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TERM PAPER ON

TOPIC

SCALE USED IN ENGINEERING DRAWING

Submitted on : 26TH OCTOBER 2010

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY

Submitted to: Name: MR. DEEPAK KUMAR JHA

Biometric ID:

Submitted by: Name: JASKARANBIR SINGH SANDHU

 Registration No.:11013000
Roll NO.: B5004A85
Email ID: jaskaransandhu92@yahoo.com
Subject Name: ENGINEERING GRAPICS
Subject Code: MEC103
Introduction:-
Objects around us are very greatly in size.
An object may be small as a wristwatch
gear or as huge as a ship. While drawing
these objects on paper, one needs to
enlarge or reduce them depending on their
actual sizes. Clearly, smaller objects needs
to be enlarged while larger objects need to
be reduced. Some objects can also be
drawn exactly as their actual sizes on a
given size of paper. The proportion by which
the drawing of a given objects is enlarged or
reduced is called the scale of the drawing.
REPRESENTATIVE FRACTION
- The ratio of the length of the line to
the actual length of the object
represented is called Representative
Fraction (R.F).
- R.F is less than unity is drawn on
reduced scale, if greater than unity is
drawn enlarging scale, if equal to
one full scale.
ON DRAWING SHEETS SCALES
i) Representative fraction of the scale.
ii) The unit in which it turns must
present i.e. (mm,cm,inch,feet).
iii) The maximum length which it must
show(original length)
TYPES OF SCALES:-
1) PLAIN SCALE
- It consist of a line divide into a
suitanble no. equal parts or units.
The 1st of which is divided into
smaller parts.
- Plane scale represent two unit (or) a
unit and it`s subdivision.
Diagonal Scale
- It is used when every minute
distances such as 0.1 mm etc are to
be accurately measured or
whenmeasurements are required in
3 units.
Ex: DM, CM, MM, Yard, Foot and
Inches.
- Small divisions of short are obtained
by the principle of diagonal division.

Principle of Diagonal Scale
- To obtain division of a given
short line AB in multiples of
1/10 of it's length.
Ex: 0.1 of AB, 0.2 of AB etc.
Geometrical Construction
1. R.F of the scale
2. The maximum length of scale to be
drawn on drawing sheet.
3. Least count of scale i.e. minimum length
which the scale should show and measure.
4. The maximum length of the scale to be
drawn on sheet is determined by
Length of scale(L) = R.F × maximum length
mostly it varies from 10 cm to 30 cm

1. Bisecting a line. Units of Measurement

2. To draw perpendiculars. Metric system
3. To draw parallel lines. 1 km = 10 hecta meter
4. To divide a line. 1 hecto = 10 deca meter
5. To bisect an angle. 1 deca = 10 meter
6. To trisect an angle. 1 metre = 10 deci meter
7. To find centre of an arc. 1 deci = 10 cm
8. To construct equilateral Δle. 1 cm = 10 mm
9. To construct squares. British System
10. To construct regular polygon. 1 league = 3 miles
11. Special method for drawing regular 1 mile = 8 furlongs
polygon. 1 furlong = 10 chains
12. Regular polygon inscribed in circles. 1 chain = 22 yards
13. To draw regular figures using T-square 1 yard = 3 feet
and set square. 1 foot = 12 inch
14. To draw tangents. 1 inch = eight 8
15. To find length of arcs.
16. Circles and lines contact. Conversion between metric and
17. Inscribed circles. British
1 mile = 1.609 km
1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 area = 100 m2
1 hectare = 100 acre
1 acre = 1000 m2
1 sq. mile = 640 acres
1 acre = 10 sq. chain = 4840 sq. yards

