Bruhn Errata by Bill Gran

Bruhn
Errata Bill Gran
GRAN Corporation
A Companion to
Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures

by Elmer F. Bruhn, PhD
Bruhn Errata
i
ii
Bruhn Errata
by
BILL GRAN
President, CEO & Super Genius
GRAN CORPORATION
First Edition
GRAN CORPORATION
2008
iii
Bruhn Errata
Copyright, 2008, by GRAN Corporation. Printed in the United States of America. All rights reserved.
ISBN 978-0-9816076-0-3
ISBN 0-9816076-0-8
GRAN Corporation Whitney, Texas
iv
Preface
Mestrius Plutarchus (Plutarch)
"The mind is not a vessel to be filled but a fire to be kindled."
Albert Einstein
―Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new.‖
Thomas Huxley
―Try to learn something about everything and everything about something.‖
Bertrand Russell
―Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty — a beauty cold and
austere, like that of sculpture, without appeal to any part of our weaker nature, without the
gorgeous trappings of painting or music, yet sublimely pure, and capable of a stern perfection
such as only the greatest art can show. The true spirit of delight, the exaltation, the sense of
being more than Man, which is the touchstone of the highest excellence, is to be found in
mathematics as surely as poetry.‖
Sir Isaac Newton
"If I have seen farther than others it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants."
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Forward
―Be honest … work hard … love everyone.‖
Martin Gran
―Love all, trust a few.‖
William Shakespeare
Legal Department
While every effort has been made to assure that the information contained in the book is accurate and
correct, it is only intended to provide general information for amusement or educational use. It is not
intended to be a substitute for the reader‟s own research and judgment and the author assumes no
liability for damages or losses caused by, directly or indirectly, the information contained within.
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Dedication
Dedicated to the memory of James R. Gran, Elmer F. Bruhn, David J. Peery, William F. McCombs,
Stephen Prokofyevich Timoshenko, Francis R. Shanley, Paul Kuhn, Hardy Cross, Fred Seely, James
Smith, John Vincent Atanasoff, Clifford E. Berry and all of the giants in mathematics, science,
engineering and computer science.
―The whole earth is the tomb of heroic men and their story is not given only on stone over their clay
but abides everywhere without visible symbol, woven into the stuff of other men’s lives.‖
Pericles
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Acknowledgments
Special thanks to Dr. Charles (Ben) Basye, Sherman Burns, Glen Crawford, Keith Francois, Gary
Golubski, Mike Lewis, Lou Mavros, Bill Merrick, Rex Sanger … the many contributors such as Jim
Baldwin, Chris Boshers, Chuck Lilly, Clint Smith, Joe Zuklic… my extended family from Norway to
Hawaii … all of the fine folks in and around Maquoketa and the state of Iowa. Takk så mye!
Finally, an ever grateful “thousand thanks” to all veterans … past and present …
TUSEN TAKK and GOD BLESS AMERICA!
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Contents at a Glance
1.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLIGHT VEHICLE STRUCTURES ................................................ 1.1

2.0 AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ................................................................................................................... 2.1
3.0 NUMERICAL METHODS ...................................................................................................................... 3.1
4.0 CURVES.................................................................................................................................................... 4.1
5.0 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 5.1
6.0 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................................................... 6.1
xiii
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Table of Contents
1.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLIGHT VEHICLE STRUCTURES ................................................ 1.1

