AC and DC Transmission Lines

Fyrirlestur nr 15/EBH Greining raforkukerfa - 08.31.
41
1
Models for Transmission Lines.

Transmission Capacity
HVDC Transmission
10/19/2006
Fyrirlestur nr 15/EBH Greining raforkukerfa - 08.31.41
2
Lecture topics
• Transmission line models
– Short lines
– Medium lines
– Long lines
• Transmission capacity
– Natural loading (Surge impedance loading=SIL)
– Thermal limits
– Stability limits
• HVDC (= High Voltage Direct Current Transmission)
10/19/2006
3
The Long Line Model for Transmission

Lines - Distributed Parameters
(r+jX)∆x (R+jX)∆x (R+jX)∆x
i j
C∆x C∆x C∆x C∆x
∆x ∆x ∆x
10/19/2006
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The Long Line Model for Transmission

Lines - Distributed Parameters
•Impedance and
addmitance per unit z∆x
I + ∆I I
length of line: 1 2
z = R + jX ∆I
1
y = G + jB = 0 − j V + ∆V y∆x V
ωC
•Voltage and Current conditions lead to:
V + ∆V = V + z∆x ⋅ I I + ∆ I = I + y ∆x ⋅ V
x
∆ V = z ∆x ⋅ I ∆ I = y ∆x ⋅ V
∆x
dV dI
= z⋅I = y ⋅V
dx dx
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Voltage and current equations

z∆x
We differentiate the dV II+∆ I
= z⋅I
1 2
voltage equation a dx ∆I
VV+∆ y∆x V
second time...
d 2V dI
2
= z⋅
....and plug in the dx dx
∆x
current equation
dI
= y ⋅V ....similarly for the
dx current equation
....and we get d 2V
= zy ⋅ V d 2I
dx 2 2
= zy ⋅ I
dx
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Propagation constant
We can define the propagation γ = zy = ( R + jX ) ⋅ (G + jB )

constant as follows
= ( R + jω L) ⋅ (G + jω C )
γ = α + jβ
The real part of the The imaginary part of
propagation constant is the propagation
defined as the constant is defined as
attenuation constant the phase constant
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Long line model

We have 2 identical d 2V d 2I
differential equations = γ 2 ⋅V =γ 2 ⋅I
regarding bot voltage and dx 2 dx 2
current, which are complex V = V ( x) = V ( x) exp { jδV ( x)}
phasors and are a function of
the location, x along the line I = I ( x) = I ( x) exp { jδ I ( x)}
These differential equations V ( x) = A1eγ x + A2 e −γ x

have a general solution: γ
dV I ( x ) =
1 dV ( x)
= A1eγx
− A2 e −γ x
( )
By using = z ⋅ I we get Z dx z
dx
or... I ( x) =
y
z
(
A1eγ x − A2 e −γ x )
10/19/2006
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Characteristic Impedance
We can further define the

z R + jX R + jω L
important concept of the Zc = = =
Characteristic impedance y G + jB G + jω C
(Also called Surge
Impedance)
Then we get the following V ( x) = A1eγ x + A2 e −γ x
general formulas for the
voltage and current phasors
along the line
I ( x) =
1
Zc
(
A1eγ x − A2 e −γ x )
To calculate the constants A1
and A2 we need to examine
the boundary conditions
10/19/2006
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Boundary conditions
We must implemnet boundary V (0) = V2
conditions to obtain the constants
A1 and A2. When x = 0 we have I (0) = I 2
where x is the distance measured
from bus #2 and where V2 and I2 V2 + Z c I 2 V2 − Z c I 2
are constants. This leads to: A1 = ; A2 =
2 2
V2 + Z c I 2 γ x V2 − Z c I 2 −γ x
V ( x) = e + e
The following relation 2 2
is then obtained
1 ⎛ V2 + Z c I 2 γ x V2 − Z c I 2 −γ x ⎞
I ( x) = ⎜ e − e ⎟
Zc ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
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Model for long lines

Next we get the following V ( x) = V2 cosh γ x + I 2 Z c sinh γ x
relations for voltage and
1
current along the line I ( x) = V2 sinh γ x + I 2 cosh γ x
Zc
At bus #1 we get V1 = V2 cosh γ A + I 2 Z c sinh γ A

the following
1
relation: I1 = V2 sinh γ A + I 2 cosh γ A
Zc
A is the line length
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Conclusion: The “per phase” Equivalent

for (Medium) Long Transmission Lines
Z ' = Z c sinh γ A
1 2
Y' 1 γA = line length

= tanh
2 Zc 2
Source: Textbook; Saadat, chapter # 5
10/19/2006
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The “per phase” Circuit Equivalent for

