Diagramas Electricos

Source: ELECTROMECHANICAL DEVICES & COMPONENTS ILLUSTRATED SOURCEBOOK
CHAPTER 18
ELECTRICAL SCHEMATICS
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288 Electromechanical Devices & Components Illustrated Sourcebook
In the fields of electronics and electrics, the written language schematic that is actually more difficult to interpret. To further
is the schematic. A schematic is a graphical representation of confuse matters, many designers use a combination of stan-
an electronic or electrical assembly or installation. These dards ranging from international, national, industrial, military,
drawings may be as simple as a small printed label glued onto and even obsolete.
the inside of a toaster case or as complex as hundreds of engi- The thing to remember when reading or drawing a
neering drawings representing the complex power distribution schematic is for whom it is intended. If you’re a military tech-
and control systems for a petrochemical plant. Opening the nician looking at a commercial power distribution diagram,
case on an ordinary stereo will usually put you face-to-face you’re probably going to have a lot of questions. Similarly, if
with a single-sheet schematic which describes the circuitry you’re a designer tasked with drawing a schematic for a con-
with sufficient details to aid a repair technician in his task of sumer audio power amplifier kit, remember that the customer
troubleshooting. On the other hand, a modern airliner will is probably an amateur with no formal training in electronics.
have something on the order of 10 to 20, 3-inch thick binders An electrical designer that produces industrial control panels
that are nothing but electrical schematics and diagrams can easily produce a cryptic drawing that is 100% electrically
describing every aspect of the electronics and electrical systems accurate. However, do you really want the shop technicians
onboard. In addition to the circuit diagrams and schematics, deciding where to place the components, what gauge wire to
these binders will also contain test, calibration, and inspection use, and how to cable the assembly? A little quality time spent
procedures. Military ships are so complex that their printed developing a consistent drawing that is easily understandable
electrical schematics and diagrams are usually stored in a special will provide substantial returns in the future.
room designed specifically for the application. Figures 18-1 through 18-6 provide a list of standard sym-
Drawing electronic and electrical schematics is not unlike bols that are commonly used in electronic and electrical
other engineering disciplines in that standard methods exist. schematics. Notice that there are some duplications, such as
Also like other engineering disciplines, most designers apply the symbol for a galvanometer, Figure 18-2, and the symbol
a certain amount of leeway when drawing a schematic. There for a generator, Figure 18-6, which are the same. Also note
are specific standards that are published by many nations and that there are devices that may have several different symbols,
international organizations. However, more often then not, such as an incandescent lamp, Figure 18-3, which is com-
rigidly adhering to one of these standards produces a monly shown in all three different versions.
Ammeter A Cathode, Heated
And Gate Cathode, Indirectly Heated
Antenna Cavity Resonator
Antenna, Balanced
Cavity Resonator
− +
Antenna, Loop Cell
− +
Battery Circuit Breaker
Capacitor (Condenser) Coaxial Cable
Capacitor Crystal, Piezoelectric
Capacitor, Polarized +
Diode
Capacitor, Variable
Diode, Vacuum Tube
Cathode, Cold Diode, Light Emitting
Figure 18-1 Standard Schematic Symbols

Chapter 18 Electrical Schematics 289
Diode, Photosensitive Head Phone, Single
Diode, Zener Inductor, Air Core
Female Contact Inductor, Bifilar
Ferrite Bead Inductor, Iron Core
Ferrite Bead Inductor, W/Tap
Fuse Inductor, Variable
Galvanometer G Integrated Circuit
Ground, Earth Jack, Coaxial
Ground, Chassis Jack Banana
Hand Set Jack, Phone
Head Phone, Double Jack, Phone, Interrupting

Jack, Phone, 3 Conductors Nor Gate
Jack, Phono Operational Amplifier
Key, Telegraph Or Gate
Lamp L Outlet, Utility, 120 VAC
Lamp Outlet, Utility, 240 VAC
Lamp Photocell, Vacuum Tube
Lamp, Neon Plug, Phone
Male Contact Plug, Phone, 3 Conductors
Microphone Plug, Phono
Nand Gate + Positive Terminal
Negative Terminal − Potentiometer

