
is a full fledge telecom training wing with state-of-art-equipments and labs. It gives extensive
Training in Telecom in classrooms as well as on job training on live project to the aspiring
engineers in Telecommunication field. It is a part of NR Switch N Radio Services Pvt ltd which
is a leading telecom service provider in the telecommunication world.
National Telecom Policy 1994

Introduction

The new economic policy adopted by the Government aims at improving India's competitiveness in the
global market and rapid growth of exports. Another element of the new economic policy is attracting
foreign direct investment and stimulating domestic investment. Telecommunication services of world
class quality are necessary for the success of this policy. It is, therefore, necessary to give the highest
priority to the development of telecom services in the country.

Objectives

The objectives of the New Telecom Policy will be as follows :

a. The focus of the Telecom Policy shall be telecommunication for all and telecommunication within
the reach of all. This means ensuring the availability of telephone on demand as early as
possible.

b. Another objective will be to achieve universal service covering all villages as early as possible.
What is meant by the expression universal service is the provision of access to all people for
certain basic telecom services at affordable and reasonable prices.

c. The quality of telecom services should be of world standard. Removal of consumer complaints,
dispute resolution and public interface will receive special attention. The objective will also be to
provide widest permissible range of services to meet the customer's demand at reasonable
prices.

d. Taking into account India's size and development, it is necessary to ensure that India emerges
as a major manufacturing base and major exporter of telecom equipment.

e. The defence and security interests of the country will be protected.

Present Status

The present telephone density in India is about 0.8 per hundred persons as against the world average
of 10 per hundred persons. It is also lower than that of many developing countries of Asia like China
(1.7), Pakistan (2), Malaysia (13) etc. There are about 8 million lines with a waiting list of about 2.5
million. Nearly 1.4 lakh villages, out of a total of 5,76,490 villages in the country, are covered by
telephone services. There are more than 1 lakh public call offices in the urban areas.

Revised Targets

In view of the recent growth of the economy and the reassessed demand, it is necessary to revise the
VIII Plan targets as follows :

a. Telephone should be available on demand by 1997.

b. All villages should be covered by 1997.

c. In the urban areas a PCO should be provided for every 500 persons by 1997

d. All value-added services available internationally should be introduced in India to raise the
telecom services in India to international standard well within the VIII Plan period, preferably by
1996.

Resources for the Revised Targets

The rapid acceleration of Telecom services visualised above would require supplementing the
resources allocated to this sector in the VIII plan. The total demand (working connections + waiting
list) showed a rise of nearly 50% from 7.03 million on 1.4.1992 to 10.5 million on 1.4.1994 over a
three year period. If the demand grows at the same rate for the next three years, it would touch
about 15.8 million by 1.4.1997. The actual rate of growth is likely to be higher as the economy is
expected to grow at a faster pace. Achieving the target of giving telephone on demand by 1997 would
thus imply releasing about 10 million connections during the VIII Plan as against the existing target of
7.5 million. Release of 2.5 million additional lines alone would require extra resources to the tune of
Rs. 11,750 crores at a unit cost of Rs. 47,000 per line at 1993-94 prices. To this must be added the
requirement on account of additional rural connections of Rs. 4,000 crores.

Even with the comparatively modest targets of the VIII Plan, as originally fixed, there is a resource
gap of Rs. 7,500 crores. The additional resources required to achieve the revised targets would be well
over Rs. 23,000 crores. Clearly this is beyond the capacity of Government funding and internal
generation of resources. Private investment and association of the private sector would be needed in a
big way to bridge the resource gap. Private initiative would be used to complement the Departmental
efforts to raise additional resources both through increased international generation and adopting
innovative means like leasing, deferred payments, BOT, BLT, BTO etc.

Hardware

With the objective of meeting the telecom needs of the country the sector of manufacture of telecom
equipment has been progressively relicensed. Substantial capacity has already been created for the
manufacture of the necessary hardware within the country. The capacity for manufacture of switching
equipment, for example, exceeded 1.7 million lines/year in 1993 and is projected to exceed 3 million
line/year by 1997. The capacity for manufacture of telephone instruments at 8.4 million units per year
is far in excess of the existing or the projected demand. Manufacturing capacities for wireless terminal
equipment, Multi Access Radio Relay (MARR) for rural communication, optical fibre cables,
underground cables etc. have also been established to take care of the requirements of the VIII Plan.
With the revision of the targets demand would firm up and there would be an incentive to expand the
capacities to meet the extra requirement.

Value Added Services

In order to achieve standards comparable to the international facilities, the sub-sector of value-added
services was opened up to private investment in July 1992 for the following services :

a. Electronic Mail

b. Voice Mail

c. Data Services

d. Audio Text Services

e. Video Text Services

f. Video Conferencing

g. Radio Paging

h. Cellular Mobile Telephone

In respect of the first six of these services companies registered in India are permitted to operate
under license on non-exclusive basis. This policy would be continued. In view of the constraints on the
number of companies that can be allowed to operate in the area of Radio Paging and Cellular Mobile
Telephone Service, however, a policy of selection is being followed in grant of licenses through a
system of tendering. This policy will also be continued and the following criteria will be applied for
selection :

a. Track record of the company;

b. Compatibility of the technology

c. Usefulness of the technology being offered for future development;

d. Protection of national security interests;

e. Ability to give the best quality of service to the consumer at the most competitive cost; and

f. Attractiveness of the commercial terms to the Department of Telecommunications.

Basic Services

With a view to supplement the effort of the Department of Telecommunications in providing

telecommunication services to the people, companies registered in India will be allowed to participate
in the expansion of the telecommunication network in the area of basic telephone services also. These
companies will be required to maintain a balance in their coverage between urban and rural areas.
Their conditions of operation will include agreed tariff and revenue sharing arrangements. Other terms
applicable to such companies will be similar to those indicated above for value-added services.

Pilot Projects

Pilot projects will be encouraged directly by the Government in order to access new technologies, new
systems in both basic as well as value-added services.

Technology and Strategic Aspects

Telecommunication is a vital infrastructure. It is also technology intensive. It is, therefore, necessary

that the administration of the policy in the telecom sector is such that the inflow of technology is made
easy and India does not lag behind in getting the full advantage of the emerging new technologies. An
equally important aspect is the strategic aspect of telecom, which affects the national and public
interests. It is, therefore, necessary to encourage indigenous technology, set up a suitable funding
mechanism for indigenous R&D so that the Indian Technology can meet the national demand and also
compete globally.

Implementation

In order to implement the above policy, suitable arrangements will have to be made (a) protect and
promote the interests of the consumers and (b) ensure fair competition.
2G
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For other uses, see 2G (disambiguation).

2G (or 2-G) is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology. Second generation 2G
cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on the GSM standard in Finland by
Radiolinja[1] (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991. Three primary benefits of 2G networks over their
predecessors were that phone conversations were digitally encrypted; 2G systems were
significantly more efficient on the spectrum allowing for far greater mobile phone penetration
levels; and 2G introduced data services for mobile, starting with SMS text messages.
After 2G was launched, the previous mobile telephone systems were retrospectively dubbed 1G.
While radio signals on 1G networks are analog, radio signals on 2G networks are digital. Both
systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the handsets) to the rest
of the telephone system.
2G has been superseded by newer technologies such as 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G, and 4G; however, 2G
networks are still used in many parts of the world.

Contents
[hide]
• 1 2G technologies
• 2 Capacities, advantages, and
disadvantages
○ 2.1 Capacity
○ 2.2 Advantages
○ 2.3 Disadvantages
• 3 Evolution
○ 3.1 2.5G (GPRS)
○ 3.2 2.75G (EDGE)
• 4 See also
• 5 References

[edit] 2G technologies
2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards depending on the
type of multiplexing used. The main 2G standards are:
• GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used in almost all countries on
all six inhabited continents. Today accounts for over 80% of all subscribers
 around the world. Over 60 GSM operators are also using CDMA2000 in the
450 MHz frequency band (CDMA450).[2]
• IS-95 aka cdmaOne (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA in the
US), used in the Americas and parts of Asia. Today accounts for about 17% of
all subscribers globally. Over a dozen CDMA operators have migrated to GSM
including operators in Mexico, India, Australia and South Korea.
• PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan
• iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the United States
and Telus Mobility in Canada
• IS-136 aka D-AMPS (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply 'TDMA' in the
US), was once prevalent in the Americas but most have migrated to GSM.
2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications Service, or PCS, in the United
States.
[edit] Capacities, advantages, and disadvantages
[edit] Capacity
Using digital signals between the handsets and the towers increases system capacity in two key
ways:
• Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more effectively
than analog voice encodings through the use of various codecs, allowing
more calls to be packed into the same amount of radio bandwidth.
• The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the
handsets. This meant that cells could be smaller, so more cells could be
placed in the same amount of space. This was also made possible by cell
towers and related equipment getting less expensive.

[edit] Advantages
• The lower power emissions helped address health concerns.
• Going all-digital allowed for the introduction of digital data services, such as
SMS and email.
• Greatly reduced fraud. With analog systems it was possible to have two or
more "cloned" handsets that had the same phone number.
• Enhanced privacy. A key digital advantage not often mentioned is that digital
cellular calls are much harder to eavesdrop on by use of radio scanners.
While the security algorithms used have proved not to be as secure as
initially advertised, 2G phones are immensely more private than 1G phones,
which have no protection against eavesdropping.

