Computer Concept

Q 1) Explain different types of operating system?

Ans:- An operating system is a software component of a computer system that is
responsible for the management of various activities of the computer and the sharing
of computer resources. It hosts the several applications that run on a computer and
handles the operations of computer hardware. Users and application programs access
the services offered by the operating systems, by means of system calls and
application programming interfaces. Users interact with operating systems through
Command Line Interfaces (CLIs) or Graphical User Interfaces known as GUIs. In
short, operating system enables user interaction with computer systems by acting as
an interface between users or application programs and the computer hardware. Here
is an overview of the different types of operating systems.
Real-time Operating System: It is a multitasking operating system that aims at
executing real-time applications. Real-time operating systems often use specialized
scheduling algorithms so that they can achieve a deterministic nature of behavior. The
main object of real-time operating systems is their quick and predictable response to
events. They either have an event-driven or a time-sharing design. An event-driven
system switches between tasks based of their priorities while time-sharing operating
systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.
Multi-user and Single-user Operating Systems: The operating systems of this type
allow a multiple users to access a computer system concurrently. Time-sharing system
can be classified as multi-user systems as they enable a multiple user access to a
computer through the sharing of time. Single-user operating systems, as opposed to a
multi-user operating system, are usable by a single user at a time. Being able to have
multiple accounts on a Windows operating system does not make it a multi-user
system. Rather, only the network administrator is the real user. But for a Unix-like
operating system, it is possible for two users to login at a time and this capability of
the OS makes it a multi-user operating system.
Multi-tasking and Single-tasking Operating Systems: When a single program is
allowed to run at a time, the system is grouped under a single-tasking system, while in
case the operating system allows the execution of multiple tasks at one time, it is
classified as a multi-tasking operating system. Multi-tasking can be of two types
namely, pre-emptive or co-operative. In pre-emptive multitasking, the operating
system slices the CPU time and dedicates one slot to each of the programs. Unix-like
operating systems such as Solaris and Linux support pre-emptive multitasking.
Cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to give time to the
other processes in a defined manner. MS Windows prior to Windows 95 used to
support cooperative multitasking.
Distributed Operating System: An operating system that manages a group of
independent computers and makes them appear to be a single computer is known as a
distributed operating system. The development of networked computers that could be
linked and communicate with each other, gave rise to distributed computing.
Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers
in a group work in cooperation, they make a distributed system.
Embedded System: The operating systems designed for being used in embedded
computer systems are known as embedded operating systems. They are designed to
operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy. They are able to operate
with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by
design. Windows CE, FreeBSD and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded
operating systems.
The operating systems thus contribute to the simplification of the human interaction
with the computer hardware. They are responsible for linking application programs
with the hardware, thus achieving an easy user access to the computers.
Q 2) Compare & contrast RAM & ROM
Ans:- There are two basic types of memory: ROM and RAM.

ROM - Read-only memory: On ROM, data is prerecorded for read only which can not
be removed. ROM is nonvolatile and it retains its contents regardless the computer is
on or off. Most personal computers contain a small amount of ROM that stores
critical programs such as the program that boots the computer. In addition, ROMs are
used in calculators and peripheral devices such as laser printers, whose fonts are often
stored in ROMs. There are a few variations of ROM such as programmable read-only
memory (PROM), which is manufactured as blank chips on which data can be written
with a special device called a PROM programmer.

RAM - Random access memory: whose contents can be accessed (read, write and
remove) in any order. This is in contrast to sequential memory devices such as
magnetic tapes, discs and drums, in which the mechanical movement of the storage
medium forces the computer to access data in a fixed order. RAM is usually used for
primary storage in computers to hold active information such as data and programs.
Common forms of RAM are: SRAM (Static RAM) and DRAM (Dynamic RAM).

RAM ICs are often assembled into plug-in modules. Some standard module types are:
Single in-line memory module (SIMM) and Dual in-line memory module (DIMM).

RAM is Random Access Memory. It is a volatile type of memory that needs

electricity to flow to retain information. It is the type of memory that computers use to
process programs.
ROM is Read Only Memory. Essentially it is a piece of permanently written
information stored as memory. There are versions of this memory that can be
rewritten but it is then called EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory)
and generally takes ultraviolet light to clear.
The easiest way to understand the difference is to think of this as a blackboard. When
memory is being used as RAM, it's a blackboard that is constantly being rewritten and
then washed and rewritten, thousands of times per minute. If it was ROM, the writing
would be in acrylic paint, that can't be removed. EPROM would be the same paint but
it can be removed by very special and specific means.

