IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 24, NO.
5, MAY 2009
Discrete Frequency Tuning Active Filter
for Power System Harmonics
Tzung-Lin Lee, Member, IEEE, Jian-Cheng Li, and Po-Tai Cheng, Member, IEEE
Abstract—Severe voltage distortion, due to power system har-
monic resonance, has been reported in recent years. This issue be-
comes more significant in high penetration of a photovoltaic (PV)
network. A conventional voltage detection active filter operates as
similar conductance for all harmonic frequencies to resolve this
problem whether in a fixed conductance command or in an auto-
matic gain adjustment control. However, its filtering capability is
impeded by the mismatch between the active filter and the radial
line, and the voltage distortion may still be significant. This paper
proposes a discrete frequency tuning active filter to suppress power
system harmonics. The active filter operates as variable conduc-
tance for each individual harmonic frequency. Each harmonic con-
ductance is dynamically adjusted according to the corresponding
harmonic voltage distortion of the active filter installation point
in response to increase or decrease of nonlinear loads, or varia-
tion of resonant frequency in the power system. The mismatching
problem between the feeder impedance and the active filter can be
avoided effectively. Therefore, harmonic voltage distortion can be
maintained at an allowable level throughout the feeder with lower
peak current and lower rms current of the active filter, and loads
installed at various locations of the power system receive more
uniform voltage waveform.
Index Terms—Active power filter, harmonic resonance, har-
monic voltage damping.
I. INTRODUCTION
ITH the advance of semiconductor devices, power elec-
W tronics technologies have been developed extensively
for various applications, such as lighting, adjust speed drivers,
and uninterruptible power supply systems. Due to the nonlinear
nature, most power electronics equipment draws nonsinusoidal
current, and thus, results in significant harmonic pollution in the
power system. Harmonic voltage amplification along a power
feeder resulting from the resonance between power factor cor-
rection capacitors and system inductances, including transmis-
sion line inductance and transformer leakage inductances, has
been reported [1]–[3]. The harmonic resonance may become
Manuscript received November 10, 2008; revised January 7, 2009. Current
version published April 17, 2009. This work was supported by the National Sci-
ence Council of Taiwan under Grant NSC 97-2218-E-110-007. Recommended
for publication by Associate Editor J. H. R. Enslin.
T.-L. Lee is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun
Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan (e-mail: tzunglin.lee@gmail.
com).
J.-C. Li is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung Uni-
versity, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan (e-mail: f22835014@yahoo.com.tw).
P.-T. Cheng is with the Center for Advanced Power Technologies, Depart-
ment of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013,
Taiwan (e-mail: ptcheng@ee.nthu.edu.tw).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPEL.2009.2013863
0885-8993/$25.00 © 2009 IEEE
1209
unpredictable and serious in an electric power network with
high penetration of photovoltaic (PV) inverters due to a large
number of household capacitors and inverter output capacitors
[4].
According to IEEE Standard 519-1992 [5], maximum al-
lowable voltage total harmonic distortion (THD) is 5% and
individual voltage distortion is 3% for distribution network be-
low 69 kV. In order to comply with the harmonics regulation,
various active damping approaches have been presented. Ak-
agi and coworkers proposed a voltage detection active filter
installed at the end of a radial line to suppress such harmonic
resonance [6], [7]. The damping performance is subject to the
matching between the harmonic conductance of the active filter
and the characteristic impedance of the radial line. Therefore,
the capability of the active filter with fixed conductance de-
clines due to variation of the characteristic impedance in the real
power system. In order to enhance filtering performance, an au-
tomatic gain adjustment scheme is added to adjust the operating
conductance for reducing the voltage distortion at the installa-
tion point [8]. The harmonic resonance is frequency-dependent
and may vary with the damping harmonic conductance, so the
active filter operating at similar conductance for all harmonic
frequencies may suffer the mismatching problem. This is the
so-called “whack-a-mole” problem, which illustrates uninten-
tional induction of another harmonic resonance when supply-
ing damping for a specific harmonic frequency [7]. Therefore,
the filtering performance is limited, and some harmonic volt-
age components may become worse at certain locations along
the line. Distributed installation active filter systems presented
previously can address this issue. However, a real-time com-
munication system [9] or harmonics-drooped control [10], [11]
should be developed to coordinate the operation of active filters
for providing effective damping performances.
This paper proposes a discrete frequency tuning active fil-
ter to suppress power system harmonics. The active filter op-
erates as variable conductance at each harmonic frequency.
The damping conductance for individual harmonic frequency
is determined by the corresponding harmonic voltage dis-
tortion of the active filter installation point. Based on this
scheme, the active filter can dynamically adjust the filtering
capability in response to increase or decrease of nonlinear
loads and system resonant frequency variation. The annoy-
ing “whack-a-mole” problem due to mismatching between the
feeder and the active filter can be avoided effectively. There-
fore, harmonic voltage distortion throughout the feeder would
be definitely maintained at an allowable level with lower peak
current and lower rms current consumption in the proposed
approach.
1210 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY 2009

