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TERM PAPER OF MEC 302

TOPIC:- Slider crank mechanism

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:


MR Varun Avinash rajput
B4911 A15
10906554
B.TECH (ME)

Acknowledgement
First of all, I would like to express my deep sense of
gratitude to dynamic paragon, ingenious Teacher Mr.
varun, who assigned me this topic.

I also express my sincere gratitude to my parents and


my friends, for their cordial support, affectionate help
and constant inspirations for the achievement of this
work.I would also like to thank them for providing me
necessary facilities for conducting this work.
Contents :-
Introduction

In the Four-stroke cycle

Multibody system

Applications

Example
Concept

Degree of freedom

Constraint condition
Introduction:-

The purpose of the slider-crank mechanism is to convert the linear motion of


the piston to rotational motion of the crankshaft. One common application of
this mechanism is in internal combustion engines.

Arrangement of mechanical parts designed to convert straight-line motion to rotary


motion, as in a reciprocating piston engine, or to convert rotary motion to straight-
line motion, as in a reciprocating piston pump. The basic nature of the mechanism
and the relative motion of the parts can best be described with the aid of the
accompanying

In which part 1, the fixed frame or block of the pump or engine, contains a
cylinder, depicted in cross section by its walls DE and FG, in which the piston, part
4, slides back and forth. The small circle at A represents the main crankshaft
bearing, which is also in part 1. The crankshaft, part 2, is shown as a straight
member extending from the main bearing at A to the crankpin bearing at B, which
connects it to the connecting rod, part 3. The connecting rod is shown as a straight
member extending from the crankpin bearing at B to the wristpin bearing at C,
which connects it to the piston, part 4, which is shown as a rectangle. The three
bearings shown as circles at A, B, and C permit the connected members to rotate
freely with respect to one another. The path of B is a circle of radius AB; when B
is at point h the piston will be in position H, and when B is at point j the piston will
be in position J. On a gasoline engine, the head end of the cylinder (where the
explosion of the gasoline-air mixture takes place) is at EG; the pressure produced
by the explosion will push the piston from position H to position J; return motion
from J to H will require the rotational energy of a flywheel attached to the
crankshaft and rotating about a bearing collinear with bearing A. On a
reciprocating piston pump the crankshaft would be driven by a motor.

A four-bar linkage with output crank and ground member of infinite length. A
slider crank (see illustration) is most widely used to convert reciprocating to rotary
motion (as in an engine) or to convert rotary to reciprocating motion (as in pumps),
but it has numerous other applications. Positions at which slider motion reverses
are called dead centers. When crank and connecting rod are extended in a straight
line and the slider is at its maximum distance from the axis of the crankshaft, the
position is top dead center (TDC); when the slider is at its minimum distance from
the axis of the crankshaft, the position is bottom dead center (BDC).
Principal parts of slider-crank mechanism.

The conventional internal combustion engine employs a piston arrangement in


which the piston becomes the slider of the slider-crank mechanism. Radial engines
for aircraft employ a single master connecting rod to reduce the length of the
crankshaft. The master rod, which is connected to the wrist pin in a piston, is part
of a conventional slider-crank mechanism. The other pistons are joined by their
connecting rods to pins on the master connecting rod.

To convert rotary motion into reciprocating motion, the slider crank is part of a
wide range of machines, typically pumps and compressors. Another use of the
slider crank is in toggle mechanisms, also called knuckle joints. The driving force
is applied at the crankpin so that, at TDC, a much larger force is developed at the
slider. See also Four-bar linkage.

In the Four-stroke cycle:-

An internal combustion engine operates by burning a small amount of a high-


Energy content fuel, such as petroleum, and using the energy released to drivea
shaft. The four-stroke combustion cycle, developed by Nikolaus Otto in1867, is
commonly used in petrol-driven internal combustion engines

Four-stroke engine cycle.:-The four strokes in the Otto cycle are shown in Figure .
These are:

Intake: The inlet valve is open and the piston moves downwards, drawing in
amixture of fuel and air into the cylinder.

Compression: Both valves are shut and the piston moves upwards to compress the
fuel-air mix. The spark plug ¯res just before the piston reaches its top dead
centre postion (the position where the piston reaches its maximum ver-
tical location). This initiates the combustion of the mixture.
Power: Again both valves are closed. The hot gases due to the combustion of the
fuel air mix drive the cylinder down. The connecting rod transfers this
linear motion of the piston to rotational motion of the crankshaft. The
torque thus applied to the crankshaft can be used to drive a mechanism,
such as the blades of a lawn mower.