PAGE A3.11 PROPERTIES OF A TWO-CELL WING BEAM SECTION ....................................................................... 1.1
PAGE A4.3 MOTION OF RIGID BODIES................................................................................................................. 1.2
PAGE A5.23 BEAM COLUMNS ............................................................................................................................. 1.2
PAGE A5.28 BIPLANE WING SPAR EXAMPLE ...................................................................................................... 1.3
PAGE A7.7 CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM ................................................................................................................ 1.4
PAGE A7.11 TRUSS WITH PINNED JOINTS ............................................................................................................ 1.5
PAGE A7.14 VIRTUAL WORK .............................................................................................................................. 1.6
PAGE A7.15 DUMMY UNIT LOAD ........................................................................................................................ 1.6
PAGE A7.16 TAPERED SHEAR BEAM ................................................................................................................... 1.7
PAGE A7.24 INFLUENCE COEFFICIENTS - PIN JOINTED TRUSS........................................................................... 1.12
PAGE A7.25 INFLUENCE COEFFICIENTS - LANDING GEAR UNIT ........................................................................ 1.15
PAGE A7.26 INFLUENCE COEFFICIENTS – TAPERED SHEAR BEAM .................................................................... 1.16
PAGE A7.29 METHOD OF ELASTIC WEIGHTS (MOHR’S METHOD)..................................................................... 1.20
PAGE A7.30 MOHR’S METHOD – SEAPLANE CANTILEVER WING EXAMPLE ..................................................... 1.20
PAGE A7.31 MOMENT AREA METHOD – SEAPLANE CANTILEVER WING EXAMPLE .......................................... 1.20
PAGE A7.32 MOMENT AREA METHOD – FIXED BEAM ...................................................................................... 1.20
PAGE A7.39 INFLUENCE COEFFICIENT MATRIX - TRUSS ................................................................................... 1.22
PAGE A8.3 METHOD OF LEAST WORK – FIXED BEAM ...................................................................................... 1.23
PAGE A8.8 METHOD OF DUMMY-UNIT LOADS, SINGLY REDUNDANT TRUSS ................................................... 1.24
PAGE A8.9 METHOD OF DUMMY-UNIT LOADS, SINGLY REDUNDANT TRUSS ................................................... 1.25
PAGE A8.11 METHOD OF DUMMY-UNIT LOADS, DOUBLY REDUNDANT TRUSS................................................ 1.25
PAGE A8.21 CONTINUOUS TRUSS ..................................................................................................................... 1.26
PAGE A8.23 TUBULAR TAIL FUSELAGE TRUSS ................................................................................................. 1.31
PAGE A8.25 IDEALIZED BOX BEAM .................................................................................................................. 1.37
PAGE A8.32 INFLUENCE COEFFICIENT MATRIX – REDUNDANT TRUSS ............................................................. 1.40
PAGE A11.9 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD – FIXED BEAM WITH SUPPORT DEFLECTIONS ......................... 1.42
PAGE A11.13 FUSELAGE SIDE TRUSS................................................................................................................ 1.43
PAGE A11.15 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD – FIXED BEAM WITH VARIABLE INERTIA .............................. 1.44
PAGE A11.16 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD – FIXED BEAM WITH VARIABLE INERTIA .............................. 1.45
PAGE A11.21 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD – FRAME WITH MISSING DIAGONAL SHEAR MEMBER........... 1.48
PAGE A11.24 FIXED-END MOMENT COEFFICIENT, UNIFORMLY VARYING LOAD – FIGURE A11.49 ................. 1.49
PAGE A11.25 FIXED-END MOMENT COEFFICIENT, CONCENTRATED LOAD – FIGURE A11.52 .......................... 1.49
PAGE A11.26 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD – CONTINUOUS BEAM ........................................................... 1.50
PAGE A11.27 BIPLANE WING EXAMPLE ........................................................................................................... 1.51
PAGE A12.6 SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD – ELEVATOR BEAM EXAMPLE ........................................................ 1.53
PAGE A13.8 BEAM BENDING STRESSES – NEUTRAL AXIS METHOD ................................................................. 1.53
PAGE A13.12 BEAM BENDING STRESSES .......................................................................................................... 1.53
PAGE A13.13 BEAM BENDING STRESSES .......................................................................................................... 1.54
PAGE A14.8 SHEAR FLOW IN A ZEE SECTION .................................................................................................... 1.54
PAGE A14.9 SHEAR FLOW IN A ZEE SECTION .................................................................................................... 1.54
PAGE A14.10 SHEAR FLOW IN A ZEE SECTION – NEUTRAL AXIS METHOD ....................................................... 1.54
PAGE A15.11 SINGLE CELL WING BEAM – MULTIPLE STRINGERS.................................................................... 1.55
PAGE A17.6 MEMBRANE STRESS AND DEFLECTION COEFFICIENTS .................................................................. 1.56
PAGE A17.7 LARGE DEFLECTION IN PLATES ..................................................................................................... 1.56
PAGE A19.17 BENDING AND SHEAR STRESS ANALYSIS – TAPERED MULTIPLE STRINGER WING...................... 1.57
PAGE A19.19 ANALYSIS FOR SHEAR STRESSES IN WEBS AND SKIN .................................................................. 1.57
PAGE A20.5 FUSELAGE ANALYSIS – EFFECTIVE CROSS SECTION ..................................................................... 1.58
PAGE A20.6 FUSELAGE ANALYSIS – EFFECTIVE CROSS SECTION ..................................................................... 1.59
PAGE A20.8 FUSELAGE SECTION, ULTIMATE BENDING STRENGTH .................................................................. 1.59
PAGE A22.7 SHEAR LAG ANALYSIS OF BOX BEAMS ......................................................................................... 1.60
PAGE A22.13 STRESSES IN INNER BAYS ............................................................................................................ 1.61
PAGE A23.11 SINGLE BAY PINNED TRUSS ........................................................................................................ 1.61
PAGE A23.15 PINNED TRUSS............................................................................................................................. 1.61