Q3) DOS Features

Ans:- DOS stands for DISK OPERATING SYSTEM. It was developed by Microsoft
as an operating system in the 1980s. Windows 3.x needed DOS to run, but Windows
95, 98, and 2000 do not. The later versions of Windows can still run DOS programs,
as well as those designed specifically for Windows.

The original version called QDOS (Quick-and-Dirty Operating System), was designed
by Tim Patterson for Seattle Computer Products. This product was eventually licensed
to Microsoft, and Microsoft then demonstrated the operating system to IBM.

IBM originally used the acronym DOS in the early 1960’s for their disk operating
system for the 360 series computers.
Usage of DOS commands- There are so many basic commands which you can find
through googling on internet. However I can provide you the below link about some
hidden featured commands.
1.DOS - Disc operating System
2. DOS is a single user single task OS with basic kernel functions
3. DOS also comes along with Windows, goto start-programmes-accessories-
command prompt or start-run-command
4. The basic commands are :-
i.dir [directory listing]
ii.chkdsk [check directory]
iii.edit [edit text file]
iv.del [delete]
v. copy
vi. cls [clear screen]
vii.tree [display directory]
viii.mkdir [Make directory]
ix. format [format disc]
x rd [remove directory]

Q 4) List & explain any 4 tools of windows

Ans:-

Q 5) Memory hierarchical used in computer

Ans:- The term memory hierarchy is used in the theory of computation when
discussing performance issues in computer architectural design, algorithm predictions,
and the lower level programming constructs such as involving locality of reference. A
'memory hierarchy' incomputer storage distinguishes each level in the 'hierarchy' by
response time. Since response time, complexity, and capacity are related[1], the levels
may also be distinguished by the controlling technology.

The many trade-offs in designing for high performance will include the structure of
the memory hierarchy, i.e. the size and technology of each component. So the various
components can be viewed as forming a hierarchy of memories (m1,m2,...,mn) in
which each member mi is in a sense subordinate to the next highest member mi-1 of the
hierarchy. To limit waiting by higher levels, a lower level will respond by filling a
buffer and then signaling to activate the transfer.

There are four major storage levels.

Internal – Processor registers and cache.

