Energy Efficient Lighting and

Electrical Systems
y
Aarne T. Haas, P.E.
El t i l E
Electrical Engineer
i
December 2, 2008
 ELECTRICITY BASICS

VOLTS - Voltage, Potential, Pressure

( V, E )
AMPS – Amperage,
Amperage Current
Current, Volume
(A, I)
WATTS – Power,
P Volt-Amps,
V lt A Kilowatts,
Kil tt
(W,KW) Pump rating
KILOWATT HOURS – Energy, Work
((KWH)) Gallons moved
©2008 A.T. Haas
 VOLTS
• Potential to do work

• Pressure
P tto move electrons
l t

• Measured to Ground or other supply lines

• Common values– 120 , 208, 240, 277, 480

©2008 A.T. Haas

 AMPS
• Flow of electrons (6
(6.3
3 x1018 electrons/sec)
• Creates heat in real materials
• C t a magnetic
Creates ti fifield
ld about
b t th
the currentt
• Measured in a conductor
• Common circuit capacities – 15A to
thousands of ampsp

©2008 A.T. Haas

 WATTS
• Power – the rate of energy use or doing
work
• Product of Volts and Amps ( P = V * I )
• Ratings for many electrical devices given
i W
in Watts
tt
• 1000 Watts is 1 Kilowatt
• May be billed as Demand, supplier must
have capacity
p y to meet the need
©2008 A.T. Haas
 KILOWATT HOURS
• Energy consumed or work done
• Product of Power and Time (KWH = KW * H)
• Bill d b
Billed by supplier
li as EEnergy usedd
• Primary target for energy savings efforts
• Often converted to BTU’s for energy use
y
analysis – 1KWH = 3414 BTU

©2008 A.T. Haas

Single Phase Connections
A
Rarely Used, generally only for
temporary connections

A
Standard residential
G or small commercial
installations
B

©2008 A.T. Haas

 POWER WAVEFORMS

SINGLE PHASE, V p = 1.4 * Vrms, 120Vrms is 340 V p-p

©2008 A.T. Haas

Three
ee Phase
ase Co
Connections
ect o s
Wye (Y or Star)

277V

480V 480V

277V

277V

480V

120/208V Commercial and Offices 480/277V Industrial and Institutional

©2008 A.T. Haas

 Three Phase Connections
DELTA CONNECTION
Used to provide three
phase power when 240V
is required.
Third ‘leg’ is 208V to G
(
(mustt be
b marked k d with
ith
A B
Orange color)
When 3 phase loads are
small, third transformer
may be omitted.

©2008 A.T. Haas

POWER WAVEFORMS
THREE PHASE

0 1.0 2.0
CYCLES

©2008 A.T. Haas

POWER QUALITY
•Deviations
Deviations from clean SINE
waveform can cause operating
problems
•Low or High Voltage can harm
equipment
•Voltage spikes can damage
computers or lead to
malfunctions
•Dropouts can cause mechanical
damage
g to ppower operated
p
equipment
•Harmonics on power lines can
overheat transformers or wiring
©2008 A.T. Haas
 NON-LINEAR LOAD
D
Draws C
Currentt O
Only
l DDuring
i P Partt off a Cycle
C l

TYPICAL OF COMPUTER
AND ELECTRONIC
EQUIPMENT POWER
SUPPLIES

©2008 A.T. Haas

HARMONIC DISTORTION

©2008 A.T. Haas

©2008 A.T. Haas
 K-factor TRANSFORMER
Designed to handle harmonic loads

Rating
g Uses
K-1 ‘Historic’ 60 Hz transformer Incandescent lights, motors

K 4 + 16% 3rd, 10% 5th, 7% 7th(+)

K-4 HID lights,
lights solid state controls
(about 30% THD)
K-9 163% of K-4 harmonics
(about 45% THD) Offices, CF lights, Health care,
K-13 200% of K-4 harmonics Schools
((about 60% THD))
K-20 >75% THD capability Critical care, data centers