PAGE B1.8 RAMBERG-OSGOOD STRESS-STRAIN CURVE ................................................................................... 1.62
PAGE C1.5 MOHR’S CIRCLE FOR PRINCIPAL STRESSES ..................................................................................... 1.63
PAGE C1.5 TRI-AXIAL OR THREE DIMENSIONAL STRESSES .............................................................................. 1.64
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PAGE C1.9 OCTAHEDRAL SHEAR STRESS THEORY............................................................................................ 1.65
PAGE C2.2 NON-DIMENSIONAL COLUMN CURVES............................................................................................ 1.65
PAGE C2.13 STRENGTH OF COLUMNS USING COLUMN CURVES ........................................................................ 1.65
PAGE C2.13 STRENGTH OF COLUMNS WITH STABLE CROSS SECTIONS ............................................................. 1.65
PAGE C2.14 STRENGTH OF COLUMNS WITH STABLE CROSS SECTIONS ............................................................. 1.66
PAGE C2.15 STRENGTH OF STEPPED COLUMN .................................................................................................. 1.66
PAGE C2.16 COLUMN STRENGTH WITH KNOWN END RESTRAINING MOMENT................................................. 1.66
PAGE C2.17 COLUMN STRENGTH WITH KNOWN END RESTRAINING MOMENT................................................. 1.67
PAGE C2.17 COLUMNS WITH ELASTIC LATERAL SUPPORTS ............................................................................. 1.67
PAGE C2.18 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 1.67
PAGE C4.24 ULTIMATE STRENGTH IN COMBINED COMPRESSION, BENDING AND TORSION .............................. 1.67
PAGE C4.25 ULTIMATE STRENGTH IN COMBINED COMPRESSION, BENDING AND TORSION .............................. 1.68
PAGE C4.26 COMBINED COMPRESSION, BENDING, FLEXURAL SHEAR AND TORSION ....................................... 1.68
PAGE C5.4 CHART OF NON-DIMENSIONAL COMPRESSIVE BUCKLING STRESS .................................................. 1.69
PAGE C5.7 BENDING – BUCKLING COEFFICIENT OF PLATES ............................................................................. 1.69
PAGE C5.8 COMBINED BENDING AND SHEAR.................................................................................................... 1.69
PAGE C5.11 CANTILEVER WING – SKIN, RIBS AND STIFFENERS ....................................................................... 1.70
PAGE C5.12 BUCKLING STRENGTH OF FLAT SHEET IN COMBINED STRESS SYSTEMS........................................ 1.70
PAGE C5.12 BUCKLING STRENGTH OF FLAT SHEET IN COMBINED STRESS SYSTEMS........................................ 1.71
PAGE C6.3 BUCKLING STRESS FOR HAT-SECTION STIFFENERS ......................................................................... 1.71
PAGE C7.6 RESTRAINT PRODUCED BY LIPS AND BULBS ................................................................................... 1.72
PAGE C7.10 SHEET EFFECTIVE WIDTHS ............................................................................................................ 1.75
PAGE C7.11 SHEET EFFECTIVE WIDTHS ............................................................................................................ 1.75
PAGE C7.15 FAILURE BY INTER-RIVET BUCKLING............................................................................................ 1.76
PAGE C7.26 COLUMN STRENGTH OF STIFFENER WITH EFFECTIVE SHEET ........................................................ 1.76
PAGE C7.27 COLUMN STRENGTH OF STIFFENER WITH EFFECTIVE SHEET ........................................................ 1.77
PAGE C8.24 BUCKLING STRENGTH OF MONOCOQUE CYLINDERS ..................................................................... 1.77
PAGE C9.12 ORTHOTROPIC CIRCULAR CYLINDERS ........................................................................................... 1.77
PAGE C9.14 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................. 1.77
PAGE C10.7 STIFFENER SIZE TO USE WITH NON-BUCKLING WEB .................................................................... 1.78
PAGE C11.11 WAGNER BEAM, CHECK OF WEB TO FLANGE RIVET ATTACHMENT............................................ 1.78
PAGE C11.12 LOWER FLANGE BENDING STRESSES........................................................................................... 1.78
PAGE C11.12 COMBINED FLANGE AXIAL STRESSES ......................................................................................... 1.78
PAGE C11.13 CRIPPLING STRESS FOR THE UPPER FLANGE................................................................................ 1.79
PAGE C11.14 NACA SYMBOLS ........................................................................................................................ 1.79
PAGE C11.15 THICKNESS AND FLANGE FLEXIBILITY FACTOR .......................................................................... 1.79
PAGE C11.17 AVERAGE AND MAXIMUM STRESS IN UPRIGHT OR WEB STIFFENER ........................................... 1.79
PAGE C11.18 WEB DESIGN ............................................................................................................................... 1.80
PAGE C11.19 SECONDARY BENDING MOMENT IN FLANGES ............................................................................. 1.80
PAGE C11.38 ALLOWABLE STRESS IN FUSELAGE SKIN - DIAGONAL TENSION .................................................. 1.80
PAGE C11.44 LONGERON TYPE FUSELAGE STRUCTURE.................................................................................... 1.80
PAGE C12.13 HEXAGONAL CELL CORE WRINKLING - BIAXIAL AND SHEAR INTERACTION .............................. 1.81
PAGE D3.6 SPLICE WITH FILLER........................................................................................................................ 1.82
PAGE D3.7 FRAMING CUTOUTS IN WEB ............................................................................................................ 1.82
PAGE D3.9 FRAMING CUTOUTS IN WEB ............................................................................................................ 1.82
PAGE D3.10 FRAMING CUTOUTS WITH DOUBLERS OR BENTS .......................................................................... 1.85
2.0 AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES ................................................................................................................... 2.1
ERRATA – ANALYSIS OF WING RIBS ................................................................................................................... 2.1
SCHRENK’S METHOD OF SPANWISE AIR-LOAD DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................... 2.2
SPANWISE DISTRIBUTION OF INDUCED DRAG ..................................................................................................... 2.5
EXTERNAL LOADS ............................................................................................................................................... 2.8
SHEAR AND BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS ...................................................................................................... 2.13