1. Main – the system RAM and controller cards.

2. On-line mass storage – Secondary storage.
3. Off-line bulk storage – Tertiary and Off-line storage.

This is a most general memory hierarchy structuring. Many other structures are
useful. For example, a paging algorithm may be considered as a level for virtual
memory when designing a computer architecture.
Q 6) Different types of programming language explain there advantages &
disadvantages
Ans:- In all over the world, language is the source of communication among human
beings. Different countries/regions have different languages. Similarly, in order to
communicate with the computer user also needs to have a language that should be
understood by the computer. For this purpose, different languages are developed for
performing different types of work on the computer.Basically, languages are divided
into two categories according to their interpretation.
1. Low Level Languages.
2. High Level Languages.
Low Level Languages
Low level computer languages are machine codes or close to it. Computer cannot
understand instructions given in high level languages or in English. It can only
understand and execute instructions given in the form of machine language i.e.
language of 0 and 1. There are two types of low level languages:
• Machine Language.
• Assembly Language
Machine Language: It is the lowest and most elementary level of Programming
language and was the first type of programming language to be Developed. Machine
Language is basically the only language which computer Can understand. In fact, a
manufacturer designs a computer to obey just one Language, its machine code, which
is represented inside the computer by a String of binary digits (bits) 0 and 1. The
symbol 0 stands for the absence of Electric pulse and 1 for the presence of an electric
pulse . Since a computer is Capable of recognizing electric signals, therefore, it
understand machine Language.
Advantages of Machine Language
i) It makes fast and efficient use of the computer.
ii) It requires no translator to translate the code i.e.Directly understood by the
computer
Disadvantages of Machine Language:
i) All operation codes have to be remembered
ii) All memory addresses have to be remembered.
iii) It is hard to amend or find errors in a program written
In the machine language
iv) These languages are machine dependent i.e. a particular
Machine language can be used on only one type of computer
Assembly Language
It was developed to overcome some of the many
inconveniences of machine language. This is another low level but a very important
language in which operation codes and operands are given in the form of
alphanumeric symbols instead of 0’s and l’s. These alphanumeric symbols will be
known as mnemonic codes and can have maximum up to 5 letter combination e.g.
ADD for addition, SUB for subtraction, START,LABEL etc. Because of this feature
it is also known as ‘Symbolic Programming Language’. This language is also very
difficult and needs a lot of practice to master it because very small
English support is given to this language. The language mainly helps in compiler
orientations. The instructions of the Assembly language will also be converted to
machine codes by language translator to be executed by the computer.
Advantages of Assembly Language
i) It is easier to understand and use as compared to machine language.
ii)It is easy to locate and correct errors.
iii) It is modified easily
Disadvantages of Assembly Language
i) Like machine language it is also machine dependent.
ii) Since it is machine dependent therefore programmer Should have the knowledge of
the hardware also.
High Level Languages
High level computer languages give formats close to English language and the
purpose of developing high level languages is to enable people to write programs
easily and in their own native language environment (English). High-level languages
are basically symbolic languages that use English words and/or mathematical symbols
rather than mnemonic codes. Each instruction in the high level language is translated
into many machine language instructions thus showing one-to-many translation
Advantages of High Level Language
Following are the advantages of a high level language:
• User-friendly
• Similar to English with vocabulary of words and symbols
• Therefore it is easier to learn.
• They require less time to write.
• They are easier to maintain.
• Problem oriented rather than 'machine' based.
• Program written in a high-level language can be translated into many machine
language and therefore can run on any computer for which there exists an
appropriate translator.
• It is independent of the machine on which it is used i.e.Programs developed in
high level language can be run on any Computer
Disadvantages of High Level Language

• A high-level language has to be translated into the machine language by a

translator and thus a price in computer time is paid.
• The object code generated by a translator might be inefficient Compared to an
equivalent assembly language program
• Types of computer languages
As we human beings communicate with each others in different language such as
Urdu, French, Punjabi and Arabic etc. Similarly to communicate with the
computers we have to use specific languages and for this...

Q 7) Internet explorer
Ans:- Windows Internet Explorer (formerly Microsoft Internet Explorer;
commonly abbreviated to IE), is a series of graphical web browsers developed
by Microsoft and included as part of the Microsoft Windows line of operating
systems starting in 1995. It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus! for
Windows 95 that year. Later versions were available as free downloads, or in service
packs, and included in the OEM service releases of Windows 95 and later versions of
Windows.
IE has been the most widely used web browser since 1999, attaining a peak of about
95%usage share during 2002 and 2003 with IE5 and IE6.[citation needed] Since its peak of
popularity, its usage share has declined in the face of renewed competition from other
web browsers to 55%, and is slowly trending downward. Microsoft spent over $100
million per year on IE[1] in the late 1990s, with over 1000 people working on it by
1999.[2]

Since its first release, Microsoft has added features and technologies such as
basic tabledisplay (in version 1.5); XMLHttpRequest (in version 5), which aids
creation of dynamic web pages; and Internationalized Domain Names (in version 7),
which allow Web sites to have native-language addresses with non-Latin characters.
The browser has also received scrutiny throughout its development for use of third-
party technology (such as the source code ofSpyglass Mosaic, used without royalty in
early versions) and security and privacyvulnerabilities, and both the United
States and the European Union have alleged that integration of IE with Windows has
been to the detriment of other browsers.

The latest stable release is Internet Explorer 8, which is available as a free update
forWindows XP with Service Pack 2 or later, Windows Server 2003 with Service
Pack 1 or later,Windows Vista, and Windows Server 2008, and is included
with Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2. Internet Explorer was originally
planned to be omitted from Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 in Europe but
Microsoft later dropped the plans, and instead included a browser ballot screen with
the products, allowing users to select a different web browser if they wish.[3][4][5][6]