[edit] Disadvantages
• In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient to
reach a cell tower. This tends to be a particular problem on 2G systems
deployed on higher frequencies, but is mostly not a problem on 2G systems
deployed on lower frequencies. National regulations differ greatly among
countries which dictate where 2G can be deployed.
 • Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This can be
both an advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions, digital will
sound better. Under slightly worse conditions, analog will experience static,
while digital has occasional dropouts. As conditions worsen, though, digital
will start to completely fail, by dropping calls or being unintelligible, while
analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a call longer and allowing at least
a few words to get through.
• While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the lossy
compression used by the codecs takes a toll; the range of sound that they
convey is reduced. You'll hear less of the tonality of someone's voice talking
on a digital cellphone, but you will hear it more clearly.

[edit] Evolution
2G networks were built mainly for voice services and slow data transmission.
Some protocols, such as EDGE for GSM and 1x-RTT for CDMA2000, are defined as "3G"
services (because they are defined in IMT-2000 specification documents), but are considered by
the general public to be 2.5G services (or 2.75G which sounds even more sophisticated) because
they are several times slower than present-day 3G services.
[edit] 2.5G (GPRS)
2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. The term "second
and a half generation"[citation needed] is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a
packet-switched domain in addition to the circuit-switched domain. It does not necessarily
provide faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services
(HSCSD) as well.
The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the introduction of
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). CDMA2000 networks similarly evolved through the
introduction of 1xRTT. The combination of these capabilities came to be known as 2.5G.
GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 kbit/s. It can be used for services such as
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS), and for
Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data transfer
is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional
circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of whether the user
actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state.
1xRTT supports bi-directional (up and downlink) peak data rates up to 153.6 kbit/s, delivering an
average user data throughput of 80-100 kbit/s in commercial networks.[3] It can also be used for
WAP, SMS & MMS services, as well as Internet access.
[edit] 2.75G (EDGE)
GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding. Enhanced
Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-
SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data
transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM
networks beginning in 2003—initially by Cingular (now AT&T) in the United States.
EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family and it is an upgrade that provides a
potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks. The specification achieves
higher data-rates (up to 236.8 kbit/s) by switching to more sophisticated methods of coding
(8PSK), within existing GSM timeslots.

0G
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

Navigate

0F 0G 0H
 1G

0G (zero G) or 0-G can refer to:

• 0G, the mobile telephony standard for Mobile radio telephone
• 0-G, or Zero-gravity, also called Weightlessness
• Zero G, absence of g-force
○ Zero-g roll, one of the common Roller coaster elements
• Zero Gravity Corporation
• 0/G, a model of Ν-Asurada AKF-0
• Zero game, a state in game theory where neither player has any legal options
• Zero grade, a type of Indo-European ablaut
• Zero group, a type of mathematical Trivial group

1G
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For other uses, see 1G (disambiguation).

This article needs additional citations for verification.

Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged
and removed. (December 2006)
1G (or 1-G) refers to the first-generation of wireless telephone technology, mobile
telecommunications. These are the analog telecommunications standards that were introduced in
the 1980s and continued until being replaced by 2G digital telecommunications. The main
difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems, 1G and 2G, is that the radio
signals that 1G networks use are analog, while 2G networks are digital.
Although both systems use digital signaling to connect the radio towers (which listen to the
handsets) to the rest of the telephone system, the voice itself during a call is encoded to digital
signals in 2G whereas 1G is only modulated to higher frequency, typically 150 MHz and up.
One such standard is NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), used in Nordic countries, Switzerland,
Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia. Others include AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System) used in the North America and Australia,[1] TACS (Total Access Communications
System) in the United Kingdom, C-450 in West Germany, Portugal and South Africa, Radiocom
2000[2] in France, and RTMI in Italy. In Japan there were multiple systems. Three standards, TZ-
801, TZ-802, and TZ-803 were developed by NTT, while a competing system operated by DDI
used the JTACS (Japan Total Access Communications System) standard.
Antecedent to 1G technology is the mobile radio telephone, or 0G.

Contents
[hide]
• 1 History
• 2 See also
• 3 References
• 4 External links

[edit] History
The first commercially automated cellular network (the 1G generation) was launched in Japan by
NTT in 1979, initially in the metropolitan area of Tokyo. Within five years, the NTT network
had been expanded to cover the whole population of Japan and became the first nationwide 1G
network.
In 1981, this was followed by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT)
system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. NMT was the first mobile phone network
featuring international roaming. The first 1G network launched in the USA was Chicago-based
Ameritech in 1983 using the Motorola DynaTAC mobile phone. Several countries then followed
in the early-to-mid 1980s including the UK, Mexico and Canada.
[edit] See also
• 0G
• 2G
• 3G
• 4G
[edit] References
 1. ^ AMTA
2. ^ Radiocom 2000 in french Wikipedia.

[edit] External links

• Glossary: 1G - First Generation wireless technology

Preceded by Succeeded by
Mobile Telephony Generations
None 2G

[hide]v · d · eMobile telephony standards

0G (radio MTS · MTA · MTB · MTC · IMTS · MTD · AMTS · OLT ·

telephones) Autoradiopuhelin

AMPS
AMPS · TACS · ETACS
family
1G
OtherNMT · Hicap · Mobitex · DataTAC

GSM/3GPP
GSM · CSD
family

3GPP2 familycdmaOne (IS-95)

2G
AMPS familyD-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)

OtherCDPD · iDEN · PDC · PHS

GSM/3GPP
HSCSD · GPRS · EDGE/EGPRS
family
2G transitional
(2.5G, 2.75G) 3GPP2 familyCDMA2000 1xRTT (IS-2000)

OtherWiDEN

UMTS (UTRAN) · WCDMA-FDD · WCDMA-

3GPP family
TDD · UTRA-TDD LCR (TD-SCDMA)
3G (IMT-2000)
3GPP2
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO (IS-856)
family

3G transitional 3GPP familyHSPA · HSPA+ · LTE (E-UTRA)

(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)
3GPP2
EV-DO Rev. A · EV-DO Rev. B
family
 Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) · Flash-
IEEE family
OFDM · IEEE 802.20

3GPP
LTE Advanced
family
4G (IMT-Advanced)
IEEE familyIEEE 802.16m

unconfirme
5G unconfirmed
d

History · Cellular network theory · List of standards · Comparison of

standards · Channel access methods · Spectral efficiency comparison
Related articles
table · Cellular frequencies · GSM frequency bands · UMTS
frequency bands · Mobile broadband

3G
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

For other uses, see 3G (disambiguation).

3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications, is a generation of standards for mobile

phones and mobile telecommunications services fulfilling the International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT — 2000) specifications by the International
Telecommunication Union.[1] Application services include wide-area wireless voice telephone,
mobile Internet access, video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment. To meet the
IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s. Recent
3G releases, often denoted 3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several
Mbit/s to smartphones and mobile modems in laptop computers.
The following standards are typically branded 3G:
• the UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used primarily
in Europe, Japan, China (however with a different radio interface) and other
regions predominated by GSM 2G system infrastructure. The cell phones are
typically UMTS and GSM hybrids. Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing
the same infrastructure:
○ The original and most widespread radio interface is called W-CDMA.
○ The TD-SCDMA radio interface, was commercialised in 2009 and is only
offered in China.
○ The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up to 56
Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing services) and 22
Mbit/s in the uplink.
• the CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2, used
especially in North America and South Korea, sharing infrastructure with the
IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones are typically CDMA2000 and IS-95
hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev B offers peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s
downstreams.
The above systems and radio interfaces are based on kindred spread spectrum radio transmission
technology. While the GSM EDGE standard ("2.9G"), DECT cordless phones and Mobile
WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000 requirements and are approved as 3G
standards by ITU, these are typically not branded 3G, and are based on completely different
technologies.
A new generation of cellular standards has appeared approximately every tenth year since 1G
systems were introduced in 1981/1982. Each generation is characterized by new frequency
bands, higher data rates and non backwards compatible transmission technology. The first
release of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard does not completely fulfill the ITU 4G
requirements called IMT-Advanced. First release LTE is not backwards compatible with 3G, but
is a pre-4G or 3.9G technology, however sometimes branded "4G" by the service providers.
WiMAX is another technology verging on or marketed as 4G.

Contents
[hide]
• 1 Overview
○ 1.1 Detailed breakdown of 3G systems
• 2 History
• 3 Adoption
○ 3.1 Africa
○ 3.2 Asia
 3.2.1 China
 3.2.2 India
 3.2.3 North Korea
 3.2.4 Philippines
○ 3.3 Europe
○ 3.4 North America
○ 3.5 Middle East
○ 3.6 Turkey
• 4 Features
○ 4.1 Data rates
○ 4.2 Security
• 5 Applications
• 6 Evolution
• 7 See also
• 8 References