Rectifier, Silicon-Controlled Speaker
Rectifier, Vacuum Tube Switch, SPST
Relay, SPST Switch, DPST
Relay, SPDT Switch, SPDT
Switch, DPDT
Relay, DPST
Switch, Momentary, NO
Relay, DPDT
Switch, Momentary, NC
Resistor Switch, Rotary
Resistor, Center Tap Terminal
Rheostat Thermocouple
Saturable Core Reactor Thermocouple

Thyristor Tube, Triode
Transformer, Air Core V Voltmeter
Transformer, Iron Core W Wattmeter
Transformer, W/Center Tap(s) Wire
Transistor, NPN Wire, Connected
Transistor, PNP Wire, Crossing
Transistor, FET, N Contacts, NC
Transistor, FET, P Contacts, NO
Tube, Diode C Coil, Control
Tube, Pentode Coil, Solenoid
Tube, Tetrode Thermal Cutout

Limit Switch, NO Autotransformer
Limit Switch, NC Autotransformer, Variable
G Generator
Bell
Fluorescent Lamp M Motor
Spark Gap Motor, Shunt Wound

M
Spark Gap
3 Phase, Wye
Signal Generator
3 Phase, Delta
Unspecified Component
Pump Transformer, 3 Phase

(Delta/Delta Shown)
Fan
Pressure Switch, SPST Pressure Switch, DPST

C1 C2 C3
T1 T2
R2 R3
J1 (Input) R1 R4 P1
(Output)
− + − +
B2 B3
− +
S1
B1
Figure 18-7 Typical Tube Amplifier Schematic
A simple electronic schematic for a two-stage vacuum tube Although this does provide a schematic that is difficult to mis-
amplifier is shown in Figure 18-7. Notice that all of the com- place, in many instances the reduction required is so great that
ponents are clear and easily readable, the wires are spaced at the schematic is virtually unreadable. Before proceeding with
a suitable distance from adjacent wires and components. Also this method, reduce the schematic and print it out. Get it dirty
note that all of the components have an identifying code next and then try to read it in poor lighting. If it’s not legible, then
to them, which corresponds to a list that is attached to the it probably won’t be much use to a technician when the equip-
schematic. For small schematics, the component list may be ment breaks down in 20 years.
printed on the same piece of paper. The component list should
provide all of the necessary information for any given part,
including electrical data, part number, vendor, and the like.
Figure 18-8 shows a typical unregulated bench power sup-
Representational Schematics
ply schematic. Once again, notice that all of the components Figure 18-9 shows an air compressor control schematic. In
are clear and easily readable, the wires are spaced at a suitable this case all of the components are shown and the circuit is
distance from adjacent wires, and all of the components have electrically accurate. However, all of the components are not
an identifying code next to them. The component list on this labeled and those that are, have a poor description. If you
schematic is printed above the schematic. A small schematic compare the schematic with the actual chassis, shown in
like this can be easily folded up and tucked into the chassis of Figure 18-10, it becomes apparent that even this very simple
the finished assembly. circuit would be difficult for a technician to follow. To add to
It is common practice to shrink the schematic down to a the confusion, the finished chassis would have bundled wires
size that allows it to be glued to the inside of a panel. instead of the neatly arranged wires as shown.
C1 100-MFD, 100-volt Capacitor

D1-4 400-PIV Diode
F1 5-amp Type MDL
F2 8-amp Type MDL
P1 120-VAC Plug
S1 SPST Toggle Switch
T1 0- to 120-VAC Variable Autotransformer
T2 Transformer, 120-volt Primary, 50-volt Secondary
+
S1 +
F2 C1 − DC Output
F1 D1-4 −
P1
120 VAC T1 M1
T2 AC Output
Figure 18-8 Typical Bench Power Supply Schematic