Versions of Internet Explorer for other operating systems have also been produced,
including an embedded OEM version called Internet Explorer for Windows CE (IE
CE), available for WinCE based platforms and currently based on IE6; Internet
Explorer for Pocket PC, later rebranded Internet Explorer Mobile, which is made
for Windows Mobile and Windows CE and remains in development alongside the
more advanced desktop versions; and the discontinued Internet Explorer for
Mac and Internet Explorer for UNIX (Solaris and HP-UX).
8) Display view of MS-Word with example
Ans:- Microsoft Word is a non-free word processor designed by Microsoft. It was first released in
1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems.[1][2][3] Subsequent versions were later written
for several other platforms including IBM PCs running DOS (1983), the Apple Macintosh(1984), the
AT&T Unix PC (1985), Atari ST (1986), SCO UNIX, OS/2, and Microsoft Windows(1989). It is a
component of the Microsoft Office system; it is also sold as a standalone product and included
in Microsoft Works Suite. The current versions are Microsoft Word 2010 for Windows and 2011 for

The View tab in Microsoft Word 2007 has the functionality to change your document views.
The View tab has the following groups: Document Views, Show/ Hide, Zoom, Window and
Macros.

In the Document Views group, you can use the following views as shown below in the red
rectangle: Print Layout, Full Screen Reading, Web Layout, Outline, and Draft view. This
group can also be accessed from the Toolbar located on the right bottom of your
document. Let us take a look at these views one at a time. The screen shot below shows
what the Print Layout looks like. This view can be used to see what your document will
look like when printed. Print Layout is also the default view of Microsoft Word 2007.

.
Next let us take a look at the Full Screen Reading. You can use this one to see the document in reading mode i
this view, the Ribbon is hidden to maximize your reading area. Here's what it looks like on my computer for the
9) Explain steps to add header & footer in Ms-word
Ans:-1 Open a Microsoft Word document on which you'd like to add a header or footer. On the View
menu, click Header/Footer. The Header and Footer sections will open at the top and bottom of the
document page.
2 Type the text you would like to appear in the open Header section. In addition to formatting the font
style, color, and size, by using the Insert menu drop down, Microsoft Word allows you to insert
symbols, pictures, and other objects.
3 Depending on the version of Word, you will either need to switch to the Footer section, or it will
already be open. In this version I'm using for this example, the Footer section is open.
4 In the Footer section, you can choose among many options. Typically, you'll want to enter at least a
Page number, and perhaps other information. Once you have entered the Footer information, close out
of the Header/Footer box or section.
5 Your Header and Footer will now appear on each page of your Microsoft Word document.