K factor = HN2 X (fraction H amplitude)2 / sum (H amplitude)2

The K factor allows safe dissipation of heat created by stray losses in the transformer
©2008 A.T. Haas
 PHASE SHIFT
Occurs when Current is NOT drawn at the same time as Voltage

C
CURRENT
VOLTAGE

There is no harmonic distortion created by phase shift

©2008 A.T. Haas

 POWER FACTOR

θ
θ

POWER FACTOR is the difference between POWER supplied to a load and

the POWER actually doing work

• REAL POWER = V * I * cos θ

• LAGGING Power Factor; Current LAGS Voltage
• MOTOR LOADS are the primary contributor
• Serving utility may bill for excessive Lagging PF
• PF = cos θ where θ is the p
phase shift between Voltage
g and Current

©2008 A.T. Haas

 ELECTRICAL DEMAND
• DEMAND is the HIGHEST Power use in
an specific period
period. Usual Demand period
is 15 minutes. The Highest Power use in
ANY 15 minutes (may be sliding window)
will determine billing rate for the month (or
more)
• Determines facilities required of the utility

• Can be somewhat controlled by

y the user
©2008 A.T. Haas
ELECTRICAL BILLING
 ELECTRICAL BILLING
BASED ON ROCKY MOUNTAIN POWER (PP&L) Rate 25

DEMAND

ENERGY

POWER FACTOR

©2008 A.T. Haas

 ENERGY PRICE HISTORY
In many cases the ENERGY price represents only half, or less,
of the total monthly bill

Source: EIA.

Nationally, 11th lowest commercial and 5th lowest industrial price

©2008 A.T. Haas
 OPPORTUNITIES for SAVING

• Energy Saving Opportunities

– Lighting
– Motor Loads
– Wiring Practices
• Demand
D dMManagementt
– Operating Practices
– Load Controllers
– PF Correction

©2008 A.T. Haas

©2008 A.T. Haas
 ENERGY USES in SCHOOLS
ENERGY INTENSITY – MBTU/ SqFt / Year
Good Comparative Tool for Comparing Buildings

1
3
2 5

1 Space Heat
Cooling

14 Ventilation
Water Heat
47 Lighting
Cooking

7 Refrigeration
Office Equipmnet
Computers
10 Other

10

©2008 A.T. Haas

 ENERGY SAVING OPPORTUNITIES
LIGHTING
• Retrofitting more efficient lamps

• Daylighting
D li hti

• Skylights

©2008 A.T. Haas

 LAMP TECHNOLOGY - INCANDESCENT
LUMENS – total visible light emitted…1 candle emits about 12.5 Lumens in all directions

Power ((W)) Output

p Efficacy
y
(lm) (lm/W)
90% of ENERGY
25 200 8.0
emitted as heat
L
Low IInitial
iti l C
Costt 40 500 12 5
12.5
Readily available, 50 700 14.0
easy to replace by
user
use 75 1200 16 0
16.0
Short Lifetime (750
hours typ.) 100 1700 17.0
Lifetime veryy sensitive 150 2850 19 0
19.0
to operating voltage
Limited light quality 200 3900 19.5
selection
300 6200 20 7
20.7

©2008 A.T. Haas

LAMP TECHNOLOGY – HALOGEN and HID
HALOGEN lamps are incandescent lamps with
gas filling to improve life (2x)OR improve efficacy
(up to 30 Lumens/watt)
Very small filament allows accurate optical path
Quartz envelope requires special handling
Operated at very high lamp temperatures
Lifetime is very sensitive to operating voltage