[edit] Overview
The following common standards comply with the IMT2000/3G standard:
• EDGE, a revision by the 3GPP organization to the older 2G GSM based
transmission methods, utilizing the same switching nodes, basestation sites
and frequencies as GPRS, but new basestation and cellphone RF circuits. It is
based on the three times as efficient 8PSK modulation scheme as supplement
to the original GMSK modulation scheme. EDGE is still used extensively due
to its ease of upgrade from existing 2G GSM infrastructure and cell-phones.
○ EDGE combined with the GPRS 2.5G technology is called EGPRS, and
allows peak data rates in the order of 200 kbit/s, just as the original
UMTS WCDMA versions, and thus formally fullfills the IMT2000
requirements on 3G systems. However, in practice EDGE is seldom
marketed as a 3G system, but a 2.9G system. EDGE shows slightly
better system spectral efficiency than the original UMTS and
CDMA2000 systems, but it is difficult to reach much higher peak data
rates due to the limited GSM spectral bandwidth of 200 kHz, and it is
thus a dead end.
 ○ EDGE was also a mode in the IS-135 TDMA system, today ceased.
○ Evolved EDGE, the latest revision, has peaks of 1 Mbits/s downstream
and 400kbits/s upstream, but is not commercially used.
• The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, created and revised by
the 3GPP. The family is a full revision from GSM in terms of of encoding
methods and hardware, although some GSM sites can be retrofitted to
broadcast in the UMTS/W-CDMA format.
○ W-CDMA is the most common deployment, commonly operated on the
2100 MHz band. A few others use the 900 and 1850 MHz bands.
○ HSPA is a revision and upgrade to W-CDMA UMTS, used by AT&T
Wireless, Telstra and Telecom NZ, typically broadcasting on the
850 MHz band. HSPA requires updates to the
 HSPA+ a revision and upgrade of HSPA, can provide peak data
rates up to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in
existing services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink. It utilises multiple
base stations to potentially double the channels available
utilising MIMO principles.
• The CDMA2000 system, or IS-2000, standardized by 3GPP2 (differing from
the 3GPP, updating the IS-95 CDMA system, used especially in North America
and South Korea.
○ EVDO Rev. B is the latest update, offering downstream peak rates of
14.7 Mbit/s. It is used primarily by the US carrier Verizon.
While DECT cordless phones and Mobile WiMAX standards formally also fulfill the IMT-2000
requirements, they are not usually considered due to their rarity and unsuitability for usage with
mobile phones.
[edit] Detailed breakdown of 3G systems
The 3G (UMTS and CDMA2000) research and development projects started in 1992. In 1999,
ITU approved five radio interfaces for IMT-2000 as a part of the ITU-R M.1457
Recommendation; WiMAX was added in 2007.[2]
There are evolutionary standards (EDGE and CDMA) that are backwards-compatible
extensions to pre-existing 2G networks as well as revolutionary standards that require all-new
network hardware and frequency allocations. The cell phones used utilise UMTS in combination
with 2G GSM standards and bandwidths, but do not support EDGE.[3] The latter group is the
UMTS family, which consists of standards developed for IMT-2000, as well as the
independently developed standards DECT and WiMAX, which were included because they fit
the IMT-2000 definition.
Overview of 3G/IMT-2000 standards[4]

ITU IMT-2000 bandw pre-4G geograp

common dupl descript
compliant idth of upgrad channel hical
name(s) ex ion
standards data e areas

TDMA Single EDGE (UWC- EDGE likely FDD TDMA evolution worldwid
–Carrier Evolutio discontin ary e, except
 upgrade Japan
to and
(IMT–SC) 136) n ued
GSM/GPR South
S[nb 1] Korea

evolution
ary Americas
CDMA Multi–
upgrade , Asia,
Carrier (IMT– CDMA2000 EV-DO UMB[nb 2]
to some
MC)
cdmaOne others
(IS-95)

CDMA Direct
W- CDMA worldwid
Spread (IMT– family of e
CDMA[nb 4]
DS) revolutio
nary
UMTS TD–
[nb 3] HSPA LTE upgrades Europe
CDMA[nb 5]
CDMA TDD to earlier
(IMT–TC) TD– GSM
SCDMA[nb family. China
6]

short-
TDD range;
FDMA/TDMA FDMA/TD standard Europe,
DECT none
(IMT–FT) MA for USA
cordless
phones

WiMAX (IEEE worldwid

IP–OFDMA OFDMA
802.16) e

1. ^ Can also be used as an upgrade to PDC or D-AMPS.

2. ^ development halted in favour of LTE.[5]
3. ^ also known as FOMA;[6] UMTS is the common name for a standard that
encompasses multiple air interfaces.
4. ^ also known as UTRA-FDD; W-CDMA is sometimes used as a synonym for
UMTS, ignoring the other air interface options.[6]
5. ^ also known as UTRA-TDD 3.84 Mcps high chip rate (HCR)
6. ^ also known as UTRA-TDD 1.28 Mcps low chip rate (LCR)
While EDGE fulfills the 3G specifications, most GSM/UMTS phones report EDGE ("2.75G")
and UMTS ("3G") functionality.
[edit] History
The first pre-commercial 3G network was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan, branded as
FOMA. It was first available in May 2001 as a pre-release (test) of W-CDMA technology.[7] The
first commercial launch of 3G was also by NTT DoCoMo in Japan on 1 October 2001, although
it was initially somewhat limited in scope;[8][9] broader availability of the system was delayed by
apparent concerns over its reliability.[10]
The second network to go commercially live was by SK Telecom in South Korea on the CDMA-
based 1xEV-DO technology in January 2002. By May 2002 the second South Korean 3G
network was by KT on EV-DO and thus the Koreans were the first to see competition among 3G
operators.
The first European pre-commercial network was an UTMS network on the Isle of Man by Manx
Telecom, the operator then owned by British Telecom, and the first commercial network (also
UTMS based W-CDMA) in Europe was opened for business by Telenor in December 2001 with
no commercial handsets and thus no paying customers.
The first commercial United States 3G network was by Monet Mobile Networks, on CDMA2000
1x EV-DO technology, but this network provider later shut down operations. The second 3G
network operator in the USA was Verizon Wireless in October 2003 also on CDMA2000 1x EV-
DO. AT&T Mobility is also a true 3G UMTS network, having completed its upgrade of the 3G
network to HSUPA.
The first pre-commercial demonstration network in the southern hemisphere[dubious – discuss] was built
in Adelaide, South Australia by m.Net Corporation in February 2002 using UMTS on
2100 MHz. This was a demonstration network for the 2002 IT World Congress. The first
commercial 3G network was launched by Hutchison Telecommunications branded as Three in
March 2003.
Emtel Launched the first 3G network in Africa.
By June 2007, the 200 millionth 3G subscriber had been connected. Out of 3 billion mobile
phone subscriptions worldwide this is only 6.7%. In the countries where 3G was launched first –
Japan and South Korea – 3G penetration is over 70%.[11] In Europe the leading country is Italy
with a third of its subscribers migrated to 3G. Other leading countries by 3G migration include
UK, Austria, Australia and Singapore at the 20% migration level. A confusing statistic is
counting CDMA2000 1x RTT customers as if they were 3G customers. If using this definition,
then the total 3G subscriber base would be 475 million at June 2007 and 15.8% of all subscribers
worldwide.
[edit] Adoption
3G was relatively slow to be adopted globally. In some instances, 3G networks do not use the
same radio frequencies as 2G so mobile operators must build entirely new networks and license
entirely new frequencies, especially so to achieve high-end data transmission rates. Other delays
were due to the expenses of upgrading transmission hardware, especially for UMTS, whose
deployment required the replacement of most broadcast towers. Due to these issues and
difficulties with deployment, many carriers were not able to or delayed acquisition of these
updated capabilities.
In December 2007, 190 3G networks were operating in 40 countries and 154 HSDPA networks
were operating in 71 countries, according to the Global Mobile Suppliers Association (GSA). In
Asia, Europe, Canada and the USA, telecommunication companies use W-CDMA technology
with the support of around 100 terminal designs to operate 3G mobile networks.
Roll-out of 3G networks was delayed in some countries by the enormous costs of additional
spectrum licensing fees. (See Telecoms crash.) The license fees in some European countries
were particularly high, bolstered by government auctions of a limited number of licenses and
sealed bid auctions, and initial excitement over 3G's potential.
The 3G standard is perhaps well known because of a massive expansion of the mobile
communications market post-2G and advances of the consumer mophone. An especially notable
development during this time is the smartphone (for example, the iPhone, and the Android
family), combining the abilities of a PDA with a mobile phone, leading to widespread demand
for mobile internet connectivity.3G has also introduced the term "mobile broadband" because its
speed and capability makes it a viable alternative for internet browsing, and USB Modems
connecting to 3G networks are becoming increasingly common.
[edit] Africa
The first African use of 3G technology was a 3G videocall made in Johannesburg on the
Vodacom network in November 2004. The first commercial launch was by Emtel-ltd in
Mauritius in 2004. In late March 2006, a 3G service was provided by the new company Wana in
Morrocco.In East Africa (Tanzania) in 2007 a 3G service was provided by Vodacom Tanzania.
[edit] Asia
[edit] China
China announced in May 2008, that the telecoms sector was re-organized and three 3G networks
would be allocated so that the largest mobile operator, China Mobile, would retain its GSM
customer base. China Unicom would retain its GSM customer base but relinquish its
CDMA2000 customer base, and launch 3G on the globally leading W-CDMA (UMTS) standard.
The CDMA2000 customers of China Unicom would go to China Telecom, which would then
launch 3G on the CDMA2000 1x EV-DO standard. This meant that China would have all three
main cellular technology 3G standards in commercial use. Finally in January 2009, Ministry of
industry and Information Technology of China awarded licenses of all three standards: TD-
SCDMA to China Mobile, W-CDMA to China Unicom and CDMA2000 to China Telecom. The
launch of 3G occurred on 1 October 2009, to coincide with the 60th Anniversary of the Founding
of the People's Republic of China.
[edit] India
In 2008, India entered the 3G arena with the launch of 3G enabled Mobile and Data services by
Government owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. (BSNL). Later, MTNL launched 3G in Delhi
and Mumbai. Nationwide auction of 3G wireless spectrum was announced in April 2010.
The first Private-sector service provider that launched 3G services is Tata DoCoMo, on
November 5, 2010. And the second is by Reliance Communications, December 13, 2010.
Vodafone Launched their 3G by mid of March. Then, Bharti Airtel launched their 3G services on
24 January 2011 in Bangalore and also launched in Delhi & Jaipur on March 4, 2011(not GSM
but only USB estick). Aircel also launched 3G in Kolkatta in the month of February. Other
providers like Airtel, Idea and are expected to launch 3G services by Q1 2011.
[edit] North Korea
North Korea has had a 3G network since 2008, which is called Koryolink, a joint venture
between Egyptian company Orascom Telecom Holding and the state-owned Korea Post and
Telecommunications Corporation (KPTC) is North Korea's only 3G Mobile operator, and one of
only two mobile companies in the country. According to Orascom quoted in BusinessWeek, the
company had 125,661 subscribers in May 2010. The Egyptian company owns 75 percent of
Koryolink, and is known to invest in infrastructure for mobile technology in developing nations.
It covers Pyongyang, and five additional cities and eight highways and railways. Its only
competitor, SunNet, uses GSM technology and suffers from poor call quality and disconnections.
[12]
Phone numbers on the network are prefixed with +850 (0)192.[13]
[edit] Philippines
3G services were made available in the Philippines on December 2008.[14]
[edit] Europe
In Europe, mass market commercial 3G services were introduced starting in March 2003 by 3
(Part of Hutchison Whampoa) in the UK and Italy. The European Union Council suggested that
the 3G operators should cover 80% of the European national populations by the end of 2005.
[edit] North America
In Canada, Bell Mobility, SaskTel[15] and Telus launched a 3G EVDO network in 2005.[16]
Rogers Wireless was the first to implement UMTS technology, with HSDPA services in eastern
Canada in late 2006.[17] Realizing they would miss out on roaming revenue from the 2010 Winter
Olympics, Bell and Telus formed a joint venture and rolled out a shared HSDPA network using
Nokia Siemens technology.
[edit] Middle East
Mobitel Iraq is the first mobile 3G operator in Iraq. It was launched commercially on February
2007.
MTN Syria is the first mobile 3G operator in Syria. It was launched commercially on May 2010.
[edit] Turkey
Turkcell, Avea and Vodafone launched their 3G networks commercially on 30 July 2009 at the
same time. Turkcell and Vodafone launched their 3G service on all provincial centres. Avea
launched it on 16 provincial centres. It was after Turkey's monopoly mobile operator Turkcell
accepted number portability, mobile operators attended frequency band auction and frequencies
for 3G usage distributed around mobile operators. Turkcell got A band, Vodafone B and Avea C.
Currently Turkcell and Vodafone have 3G networks on most of crowded cities and towns.
[edit] Features
[edit] Data rates
ITU has not provided a clear definition of the data rate users can expect from 3G equipment or
providers. Thus users sold 3G service may not be able to point to a standard and say that the rates
it specifies are not being met. While stating in commentary that "it is expected that IMT-2000
will provide higher transmission rates: a minimum data rate of 2 Mbit/s for stationary or walking
users, and 384 kbit/s in a moving vehicle,"[18] the ITU does not actually clearly specify minimum
or average rates or what modes of the interfaces qualify as 3G, so various rates are sold as 3G
intended to meet customers expectations of broadband data.
[edit] Security
3G networks offer greater security than their 2G predecessors. By allowing the UE (User
Equipment) to authenticate the network it is attaching to, the user can be sure the network is the
intended one and not an impersonator. 3G networks use the KASUMI block crypto instead of the
older A5/1 stream cipher. However, a number of serious weaknesses in the KASUMI cipher
have been identified.[19]
In addition to the 3G network infrastructure security, end-to-end security is offered when
application frameworks such as IMS are accessed, although this is not strictly a 3G property.
[edit] Applications
The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not
previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are:
• Mobile TV – a provider redirects a TV channel directly to the subscriber's
phone where it can be watched.
• Video on demand – a provider sends a movie to the subscriber's phone.
• Video conferencing – subscribers can see as well as talk to each other.
• Tele-medicine – a medical provider monitors or provides advice to the
potentially isolated subscriber.
• Location-based services – a provider sends localized weather or traffic
conditions to the phone, or the phone allows the subscriber to find nearby
businesses or friends.