Q10) Explain steps for creating table example Theory & Particles section per block
Ans:- 1 Go to the Table menu and select Insert Table. The Insert Table window opens.
2 Select the number of rows and columns you want in your table.
3 Select the column width (up to 22 inches) or choose Auto to have the column width adjust
automatically, making the table extend across the width of the page.
4 Select the AutoFormat button to select one of Word's preformatted table styles. The Table
AutoFormat window opens.
5 Click one of the styles in the Formats box in the upper-left side of the window.
6 Preview each format, after selecting it, in the Preview box in the upper-right side of the window.
7 To customize a preselected format, select or deselect the borders, shading, font, color, heading rows,
first column, last row and last column boxes.
8 Select AutoFit, and Word will automatically fit the table to your page
Q 11) Explain auto text feature of Ms word
Ans:- AutoText is a great time saver when documents require boilerplate text
(disclaimers, general liability language, etc.). Copying and pasting is inefficient, and it
may find you copying and pasting names or other data that you meant to leave out.
Besides the AutoText entries that Word gives you, you can easily add your own entries.
Just highlight the text you want to add, making sure that it doesn’t contain specifics to one
document. From the Word menu, select Insert, then AutoText, then New.
You’ll get a Create form, and the rest is a breeze. Just bear in mind that this feature is not
a replacement for document templates. Templates are still the best feature to use when
several documents share structure and layout.
Q 12) Access Data base steps
Ans:- The first time you open Access and use it to create a database you'll be excused
for thinking you're using a very big hammer to crack a very small nut. You are right.
Access is an extremely powerful and complex database program and when you use it
to manage a very simple database it is overkill. However, there's no better way to
begin learning about Access than actually using it.
Here we'll take a look at developing a small database in Access. You will see how to
create a table to store your data and then how to enter the data. Once the data is in the
database you'll see how to get information out of it by printing a report listing all the
contents and by searching the data. We are assuming that you have never used Access
before or that you've opened it, taken a look around and closed it thinking it all looks
a bit difficult. We agree. At first look Access does appear overwhelming, but, by the
time you've finished this tutorial you'll be comfortable using it and ready to explore
more.
Before you even turn on the computer you should design your database on paper. To
do this, begin by considering what you want your database to do. In this case the club
president wants to be able to find quick answers to questions such as "Who hasn't paid
their fees?", "Who are the A grade players?" and "Who is due for their 10 year pin
this year?".
The president already knows the information he needs to store in the database because
it's been recorded using a card system for some time. If this wasn't the case and if you
are creating a database, for example, for your CD collection where you haven't had
one before then you'll need to consider all the possible questions you'll want the
database to provide answers to and the lists you'll want from it. In this case you might
want a list of all your CDs by title or by musician. You might want to type in a singer
or group and be able to get a list of all the CDs you have of theirs. It's up to you to
decide the information your database needs to give you. It's not until you know what
you need to get out of a database that you can determine what you must put into it!
It's worthwhile thinking about this for a minute; you design a database by looking at
the end product first � what you want out of it, then you make sure you put into it the
information that will allow you to get this out. This is an important step, unless you
do it carefully you'll end up with a database full of data that you don't use or that
doesn't allow you to get the information you need out of it.
When you have determined the data to put into the database to get the results you
want, you need to determine how you'll organise the data. When you're storing
people's names it is easier to manage these if you split these into first name and last
name. If you do this you can search for a person by last name and create lists in
alphabetical order. You can also use the mail merge option to send letters which read
"Dear Mary," etc.. If you don't split people's names into first name and last name, then
these tasks will be more difficult to complete or you'll end up with letters which read
"Dear Mary Brown" or you'll have James Smith appearing before Xavier Brown in an
alphabetical listing! If you are entering addresses, split these into Street name and
number, Town, Country and Postal code so that you can use this information to create
mailing labels and mail merge letters. If you split this information into multiple parts
you'll be able, for example, to get a list of everyone who lives in Bath or in France.
Each individual piece of data, for example; last name, postal code, town, becomes
one field (or column) in your database table. You need to give each field a name and
to specify the type of data you're storing in each field - whether it is text, date,
number, Boolean (yes/no), etc.. This is an important step as it will affect the way you
get information out of your database later on and how you search it.
In Access, you'll also need a Primary Key which is a field (or a combination of
fields) which are unique to each record. In our case, we couldn't use the last name as
our Primary Key because there are some people with the same last name (so it isn't
unique) but we could use a combination of first name and last name as that is unique
for this data. If you don't have a field or combination of fields which are unique, you
can add a counter field to your table which will allocate each entry a unique number
then you can set this to be the primary key field.
Our database is a simple two dimensional table but Access is capable of much more
complex structures. For example you can have a database containing multiple tables
which are related to each other. In our example, we could add a table with the player's
statistics for each year they have been playing for the club and we could link this to
the player table. When you create a database containing more than one table of data
you must determine how your tables relate to each other and how they will be linked
so that you can get information from more than one table. In our scenario there's only
one table so we'll bypass this step for now.

Q 13) How to display data from more than one table

Ans:- In a relational database, relationships enable you to prevent redundant data. For
example, if you are designing a database that will track information about books, you
might have a table called Titles that stores information about each book, such as the
book’s title, date of publication, and publisher. There is also information you might
want to store about the publisher, such as the publisher's phone number, address, and
zip code. If you were to store all of this information in the titles table, the publisher’s
phone number would be duplicated for each title that the publisher prints.

A better solution is to store the publisher information only once in a separate table,
Publishers. You would then put a pointer in the Titles table that references an entry in
the Publishers table.
To make sure that your data is not out of sync, you can enforce referential integrity
between the Titles and Publishers tables. Referential integrity relationships help
ensure that information in one table matches information in another. For example,
each title in the Titles table must be associated with a specific publisher in the
Publishers table. A title cannot be added to the database for a publisher that does not
exist in the database.