High
Hi h IIntensity
t it Di
Discharge
h (HID) llamps are ARC llamps with
ith
various metal vapors in the arc. They are slow starting.
Efficacy ranges from 40 to 200 lumens/watt
Lif ti
Lifetime off HID llamps iis generally
ll 10
10,000
000 tto 20
20,000
000 h
hours
Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) has highest efficacy (200 l/w)
and poorest color rendition index
Metal
M t lH
Halide
lid (MH) hhas b
bestt color
l rendition
diti iindex
d and
d hi
high
h
efficacy ( 70-100 l/w)
©2008 A.T. Haas
 LAMP TECHNOLOGY - FLUORESCENT
TYPE LUMENS/WATT
T-12
T 12 (mag) 45-60
45 60
T-8 (elect) 80-100
T-5 (elect) 75-100

Low cost, readily available Needs qualified personnel for replacement

Long Life - 20,000 hours Sensitive to low temperatures
Not sensitive to voltageg changesg Require large fixtures
Light quality can be selected for task Life shortened by many starts
Special ballasts allow dimming Electronic ballasts can create harmonic
Switching can allow multiple light levels distortion in power system
Special
p retrofit units for T-5 lamps
p
T-5 lamps have high light level maintenance

©2008 A.T. Haas

LAMP TECHNOLOGY – COMPACT FLUORESCENT

©2008 A.T. Haas

LAMP TECHNOLOGY – COMPACT FLUORESCENT
TYPICAL EFFICACY – 65 LUMENS/WATT
COMPARED TO INCANDESCENTS:
LUMENS WATTS-CF WATTS-INC
450 8-10 40
890 13-18 60
1210 18 22
18-22 75
1750 23-28 100
2780 34-42 150

5 minute on/off cycles reduces life 85% 10,000 Hour Life, reduced by frequent
cycling
Low temperatures reduce light output
Available in Cool and Warm White colors
Cost 3X-9X of Incandescent equivalent
Energy savings of 75% typical
Create Harmonic Distortion for power system
High frequency electronic ballast have no
flicker
‘flicker’
Some units are dimmable
©2008 A.T. Haas
COOL WHITE and
d
THREE WARM
WHITE CF LAMPS

Warm White
matches
Incandescent lamps
acc ratel
accurately
WW ~ 2700K
CW ~ 5000K

©2008 A.T. Haas

LAMP TECHNOLOGY – LED LAMPS
Efficacy currently 30-40 lumens/watt with power
supply
Best for low level lighting or small task lights
Typically 30X cost of incandescent and compact
fluorescent mix for general illumination
High general levels are difficult to achieve
20 year projected lamp life
Two year payout in energy savings in large
scale test deployment
This is an area to watch, much development is
currently underway

©2008 A.T. Haas

COMPARISON of LAMPS for ILLUMINATION

TO PROVIDE 1250 LUMENS

240V Incandescent - 90W
120V Incandescent - 75W
Halogen Lamp - 50W
T12 Fluorescent - 24W
T8 Fluorescent - 14W
T5 Fluorescent - 14W
Compact Fluorescent 24W
HID - 20W
LED Lamp (2 lamps) 8W
(directional)

©2008 A.T. Haas

LUMENS/WATT are the th basic
b i measure tto
begin energy saving efforts.
Light quality as indicated by the COLOR
RENDERING INDEX (CRI) determines
suitability of a lamp for a particular use
CRI values above 70 are good for reading
and writing tasks, 60 is minimum for good
color
l recognition
iti

©2008 A.T. Haas

 ENERGY and COST SAVINGS by
REPLACING EXISTING LAMPS
Cost of Energy = $0.08 / KWH Operating 4500 hours/year

TYPE Incandescent (10) Incandescent Compact Fluor

LIFE 1000 hrs 10,000 hrs 10,000 hrs
LUMENS 1700 1700
WATTS 100 26
Cost/LAMP $0.60 $6.00 $3.50
Rep&Disp
ep& sp Cost
Cos $1.00
$ 00 $10.00
$ 0 00 $3.00
$3 00
KWH 100 KWH 1000 KWH 260 KWH
Energy Cost $8.00 $80.00 $20.80
ENERGY SAVING 740 KWH
TOTAL Costs $9.60 $96.00 $27.30
Cost /year $43.25 $12.30
ANNUAL SAVING $30 95
$30.95

©2008 A.T. Haas

LAMP PERFORMANCE REQUIRES
APPROPRIATE FIXTURES

The higher brightness of T5

lamps requires wider fixture
spacing
p g for uniform room
illumination.