[edit] Evolution
Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are currently working on extensions to 3G standard that are based on an
all-IP network infrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies such as MIMO, these
specifications already display features characteristic for IMT-Advanced (4G), the successor of
3G. However, falling short of the bandwidth requirements for 4G (which is 1 Gbit/s for
stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation), these standards are classified as 3.9G or Pre-4G.
3GPP plans to meet the 4G goals with LTE Advanced, whereas Qualcomm has halted
development of UMB in favour of the LTE family.[5]
On 14 December 2009, Telia Sonera announced in an official press release that "We are very
proud to be the first operator in the world to offer our customers 4G services."[20] With the launch
of their LTE network, initially they are offering pre-4G (or beyond 3G) services in Stockholm,
Sweden and Oslo, Norway.
4G
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

This article is about the mobile telecommunications standard. For other uses, see
4G (disambiguation).

This article's factual accuracy may be compromised because of out-

of-date information. Please help improve the article by updating it. There
may be additional information on the talk page. (March 2011)

In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless standards. It is a

successor to the 3G and 2G families of standards. In 2008, the ITU-R organization specified the
IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G
standards, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service at 100 Mbit/s for high mobility
communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility communication
(such as pedestrians and stationary users).[1]
A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure all-IP based mobile broadband
solution to laptop computer wireless modems, smartphones, and other mobile devices. Facilities
such as ultra-broadband Internet access, IP telephony, gaming services, and streamed multimedia
may be provided to users.
Pre-4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-release 3G Long term evolution (LTE)
have been on the market since 2006[2] and 2009[3][4][5] respectively, and are often branded as 4G.
The current versions of these technologies did not fulfill the original ITU-R requirements of data
rates approximately up to 1 Gbit/s for 4G systems. Marketing materials use 4G as a description
for Mobile-WiMAX and LTE in their current forms.
IMT-Advanced compliant versions of the above two standards are under development and called
“LTE Advanced” and “WirelessMAN-Advanced” respectively. ITU has decided that “LTE
Advanced” and “WirelessMAN-Advanced” should be accorded the official designation of IMT-
Advanced. On December 6, 2010, ITU announced that current versions of LTE, WiMax and
other evolved 3G technologies that do not fulfill "IMT-Advanced" requirements could be
considered "4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced and "a substantial level
of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation
systems now deployed."[6]
In all suggestions for 4G, the CDMA spread spectrum radio technology used in 3G systems and
IS-95 is abandoned and replaced by OFDMA and other frequency-domain equalization schemes.
[citation needed]
This is combined with MIMO (Multiple In Multiple Out), e.g., multiple antennas,
dynamic channel allocation and channel-dependent scheduling.[citation needed]

Contents
[hide]
• 1 Background
• 2 ITU Requirements and 4G wireless standards
• 3 4G Predecessors and candidate systems
○ 3.1 4G candidate systems
 3.1.1 LTE Advanced
 3.1.2 IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced
○ 3.2 4G predecessors and discontinued candidate systems
 3.2.1 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)
 3.2.2 Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)
 3.2.3 UMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C)
 3.2.4 Flash-OFDM
 3.2.5 iBurst and MBWA (IEEE 802.20) systems
• 4 Data rate comparison
• 5 Objective and approach
○ 5.1 Objectives assumed in the literature
○ 5.2 Approaches
 5.2.1 Principal technologies
• 6 4G features assumed in early literature
• 7 Components
 ○ 7.1 Access schemes
○ 7.2 IPv6 support
○ 7.3 Advanced antenna systems
○ 7.4 Software-defined radio (SDR)
• 8 History of 4G and pre-4G technologies
○ 8.1 Deployment plans
• 9 Beyond 4G research
• 10 References
• 11 External links