Types of Table Relationships

A relationship works by matching data in key columns, usually columns with the
same name in both tables. In most cases, the relationship matches the primary key
from one table, which provides a unique identifier for each row, with an entry in the
foreign key in the other table. For example, sales can be associated with the specific
titles sold by creating a relationship between the title_id column in the Titles table
(the primary key) and the title_id column in the Sales table (the foreign key).
There are three types of relationships between tables. The type of relationship that is
created depends on how the related columns are defined.
One-To-Many Relationships
A one-to-many relationship is the most common type of relationship. In this type of
relationship, a row in table A can have many matching rows in table B, but a row in
table B can have only one matching row in table A. For example, the Publishers and
Titles tables have a one-to-many relationship: each publisher produces many titles,
but each title comes from only one publisher.
A one-to-many relationship is created if only one of the related columns is a primary
key or has a unique constraint.
In Access, the primary key side of a one-to-many relationship is denoted by a key
symbol. The foreign key side of a relationship is denoted by an infinity symbol.
Many-To-Many Relationships
In a many-to-many relationship, a row in table A can have many matching rows in
table B, and vice versa. You create such a relationship by defining a third table, called
a junction table, whose primary key consists of the foreign keys from both table A and
table B. For example, the Authors table and the Titles table have a many-to-many
relationship that is defined by a one-to-many relationship from each of these tables to
the TitleAuthors table. The primary key of the TitleAuthors table is the combination
of the au_id column (the authors table’s primary key) and the title_id column (the
Titles table’s primary key).
Q 14) How to use access wizards to create objects
Ans:- Access is an ideal application to use when you need to store large amounts and many types of
data. When you need to present some of that data, a table or report typically makes more sense with a
chart added. Rather than spend extra time and energy figuring out how to transfer your data into Excel
to make a chart that you must print and display separately, save time by using the Chart Wizard in
Access to add a chart directly to your report or form.

1 Open the Access database. Right-click the report or form to which you want to add a chart, and
select "Design View" to open it in Design View, which is a window showing the underlying
design of your form or report that displays the details and properties of the boxes, buttons and
other items in your object. Using Design View makes it easier for you to make changes to the way
an Access object looks and acts.
2 Go to the "Insert" menu and click "Chart" in Access 2003. Click the "Chart" button in the
"Controls" group of the "Design" tab in Access 2007 or 2010. Click on the form or report where
you want to place the chart. The Chart Wizard will open. The Chart Wizard is a small window that
walks you through the steps to create precisely the chart that you require.
3 Select the table or query from which you want to obtain data to create a chart. To choose a
table, click the "Tables" button and click on the table you want to use from the list presented. To
choose a query, click the "Query" button and click on the name of the query you want to use from
the list presented. Click the "Next" button at the bottom of the window.
4 Choose the fields containing data that you want included in the chart. To select a field, click on
the field name in the "Available Fields" list. Click the single right-arrow button in the middle of
the window to move that field to the "Fields for Chart" list. Repeat, adding up to six fields to the
"Fields for Chart" list. Click the "Next" button at the bottom of the window.
5 Select the type of chart you want to create by clicking on the chart type under "What Type of
Chart Would You Like." To find out more about a specific chart type, click on the type to view a
description in the right side of the Chart Wizard window. Click the "Next" button at the bottom of
the window after selecting a chart. Select layout options. Drag and drop field buttons from the
right side of the Chart Wizard onto the sample chart in the main Chart Wizard window. Click the
"Next" button at the bottom of the window.
6 Type in a title for the chart in the "What Title Would You Like for Your Chart" Box. Select
"Yes" or "No" under "Do You Want the Chart to Display a Legend?" A legend is a box next to or
beneath the chart that provides further detail by identifying the colors or patterns used in the chart.
Click the "Finish" button at the bottom of the Chart Wizard window.
7 Click the "Save" button on the "Standard Toolbar" in Access 2003 or the "Quick Access
Toolbar" in Access 2007 or 2010 to save the chart added to your Access report or form.

Q 15) Explain power point design templates

Ans:- PowerPoint world has no design training and yet people are expected to create
presentations that are a combination of aesthetics and content. Luckily, part of that
problem can be resolved if you start with a good template. So this article talks about
templates. Many people don't know how to create templates, so I'm going to explain
how you do it.
These instructions are for PowerPoint 2002 / 2003 – and should work in PowerPoint 97 and
2000 as well. Once you have created a template, you should have no problem using it in
PowerPoint 97, 2000, 2002 and 2003. In fact, you can also use them on Mac versions of
PowerPoint (98, 2002, ‘X' and 2004).
1. Open PowerPoint and choose File|New. The New Presentation task pane appears. Click the
Blank presentation option.