Indirect illumination from

ceiling reflection is often
used with T5 lamps to
‘soften’ the illumination.

©2008 A.T. Haas

 DAYLIGHTING and SKYLIGHTS

• Daylighting previously covered

• Skylights are a form of daylighting which

use room fixtures similar to lighting
fixtures. They are most effective with
automatic light level controls

• Automatic light level controls are most

effective with ‘dimmable’
dimmable lamps
©2008 A.T. Haas
 SKYLIGHTS IN USE

Skylights are no longer limited

to direct ‘glass roofs’

©2008 A.T. Haas

 EXAMPLE OF REDUCED LIGHTING

Both the KWH (Energy) and KW (Demand) are Reduced

©2008 A.T. Haas

 MORE ENERGY SAVING
OPPORTUNITIES

LIGHTING, 14% of Total Energy 1

3
Use, has current and evolving 2 5

1 Space Heat
methods readily available for Cooling
V il i
Ventilation
energy saving 14
Water Heat
47 Lighting
Cooking

7 Refrigeration
Office Equipmnet

COOLING and d VENTILATION,

VENTILATION 10
Computers
Other

together 20% of Total Energy 10

Use, provide the next largest

opportunity for energy saving.
saving
The thing these systems have in
common is MOTORS as their
primary energy user.

©2008 A.T. Haas

 VENTILATION AND COOLING POWER
REQUIREMENTS
• Fresh Air:
15 Cubic
C bi FFeett per Mi
Minute
t (CFM) per P Person
For a 500 person school, this means 7,500 cfm of air
(4’x4’ duct blowing 5mph (7.3’/sec)) ~4 H.P.

• Cooling:
Averages
e ages around
a ou d 500 Sq Ft pe
per ton
o
For an optimum school (25 students- 36 sq ft/student),
this means 36 tons of cooling capacity. ~40 H.P.

• Air Handling:
Averages around 400 cfm/ton of cooling
For 36 tons this is 14,400 cfm. ~8 H.P.
©2008 A.T. Haas
ELECTRIC MOTOR ENERGY LOSSES

20%
100% 80%

MOTOR LOSSES INCLUDE: (5HP Motor)

M t )

Wire Resistance 10%

Magnetism Losses in Steel 4%
Friction (Bearing and Air Friction) 2.6%
Stray
y (Internal
( Harmonics)) 3.4%

©2008 A.T. Haas

ELECTRIC MOTOR EFFICIENCY

©2008 A.T. Haas

 MOTOR SIZING IS IMPORTANT TO ACHIEVE
PUBLISHED EFFICIENCY
A Mid-range (80%) efficient 1 H.P. motor operated at 50% load will
have an overall operating efficiency of .80 X .85, or 68%

©2008 A.T. Haas

OTHER MOTOR PARAMETERS AS A FUNCTION
OF LOAD

©2008 A.T. Haas

MOTOR CURRENT AND MOTOR LOAD
FLA Full Load Current

Motor

No Load Current

MOTIOR CURRENT IS THE SUM OF NO LOAD CURRENT AND

CURRENT REQUIRED BY THE LOAD

©2008 A.T. Haas

MOTOR NAMEPLATE DATA

©2008 A.T. Haas

 MOTOR DESIGN CHANGES for IMPROVED EFFICIENCY

ALL THE SAME H.P.