Fig. 1. Proposed discrete frequency tuning active filter in a radial line. (a) One-line circuit diagram of the proposed active filter and the associated control.
(b) Conductance tuning control for individual harmonic frequency.

II. OPERATION PRINCIPLES associated harmonic voltage component Ẽabc h of the AFU in-
A simplified one-line diagram of the proposed discrete fre- stallation point. Harmonic voltage components can be derived
quency tuning active filter is shown in Fig. 1(a). The active filter according to the synchronous reference frame (SRF) transfor-
unit (AFU) is installed at the end of a radial line to terminate mation [12]–[14]. The specific harmonic voltage component
harmonic voltage propagation. The AFU operates as variable Ẽabc h becomes a dc value in the SRF at ωh , so it can be derived
conductance at each harmonic frequency as given, by using a low-pass filter (LPF), as shown in Fig. 1(a). Note that

ωh should be set to extract the corresponding negative-sequence
i∗abc = G∗h · Ẽabc h (1) (i.e., fifth) or positive-sequence (i.e., seventh) harmonic voltage
h component. The current command is then generated by multi-
plying the voltage harmonics and its corresponding conductance
where h represents the harmonic frequency order. The individ-
command. Based on the current command i∗abc , the measured
ual conductance command G∗h is a control gain to suppress the
LEE et al.: DISCRETE FREQUENCY TUNING ACTIVE FILTER FOR POWER SYSTEM HARMONICS
current iabc , and the measured voltage Eabc , the current regula-
∗
tor calculates the voltage command vabc as follows:
∗ Li ∗
vabc = Eabc − (i − iabc ). (2)
∆T abc
Here, Li is the output inductor of the AFU, and ∆T is the
sampling period [15]. The current regulator operates the inverter
to synthesize the current as in (1) to accomplish the damping
functionality.
Fig. 1(b) shows the proposed discrete frequency tuning
scheme for harmonic order h. The conductance command of
each harmonic frequency G∗h is determined according to the
harmonic voltage distortion VDh at the AFU installation point
Eabc . The harmonic voltage distortion VDh is defined as the
harmonic voltage component rms value at ωh divided by the
voltage rms value as given
Ẽabc h ,rm s
VDh = 100%. (3)
Eabc,rm s
The derivation of VDh can be approximately evaluated by us-
ing two LPFs with cutoff frequency at ωf , which are to filter
out ripple components in the calculation. The error between
the allowable harmonic voltage distortion VD∗h and the actual
harmonic voltage distortion VDh is then fed into a proportional-
integral (PI) regulator to adjust the conductance command G∗h .
The PI controller can provide zero steady-state error, so the har-
monic voltage distortion VDh can be reduced to the allowable
level. The PI regulator is defined as
ki
TPI = kp + (4)
s location. Therefore, the conductance command G∗ at all har-
where s is the Laplace operator, kp and ki are proportional
and integral gains, respectively. In order to avoid extra phase
lag in the harmonic frequency [16], the cutoff frequency of the
PI controller should be set at one decade below the damping
harmonic frequency. Hence, ki can be determined. On the other
hand, kp is selected according to the required response time.
Variation of kp and ki gains causes different response of voltage
distortion. Since harmonics variation in the power system is
usually slow, the PI controller with a low bandwidth can function
well [8]. The small-signal model derivation of the AFU and
the further dynamic analysis with the root locus method are
discussed in [11].
III. SIMULATION RESULTS
The proposed discrete frequency tuning active filter is applied
to a radial power distribution line to demonstrate the harmonic
filtering performance by using the alternative transient program
(ATP). Fig. 2(a) shows the simulation circuit, and circuit param-