BEAM SHEAR STRESSES .................................................................................................................................... 2.13
SHEAR FLOW IN THIN WEBS ............................................................................................................................. 2.13
SHEAR FLOW DISTRIBUTION IN BOX BEAMS ..................................................................................................... 2.13
TAPERED BEAMS ............................................................................................................................................... 2.13
BEAMS WITH VARIABLE FLANGE AREAS .......................................................................................................... 2.13
BEAMS WITH UNSYMMETRICAL CROSS SECTIONS ............................................................................................ 2.13
UNSYMMETRICAL BEAMS SUPPORTED LATERALLY .......................................................................................... 2.13
xvi
SHEAR FLOW IN UNSYMMETRICAL BEAMS ....................................................................................................... 2.13
BEAMS WITH VARYING CROSS SECTIONS.......................................................................................................... 2.14
CORRECTION OF WING BENDING MOMENTS FOR SWEEPBACK.......................................................................... 2.14
DISTRIBUTION OF CONCENTRATED LOADS TO THIN WEBS ............................................................................... 2.14
LOADS ON FUSELAGE BULKHEADS ................................................................................................................... 2.14
ANALYSIS OF WING RIBS .................................................................................................................................. 2.14
SHEAR FLOW IN TAPERED WEBS ....................................................................................................................... 2.14
DIFFERENTIAL BENDING ................................................................................................................................... 2.14
CUTOUTS IN SEMI-MONOCOQUE STRUCTURES.................................................................................................. 2.14
TRUSSES WITH SINGLE REDUNDANCY ............................................................................................................... 2.14
TRUSSES WITH MULTIPLE REDUNDANCY .......................................................................................................... 2.15
CIRCULAR FUSELAGE RINGS ............................................................................................................................. 2.15
IRREGULAR FUSELAGE RINGS ........................................................................................................................... 2.15
TORSION OF MULTI-CELL BOX BEAMS ............................................................................................................ 2.15
BEAM SHEAR IN MULTI-CELL STRUCTURES ..................................................................................................... 2.15
ANALYSIS OF PRACTICAL MULTI-CELL STRUCTURES ....................................................................................... 2.15
SHEAR LAG ....................................................................................................................................................... 2.15
SPANWISE VARIATION OF WARPING DEFORMATION ......................................................................................... 2.15
3.0 NUMERICAL METHODS ...................................................................................................................... 3.1
POLYNOMIAL REGRESSION.................................................................................................................................. 3.1
GAUSS-NEWTON METHOD OF NON-LINEAR REGRESSION ................................................................................... 3.5
THE NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD OF NON-LINEAR APPROXIMATION .............................................................. 3.12
TRIAL AND ERROR ............................................................................................................................................ 3.16
GAUSS–SEIDEL ITERATION................................................................................................................................ 3.32
GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION - TRUSS WITH PINNED JOINTS .................................................................................... 3.35
FOURIER’S SERIES METHOD - SPANWISE LIFT DISTRIBUTION ........................................................................... 3.57
THOMAS ALGORITHM........................................................................................................................................ 3.66
CHOLESKY DECOMPOSITION ............................................................................................................................. 3.66
LU DECOMPOSITION ......................................................................................................................................... 3.66
4.0 CURVES.................................................................................................................................................... 4.1
FASTENER SHEAR AND TENSION INTERACTION ................................................................................................... 4.1
LUG LOADS - AXIAL AND TRANSVERSE INTERACTION ........................................................................................ 4.4
JOHNSON-EULER COLUMN CURVES .................................................................................................................... 4.5
COZZONE-MELCON NON-DIMENSIONAL COLUMN BUCKLING CURVES .............................................................. 4.6
TANGENT MODULUS FROM THE RAMBERG-OSGOOD EQUATION......................................................................... 4.7
SECANT MODULUS FROM THE RAMBERG-OSGOOD EQUATION ........................................................................... 4.8
RAMBERG-OSGOOD STRESS-STRAIN CURVE ....................................................................................................... 4.9
COLUMN STRENGTH OF STIFFENER WITH EFFECTIVE SHEET ............................................................................. 4.10
DIAGONAL TENSION FACTOR ............................................................................................................................ 4.11
GRAPH FOR CALCULATING WEB STRAIN .......................................................................................................... 4.12
ALLOWABLE SHEAR CORRECTION – CURVED WEBS ......................................................................................... 4.13
STIFFENER MINIMUM MOMENT OF INERTIA ...................................................................................................... 4.14