[edit] Background
The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of
the service, non-backwards compatible transmission technology, and new frequency bands. New
generations have appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analog (1G) to
digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support,
spread spectrum transmission and at least 200 kbit/s, in 2011 expected to be followed by 4G,
which refers to all-IP packet-switched networks, mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access
and multi-carrier transmission.[citation needed]
The fastest 3G based standard in the WCDMA family is the HSPA+ standard, which was
commercially available in 2009 and offers 28 Mbit/s downstreams without MIMO, i.e. only with
one antenna (it would offer 56 Mbit/s with 2x2 MIMO), and 22 Mbit/s upstreams. The fastest 3G
based standard in the CDMA2000 family is the EV-DO Rev. B, which was available in 2010 and
offers 15.67 Mbit/s downstreams.[citation needed]
In mid 1990s, the ITU-R organization specified the IMT-2000 specifications for what standards
that should be considered 3G systems. However, the cell phone market only brands some of the
IMT-2000 standards as 3G (e.g. WCDMA and CDMA2000), but not all (3GPP EDGE, DECT
and mobile-WiMAX all fulfil the IMT-2000 requirements and are formally accepted as 3G
standards, but are typically not branded as 3G). In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT-Advanced
(International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G systems.
[edit] ITU Requirements and 4G wireless standards
This article uses 4G to refer to IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications
Advanced), as defined by ITU-R. An IMT-Advanced cellular system must fulfil the following
requirements:[7]
• Based on an all-IP packet switched network.
• Peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility such as
mobile access and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility such as
nomadic/local wireless access, according to the ITU requirements.
• Dynamically share and utilize the network resources to support more
simultaneous users per cell.
• Scalable channel bandwidth, between 5 and 20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz.
[8][8][9]
 • Peak link spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75 bit/s/Hz
in the uplink (meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the downlink should be possible over
less than 67 MHz bandwidth).
• System spectral efficiency of up to 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in the downlink and 2.25
bit/s/Hz/cell for indoor usage.[8]
• Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.
• Ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia support.
In September 2009, the technology proposals were submitted to the International
Telecommunication Union (ITU) as 4G candidates.[10] Basically all proposals are based on two
technologies:
• LTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP
• 802.16m standardized by the IEEE (i.e. WiMAX)
Present implementations of WiMAX and LTE are largely considered a stopgap solution that will
offer a considerable boost while WiMAX 2 (based on the 802.16m spec) and LTE Advanced are
finalized. Both technologies aim to reach the objectives traced by the ITU, but are still far from
being implemented.[7]
The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was approved in June 2008.[11] LTE
Advanced will be standardized in 2010 as part of the Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. LTE
Advanced will be fully built on the existing LTE specification Release 10 and not be defined as a
new specification series. A summary of the technologies that have been studied as the basis for
LTE Advanced is included in a technical report.[12]
Current LTE and WiMAX implementations are considered pre-4G, as they don't fully comply
with the planned requirements of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and 100 Mbit/s for mobile.
Confusion has been caused by some mobile carriers who have launched products advertised as
4G but which are actually current technologies, commonly referred to as '3.9G', which do not
follow the ITU-R defined principles for 4G standards. A common argument for branding 3.9G
systems as new-generation is that they use different frequency bands to 3G technologies; that
they are based on a new radio-interface paradigm; and that the standards are not backwards
compatible with 3G, whilst some of the standards are expected to be forwards compatible with
"real" 4G technologies.
While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that would be used for future
global communications, they do not actually perform the standardization or development work
themselves, instead relying on the work of other standards bodies such as IEEE, The WiMAX
Forum and 3GPP. Recently, ITU-R Working Party 5D approved two industry-developed
technologies (LTE Advanced and WirelessMAN-Advanced)[13] for inclusion in the ITU’s
International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced program), which is
focused on global communication systems that would be available several years from now.[citation
needed]
This working party’s objective was not to comment on today’s 4G being rolled out in the
United States and in fact, the Working Party itself purposely agreed not to tie their IMT-
Advanced work to the term 4G, recognizing its common use in industry already; however, the
ITU’s PR department ignored that agreement and used term 4G anyway when issuing their press
release.[citation needed]
The ITU’s purpose is to foster the global use of communications.[citation needed] The ITU is relied
upon by developing countries,[citation needed] for example, who want to be assured a technology is
standardised and likely to be widely deployed. While the ITU has adopted recommendations for
technologies that would be used for future global communications, they do not actually do the
standardization or development work themselves, instead relying on the work of other standards
bodies such as IEEE, The WiMAX Forum and 3GPP. While the ITU has developed
recommendations on IMT-Advanced, those recommendations are not binding on ITU member
countries.[citation needed]
[edit] 4G Predecessors and candidate systems
The wireless telecommunications industry as a whole has early assumed the term 4G as a short
hand way to describe those advanced cellular technologies that, among other things, are based on
or employ wide channel OFDMA and SC-FDE technologies, MIMO transmission and an all-IP
based architecture.[citation needed] Mobile-WiMAX, first release LTE, IEEE 802.20 as well as Flash-
OFDM meets these early assumptions, and have been considered as 4G candidate systems, but
do not yet meet the more recent ITU-R IMT-Advanced requirements.
[edit] 4G candidate systems
[edit] LTE Advanced
See also: 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) below

LTE Advanced (Long-term-evolution Advanced) is a candidate for IMT-Advanced standard,

formally submitted by the 3GPP organization to ITU-T in the fall 2009, and expected to be
released in 2012. The target of 3GPP LTE Advanced is to reach and surpass the ITU
requirements.[14] LTE Advanced is essentially an enhancement to LTE. It is not a new technology
but rather an improvement on the existing LTE network. This upgrade path makes it more cost
effective for vendors to offer LTE and then upgrade to LTE Advanced which is similar to the
upgrade from WCDMA to HSPA. LTE and LTE Advanced will also make use of additional
spectrum and multiplexing to allow it to achieve higher data speeds. Coordinated Multi-point
Transmission will also allow more system capacity to help handle the enhanced data speeds.
Release 10 of LTE is expected to achieve the LTE Advanced speeds. Release 8 currently
supports up to 300 Mbit/s download speeds which is still short of the IMT-Advanced standards.
[15]

Data speeds of LTE

Advanced

LTE
Advanced

Peak
1 Gbit/s
Download

Peak Upload 500 Mbit/s

[edit] IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced

The IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced evolution of 802.16e is under development, with
the objective to fulfill the IMT-Advanced criteria of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and
100 Mbit/s for mobile reception.[16]
[edit] 4G predecessors and discontinued candidate systems
[edit] 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)
See also: LTE Advanced above

Telia-branded Samsung LTE modem

The pre-4G technology 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is often branded "4G", but the first
LTE release does not fully comply with the IMT-Advanced requirements. LTE has a theoretical
net bit rate capacity of up to 100 Mbit/s in the downlink and 50 Mbit/s in the uplink if a 20 MHz
channel is used — and more if multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), i.e. antenna arrays, are
used.
The physical radio interface was at an early stage named High Speed OFDM Packet Access
(HSOPA), now named Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA). The first LTE USB
dongles do not support any other radio interface.
The world's first publicly available LTE service was opened in the two Scandinavian capitals
Stockholm (Ericsson system) and Oslo (a Huawei system) on 14 December 2009, and branded
4G. The user terminals were manufactured by Samsung.[3] Currently, the two publicly available
LTE services in the United States are provided by Metro PCS,[17] and Verizon Wireless.[18] AT&T
also has an LTE service in planned for deployment between mid-2011 and end of 2013.[18]
[edit] Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e)
The Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e-2005) mobile wireless broadband access (MWBA) standard
(also known as WiBro in South Korea) is sometimes branded 4G, and offers peak data rates of
128 Mbit/s downlink and 56 Mbit/s uplink over 20 MHz wide channels[citation needed].
The world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service was opened by KT in Seoul, South Korea
on 30 June 2006.[2]
Sprint Nextel has begun using Mobile WiMAX, as of September 29, 2008 branded as a "4G"
network even though the current version does not fulfil the IMT Advanced requirements on 4G
systems.[19]
In Russia, Belarus and Nicaragua WiMax broadband internet access is offered by a Russian
company Scartel, and is also branded 4G, Yota.
[edit] UMB (formerly EV-DO Rev. C)
Main article: Ultra Mobile Broadband

UMB (Ultra Mobile Broadband) was the brand name for a discontinued 4G project within the
3GPP2 standardization group to improve the CDMA2000 mobile phone standard for next
generation applications and requirements. In November 2008, Qualcomm, UMB's lead sponsor,
announced it was ending development of the technology, favouring LTE instead.[20] The
objective was to achieve data speeds over 275 Mbit/s downstream and over 75 Mbit/s upstream.
[edit] Flash-OFDM
At an early stage the Flash-OFDM system was expected to be further developed into a 4G
standard.
[edit] iBurst and MBWA (IEEE 802.20) systems
The iBurst system ( or HC-SDMA, High Capacity Spatial Division Multiple Access) was at an
early stage considered as a 4G predecessor. It was later further developed into the Mobile
Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) system, also known as IEEE 802.20.
[edit] Data rate comparison
The following table shows a comparison of 4G candidate systems as well as other competing
technologies.
Comparison of Mobile Internet Access methods (This box: view · talk · edit)

Downlin
Uplink
Primary k
(Mbit/s)
Standard Family Radio Tech (Mbit/s) Notes
Use

WiMAX 802.16 Mobile MIMO-SOFDMA 128 (in 56 (in WiMAX

Internet 20MHz 20MHz update IEEE
bandwidt bandwidt 802.16m
h) h) expected to
offer peak
rates of at
least 1
 Gbit/s fixed
speeds and
100Mbit/s to
mobile
users.

LTE-
Advanced
update
expected to
100 (in 50 (in 20
offer peak
UMTS/4GS OFDMA/MIMO/S 20MHz MHz
LTE General 4G rates up to 1
M C-FDMA bandwidt bandwidt
Gbit/s fixed
h) h)
speeds and
100 Mb/s to
mobile
users.

Mobile
Mobile
range 30km
Internet 5.3 1.8
Flash- Flash- (18 miles)
mobility up Flash-OFDM 10.6 3.6
OFDM OFDM extended
to 200mph 15.9 5.4
range 55 km
(350km/h)
(34 miles)

Mobile
HIPERMAN HIPERMAN OFDM 56.9
Internet

Antenna, RF
front end
enhancements
and minor
protocol timer
300 (using 4x4 tweaks have
configuration in helped deploy
802.11 Mobile Inter 20MHz bandwidth) long range
Wi-Fi OFDM/MIMO
(11n) net or 600 (using 4x4 P2P networks
configuration in compromising
40MHz bandwidth) on radial
coverage,
throughput
and/or spectra
efficiency
(310km &
382km)
iBurst 802.20 Mobile Inter HC- 95 36 Cell Radius:
 3–12 km
Speed:
250km/h
Spectral
SDMA/TDD/MIM Efficiency:
net
O 13
bits/s/Hz/cell
Spectrum
Reuse
Factor: "1"

EDGE Mobile Inter 3GPP

GSM TDMA/FDD 1.6 0.5
Evolution net Release 7

HSDPA
widely
deployed.
Typical
UMTS W-
CDMA/FDD downlink
CDMA 0.384 0.384
UMTS/3GS rates today
HSDPA+HS General 3G 14.4 5.76
M CDMA/FDD/MIM 2 Mbit/s,
UPA 56 22
O ~200 kbit/s
HSPA+
uplink;
HSPA+
downlink up
to 56 Mbit/s.