eters are given as follows.
1) Power system: 220 V (line-to-line), 20 kVA, 60 Hz, L =
0.2 mH (3.1%), C = 150 µF (13.7%).
2) Nonlinear loads NLA and NLB : Both nonlinear loads are
diode rectifiers with filter inductor, dc capacitor, and load
resistor. NLA and NLB are rated at 5.3 kVA (30%), re-
spectively.
1211
3) The reference harmonic voltage distortion is 3% (VD∗h =
3.0%).
4) ωf is set as 62.8 rad to filter out 120 Hz ripple components
in the calculation of harmonic voltage distortion.
5) PI controller: kp = 100, ki = 2000.
6) The AFU is implemented by a conventional three-phase
voltage source inverter. The PWM frequency is 10 kHz
and the sampling frequency is 20 kHz.
In the simulation, power system parameters are arranged to
illustrate the harmonic amplification issue along the feeder [2],
[7], where L is the line inductor and C represents the power
factor correction capacitor installed on the feeder. If the feeder
length is closed to odd multiple of quarter wavelength of specific
harmonic frequency, harmonic voltage resonance occurs and
then harmonic voltage is severely amplified [7], [17].
A. Steady-State Operation
Due to harmonic resonance, the bus voltages are severely
distorted, as illustrated in Fig. 2(b). After the AFU is engaged,
Fig. 2(c) shows that voltage THD along the line is significantly
improved, and the voltage THD at bus 9 is reduced to 4.4%. As
demonstrated in Fig. 2(e) and (f), both the fifth harmonic voltage
distortion VD5 and the seventh harmonic voltage distortion VD7
are maintained below 3%. At the steady state, the AFU consumes
1.7 kVA (peak current = 10 A, rms current = 3.6 A) at G∗5 =
0.61 Ω−1 and G∗7 = 0.49 Ω−1 .
The automatic gain adjustment scheme is shown in Fig. 3.
In this control, the conductance command of the AFU is de-
termined according to voltage THD of the AFU installation
monic frequencies has the same value [8]. In order to comply
with individual harmonic voltage limit [5], the reference voltage
THD should be set as 3%. Fig. 2(d) shows that the voltage THD
at bus 9 can be maintained at 3%, but the improvement on the
midsection of the line is not clear. Fig. 2(e) also indicates VD5
at buses 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 becomes higher than 3% due to the
fifth harmonic resonance. This is the so-called “whack-a-mole”
phenomenon when supplying harmonic damping with similar
conductance for all harmonic frequencies [7]. The AFU con-
sumes 2.9 kVA (peak current = 17 A, rms current = 6.2 A) at
G∗ = 1.35 Ω−1 . If the reference voltage THD of the AFU is set
as 4.4% as derived in the proposed method, individual harmonic
voltage may not conform with regulation because harmonic res-
onance may only occur at a specific harmonic frequency. Table I
summarizes comparison between these two methods. The dis-
crete frequency tuning AFU provides better voltage THD and
VD5 in both average and variance senses, and similar damping
performance for VD7 . Therefore, more uniform voltage quality
would be retained in the proposed method.
Fig. 4 illustrates magnifying factors of both fifth and sev-
enth harmonics with variation of resonant capacitors by using
an equivalent distributed-parameter circuit model [17]. Both
resonant frequencies and resonant quality factors of harmonic
standing waves are dependent on line inductors and power fac-
tor correction capacitors. As indicated, the system resonates
at fifth harmonics if C = 45 µF, and at seventh harmonics if
1212 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY 2009

Fig. 2. Simulation circuit and steady-state simulation results. (a) Simulation circuit configuration. (b) AFU is OFF. (c) Discrete frequency tuning AFU.
(d) Automatic gain-adjusted AFU. (e) Fifth harmonic voltage distortion on all buses. (f) Seventh harmonic voltage distortion on all buses.