Traditional MOTOR CONSTRUCTION IMPROVEMENTS

Premium
EPAct 1992 Efficiencyy

©2008 A.T. Haas

IMPROVING EFFICIENCY AND LOWER LOSSES OF NEW MOTORS

©2008 A.T. Haas

Calculation of Energy Savings and Payback of High-Efficiency Motor

(25 HP Motor operating at 75% Full Load Rating, 6000 hrs/yr)

Motor No. 1: STANDARD EFFICIENCY, 90.2% efficiency, 30.6 FLA, cost $859.50

25hp x 0.746 x 75%

Input Power (kW) = = 15.51 kW
0.902 efficiency
y

Energy Usage (kWh) = 15.51 kW x 6,000 hr. = 93,060 kWh/yr

Motor No. 2: PREMIUM EFFICIENCY, 93.6% efficiency, 30.0 FLA cost $1,043.00
25hp x 0.746 x 75%
Input Power (kW) = = 14.94 kW
0.936 efficiency

Energy Usage (kWh) = 14.94 kW x 6,000 hr. = 89,640 kWh/yr

Savings = (93,060 - 89,640) = 3,420 kWh/yr

at $0.09 per at $0.07 per

Value of Annual Savings
g kWh kWh
$307.80 $239.40
Simple added cost 0.6 yr 0.8 yr
Payback = ($183.50)
-savings
Lifetime
18 year life $5540.80 $4309.20
Savings
©2008 A.T. Haas
 IMPROVING MOTOR OPERATING EFFICIENCY
BY MATCHING LOAD
Surveys show that in general motors operate at about 60% of their full
load rating.*
g
For a typical 5 H.P. motor (86% std. efficiency) 60% load reduces the
overall efficiency to about 82%

Quick checks for motor loading

1. Compare current to rated full load current
Good only for 75% of full load
2. Compare speed to rated full load speed
Fairly linear decrease from near-synch
speed at no load to rated speed at full load
This can estimate the motor loading

*
©2008 A.T. Haas
IMPROVING MOTOR OPERATING EFFICIENCY BY MATCHING LOAD
M t Air
Most Ai Moving
M i (and
( d Pumping)
P i ) Equipment
E i t Operates
O t att Different
Diff t Speeds
S d than
th Motors
M t

Motors speeds are commonly 1800 rpm.

Motors
M t are available
il bl att 1200 and
d 3600 rpm,
but not always ‘off the shelf’.
Most air moving equipment operates at less
th 1000 rpm.
than

Belts,, chains and gears

g are used to match
motor speeds to equipment.
Major effort is required to change speeds.
Often equipment operates at the wrong
speed for the application.
Motor may be lightly loaded or worse,
overloaded.
overloaded

©2008 A.T. Haas

VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE
Solid state controller which produces
output power. This power has variable
frequency and voltage to operate
motors at variable speed.
Some units allow single phase power
input and produce three phase power
output.
Reducing motor speed
reduces output horsepower
matching motor to load

Input power may experience

harmonic distortion and require
filters to improve quality.

©2008 A.T. Haas

ENERGY SAVING WITH VARIABLE SPEED BLOWER

Air flow is matched to needs without energy loss from dampers

Energy use reflects useful work done and can be easily changed to meet conditions

©2008 A.T. Haas

FIXED H.P. MOTOR WITH REDUCED
LOAD

P
Power F
Factor
t decreases
d rapidly
idl att llower motor
t lloads
d

©2008 A.T. Haas

LOW POWER FACTOR CAN BE RAISED BY
ADDING CAPACITORS

Capacitors store energy

for the motor circuit and
provide leading current
to counteract the lagging
current of the motor
windings