BUCKLING COEFFICIENTS.................................................................................................................................. 4.15
FLAT SHEET BUCKLING INTERACTION CURVES ................................................................................................ 4.21
ROUND TUBES – INTERACTION CURVES ............................................................................................................ 4.26
COLLAPSING SHEAR STRESS - ROUND HOLES WITH FORMED 45 DEGREE FLANGES ......................................... 4.28
CURVED BEAMS ................................................................................................................................................ 4.29
LUGS ................................................................................................................................................................. 4.30
JOGGLES ............................................................................................................................................................ 4.35
MINIMUM LIP DIMENSIONS ............................................................................................................................... 4.36
MINIMUM BULB DIAMETER .............................................................................................................................. 4.37
MAXIMUM SHEAR STRESS IN TUBING ............................................................................................................... 4.38
CARRY-OVER FACTOR ...................................................................................................................................... 4.39
STIFFNESS FACTOR COEFFICIENT ...................................................................................................................... 4.40
FIXED-END MOMENT COEFFICIENT................................................................................................................... 4.41
COLUMN DISTRIBUTION COEFFICIENT .............................................................................................................. 4.42
RECTANGULAR PLATE....................................................................................................................................... 4.43
xvii
5.0 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 5.1
MMPDS-01 ........................................................................................................................................................ 5.1
FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION ...................................................................................................................... 5.1
EUROPEAN AVIATION SAFETY AGENCY .............................................................................................................. 5.1
JOURNAL OF THE AERONAUTICAL SCIENCES ....................................................................................................... 5.2
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE - ANSI ....................................................................................... 5.2
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS - ASME............................................................................... 5.2
BOOKS................................................................................................................................................................. 5.3
NASA ASTRONAUTICS STRUCTURES MANUAL................................................................................................... 5.6
STRESS ANALYSIS MANUAL AFFDL-TR-69-42 ................................................................................................. 5.6
NACA REPORTS ................................................................................................................................................. 5.7
LUG ANALYSIS .................................................................................................................................................. 5.12
MILITARY HANDBOOKS .................................................................................................................................... 5.14
6.0 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS..................................................................................................... 6.1
GENERAL ............................................................................................................................................................ 6.1
COMPOSITES........................................................................................................................................................ 6.4
NACA SYMBOLS – DIAGONAL TENSION ............................................................................................................. 6.7
AERODYNAMICS ................................................................................................................................................ 6.10
xviii
Introduction
Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures by Elmer Franklin Bruhn may as well have been
written in Latin when I purchased my first copy more than twenty-five years ago. It is arguably the most
comprehensive book on aircraft stress analysis ever written.
While many of the methods in “Bruhn” have been overshadowed by Finite Element Analysis, they
provide valuable insight into the fundamentals of aircraft design and an appreciation for the men and
women that designed aircraft before John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry invented the electronic
digital computer at Iowa State University.
You won't find many aircraft stress analysts using the Moment Distribution (Hardy Cross) Method,
Slope Deflection Method or the Methods of Elastic Weights, Dummy Unit-Loads, Moment Areas, Virtual
Work or Influence Coefficients. While some of the methods are more than fifty years old, the lessons
are timeless.
This book is a compilation of the mistakes, omissions and typographical errors my teammates and I
have discovered in the last two decades. Keep in mind that “Bruhn” was written before electronic
calculators and spreadsheets were invented. Note the slide rule disclaimer on page A13.13, column 2:
―The calculations in this example being done on a slide rule can not provide exact checks.‖
The examples in “Bruhn” are condensed. The book could easily be expanded to fill a five volume set. I
would organize it differently ... but as Marge and Homer Simpson might say, "It's easy to criticize ... and
FUN TOO!"
If you insist on punishing yourself and throwing your life away by pursuing a career in aeronautical or
aerospace engineering ... if you just can't get enough "chick repellent" ... study Analysis and Design of
Flight Vehicle Structures by Elmer F. Bruhn and the first edition of Aircraft Structures by David J. Peery.
A lot of subjects are still Greek to me, but in the last thirty years I have learned this much pseudo-Latin:
Illegitimi Non Carborundum.
Mange Takk!
xix
xx
1.0 Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures
Page A3.11 Properties of a Two-Cell Wing Beam Section
Table 9, Page A3.11
Stringer Effective Total