TABLE I
AVERAGE AND VARIANCE VALUES OF VOLTAGE THD, VD5 , AND VD7
LEE et al.: DISCRETE FREQUENCY TUNING ACTIVE FILTER FOR POWER SYSTEM HARMONICS 1213

Fig. 3. Automatic gain adjustment control.

C = 22 µF and 190 µF. Therefore, similar conductance for all

harmonic frequencies in the automatic gain adjustment control
cannot guarantee harmonic voltage distortion complying with
regulation [7]. Fig. 5 shows the conductance commands G∗5 ,
G∗7 for various capacitors C (50–225 µF). G∗5 and G∗7 are ad-
justed to neutralize the harmonic amplification in different res-
onant conditions according to system characteristic impedance
and harmonic magnitude. The reciprocal of system character-
istic impedance is proportional to the square root of resonant
capacitor, so required conductance commands would be vari-
able. Maximum G∗5 is at C = 125 µF, and maximum G∗7 is at
C = 75 µF and C = 187.5 µF, respectively. When the capac-
itor is larger than 175 µF, fifth harmonic resonance no longer
occurs, so fifth harmonic damping is not needed (G∗5 = 0). On
the other hand, seventh harmonic resonance changes more dra-
matically compared to fifth harmonics due to small wavelength.
Therefore, by using the proposed approach, both G∗5 and G∗7 can
respond to the variation of capacitors to accomplish harmonic
damping requirement.

B. Transient Operation
Fig. 6 shows the conductance commands G∗5 , G∗7 and the har-
monic voltage distortion VD5 , VD7 , THD of the AFU instal-
lation location under nonlinear load variation. NLA increases
to 6.6 kVA at t = 2.0 s and subsequently NLB increases to
6.6 kVA at t = 3.0 s. Fig. 6(a) shows that the increase of non-
linear loads causes higher voltage distortion, thus the PI regu-
lator raises both G∗5 and G∗7 commands to draw more harmonic
current for reducing voltage distortion. VD5 , VD7 would be
maintained at 3%, and voltage THD would be smaller than 5%
as indicated in Fig. 6(b).
Fig. 7 illustrates the transient when the capacitors on bus 4 and
bus 7 are disconnected at t = 2.0 s and t = 3.0 s, respectively. Fig. 4. Magnifying factors of both fifth and seventh harmonics with variation
Due to uneven distribution of the feeder capacitors, the resonant of resonant capacitors. (a) Fifth harmonics. (b) Seventh harmonics.
pattern of the circuit cannot be predicted easily. However, G∗5
and G∗7 can still be tuned effectively according to VD5 , VD7 Fig. 7(b). In addition, voltage THD is always maintained below
in the proposed approach. As shown in Fig. 7(a), G∗5 and G∗7 5% as variation of resonant capacitors.
are decreased because the capacitor on bus 4 getting offline
causes lower voltage distortion. Particularly, G∗7 is reduced sig-
IV. LABORATORY TEST RESULTS
nificantly. On the other hand, the capacitor on bus 7 switching
offline would cause both VD5 and VD7 increased. Therefore, G∗5 Fig. 8 shows a test circuit in the laboratory. System parameters
and G∗7 are raised to maintain VD5 and VD7 at 3%, as shown in are given as follows:
1214 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY 2009

Fig. 5. Conductance commands of the AFU and system characteristic

impedance (Z) in variation of resonant capacitors.

