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Lecture No. 7
Overview
• Now that we have finished the maths and theory we will
have a look at baseband transmission. The following top-
ics will be covered:
– Analog to digital conversion
– Line coding
– Detection of baseband signals in noise
– Intersymbol interference (ISI)
• The next 2 lectures will look at analog to digital conver-
sion and the following:
February 2005 Slide: 1
Lecture No. 7: Analog to Digital Conversion
– Sampling
– Quantisation
– PCM encoding
Sampling
PCM
encoder
Quantisation
Sampling
• Sampling transforms a continuous waveform into a se-
quence of samples, with amplitudes derived from the in-
put waveform. This form of sampling is known as PAM
(pulse amplitude modulation) and is illustrated in the
diagram below.
PAM
Xδ (t), where:
∞
X
Xδ (t) = δ (t − nTs )
n=−∞
X(t) W(f)
t -B B f
Ts
Low pass
filter TsXs(t)
Xs(t)
W(f)
-B B f
Low pass
filter TsXs(t)
Quantisation
• After sampling, the sampled signal is quantised. Each
pulse in the sampled signal is adjusted in amplitude to
coincide with the nearest of a finite set of allowed ampli-
tudes. The figure below shows an analogue signal and its
corresponding quantised signal, where the signals have
been sampled at a sampling rate fs (1/Ts ).
Ts
+7q/2
q
+5q/2
Analogue
+3q/2
signal
+q/2
0
-q/2
Quantised
-3q/2
signal
-5q/2
-7q/2
i.e.
2
q
e2 =
12
February 2005 Slide: 17
Lecture No. 7: Analog to Digital Conversion
SNq R is therefore:
L2 q 2
4
SNq R = 2 = 3L
q
12
Conclusion
This lecture has looked at the following:
• Analog to Digital converter (ADC)
• Sampling
• Sampling theorem
• Linear quantisation
• Signal to quantisation noise ratio (SNq R)