Stringer Area Skin Area Ixy =
Number Astr Area A y Ay Ay2 x Ax Ax2 Axy
(in2) (in2) (in2) (in) (in2) (in3) (in) (in2) (in3) (in4)
1 0.110 0.031 0.141 4.00 0.563 2.252 -33.15 -4.665 154.640 -18.659
2 0.110 0.031 0.141 6.05 0.851 5.151 -29.28 -4.120 120.642 -24.928
3 0.300 0.080 0.380 7.00 2.660 18.620 -24.85 -9.443 234.659 -66.101
4 0.130 0.038 0.168 7.37 1.241 9.147 -21.18 -3.567 75.543 -26.287
5 0.130 0.038 0.168 7.55 1.271 9.599 -16.60 -2.795 46.404 -21.106
6 0.130 0.038 0.168 7.50 1.263 9.473 -12.60 -2.122 26.735 -15.914
7 0.130 0.038 0.168 7.30 1.229 8.974 -8.60 -1.448 12.455 -10.572
8 0.130 0.038 0.168 6.90 1.162 8.018 -4.00 -0.674 2.694 -4.648
9 0.240 0.050 0.290 6.50 1.885 12.253 -0.35 -0.102 0.036 -0.660
10 0.070 0.100 0.170 -3.30 -0.561 1.851 -33.25 -5.653 187.946 18.653
11 0.070 0.100 0.170 -4.90 -0.833 4.082 -29.28 -4.978 145.744 24.390
12 0.130 0.150 0.280 -5.95 -1.666 9.913 -24.85 -6.958 172.906 41.400
13 0.110 0.200 0.310 -7.40 -2.294 16.976 -18.70 -5.797 108.404 42.898
14 0.110 0.200 0.310 -8.13 -2.520 20.490 -12.42 -3.850 47.819 31.302
15 0.110 0.200 0.310 -8.62 -2.672 23.034 -6.10 -1.891 11.535 16.300
16 0.240 0.110 0.350 -8.87 -3.105 27.537 -0.35 -0.123 0.043 1.087
S 3.693 -1.525 187.368 -58.184 1348.205 -12.843
58.184 1.525
x     15.753 in y     0.413 in
3.693 3.693
Ix  A y 2  A y  187.368 in4  3.693 in2   0.413 in  2  186.738 in4
Iy  A x 2  A x  1,348.205 in 4  3.693 in2   15.753 in  2  431.604 in 4
Ixy  Ixy  A x y   12.843 in 4  3.693 in2   15.753 in    0.413 in    36.867 in4
tan 2  
2 Ixy