1) Power system: 220 V (line-to-line), 60 Hz. The harmonic

source is background voltage distortion of the power sys-
tem. Voltage THD = 2.8%, VD5 = 2.8%, VD7 = 0.3%.
Ll represents leakage inductance of the power system.
2) Experimental circuit: L1 = 0.2 mH, L2 = 0.4 mH, C =
180 µF.
3) Active filter: Li = 1.0 mH, the PWM frequency is 10 kHz
and the sampling frequency is 20 kHz.
4) Active filter controller: ωf = 62.8 rad, kp = 100, ki =
2000, VD∗h = 3.0%, G∗h,m ax = 1.0 Ω−1 and G∗h,m in =
0.1 Ω−1 .
The control of the active filter is implemented by using a
TI TMS320C6711 chip to perform phase lock loop, synchronous
frame transformation, LPF, PI controller, and current regulator.
The PWM, A/D, and memory management are manipulated by
CPLD chip. More detailed design issues are illustrated in [18].
Before the AFU is started, Fig. 9(a) shows bus voltages are
amplified substantially toward the end of the bus. Particularly,
fifth harmonic voltage is severe, such as VD5 = 4.4% at bus
2 and VD5 = 6.8% at bus 3, respectively. Harmonic voltage
distortion on all buses is given in Table II. After the AFU with Fig. 6. Conductance commands and harmonic voltage distortion of the AFU
the proposed discrete frequency tuning method is in operation, when NLA and NLB are added at t = 2.0 s and t = 3.0 s, respectively.
voltage distortion is significantly improved. Voltage waveforms (a) Active filter conductance commands. (b) Harmonic voltage distortion.
and harmonic voltage distortion are shown in Fig. 9(b) and
Table III. VD5 is reduced to 2.8% and 3.0% at bus 2 and bus 3,
respectively. The AFU operation is in Fig. 10. It indicates the
AFU current iaf can track the reference current i∗af generated The AFU with the automatic gain adjustment scheme is also
from (1) for supplying damping functionality. At the steady implemented. The AFU operation and test results are shown
state, the AFU consumes iaf ,rm s = 8.1 A, and iaf ,p eak = 13 A. in Table IV and Fig. 12. The damping performance is similar
Fig. 11 shows G∗5 and G∗7 when the AFU starts up and expe- to the proposed discrete frequency tuning method because the
riences transience due to a resonant capacitor at bus 2 switching “whack-a-mole” phenomenon is not clear in the short circuit.
offline. At t = T0 , the AFU is turned on. G∗5 and G∗7 would set- At the steady state, the AFU would consume iaf ,rm s = 8.1 A,
tle at t = T1 . Based on harmonic voltage distortion VD5 , G∗5 is and iaf ,p eak = 16 A. Harmonic current components of the AFU
adjusted to supply adequate damping. When reaching the steady in both the discrete frequency tuning method and the automatic
state, G∗5 is approximate to 0.65 Ω−1 . On the other hand, G∗7 gain adjustment control are shown in Fig. 13. Compared with
is always maintained to the minimum value (0.1 Ω−1 ) because the proposed method, the peak current of the automatic gain
VD7 is slightly larger than 3.0%. At t = T2 , the capacitor con- adjustment control is larger because the AFU emulates the same
nected at bus 2 is switched offline. The voltage distortion on all damping conductance for all harmonic components, as expected
buses is reduced. Finally, G∗5 is reduced to 0.5 Ω−1 . in Section III-A.
LEE et al.: DISCRETE FREQUENCY TUNING ACTIVE FILTER FOR POWER SYSTEM HARMONICS
Fig. 7. Conductance commands and harmonic voltage distortion of the AFU
when the capacitors on bus 4 and bus 7 are switched offline at t = 2.0 s and
t = 3.0 s, respectively. (a) Active filter conductance commands. (b) Harmonic
voltage distortion.
Fig. 8. Experimental circuit.
V. SUMMARY
A discrete frequency tuning active filter has been proposed
in this paper to suppress power system harmonics. This ac-
tive filter is installed at the end of the radial line to terminate
the propagation of harmonic resonance. It operates as variable
conductance according to harmonic voltage distortion at each
harmonic frequency. By dynamically adjusting damping con-
1215
Fig. 9. Bus voltage waveforms. (a) Bus voltages before the AFU is started.
(b) Bus voltages after the AFU is in operation.
TABLE II
HARMONIC VOLTAGE DISTORTION WITHOUT ANY FILTERING
ductance of individual harmonic frequency, the mismatching
problem between the feeder and the AFU can be avoided effec-