Short Transmission Lines
Bus #1 Bus #2
R+jX
1 2
Load impedance
10/19/2006
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Conclusion: The “per phase” Equivalent

for Medium Length Transmission Lines
R+jX
1 2
C/2 C/2
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Long lines
• Wavelength at f = 50 Hz
• Frequency multiplied wavelength equals the wave
velocity: f·λ=c (c is the velocity of light)
• Wavelength: λ = 300000 [km/s]/50[Hz] = 6000 km
• Line length more than 1000 km is significant
compared to the wavelength
10/19/2006
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Transmission Capacity (reference):

Surge Impedance Loading (SIL)
• SIL is reached,
2 2
when the Qconsumed = X L I = ωL I
generated reactive
power equals the 2 2
V V 2
consumed power Qgenerated = = = ωC V
in the high voltage Xc 1
ωC
line. 2
• SIL is not Qgenerated = Qconsumed V L
2
= = Zc2
maximum loading 2
ω L I = ωC V
2
I C
but a
“charactersitic V2 V2
X S SIL = = (= PSIL )
loading” Zc =
L
= ω Zc *
L
10/19/2006
C C C
16
Surge Impedance Loading

• Surge Impedance: Sending Receiving
– Also called characteristic end end
impedance this is the
impedance with which you
can insert a surge the R+jX
sending end of the line and
i j
not get any reflection back
at the receiving end. C/2 C/2
• X is the reactance of the
line
– (in Ohm/km or in Ohm)
• B is the succeptance of the Surge impedance
line
X
– (in Siemens/km or in
Zc =
L
= ω = X
(≅ 250 – 400 ohm)
Siemens)
10/19/2006
C C B
17
Transmission capacity definitions

• Thermal limits: P = 3 ⋅ V ⋅ I cos φ
– With V being constant, I
is the limiting factor Pmax = 3 ⋅ V ⋅ I max cos φ
(Imax)
• Steady State Stability V1 ⋅ V2 V1 ⋅ V2
Limits: P= sin δ Pmax =
X X
• Natural Loading L V2 V2
Zc = S SIL = = (= PSIL )
– Surge impedance C Zc *
L
Loading or (SIL) C
10/19/2006
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HVDC Transmission
High Voltage Direct Current

Transmission
Orkuflutningar með jafnstraumstækni
10/19/2006
19
HVDC Transmission
• Point to point (from “A” to “B”) rather than meshed

network. No commercially available DC circuit
breakers
• Used exclusively for long underground/submarine
cable transmission
• Flexible Computer or Electronic control of power flow
• Transmission over long distances by HVDC overhead
line
• Recently “HVDC light”. Lower cost of AC/DC
converters
10/19/2006
20
HVDC projects around the world

- conversion to/from DC to AC 50 or 60 Hz
10/19/2006 Source: http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/

21
HVDC submarine projects in

Scandinavia
10/19/2006 Gemmell, B.; Loughran, J. “HVDC offers the key to untapped hydro potential”, IEEE Power Engineering Review , Volume: 22 Issue: 5 , May 2002 Page(s): 8 - 11
22
Different types of HVDC links

AC DC AC
a) Monopolar with
earth/sea return
b) Bipolar link e.g. +/-
400 kV. Earth return
in the case of a
single pole failure
c) Unipolar link e.g.
with 2 * -400 kV
and earth/sea return
10/19/2006
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HVDC applications
e.g. 50 Hz
e.g. 50 Hz e.g. 50 Hz
• HVDC links can be used to connect 2 AC power

systems with different frequencies and/or phase
• HVDC is and asynchronous connecting link
10/19/2006
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HVDC terminal station

• The design of the
terminal station
with:
– a YY
transformer
– a YD
transformer
• A thyristor stack
as a 12 pulse
Gaetz bridge
10/19/2006
25
The functioning of the 12 pulse

Graetz bridge
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Áhrif kveikihorns thýristora

Spenna á jafnspennuhlið af-
eða áriðils
fyrir mismunandi kveikitíma
(kveikihorn) þýristora.
10/19/2006
27
Change of power flow in a HVDC

system
10/19/2006 Source: http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/

28
Symbols and the composition of

semiconductor parts
• Light triggered
thyristor
Gate
10/19/2006
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The Cross Section of a

High Voltage Thyristor
• The valve is the basic power-
switching element of a
converter. It consists of series-
connected, fully protected
thyristor levels, each having
high power thyristors of up to
125mm diameter, 8.5kV rating
10/19/2006
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Thyristor characteristics
• Anode current as a
Anóðustraumur
function of voltage
for a thyristor Kennilína fyrir
straumleiðni áfram
Anóðuspenna
Kennilína fyrir
straumrof áfram
Kennilína fyrir straum-
gegnumbrot aftur á bak
10/19/2006
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Thyristor unit
• Þýristoreining með
7 þýristorum
vatnkældum
hitagleypum og
viðeigandi
spennujöfnunar og
tengibúnaði
LTT=light triggered thyristor
10/19/2006
32
The thyristor valve hall
10/19/2006
33
Dannebo converter station