Exhaust: The exhaust valve opens and the upward motion of the piston drives the
exhaust gasses out of the cylinder.
Multibody system:-
Introduction:-The systematical treatment of the dynamic behavior of
interconnected bodies has led to a large number of important multibody
formalisms in the field of mechanics. The simplest bodies or elements of a
multibody system were already treated by Newton (free particle) and Euler (rigid
body). Euler already introduced reaction forces between bodies. Later on, a series
of formalisms have been derived, only to mention Lagrange’s formalisms based on
minimal coordinates and a second formulation that introduces constraints.

Basically, the motion of bodies is described by its kinematics behavior. The


dynamic behavior results due to the equilibrium of applied forces and the rate of
change in the momentum. Nowadays, the term multibody system is related to a
large number of engineering fields of research, especially in robotics and vehicle
dynamics. As an important feature, multibody system formalisms usually offer an
algorithmic, computer-aided way to model, analyze, simulate and optimize the
arbitrary motion of possibly thousands of interconnected bodies.

Applications

While single bodies or parts of a mechanical system are studied in detailed with
finite element methods, the behavior of the whole multibody system is usually
studied with multibody system methods within the areas:

• Physics engine
• Robotics
• Vehicle simulation (vehicle dynamics, rapid prototyping of vehicles,
improvement of stability, comfort optimization, improvement of
efficiency, ...)
• Biomechanics
• Aerospace engineering (helicopter, landing gears, behavior of machines
under different gravity conditions)
• Combustion engine, gears and transmissions, chain drive, belt drive
• Hoist, conveyor, paper mill
• Particle simulation (granular media, sand, molecules)
• Dynamic simulation
• Military applications

Example:-

The following example shows a typical multibody system. It is usually denoted as


slider-crank mechanism. The mechanism is used to transform rotational motion
into translational motion by means of a rotating driving beam, a connection rod
and a sliding body. In the present example, a flexible body is used for the
connection rod. The sliding mass is not allowed to rotate and three revolute joints
are used to connect the bodies. While each body has six degrees of freedom in
space, the kinematical conditions lead to one degree of freedom for the whole
system.
The motion of the mechanism can be viewed in the following gif animation

Concept:-

A body is usually considered to be a rigid or flexible part of a mechanical system


(not to be confused with the human body). An example of a body is the arm of a
robot, a wheel or axle in a car or the human forearm. A link is the connection of
two or more bodies, or a body with the ground. The link is defined by certain
(kinematical) constraints that restrict the relative motion of the bodies. Typical
constraints are:

• spherical joint; constrains relative displacements in one point, relative


rotation is allowed; implies 3 kinematical constraints
• revolute joint; only one relative rotation is allowed; implies 5 kinematical
constraints; see the example above
• prismatic joint; relative displacement along one axis is allowed, constrains
relative rotation; implies 5 kinematical constraints

There are two important terms in multibody systems: degree of freedom and
constraint condition.
Degree of freedom

The degrees of freedom denote the number of independent kinematical possibilities


to move. A rigid body has six degrees of freedom in the case of general spatial

motion, three of them translational degrees of freedom and three rotational degrees
of freedom. In the case of planar motion, a body has only three degrees of freedom
with only one rotational and two translational degrees of freedom.

The degrees of freedom in planar motion can be easily demonstrated using e.g. a
computer mouse. The degrees of freedom are: left-right, up-down and the rotation
about the vertical axis.

The degree of freedom of slider crank mechanism is 4.

Constraint condition:-

A constraint condition implies a restriction in the kinematical degrees of freedom


of one or more bodies. The classical constraint is usually an algebraic equation that
defines the relative translation or rotation between two bodies. There are
furthermore possibilities to constrain the relative velocity between two bodies or a
body and the ground. This is for example the case of a rolling disc, where the point
of the disc that contacts the ground has always zero relative velocity with respect
to the ground. In the case that the velocity constraint condition cannot be integrated
in time in order to form a position constraint, it is called non-holonomic. This is the
case for the general rolling constraint. In addition to that there are non-classical
constraints that might even introduce a new unknown coordinate, such as a sliding
joint, where a point of a body is allowed to move along the surface of another
body. In the case of contact, the constraint condition is based on inequalities and
therefore such a constraint does not permanently restrict the degrees of freedom of
bodies.

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