tively, and voltage distortion of each harmonic frequency would
be definitely maintained below an allowable level either at the
AFU installation point or on other location of the feeder. This
is the significant advantage of the proposed approach.
Variation of resonant capacitors in the power system would
shift resonant frequency and change system impedance. This
phenomenon may deteriorate AFU damping functionality or
1216
TABLE III
HARMONIC VOLTAGE DISTORTION AFTER THE ACTIVE FILTER IS ENGAGED
TABLE IV
HARMONIC VOLTAGE DISTORTION IN THE AUTOMATIC GAIN
ADJUSTMENT CONTROL
Fig. 10. Active filter currents in the proposed discrete frequency tuning
method. Y axis(i∗a f , ia f : 2.8 A/V).
Fig. 11. Fifth and seventh conductance commands in AFU startup and capac-
itors at bus 2 switching offline. Y axis(G: 0.5 Ω −1 /V).
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS, VOL. 24, NO. 5, MAY 2009
Fig. 12. Active filter currents in the automatic gain adjustment control.
Y axis(i∗a f , ia f : 2.8 A/V).
Fig. 13. Harmonic current components of the AFU in the discrete frequency
tuning method and the automatic gain adjustment control. Y-axis (ia f , h : A).
cause unintentional harmonic amplification on certain locations
of the feeder whether a fixed gain or an automatic gain adjust-
ment is employed due to similar conductance for all harmonic
frequencies. Thanks to the discrete frequency tuning method of
the proposed AFU, power system harmonics would be main-
tained at an allowable level and become insensitive to sys-
tem variation. Therefore, entire loading installed throughout
the feeder would receive similar voltage quality. The proposed
method is also suitable for power electronics interface con-
verters of distributed generation to suppress harmonic voltage
distortion [19]–[22].
Fig. 14 presents AFU current to total nonlinear loads for the
circuit of Fig. 2(a). Compared with the automatic gain adjust-
ment AFU, the discrete frequency tuning AFU operates with
lower peak and rms current in various nonlinear loads. As
shown, both the peak current and the rms current of the AFU are
roughly reduced 0.06 per unit (p.u.) and 0.02 p.u., respectively.
LEE et al.: DISCRETE FREQUENCY TUNING ACTIVE FILTER FOR POWER SYSTEM HARMONICS
Fig. 14. AFU current to nonlinear loads in various control methods. (p.u.).
Therefore, switching devices with lower current rating may be
used and lower operating current can be accomplished in the
proposed AFU.
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Tzung-Lin Lee (S’04-M’08) received the B.S. de-
gree in electrical engineering from Chung Yuan
Christian University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, in 1993, the
M.S. degree in electrical engineering from the Na-
tional Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan, in
1995, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering
from the National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu,
Taiwan, in 2007.
From 1997 to 2001, he was a Research Engineer
at the Microwave Department, Electronics Research
and Service Organization (ERSO), Industrial Tech-
nology Research Institute (ITRI), Hsinchu. He is currently an Assistant Professor
in the Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan. His current research interests include utility applications of
power electronics.
Jian-Cheng Li received the B.S. degree in electri-
cal engineering from the National Chin-Yi Univer-
sity of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, in 2007. He
is currently working toward the M.S. degree in the
Department of Electrical Engineering, Chang Gung
University, Taipei, Taiwan.
His current research interests include active fil-
ters for power conditioning and power distribution
systems.
Po-Tai Cheng (S’96–M’99) received the B.S. degree
from the National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu,
Taiwan, in 1990, and the M.S.E.E. and Ph.D. degrees
from the University of Wisconsin, Madison in 1994
and 1999, respectively.
He is currently an Associate Professor in the De-
partment of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing
Hua University, Hsinchu. His current research inter-
ests include distributed power systems, utility appli-
cations of power electronics, power quality issues,
and high-power converters.