2. Choose View|Master | Slide Master. Choose Insert|New Title Master. You see two slide
previews in left pane. Both previews are linked through a connector. The top preview
represents the slide master and the bottom preview represents the title master. Any elements
you place within these masters show up on all of the slides based on them. The title layout
slides are based on a title master. All of the other slide layouts are influenced by the slide
master. (PowerPoint has more than 26 slide layouts, which you find in the Slide Layout task
pane.)

3. Click the Slide Master preview to view your Slide Master in edit mode. First, you need to add
a background to the entire slide. Choose Format|Background. In the Background dialog box,
click the downward pointing arrow and click Fill Effects.

4. In the Fill Effects dialog box, click the Picture tab and then click the ‘Select Picture' button.
Navigate to the location on your hard disk where you stored the downloaded backgrounds.
 Choose the 007b.jpg image and click Insert. Now click OK and then Apply.

5. Click the Title Master preview in the left pane to view your Title Master in edit mode. Follow
the same steps (number 3 and 4) as you used to add a background to the Slide Master, except
this time choose the 007a.jpg image.
6. Now you have a template that contains both Title and Slide Masters, so it's a good time to save
it. To save your template, choose File|Save As. From the Save as type drop-down box, click
Design Template (*.pot).

7. Choose Format|Slide Design to activate the Slide Design task pane. On the top of the task
pane, click the Color Schemes option.

8. You can now apply an existing color scheme or choose to edit/create a new color scheme to
your template. To edit/create a color scheme, click the Edit Color Schemes option at the
bottom of the task pane.

9. In the Edit Color Scheme dialog box, you can change the colors of individual elements.
Remember that your text and line colors should contrast with your background color and
 backgrounds you inserted. Because you have a dark green picture background, select black as
the background color and choose white for the text and lines. I left the shadow color unaltered
at grey. Similarly, change the fills, accent, accent and hyperlink and the followed hyperlink
colors. Remember that by default these four color choices are also the colors that are used for
any chart you create within your presentation. When you are happy with your choices, click
the Apply button. Choose File|Save (or press Ctrl+S) to resave your template.

10. Now, you can modify the text in your template. You can change font sizes and styles although
it is best not to change the individual size proportions. Instead, select the entire text in a slide
and click the Increase Font Size and Decrease Font Size buttons on the Formatting toolbar.
11. Now, deselect all of the text and choose the same font you selected for the text placeholders.
By selecting a font with no placeholders selected, all new textboxes will use the same font
style by default. Now resave your template by pressing Ctrl+S.
12. Click the Close Master View button in the floating Slide Master View toolbar to return to
Normal View.

13. Resave your template. Your finished template is now ready to be used for new and existing
presentations.

Applying a template to an existing presentation

Once you've created your template masterpiece, you probably want to use it. To apply a template to an
existing presentation, follow these steps:

1. Open an existing presentation and choose Format | Slide Design to activate the Slide Design
task pane. This Task Pane displays thumbnails of existing templates.
2. If the template you need is not displayed, click the Browse... button on the bottom of the pane
and navigate using the familiar 'Apply Design Template' dialog box and choose your
PowerPointed template (*.pot) file
Q 16) Explain Excel chart
Ans:- Charts are what we call graphs in math class.
Charts are visual representations of worksheet data. Charts often makes it easier to
understand the data in a worksheetbecause users can easily pick out patterns and trends
illustrated in the chart that are otherwise difficult to see.
Different types of charts serve different purposes.
Pie Charts -- are used to show percentages. For example, a pie chart could be used to
show what percentage of your total daily calorie intake is represented by one quadruple
cheese and bacon hamburger.\
Column Charts -- are used to show comparisons between items of data. Each column in
the chart represents the value of one item of data. An example of this would be to compare
the calories in a quadruple cheese and bacon hamburger with the calories in a glass of
water and a bowl of beet greens.
Bar Charts -- are very similar to column charts, except they run horizontally on the page
instead of vertically like column charts.
Line Charts -- are used to show trends over time. Each line in the graph shows the
changes in the value of one item of data. For example you could show changes in your
weight over a period of months as a result of eating a quadruple cheese and bacon
hamburger every day for lunch.