Reported
speeds
according to
IPWireless
UMTS/3GS Mobile using
UMTS-TDD CDMA/TDD 16
M Internet 16QAM
modulation
similar to
HSDPA+HSU
PA

1xRTT CDMA200 Mobile CDMA 0.144 Succeeded

0 phone by EV-DO
for data use,
but still is
used for
voice and as
a failover for
 EV-DO

Rev B note:
N is the
number of
1.25 MHz
chunks of
EV-DO 1x R spectrum
ev. 0 used. EV-DO
2.45 0.15
EV-DO 1x R CDMA200 Mobile is not
CDMA/FDD 3.1 1.8
ev.A 0 Internet designed for
4.9xN 1.8xN
EV-DO Rev voice, and
.B requires a
fallback to
1xRTT when
a voice call
is placed or
received.

Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the
use of external antennae, distance from the tower and the ground speed (e.g. communications on
a train may be poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between several
terminals. The performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints,
including the spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of
spectrum available. For more information, see Comparison of wireless data standards.
For more comparison tables, see bit rate progress trends, comparison of mobile phone standards,
spectral efficiency comparison table and OFDM system comparison table.
[edit] Objective and approach
[edit] Objectives assumed in the literature
4G is being developed to accommodate the quality of service (QoS) and rate requirements set by
further development of existing 3G applications like mobile broadband access, Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS), video chat, mobile TV, but also new services like HDTV. 4G may
allow roaming with wireless local area networks, and may interact with digital video
broadcasting systems.
In the literature, the assumed or expected 4G requirements have changed during the years before
IMT-Advanced was specified by the ITU-R. These are examples of objectives stated in various
sources:
• A nominal data rate of 100 Mbit/s while the client physically moves at high
speeds relative to the station, and 1 Gbit/s while client and station are in
relatively fixed positions as defined by the ITU-R[21]
• A data rate of at least 100 Mbit/s between any two points in the world[21]
• Smooth handoff across heterogeneous networks[22]
 • Seamless connectivity and global roaming across multiple networks[23]
• High quality of service for next generation multimedia support (real time
audio, high speed data, HDTV video content, mobile TV, etc.)[23]
• Interoperability with existing wireless standards[24]
• An all IP, packet switched network[23]
• IP-based femtocells (home nodes connected to fixed Internet broadband
infrastructure)

[edit] Approaches
[edit] Principal technologies
• Physical layer transmission techniques are as follows:[25]
○ MIMO: To attain ultra high spectral efficiency by means of spatial
processing including multi-antenna and multi-user MIMO
○ Frequency-domain-equalization, for example Multi-carrier modulation
(OFDM) in the downlink or single-carrier frequency-domain-equalization
(SC-FDE) in the uplink: To exploit the frequency selective channel
property without complex equalization.
○ Frequency-domain statistical multiplexing, for example (OFDMA) or
(Single-carrier FDMA) (SC-FDMA, a.k.a. Linearly precoded OFDMA, LP-
OFDMA) in the uplink: Variable bit rate by assigning different sub-
channels to different users based on the channel conditions
○ Turbo principle error-correcting codes: To minimize the required SNR
at the reception side
• Channel-dependent scheduling: To utilize the time-varying channel.
• Link adaptation: Adaptive modulation and error-correcting codes
• Relaying, including fixed relay networks (FRNs), and the cooperative relaying
concept, known as multi-mode protocol

[edit] 4G features assumed in early literature

The 4G system was originally envisioned by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
(DARPA).[citation needed] The DARPA selected the distributed architecture, end-to-end Internet
protocol (IP), and believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer networking in which every mobile
device would be both a transceiver and a router for other devices in the network eliminating the
spoke-and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems.[26] Since the 2.5G GPRS system,
cellular systems have provided dual infrastructures: packet switched nodes for data services, and
circuit switched nodes for voice calls. In 4G systems, the circuit-switched infrastructure is
abandoned, and only a packet-switched network is provided, while 2.5G and 3G systems require
both packet-switched and circuit-switched network nodes, i.e. two infrastructures in parallel.
This means that in 4G, traditional voice calls are replaced by IP telephony.
Cellular systems such as 4G allow seamless mobility; thus a file transfer is not interrupted in
case a terminal moves from one cell (one base station coverage area) to another, but handover is
carried out. The terminal also keeps the same IP address while moving, meaning that a mobile
server is reachable as long as it is within the coverage area of any server. In 4G systems this
mobility is provided by the mobile IP protocol, part of IP version 6, while in earlier cellular
generations it was only provided by physical layer and datalink layer protocols. In addition to
seamless mobility, 4G provides flexible interoperability of the various kinds of existing wireless
networks, such as satellite, cellular wirelss, WLAN, PAN and systems for accessing fixed
wireless networks.[27]
While maintaining seamless mobility, 4G will offer very high data rates with expectations of
100 Mbit/s wireless service. The increased bandwidth and higher data transmission rates will
allow 4G users the ability to utilize high definition video and the video conferencing features of
mobile devices attached to a 4G network. The 4G wireless system is expected to provide a
comprehensive IP solution where multimedia applications and services can be delivered to the
user on an 'Anytime, Anywhere' basis with a satisfactory high data rate, premium quality and
high security.[28]
4G is described as MAGIC: mobile multimedia, any-time anywhere, global mobility support,
integrated wireless solution, and customized personal service.[citation needed] Some key features
(primarily from users' points of view) of 4G mobile networks are:[citation needed]
• High usability: anytime, anywhere, and with any technology
• Support for multimedia services at low transmission cost
• Personalization
• Integrated services

[edit] Components
[edit] Access schemes
This section contains information which may be of unclear or
questionable importance or relevance to the article's subject matter.
Please help improve this article by clarifying or removing superfluous information.
(May 2010)

As the wireless standards evolved, the access techniques used also exhibited increase in
efficiency, capacity and scalability. The first generation wireless standards used plain TDMA
and FDMA. In the wireless channels, TDMA proved to be less efficient in handling the high data
rate channels as it requires large guard periods to alleviate the multipath impact. Similarly,
FDMA consumed more bandwidth for guard to avoid inter carrier interference. So in second
generation systems, one set of standard used the combination of FDMA and TDMA and the
other set introduced an access scheme called CDMA. Usage of CDMA increased the system
capacity, but as a theoretical drawback placed a soft limit on it rather than the hard limit (i.e. a
CDMA network setup does not inherently reject new clients when it approaches its limits,
resulting in a denial of service to all clients when the network overloads; though this outcome is
avoided in practical implementations by admission control of circuit switched or fixed bitrate
communication services). Data rate is also increased as this access scheme (providing the
network is not reaching its capacity) is efficient enough to handle the multipath channel. This
enabled the third generation systems, such as IS-2000, UMTS, HSXPA, 1xEV-DO, TD-CDMA
and TD-SCDMA, to use CDMA as the access scheme. However, the issue with CDMA is that it
suffers from poor spectral flexibility and computationally intensive time-domain equalization
(high number of multiplications per second) for wideband channels.
Recently, new access schemes like Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-
FDMA), Interleaved FDMA and Multi-carrier CDMA (MC-CDMA) are gaining more
importance for the next generation systems. These are based on efficient FFT algorithms and
frequency domain equalization, resulting in a lower number of multiplications per second. They
also make it possible to control the bandwidth and form the spectrum in a flexible way.
However, they require advanced dynamic channel allocation and traffic adaptive scheduling.
WiMax is using OFDMA in the downlink and in the uplink. For the next generation UMTS,
OFDMA is used for the downlink. By contrast, IFDMA is being considered for the uplink since
OFDMA contributes more to the PAPR related issues and results in nonlinear operation of
amplifiers. IFDMA provides less power fluctuation and thus avoids amplifier issues. Similarly,
MC-CDMA is in the proposal for the IEEE 802.20 standard. These access schemes offer the
same efficiencies as older technologies like CDMA. Apart from this, scalability and higher data
rates can be achieved.
The other important advantage of the above mentioned access techniques is that they require less
complexity for equalization at the receiver. This is an added advantage especially in the MIMO
environments since the spatial multiplexing transmission of MIMO systems inherently requires
high complexity equalization at the receiver.
In addition to improvements in these multiplexing systems, improved modulation techniques are
being used. Whereas earlier standards largely used Phase-shift keying, more efficient systems
such as 64QAM are being proposed for use with the 3GPP Long Term Evolution standards.
[edit] IPv6 support
Main articles: Network layer, Internet protocol, and IPv6

Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of circuit switched and
packet switched network nodes respectively, 4G will be based on packet switching only. This
will require low-latency data transmission.
By the time that 4G was deployed, the process of IPv4 address exhaustion was expected to be in
its final stages. Therefore, in the context of 4G, IPv6 support is essential in order to support a
large number of wireless-enabled devices. By increasing the number of IP addresses, IPv6
removes the need for network address translation (NAT), a method of sharing a limited number
of addresses among a larger group of devices, although NAT will still be required to
communicate with devices that are on existing IPv4 networks.
As of June 2009[update], Verizon has posted specifications that require any 4G devices on its
network to support IPv6.[29]
[edit] Advanced antenna systems
Main articles: MIMO and MU-MIMO