2  36.867 in 4 
  0.301
Iy  Ix 431.604 in 4  186.738 in 4
2  = -0.292 radians = 16.758 º  = -0.146 radians = -8.379 º sin  = -0.146 cos  = 0.989

Ixp  Ix  cos   2  Iy  sin   2  2 Ixy sin  cos 
Ixp  186.738 in 4  0.989  2  431.604 in 4   0.146  2  2   36.867 in    0.146   0.989 

4
Ixp  181.308 in 4
1.1
Bruhn Errata
Page A4.3 Motion of Rigid Bodies
v  v0  2 a s v 2  v0  2 a s
2 2
Column 1, Equation 3 should be
Thanks to SparWeb on the www.eng-tips.com website.
Page A5.23 Beam Columns
Table A5.I, Case III, Distributed Load, No End Moments
I use the following
 L 
C1  w j2 tan   C2  w j2 f  x    w j2 instead of
 2j 
  L 
w j2  cos   1  
  j 
C1  C2   w j 2   f  x   w
L
sin
j
Page A5.23 Beam Columns
Table A5.I, Case V, Concentrated Side Load, No End Moments
Equation for Point of Maximum Bending Moment
x C1
tan 
j C2
Maximum Span Bending Moment
 
1
Mmax  C1  C2
2 2 2
Should be Maximum Bending Moment Point of Maximum Bending Moment
 a 
W j sin  
j  j  j
If b  Mmax  at x  L 
2  L  2
sin  
 j 
 a 
W j sin  
If b 
j
Mmax   j  sin  b 
 at x  a
 L   j
2
sin    
 j 
1.2
Page A5.28 Biplane Wing Spar Example
L
D2  D1 cos
x j
Column 2, “Substituting in equation (A)” tan 
j L
D1 sin
j
50180    55505 x  .26981   65156
   1.2192 should be
 55505 x .96290  53441
50,198    55,523   0.26952    65,162

   1.2187
 55,523  0.962996   53,469
Figure A5.67
w = 20 lb / in
w w
w2 = 10 lb/in
P P
4,419 4,419
lb M1 M2
M  C1 sin  C2 cos  f w
3,314 D1 8,640 in-lb
x x
in-lb R1
M max   w j2 R2 j j
x
946.7 lb cos 1,500.0 lb
j
100 in 36 in   L 
w j 2  cos   1  
L   j 
D2  D1 cos C1 
70 in x j L
tan  sin
j L j
D1 sin
j C2  M 1  w j 2
D1  M 1  w j 2
D2  M 2  w j 2 EI P 1
j 
Th P E I j2
Tv
Figure A5.68
See Table A5.1, Case IV, page A5.23

w = 20 lb / in
P P
4,419 4,419
lb M1 M2 lb
3,314 8,640
D1
in-lb R1 M max   w j2 R2 in-lb
946.7 lb x 1,500 lb
cos
j
100 in
1.3
Bruhn Errata
Page A7.7 Castigliano’s Theorem
Note: Do NOT use Castigliano’s theorem for non-linear problems.
A
P
a d
b c
B
Length Area Modulus Load,

Member L A E AE S S2 L / A E
( feet ) ( in2 ) ( psi ) ( lb ) (x P2 x 10-6)
OA 40 4.70 2.90E+07 136.3 -1.5 P 0.660

AB 50 0.875 1.35E+07 11.813 2.5 P 26.455
AC 63.25 0.875 1.35E+07 11.813 1.581 P 13.385
OC 84.85 4.70 2.90E+07 136.3 -2.121 P 2.801
S 43.302 P2 x 10-6 lb - ft
Strain Energy
1 S2 L 43 .30 P 2 x 10 6
U   lb  ft
2 AE 2
Castigliano’s Theorem
U  43.30 P x 10 6 
P   2    43.3 x 10 06 P feet
P  2 
Example
For P = 10,000 lb
Deflection  = 10,000 lb ( 4.33 x 10 -5 ) feet = 0.433 feet = 5.2 inches
1.4
Page A7.11 Truss with Pinned Joints
Elmer F. Bruhn, Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, page A7.11.
1,000 lb 1,000 lb 1,000 lb
a b c d
10,500 2,250 2,250
-1,000
-8,750 5,000
2,000 -3,750 2,000
-5,250 -5,250 0 u2
e f g h
u1
2,000 lb 2,000 lb
1.5 0 0 0 0 0
-1.25 1.25 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0
-0.75 -0.75 0 1.0 1.0 1.0

1 lb
1 lb
Check the last two columns in Table A7.3 for slide rule errors.
Length, Load, Unit Unit S u1 L S u2 L

Member L A AE L/AE S Load, Load, AE AE
( in ) ( x10-6 ) ( x10-6 ) ( lb ) u1 u2 ( x103 ) ( x103 )
ab 30 0.456 4.785 6.270 10,500 1.50 0 9.405 0

bc 30 0.293 3.074 9.759 2,250 0 0 0 0
cd 30 0.293 3.074 9.759 2,250 0 0 0 0
ef 30 0.511 5.366 5.591 -5,250 -0.75 1.0 2.097 -2.796
fg 30 0.511 5.366 5.591 -5,250 -0.75 1.0 2.097 -2.796
gh 30 0.331 3.480 8.621 0 0 1.0 0 0
be 50 0.967 10.150 4.926 -8,750 -1.25 0 5.131 0
bg 50 0.331 3.480 14.368 5,000 1.25 0 8.552 0
dg 50 0.511 5.365 9.320 -3,750 0 0 0 0
bf 40 0.293 3.074 13.012 2,000 0 0 0 0
cg 40 0.293 3.074 13.012 -1,000 0 0 0 0
dh 40 0.293 3.074 13.012 2,000 0 0 0 0
S = 27.3 -5.6
S u1 L S u2 L
 