Motor Controller
480 VAC 3 Phase
C L Power
M
120 V Motor
Control
Relay
Fault L
On/Off/Auto
Switch Over Pressure
Low Oil Pressure
T Over Temperature
Pressure Switch
Delay Off Emergency Stop
Figure 18-9 Air Compressor Schematic
Control Panel Cable
Control Relay (R2)

On/Off/Auto
Switch (S1)
Power (L1)
2.5
2.0 3.0
1.5 3.5
10 Amp DC
Delay Off Relay (R1) 1.0
.5
4.0
4.5 120 VAC Coil

0 5.0
Seconds
Fault (L2)
Input Fuses (R1,2)
Emergency
Transformer (T1) Stop (S6)
240/480 VAC
115/120 VAC
Output Fuse (F3)
Pressure Switch (S2)
To Sensor Loop (S3,4,5)

RESET
MOTOR
STARTER
120 VAC COIL
To Motor (M1)
Power
(240/480 VAC)
Contactor (C1)
Figure 18-10 Air Compressor Control Chassis

Figure 18-11 shows how the circuit is drawn using a rep- wire colors and gauges are clearly labeled. Components that
resentational schematic. Notice that all of the components are require greater detail, such as R1 and R2 are detailed in a sec-
arranged in principally the same locations as in the finished ondary drawing, as shown in the upper right hand corner.
chassis. The wires are routed using the same paths and loca- Even though there are a number of deviations from standard
tions as the finished chassis. Also note that all of the compo- symbols and methods, a technician presented with this infor-
nents are clearly labeled and a component list is present. The mation would have no difficulty deciphering the actual circuit.
C1 Motor starter, 30 HP, 120 VAC Coil

F1 2 Amp Type FNW
F2 2 Amp Type FNW
F3 3 Amp Type MDL
L1 120 Volt Incandescent
L2 120 Volt Incandescent 6 5 4 3
M1 30 HP Motor, 480 VAC, 3 Phase

R1 Delay On Relay, SPST, NO
R2 Control Relay, DPDT
S1 Switch, DPDT
S2 Pressure Switch, SPST
S3 Over Pressure Switch
S4 Low Pressure Switch
S5 Over temperature Switch 7 8 1 2
S6 Emergency Stop Switch
R1 & R2
T1 Control Transformer
BLU 16 AWG
BRN 16 AWG BRN 16 AWG
R1 R2
S1
ORG 16 AWG
1 1
YEL 16 AWG
WHT ORG 16 AWG
WHT WHT 16 AWG
ORG VOL 16 AWG
YEL 16 AWG
VOL 16 AWG
BRN 16 AWG
YEL 16 AWG
L
BLK 16 AWG
L1
BRN 16 AWG
L L2
BLK 16 AWG
BLK 16 AWG RED 16 AWG

BLK 16 AWG BLU 16 AWG S6
BLU 16 AWG
BLK 16 AWG
ORG 16 AWG
T1 RED 16 AWG
S2
F3 BLU 16 AWG
ORG 16 AWG
F1 F2 S3
BLK 16 AWG
S4
BRN 16 AWG
BLK 16 AWG
S5
BLK 16 AWG
BLK 16 AWG
GRN 12 AWG GRN 12 AWG
480 VAC BLK 10 AWG

BLK 10 AWG
BLK 10 AWG
BLK 10 AWG M1
3 Phase BLK 10 AWG BLK 10 AWG
C1
Figure 18-11 Air Compressor Representational Schematic

Figure 18-12 shows how a component is drawn in a repre- Figure 18-13 shows a triode vacuum tube drawn in both
sentational schematic. The basic component is shown in the standard and representational methods. Once again, the elec-
middle, in this case an octal base relay. The standard method trical information is the same except the representational
of drawing is shown on the left and the representational methods also provides the pin lay out of the socket.
method is shown on the right. The basic schematic and To better illustrate representational schematics, compare
electrical information is the same for both methods, except in the schematic in Figure 18-14 to Figure 18-7. At first glance
the representational method, the socket is shown with its the representational schematic seems more complicated; how-
terminals arranged as they are on the actual component. This ever, it is only because it provides substantially more infor-
provides a great deal of clarity for a technician reading the mation. If you compare the two schematics with the finished
finished schematic. chassis, shown in Figure 18-15, it becomes clear that the rep-
resentational method is much easier to follow.
4 5
3 6
2 7
1 8
Printed
Image
DPDT
Relay 6 5 4 3
Octal
Socket
7 8 1 2
Standard Drawing Components to Be Shown Representational Drawing