Q 17) Explain power point animation

Ans:- PowerPoint animation is a form of animation which uses Microsoft PowerPoint and
similar programs to create a game or movie. The artwork is generally created using
PowerPoint's AutoShape features, and then animated slide-by-slide or by using Custom
Animation. These animations can then be shared by transferring the PowerPoint file they
were created in, and can be viewed with PowerPoint or Microsoft's free PowerPoint Viewer.
Custom Animation is a set of effects which can be applied to objects in PowerPoint so that
they will animate in the Slide Show. They can be added under the Custom Animation function
or through the use of Visual Basic for Applications (VBA). PowerPoint 2000 and earlier
versions introduced basic effects such as Appear, Dissolve, Fly In and so forth. In PowerPoint
2002/XP and later versions, the Custom Animation feature was improved, adding new
animation effects grouped into four categories: Entrance, Emphasis, Exit and Motion Paths.
[1]
The effects were later modified in PowerPoint 2010.
Transitions are effects similar to Custom Animation, but are different in that they can only be
applied singularly to individual slides as they change from one slide to another and are limited
in options. More slide transitions were added to the selection in PowerPoint 2010.
Entrance effects can be set to objects so that they enter with animations during Slide Show.
Emphasis effects animate the objects on the spot. Exit effects allow objects to leave the Slide
Show with animations. Motion Paths allow objects to move around the Slide Show. Each
effect contains variables such as start (On click, With previous, After previous), delay, speed,
repeat and trigger. This makes animations more flexible and interactive, similar to Adobe
Flash.
Animation Trigger
sAnimation Trigger is another feature introduced in Microsoft PowerPoint 2002/XP and the
later versions (but, to date, not for Macintosh). This feature allows animators to apply effects
that can be triggered when a specific object on the Slide Show is clicked.This feature is the
basis for the majority of PowerPoint games, which usually involve clicking objects to advance
in the game

Q 18) Explain RDBMS

Ans:- Short for relational database management system and pronounced as separate letters, a type
of database management system (DBMS) that storesdata in the form of related tables. Relational
databases are powerful because they require few assumptions about how data is related or how it will
be extracted from the database. As a result, the same database can be viewed in many different ways.
An important feature of relational systems is that a single database can be spread across several tables.
This differs from flat-file databases, in which each database is self-contained in a single table.
Almost all full-scale database systems are RDBMS's. Small database systems, however, use other
designs that provide less flexibility in posingqueries.
RDBMS stands for Relational Database Management System. RDBMS data is structured in
database tables, fields and records. Each RDBMS table consists of database table rows. Each
database table row consists of one or more database table fields.

RDBMS store the data into collection of tables, which might be related by common fields
(database table columns). RDBMS also provide relational operators to manipulate the data
stored into the database tables. Most RDBMS use SQL as database query language.

Edgar Codd introduced the relational database model. Many modern DBMS do not conform to
the Codd’s definition of a RDBMS, but nonetheless they are still considered to be RDBMS.

19) Explain borders in Ms Excel, work sheet & fill in serious

Ans:- Borders are line effects that you can place around cells or cell ranges to
improve the appearance or effectiveness of your worksheets.
A worksheet, then, is nothing more than a page in the workbook. Each page is filled
with a specific amount of data. Within a worksheet, the data can be manipulated to
create charts, graphs, or arrays that visually project the main purpose of the data that
was initially entered. The worksheet is what defines what the workbook is – without
the worksheets the workbook would be without form or purpose. The worksheets are
what make the workbook what it is, and holds all the data for the workbook.
When you open a new excel spreadsheet you normally have 3 worksheets named Sheet 1, Sheet 2,
Sheet 3 - see tabs at the bottom. You can rename these by double clicking and overtyping and skip
between them. You can link data on these sheets to that on any other (as well as to sheets on other
spreadsheets entirely). Duplication would be when you try to name a sheet the same as an existing one
within the same spreadsheet file. You can however copy the worksheet and move it to another blank
spreadsheet or any other spreadsheet (ensure you tick make a copy box).

Q 20) Explain power point components

Ans:- title bar
text area
scroll bar
1.Title Bar-Display the application name,file name and various window controlled like
minimize button,maximize button and close button.
2.Menu Bar- Different options for selection.
3.Standard Tool Bar-Displaed by default,allows to give common commands like save
file,open file,print etc.
4.View Bar-This is used to change the view of the screen.
5-The Drawing Palette-This is used to draw different shapes.
6.Formatting Tool Bar-Allows the user to give commands related to formatting cells and
cell contents like Bold ,Font Size,Colour,Style etc.