The performance of radio communications depends on an antenna system, termed smart or

intelligent antenna. Recently, multiple antenna technologies are emerging to achieve the goal of
4G systems such as high rate, high reliability, and long range communications. In the early
1990s, to cater for the growing data rate needs of data communication, many transmission
schemes were proposed. One technology, spatial multiplexing, gained importance for its
bandwidth conservation and power efficiency. Spatial multiplexing involves deploying multiple
antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver. Independent streams can then be transmitted
simultaneously from all the antennas. This technology, called MIMO (as a branch of intelligent
antenna), multiplies the base data rate by (the smaller of) the number of transmit antennas or the
number of receive antennas. Apart from this, the reliability in transmitting high speed data in the
fading channel can be improved by using more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver. This
is called transmit or receive diversity. Both transmit/receive diversity and transmit spatial
multiplexing are categorized into the space-time coding techniques, which does not necessarily
require the channel knowledge at the transmitter. The other category is closed-loop multiple
antenna technologies, which require channel knowledge at the transmitter.
[edit] Software-defined radio (SDR)
SDR is one form of open wireless architecture (OWA). Since 4G is a collection of wireless
standards, the final form of a 4G device will constitute various standards. This can be efficiently
realized using SDR technology, which is categorized to the area of the radio convergence.
[edit] History of 4G and pre-4G technologies
• In 2002, the strategic vision for 4G—which ITU designated as IMT-Advanced—
was laid out.
• In 2005, OFDMA transmission technology is chosen as candidate for the
HSOPA downlink, later renamed 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) air interface
E-UTRA.
• In November 2005, KT demonstrated mobile WiMAX service in Busan, South
Korea.[30]
• In June 2006, KT started the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service in
Seoul, South Korea.[2]
• In mid-2006, Sprint Nextel announced that it would invest about US$5 billion
in a WiMAX technology buildout over the next few years[31] ($5.45 billion in
real terms[32]). Since that time Sprint has faced many setbacks, that have
resulted in steep quarterly losses. On May 7, 2008, Sprint, Imagine, Google,
Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and Time Warner announced a pooling of an
average of 120 MHz of spectrum; Sprint merged its Xohm WiMAX division
with Clearwire to form a company which will take the name "Clear".
• In February 2007, the Japanese company NTT DoCoMo tested a 4G
communication system prototype with 4x4 MIMO called VSF-OFCDM at 100
Mbit/s while moving, and 1 Gbit/s while stationary. NTT DoCoMo completed a
trial in which they reached a maximum packet transmission rate of
approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink with 12x12 MIMO using a 100 MHz
frequency bandwidth while moving at 10 km/h,[33] and is planning on
releasing the first commercial network in 2010.
• In September 2007, NTT Docomo demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of
200 Mbit/s with power consumption below 100 mW during the test.[34]
• In January 2008, a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) spectrum
auction for the 700 MHz former analog TV frequencies began. As a result, the
biggest share of the spectrum went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest
to AT&T.[35] Both of these companies have stated their intention of supporting
LTE.
• In January 2008, EU commissioner Viviane Reding suggested re-allocation of
500–800 MHz spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX.[36]
• On 15 February 2008 - Skyworks Solutions released a front-end module for e-
UTRAN.[37][38][39]
• In 2008, ITU-R established the detailed performance requirements of IMT-
Advanced, by issuing a Circular Letter calling for candidate Radio Access
Technologies (RATs) for IMT-Advanced.[40]
• In April 2008, just after receiving the circular letter, the 3GPP organized a
workshop on IMT-Advanced where it was decided that LTE Advanced, an
evolution of current LTE standard, will meet or even exceed IMT-Advanced
requirements following the ITU-R agenda.
• In April 2008, LG and Nortel demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 50 Mbit/s
while travelling at 110 km/h.[41]
• On 12 November 2008, HTC announced the first WiMAX-enabled mobile
phone, the Max 4G[42]
• In December 2008, San Miguel Corporation, Asia's largest food and beverage
conglomerate, has signed a memorandum of understanding with Qatar
Telecom QSC (Qtel) to build wireless broadband and mobile communications
projects in the Philippines. The joint-venture formed wi-tribe Philippines,
which offers 4G in the country.[43] Around the same time Globe Telecom rolled
out the first WiMAX service in the Philippines.
• On 3 March 2009, Lithuania's LRTC announcing the first operational "4G"
mobile WiMAX network in Baltic states.[44]
• In December 2009, Sprint began advertising "4G" service in selected cities in
the United States, despite average download speeds of only 3–6 Mbit/s with
peak speeds of 10 Mbit/s (not available in all markets).[45]
• On 14 December 2009, the first commercial LTE deployment was in the
Scandinavian capitals Stockholm and Oslo by the Swedish-Finnish network
operator TeliaSonera and its Norwegian brandname NetCom (Norway).
TeliaSonera branded the network "4G". The modem devices on offer were
manufactured by Samsung (dongle GT-B3710), and the network
infrastructure created by Huawei (in Oslo) and Ericsson (in Stockholm).
TeliaSonera plans to roll out nationwide LTE across Sweden, Norway and
Finland.[4][46] TeliaSonera used spectral bandwidth of 10 MHz, and single-in-
single-out, which should provide physical layer net bitrates of up to 50 Mbit/s
downlink and 25 Mbit/s in the uplink. Introductory tests showed a TCP
throughput of 42.8 Mbit/s downlink and 5.3 Mbit/s uplink in Stockholm.[5]
• On 25 February 2010, Estonia's EMT opened LTE "4G" network working in test
regime.[47]
• On 4 June 2010, Sprint Nextel released the first WiMAX smartphone in the US,
the HTC Evo 4G.[48]
• In July 2010, Uzbekistan's MTS deployed LTE in Tashkent.[49]
• On 25 August 2010, Latvia's LMT opened LTE "4G" network working in test
regime 50% of territory.
• On 6 December 2010, at the ITU World Radiocommunication Seminar 2010,
the ITU stated that LTE, WiMax and similar "evolved 3G technologies" could
be considered "4G".[6]
 • On 12 December 2010, VivaCell-MTS launches in Armenia 4G/LTE commercial
test network with a live demo conducted in Yerevan.[50]

[edit] Deployment plans

In May 2005, Digiweb, an Irish fixed and wireless broadband company, announced that they had
received a mobile communications license from the Irish Telecoms regulator, ComReg. This
service will be issued the mobile code 088 in Ireland and will be used for the provision of 4G
Mobile communications.[51][52] Digiweb launched a mobile broadband network using FLASH-
OFDM technology at 872 MHz.
On September 20, 2007, Verizon Wireless announced plans for a joint effort with the Vodafone
Group to transition its networks to the 4G standard LTE. On December 9, 2008, Verizon
Wireless announced their intentions to build and begin to roll out an LTE network by the end of
2009. Since then, Verizon Wireless has said that they will start their rollout by the end of 2010.
On July 7, 2008, South Korea announced plans to spend 60 billion won, or US$58,000,000, on
developing 4G and even 5G technologies, with the goal of having the highest mobile phone
market share by 2012, and the hope of an international standard.[53]
Telus and Bell Canada, the major Canadian cdmaOne and EV-DO carriers, have announced that
they will be cooperating towards building a fourth generation (4G) LTE wireless broadband
network in Canada. As a transitional measure, they are implementing 3G UMTS that went live in
November 2009.[54]
Sprint offers a 3G/4G connection plan, currently available in select cities in the United States.[45]
It delivers rates up to 10 Mbit/s.
In the United Kingdom, Telefónica O2 is to use Slough as a guinea pig in testing the 4G network
and has called upon Huawei to install LTE technology in six masts across the town to allow
people to talk to each other via HD video conferencing and play PlayStation games while on the
move.[55]
Verizon Wireless has announced that it plans to augment its CDMA2000-based EV-DO 3G
network in the United States with LTE. AT&T, along with Verizon Wireless, has chosen to
migrate toward LTE from 2G/GSM and 3G/HSPA by 2011.[56]
Sprint Nextel has deployed WiMAX technology which it has labeled 4G as of October 2008. It is
currently deploying to additional markets and is the first US carrier to offer a WiMAX phone.[57]
The U.S. FCC is exploring the possibility of deployment and operation of a nationwide 4G
public safety network which would allow first responders to seamlessly communicate between
agencies and across geographies, regardless of devices. In June 2010 the FCC released a
comprehensive white paper which indicates that the 10 MHz of dedicated spectrum currently
allocated from the 700 MHz spectrum for public safety will provide adequate capacity and
performance necessary for normal communications as well as serious emergency situations.[58]
TeliaSonera started deploying LTE (branded "4G") in Stockholm and Oslo November 2009 (as
seen above), and in several Swedish, Norwegian, and Finnish cities during 2010. In June 2010,
Swedish television companies used 4G to broadcast live television from the Swedish Crown
Princess' Royal Wedding.[59]
Safaricom, a telecommunication company in East& Central Africa, began its setup of a 4G
network in October 2010 after the now retired& Kenya Tourist Board Chairman, Michael
Joseph, regarded their 3G network as a white elephant i.e. it failed to perform to expectations.
Huawei was given the contract the network is set to go fully commercial by the end of Q1 of
2011
Telstra announced on 15 February 2011, that it intents to upgrade its current Next G network to
4G with Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology in the central business districts of all Australian
capital cities and selected regional centres by the end of 2011.[60]
[edit] Beyond 4G research
Main article: 5G

A major issue in 4G systems is to make the high bit rates available in a larger portion of the cell,
especially to users in an exposed position in between several base stations. In current research,
this issue is addressed by macro-diversity techniques, also known as group cooperative relay,
and also by beam-division multiple access.[61]
Pervasive networks are an amorphous and at present entirely hypothetical concept where the user
can be simultaneously connected to several wireless access technologies and can seamlessly
move between them (See vertical handoff, IEEE 802.21). These access technologies can be Wi-
Fi, UMTS, EDGE, or any other future access technology. Included in this concept is also smart-
radio (also known as cognitive radio technology) to efficiently manage spectrum use and
transmission power as well as the use of mesh routing protocols to create a pervasive network.