Capacitors are most

effective close to the
motor

©2008 A.T. Haas

VECTOR DIAGRAM OF CAPACITOR BENEFIT

KVA

KVAR

-KVAR
KW

Reduced line current has less loss in wiring

KVAR’s reduced by local current delivered by capacitor
©2008 A.T. Haas
OTHER ENERGY SAVING OPPORTUNITIES
TRANSFORMERS
Like motors, have high efficiency versions available
Gains are in the 0.5% to 1% range
Operate full time, savings accrue whether loaded or not
For Example - 750 KVA transformer, with 33% average loading
Losses with 98.5% efficiency:
.015 x .33 x 750 = 3.7 KW x 8760 hrs = 32412 KWH/yr
Losses with 99% efficiency:
.010
010 x .33
33 x 750 = 2
2.5
5 KW x 8760 h
hrs = 21900 KWH/
KWH/yr
Annual savings : 10512 KWH/yr @ $.08 = $ 840.96

Savings over 30 year life: = $ 25229

©2008 A.T. Haas
OTHER ENERGY SAVING OPPORTUNITIES
WIRING
Using code required minimum sizing may increase losses
Larger loads benefit most from ‘upsizing’ wiring
For example – 25 H.P. motor (as previously described), 250’ run
Code required #8 wire (.667ohms/1000’)*
Losses = (.75 x 30)2 x (.25 x .667) x 3 = 253 W
Upsized to #6 wire (.419ohms/1000’)*
Losses = (.75 x 30)2 x (.25 x .419) x 3 = 159 W
Annual Savings = (253 – 159) x 6000hrs = 564 KWH
@ $0.09 /KWH = $50.76
Savings over 30 year life = $1533.80 (wire cost difference $160)
* At 30°C ©2008 A.T. Haas
 OPERATING CHANGES TO SAVE ENERGY
AND COSTS

•TURN OFF ANYTHING NOT BEING USED

•SCHEDULE LARGE LOADS TO MINIMIZE DEMAND
•RETROFIT LIGHTING TO IMPROVE EFFICIENCY
•REPLACE MOTORS WITH HIGH EFFICIENCY UNITS
•OPERATE MOTORS AT HIGHEST LOADING
•CORRECT LOW POWER FACTOR

©2008 A.T. Haas

 TURN OFF UNUSED EQUIPMENT
LIGHTING:
LIGHTING
Provide light switches at all room entrances
Occupancy sensors to control lighting
Provide multiple level light switching
Time switches for outdoor lighting
VENTILATION:
Time switches for equipment scheduling
Avoid parallel operation of like equipment
Load first unit fully before adding second

Consider centralized controls location

©2008 A.T. Haas
SCHEDULE LOADS TO MINIMIZE DEMAND

Motor starting inrush current adds 4-6 times full load

Sequence starting of large motors to avoid adding
d
demand
d ffrom peaks
k
Schedule non-critical loads to off hours
‘After hours’ timing can be used for tasks such as
irrigation pumping, pool cleaning circulation
Automate switching and scheduling with control systems
Load regulators and demand limiters

©2008 A.T. Haas

The link ed image cannot be display ed. The file may hav e been mov ed, renamed, or deleted. Verify that the link points to the correct file and location.

LOAD REGULATORS AND CONTROLLERS

Can control both lighting and equipment
Shed non-critical loads when demand reaches
preset limits

Uncontrolled Controlled

©2008 A.T. Haas

LOAD CONTROL CAN BE:
Complex
Computer monitoring
of entire building and
controlling loads based
on schedule and need
Used
U d successfully
f ll ffor
schools

Simple
A time based switch to allow equipment
to run only when required
Examples include irrigation pumps and
o tdoor lighting
outdoor

©2008 A.T. Haas

 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Determining Motor Loads and Efficiency http://www.p2pays.org/ref/40/39569.pdf

Reducing Power Factor Cost http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/mc60405.pdf

Energy Efficient Motors http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/bestpractices/pdfs/mc-0382.pdf

Transformers and Wiring http://www.copper.org/applications/electrical/energy/systems.html

Building Upgrade Manual http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=business.bus_upgrade_manual

Saving Motor Energy http://smservice.com/litlist.htm

Energy Efficient Lighting http://www.americanlightingassoc.com/info_energywise.php

©2008 A.T. Haas

Time for Questions

©2008 A.T. Haas