Centre of gravity
1. For a line or uniform rod - mid point.
2. Circle - centre
3. Semi circle - 4r/3π from the base.
4. Quadrant - 4r/3π from the centre.
5. 11gm, square, rectangle - intersection of
diagonals.
6. Δle - h/3 from base and intersection of
medians.
Data required for construction of
scale
Diagonal Scale
- A diagonal scale is used to represent three
units i.e. main unit and further sub-division
of sub unit.
- For example a diagonal scale can
represent meters, dm and cm, km,
hectometer, decameter, yards, feet, inch.
- The sub division of the small unit of a plain
scale is done by diagonal principle as the
third unit of scale is measured with the help
of diagonal scale is being named as
diagonal scale.
Principle of Diagonal Scale
- Let the line AB be small length and has to Circle
divided into 10 equal divisions - When the cutting plane is perpendicular to
the axis of the cone (θ = 90°) the curve of
Regular Polygons intersection obtained is a circle.
- They are defined as closed curves
consisting of set of line segments connected
such that no two segments cross the
straight line segments that make up the
polygon are called it's sides or edges and
the points where the sides meet are called
polygon vertices. Courtesy: www.yahooanswers.com
- The simplest polygons are triangle,
quadrilaterals, pentagons, hexagons etc. Application
- A polygon is convex in any two points - Circle find their application in a vast no.of
inside the polygon can be connected by a objects such as diaphragm, disks, rings,
line segment that does not intersect any plates etc.
side. If a side is intersected the polygon is - A circle revolving around it's axes forms a
called concave. surface called sphere.
- A polygon with all sides equal is
equilateral. A polygon with all interior angles
equal is equiangular. Any polygon that is
both equilateral and equiangular is a regular
polygon. Ex: Equilateral Δle, square.
- Construction of regular polygon is required Courtesy: www.yahooanswers.com
in making drawing of engineering parts very
frequently i.e. nut Isoceles Δle
- When the cutting planes passed through
apex and cuts the base of cone, then the
Conic Sections curve of intersection is isoceles Δle.
- In engineering practice we come across
no.of objects containing plane curves such
as ellipse, hyperbola, parabola etc.
- The curve which is obtained by cutting a
right circular cone with the help of a plane in
different positions relative to the axis is Courtesy: www.yahooanswers.com
called a conic section.
Cone Ellipse
- A cone is formed if a right angled triangle - When the cutting plane is inclined to axis
with an apex angle proportional is rotated and cuts all the generators of the cone, the
about its altitude as the axis shown in figure. section is an ellipse.
The inclination of the cutting plane for an
ellipse must be greater than half of apex
angle.

Courtesy: www.yahooanswers.com
Note: Between the slants of cone is Courtesy: www.yahooanswers.com
2 ∝∝
Application Rectangular Hyperbola
- Elliptical curves find their use in concrete - When the cutting plane is parallel to the
arches, stone bridges, dams, monuments axes of the cone the section is a rectangular
(.................. structures), manholes, glands, hyperbola (θ = 0°).
stuffing boxes etc.
- A planet travels around the sun in an Application
elliptical orbit with sun at one of it's focii. - The curve graphically represent Boyle's
- It is mostly applicable in medical for Law (PV = K)
reflection of light and sound waves for - A hyperbola revolving around it's axis
treating kidney stones etc. forms a surface called a hyperboloid. They
are useful in design of water channel,
Parabola cooling tower in nuclear plant etc.
- When the cutting plane is inclined to axis - The principle (Reflecting telescope), the
and is parallel to the one of generator of the basis of a hyperbolic radio navigation
cone, then section is a parabola. The system known as long range navigation.
inclination of cutting plane is equal to 1/2
apex angle. Construction of Ellipse
Method-I
1. Eccentricity (General Method)
2. Intersecting arcs method (or) arcs of
circle.
3. Concentric circle method
Courtesy: www.yahooanswers.com 4. Ablong method
1. Rectangle Method
Application 2. Parallelogram Method
- Parabolic trajectory of a ball. It is used for
reflecting the rays parallel to axis to produce 1. Excentricity Method
a straight beam of light like in head lamps - An ellipse is defined as locus of a point P
torches and opposite principle is used in moving in a plane in such a way that ratio of
giant mirrors, reflecting telescope and it's distance from a fixed point f1 to the fixed
antenna's to collect light and radio waves straight line dd1 is constant and is always <
from outer space and focus them at focal 1.
point. AB → principle axis
Ex: Solar cooker, dish antenna V1V2 → vertices
1 2 → minor axis
Hyperbola 3 4 → major axis
- When the cutting plane cuts the both parts F1F2→foci
of the double cone the section is a
hyperbola (or) the cutting plane inclination
of the plane is less than 1/2 of the apex
angle. Special Curves
∝ - These curves are generated by the rolling
contact of one curve or line over another
curve or line. There are infinite types of
curves.
- For engineering purpose we use cycloids,
involutes and spirals.
Courtesy: www.yahooanswers.com
Cyclodial Curves
- They are generated by a point lying on
circumference of a circle when it rolls along
a fixed straight or a curved path without
slipping. The circle which rolls is called
rolling circle and the generating and the
fixed straight line (or) the circle on it rolls is
called directing line (or) the directing circle.
- Cyclodial curves are commonly used in
kinematic (for study of motions) and in
mechanism that work with rolling contact.

Cycloid
- A cycloid is a curve traced on a
circumference of a circle which rolls without
slipping along a fixed straight line.

Epicycloid
- It is a curve traced by a point on
circumference which rolls along other circle
outside without slipping.

Hypocycloid
- It is the curve traced by a point on
circumference of circle which rolls an
another circle inside it without slipping.

Evolute
- It is a curve traced by an enlarged string or
thread when it is unwound from a circle (or)
polygon, the thread being kept tight, then
evolute of circle is used as T-profile of a
large gear wheel and reduced gear.

REFERENCE:
1. www.googlebooks.com
2. www.wikipedia.com
3. www.yahooanswers.com
4. Engineering Drawing by
Dhananjay A Jolhe