(Fennoskan)
10/19/2006
34
Baltic Cable converter station

AC line AC switchyard
Valve
Q comp hall
AC filter DC line
Transformer
building
Active
DC filter
Smoothing reactor
10/19/2006
35
HVDC :
Thyristor Valve
Technology
Valve cooling
system diagram
10/19/2006
36
The evolution of a thyristor’s current

and voltage capacity 1970-1995
Straumur (kA) Spenna (kV)

6 8
5 Hæsta lokunarspenna
þýristors
6
4
3
4
Málgildi jafnstraums
í gegnum þýristor
2
2
1
0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
10/19/2006
37
HVDC link between Norway and

Denmark (Skagerak)
Riðstraums- Riðstraums-
háspennulínur háspennulínur
Launaflsvél Thyristor valves

Varaaflgjafi
Varaaflgjafi Launaflsvél
Yfirtónasíur Yfirtónasíur
Thyristor valves
Hápasssíur Hápasssíur
10/19/2006
38
Strengur milli Svíþjóðar og

Finnlands (Fennoskan)
• Koparleiðarinn er Starfsmaður
1200 mm2 SINTEF með
HVDC strengbút
• Strengurinn vegur
54 kg/m
• Tvöföld armering
• Flutningsgeta 500
MW
• Spenna 400 kV DC
• Lengd 200 km
• Gangsetning 1989
10/19/2006 Heimild: http://www.energy.sintef.no
39
Sæstrengsverkefni í Malasíu
10/19/2006
40
HVDC
cable cross
section
Fennoskan
(Sweden-
Finland)
Source: Vattenfall, Stockholm, Sweden
10/19/2006
41
The Break-even Distance for HVDC
10/19/2006 Gemmell, B.; Loughran, J. “HVDC offers the key to untapped hydro potential”, IEEE Power Engineering Review , Volume: 22 Issue: 5 , May 2002 Page(s): 8 -11
42
Cost of HVDC converter stations
The cost of the

DC/AC
converters shows
a significant
economies of
scale
10/19/2006
43
From a HVDC
submarine cable factory
Sæstrengurinn
er vafinn upp á
láréttu kefli sem
fer síðan í skipið
sem leggur hann
á sjavarbotninn
10/19/2006
44
Ractive power ballance of a

transmission line
• For light loading
the line produces
more Mvars than it
consumes
• For heavy loading
the line is a net
consumer of
reactive power
10/19/2006
45
References
• Gemmell, B.; Loughran, J. “HVDC offers the key to untapped hydro
potential”, IEEE Power Engineering Review , Volume: 22 Issue: 5 ,
May 2002 Page(s): 8 –11
• The rise of high-voltage, direct-current systems by Narain G.
Hingorani, Consultant (1996) http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/
10/19/2006

AC and DC Transmission Lines

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Fyrirlestur nr 15/EBH Greining raforkukerfa - 08.31.

Models for Transmission Lines.

The Long Line Model for Transmission

C∆x C∆x C∆x C∆x

The Long Line Model for Transmission

Voltage and current equations

We can define the propagation γ = zy = ( R + jX ) ⋅ (G + jB )

Long line model

These differential equations V ( x) = A1eγ x + A2 e −γ x

We can further define the

Model for long lines

At bus #1 we get V1 = V2 cosh γ A + I 2 Z c sinh γ A

Conclusion: The “per phase” Equivalent

Y' 1 γA = line length

The “per phase” Circuit Equivalent for

Conclusion: The “per phase” Equivalent

Transmission Capacity (reference):

Surge Impedance Loading

Transmission capacity definitions

High Voltage Direct Current

• Point to point (from “A” to “B”) rather than meshed

HVDC projects around the world

10/19/2006 Source: http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/

HVDC submarine projects in

Different types of HVDC links

• HVDC links can be used to connect 2 AC power

HVDC terminal station

The functioning of the 12 pulse

Áhrif kveikihorns thýristora

Change of power flow in a HVDC

10/19/2006 Source: http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/

Symbols and the composition of

The Cross Section of a

LTT=light triggered thyristor

The thyristor valve hall

Dannebo converter station

Baltic Cable converter station

The evolution of a thyristor’s current

Straumur (kA) Spenna (kV)

HVDC link between Norway and

Launaflsvél Thyristor valves

Strengur milli Svíþjóðar og

The Break-even Distance for HVDC

Cost of HVDC converter stations

The cost of the

Ractive power ballance of a

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