HOME » Communications » Mobile Cell Phone

Dual SIM Mobiles - The Future of

Telecommunication
 By Aditi Malhotra
Article Word Count: 452 [View Summary] Comments (0)
Ads by Google
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See Which Smartphones the Experts Picked! Reviews of Top Smartphones
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Vodafone 3G is Here
Faster, Smarter, Better Call 116
Vodafone.in/3G

55% Off-Blackberry Phones

Deals on Electronics, Cell Phones! Register Now & Save 55% Today
DealsandYou.com/Mobiles+Phones

Mobiles have long broken out of the stereotype of being a communication device. In the current
times, mobiles have reached out as the gadget with a myriad of options that would lay back the
best of inventions in the latest times. With evolution hitting mobile phones at an early stage,
what used to hold a SIM number have now become the dual SIM mobile phones.
The technology pertaining to the dual SIM mobiles has had a mystifying past to the current
scenario where these phones stand as the best option for the professionals who require multiple
numbers.
This innovation, which was added to the current designs of the existing phones, is considered a
big step in telecommunication. Contrary to the single SIM phones, the double SIM mobiles have
the ability to provide a multi- service network or provider. In a regular locked cell phone, you are
allowed only to receive the signals from a single provider- the network provider whose SIM
services you are using. However, the two SIM mobile phones come with the unlocked feature,
which allows you to pick up two different signals at the same time, using a single cell phone.
Most of the latest phones in the market allow you to have the double SIM technology while the
others, which do not have this feature, give you the option of adapters. Adapters are the devices
that could transform your regular phone into functions Similar to the dual handsets. The full
functioning GSM CDMA double SIM phones have also become the feasible solution for people
obsessed with gadgets. With the two SIM card holding cell phones, you have the benefit of
keeping your personal and professional life altogether apart without the need to own two
different cell phones for the purpose.
Furthermore, in the current fast paced times, where clutter stands as an obstacle as always,
owning two phones is no less than a disaster. The benefit of the GSM CDMA dual SIM phones
rings true when one is able to cut down the need to maintain a single phone with all the contacts
intact. Besides, a two SIM phone also relieves the person from not being able to attend a call
because they left the other phone at home. With the two SIM mobiles, one can attend calls from
both numbers Simultaneously. These phones also give you the benefit of keeping unwanted
pestering calls at bay.
Companies such as that of Samsung, Motorola, Reliance, as well as Micromax, have congregated
with network providers across the country to offer CDMA services, thus creating a revolution
within the country. If you have long endured the most of two phones for a long time, double SIM
mobile phones are for you.
Know more about mobile phones and dual SIM
mobiles.

HOME » Communications » Mobile Cell Phone

Dual SIM Mobiles - The Future of

Telecommunication
By Aditi Malhotra
Article Word Count: 452 [View Summary] Comments (0)
 Ads by Google
Dual Sim Mobile Phones Best Price deals on Dual Sim Mobile Phones. Free
Ads to Buy & Sell Clickindia.com/Dual-Sim-Mobile
2010 State of the Future New Insights on Global Challenges Security-
Environment-Education www.millennium-project.org
Micromax Mobile deals Attractive Pricing +1 YR Warranty Free Delivery -
India. Buy Now! www.HomeShop18.com/Micromax

Ads by Google
Fading Simulator SOFI 06
Multipath fading for wireless world (GSM, 3G, LTE/MIMO, DVB, WLAN)
www.sofimation.com

Mobile Location API

Free cell ID-based location API for Android
labs.ericsson.com

Telecommunication
Avnet offer advanced Telecom- munication development components
www.em.avnetasia.com

Cellular Telephones
Save up to 80% in Calls Cost. Video Demonstration on this Site.
www.abeltronica.com

Wireless Network Testing

UMTS/HSPA and LTE Network Load and Performance Testing
www.dyaptive.com

Cell Phones Smartphones

See Which Smartphones the Experts Picked! Reviews of Top Smartphones
www.itbusinessedge.com/smartphones

Vodafone 3G is Here
Faster, Smarter, Better Call 116
Vodafone.in/3G

55% Off-Blackberry Phones

Deals on Electronics, Cell Phones! Register Now & Save 55% Today
DealsandYou.com/Mobiles+Phones

Mobiles have long broken out of the stereotype of being a communication device. In the current
times, mobiles have reached out as the gadget with a myriad of options that would lay back the
best of inventions in the latest times. With evolution hitting mobile phones at an early stage,
what used to hold a SIM number have now become the dual SIM mobile phones.
The technology pertaining to the dual SIM mobiles has had a mystifying past to the current
scenario where these phones stand as the best option for the professionals who require multiple
numbers.
This innovation, which was added to the current designs of the existing phones, is considered a
big step in telecommunication. Contrary to the single SIM phones, the double SIM mobiles have
the ability to provide a multi- service network or provider. In a regular locked cell phone, you are
allowed only to receive the signals from a single provider- the network provider whose SIM
services you are using. However, the two SIM mobile phones come with the unlocked feature,
which allows you to pick up two different signals at the same time, using a single cell phone.
Most of the latest phones in the market allow you to have the double SIM technology while the
others, which do not have this feature, give you the option of adapters. Adapters are the devices
that could transform your regular phone into functions Similar to the dual handsets. The full
functioning GSM CDMA double SIM phones have also become the feasible solution for people
obsessed with gadgets. With the two SIM card holding cell phones, you have the benefit of
keeping your personal and professional life altogether apart without the need to own two
different cell phones for the purpose.
Furthermore, in the current fast paced times, where clutter stands as an obstacle as always,
owning two phones is no less than a disaster. The benefit of the GSM CDMA dual SIM phones
rings true when one is able to cut down the need to maintain a single phone with all the contacts
intact. Besides, a two SIM phone also relieves the person from not being able to attend a call
because they left the other phone at home. With the two SIM mobiles, one can attend calls from
both numbers Simultaneously. These phones also give you the benefit of keeping unwanted
pestering calls at bay.
Companies such as that of Samsung, Motorola, Reliance, as well as Micromax, have congregated
with network providers across the country to offer CDMA services, thus creating a revolution
within the country. If you have long endured the most of two phones for a long time, double SIM
mobile phones are for you.
Know more about mobile phones and dual SIM
mobiles.

GSM and CDMA Technologies ruling the Telecom Industry:

A Closer look at them
Posted on May 31st, 2008 | Filed under: Features
If you’ve been juggling between GSM and CDMA technologies. Well here we bring to you the
gist of both these technologies. To begin with, there is a term “Multiplexing” from where they
have been originated. Multiplexing is the process by which various signals share the same
bandwidth. The main channel is divided into various logical channels. Multiplexing can be
extended to multiple access or channel access like TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access),
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) etc.
Well TDMA itself is the GSM technology.
“GSM” stands for Global System for Mobile Communications which was earlier called Groupe
Special Mobile. Though GSM was created in 1982 by the European Conference of Postal and
Telecommunications Administration, the first network was launched in 1991. Qualcomm
invented CDMAone, CDMA2000 and CDMA 1xEVDO.
Our telecom industry is divided into two parts CDMA and GSM. GSM offers four separate
frequencies like 900MHz and 1,800MHz bands in Europe and Asia likewise 850MHz and
1,900MHz bands in North America and Latin America. GSM phones use SIM (Subscriber
Identity Module). You have to buy a prepaid or post paid SIM card from the GSM network
provider. It gives you the liberty to switch to various handsets and you can easily transfer your
contacts and other important data as well. Whereas CDMA is handset locked. You have to buy
the entire package with the handset that can be prepaid or postpaid. Unlike before, it is now
possible to change the handset with CDMA service provider. You have to pinch your pocket for
a handset change card at a fair rate. With GSM phones you can easily change the service
provider, which looks quite difficult in the case of CDMA phones. GSM subscribers have a
wider range of handsets to choose compared to CDMA.
GSM has a larger segment of users across the globe. In case of battery use, CDMA looks in a
win win situation. CDMA stands superior with network capacity. CDMA definitely wins at Data
Transfer Speed, downloads are faster due to BREW (Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless)
technology, whereas GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) technology of GSM provides slower
transfer of data. GSM is soon coming up with the 3G technology with Apple’s iPhone. Well
CDMA too has its new version called EVDO or CDMA2000.
According to a recent survey conducted by India-cellular.com as on March 31, India has
260736913 subscribers out of which 192355939 use GSM and 68380974 uses. But the North
American market is ruled by the CDMA handsets.
Let’s not get too technical. Looking at them one by one.
CDMA
 More number of subscribers can be handled.
 More security thanks to its pn (pseudo random) sequence that is generated uniquely for each
subscriber. Difficult to crack even with the brute force hacking method.
 Channel quality is hampered with increase in the number of users. So you limit the number
of users if you want a good call quality.
 WCDMA supports roaming. (Get ready to pinch your pocket until it hurts)
 Royalty payments for Qualcomm per handset.
 Not very easy to change handsets.
 Poor spectrum flexibility and scalability.
GSM
 Less system capacity. The number of users is limited to the number of channels.
 Universal Roaming
 Channel quality is better
 Micro-celling can be used to increase the capacity.
 Handsets come with no loyalty. Hence cheaper. Larger variety of handsets.
 Universally accepted.
Both these technologies are not hardcore rivals, as there are phones that use both the
technologies like the Samsung SCH-W579 dual-mode phone that does tri-band GSM
(900/1800/1900) and CDMA (800/1900). Reliance Infocom is also said to be coming up with a
device that supports both the platforms. We really can’t say which one is the best. There is lots of
space in the telecom market to fit in both these technologies
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