Figure 18-12 Standard versus Representational Relay Illustrations
Vacuum Tube
4 5
3 6
Octal Socket 2 7
1 8
Standard Drawing Components to Be Shown Representational Drawing
Figure 18-13 Standard versus Representational Vacuum Tube Illustrations

C1
T1 T2
C2 C3
4 5 4 5
R1 R3
3 6 3 6
2 7 R2 2 7 R4
J1 (Input)
1 8 1 8
−
− −
B2 B1 B2
P1 (Output)
+ +
+
S1
Figure 18-14 Tube Amplifier Representational Schematic
C1 C2
T1 T2
R1 R3
4 5 4 5
3 6 3 6
J1 2 7 2 7
1 8 1 8
C3
R2
R4
+
OUTPUT
+
B2 B1 B3
S1
P1
Figure 18-15 Tube Amplifier Chassis Layout


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Source: ELECTROMECHANICAL DEVICES & COMPONENTS ILLUSTRATED SOURCEBOOK

Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)

288 Electromechanical Devices & Components Illustrated Sourcebook

Ammeter A Cathode, Heated

And Gate Cathode, Indirectly Heated

Antenna Cavity Resonator

Capacitor (Condenser) Coaxial Cable

Capacitor Crystal, Piezoelectric

Cathode, Cold Diode, Light Emitting

Figure 18-1 Standard Schematic Symbols

Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)

Chapter 18 Electrical Schematics 289

Diode, Photosensitive Head Phone, Single

Diode, Zener Inductor, Air Core

Female Contact Inductor, Bifilar

Ferrite Bead Inductor, Iron Core

Ferrite Bead Inductor, W/Tap

Fuse Inductor, Variable

Galvanometer G Integrated Circuit

Ground, Earth Jack, Coaxial

Ground, Chassis Jack Banana

Hand Set Jack, Phone

Head Phone, Double Jack, Phone, Interrupting

Figure 18-2 Standard Schematic Symbols

Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)

290 Electromechanical Devices & Components Illustrated Sourcebook

Jack, Phone, 3 Conductors Nor Gate

Jack, Phono Operational Amplifier

Key, Telegraph Or Gate

Lamp L Outlet, Utility, 120 VAC

Lamp Outlet, Utility, 240 VAC

Lamp Photocell, Vacuum Tube

Lamp, Neon Plug, Phone

Male Contact Plug, Phone, 3 Conductors

Microphone Plug, Phono

Nand Gate + Positive Terminal

Negative Terminal − Potentiometer

Figure 18-3 Standard Schematic Symbols

Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)

Chapter 18 Electrical Schematics 291

Rectifier, Silicon-Controlled Speaker

Rectifier, Vacuum Tube Switch, SPST

Relay, SPST Switch, DPST

Relay, SPDT Switch, SPDT

Resistor Switch, Rotary

Resistor, Center Tap Terminal

Saturable Core Reactor Thermocouple

Figure 18-4 Standard Schematic Symbols

Downloaded from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.digitalengineeringlibrary.com)

292 Electromechanical Devices & Components Illustrated Sourcebook

Thyristor Tube, Triode

Transformer, Air Core V Voltmeter

Transformer, Iron Core W Wattmeter

Transformer, W/Center Tap(s) Wire

Transistor, NPN Wire, Connected

Transistor, PNP Wire, Crossing

Transistor, FET, N Contacts, NC

Transistor, FET, P Contacts, NO

Tube, Diode C Coil, Control

Tube, Pentode Coil, Solenoid

Tube, Tetrode Thermal Cutout

Figure 18-5 Standard Schematic Symbols