27.3 5.6
1    0.027 inch 2      0.006 inch
A E 1,000 A E 1,000
1.5
Bruhn Errata
Page A7.14 Virtual Work
I prefer to use G for shear modulus rather than Es .
L Vv
 total  
0 AG
dx etc.
Page A7.15 Dummy Unit Load
Example Problem 19
I‟ve added the x coordinates to Figure A7.22.
50 lb 100 lb
Unit Load
10 in 10 in
A A
x x
Vv Tt
Again, I prefer G to Es .    AG
dx    GJ
dx
1.6
Page A7.16 Tapered Shear Beam
Method of Virtual Work
Determine the deflection at Point G.
Free Body Diagram
Shear Flow vs. Position

120.0
120
Shear Flow, q ( lb / in )
100 97.2
80.3
80
67.5
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Location, x ( in )
1.7
Bruhn Errata
Shear Flow
1.8
Real Loads
Virtual Loads
Data
Member L A
(Flange) ( in ) ( in2 )
AB 20.017 0.15
BC 20.017 0.15
CD 20.017 0.15
EF 20.017 0.15
FG 20.017 0.15
GH 20.017 0.15
DH 15.000 0.05
CG 16.667 0.08
BF 18.333 0.08
E = 10.0 E6 G = 3,846,154 psi P = 1,800 lb
1.9
Bruhn Errata
Spar Caps and Stiffeners
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Columns Columns
Member Si Sj ui uj 2ui + uj ui + 2 uj L/AE (2)(6)+(3)(7) (8) x (9)
(Flange) 6 6 ( x 106 )
AB 3P 2.184 P 2.000 1.092 0.849 0.697 13.34 4.069 P 54.30 P

BC 2.184 P 1.201 P 1.092 0 0.364 0.182 13.34 1.013 P 13.52 P
CD 1.201 P 0P 0 0 0 0 13.34 0P 0P
EF -3 P -2.184 P -2.000 -1.092 -0.849 -0.697 13.34 4.069 P 54.30 P
FG -2.184 P -1.201 P -1.092 0 -0.364 -0.182 13.34 1.013 P 13.52 P
GH -1.201 P 0P 0 0 0 0 13.34 0P 0P
DH 1P 0P 0 0 0 0 30.00 0P 0P
CG 0P 0P 1.000 0 0.333 0.167 20.83 0P 0P
BF 0P 0P 0 0 0 0 22.92 0P 0P
S 135.64 P x 10-6
Spar Webs
1 2 3 4 5 6
Shear Flow Shear Flow Panel Area Columns
Member q avg q avg A 1/Gt (2)(3)(4)(5)
(Web) ( lb / in ) ( lb / in ) ( in2 ) ( x 106 )
A-B-E-F 0.0409 P 0.0455 383.33 8.125 5.792 P

B-C-F-G 0.0491 P 0.0545 350.00 8.125 7.615 P
C-D-G-H 0.0600 P 0 - - 0P
Real Virtual
S 13.41 P x 10-6
Deflection at Point G
S u dx qq
G   AE
  Gt
dx dy
L S u dx L  Si ui Si u j S u S u 
 0 AE

AE

 3

6
 j i  j j
6 3


qq A
 Gt
dx dy  qavg q avg
Gt
 G = ( 135.64 P + 13.41 P ) 10-6 = 139.04( 1,800 lb ) 10-6 = 0.268 inch  G = 0.268 in

See Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, pages A7.16 and A15.27.
1.10
Shear Flow in Tapered Webs
See Aircraft Structures, First Edition, pages 197-200
Shear Flow vs. Position

120.0
120
Shear Flow, q ( lb / in )
100 97.2
80.3
80
67.5
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Location, x ( in )
Tensile Stress vs. Position Tensile Stress vs. Position Tensile Stress vs. Position Tensile Stress vs. Position
350 350 350 350
300 300 300 300
(psi)
(psi)
(psi)
(psi)
250 250 250 250

Tensile Stress
Tensile Stress
Tensile Stress
Tensile Stress
200 200 200 200

150 150 150 150
100 100 100 100
50 50 50 50
0 0 0 0
-10 -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 -10 -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 -10 -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 -10 -7.5 -5 -2.5 0 2.5 5 7.5 10
Height from Centerline, h ( in ) Height from Centerline, h ( in ) Height from Centerline, h ( in ) Height from Centerline, h ( in )
1.11
Bruhn Errata
Page A7.24 Influence Coefficients - Pin Jointed Truss
Deflections at points B, C, E and F given:
2 2 2 2 2
A1 = 0.217 in A2 = 0.217 in A3 = 0.109 in A4 =0.171 in A5 = 0.370 in
2 2 2 2
A6 = 0.109 in A7 = 0.171 in A8 = 0.370 in A9 = 0.109 in E = 10 E6 psi
Graphic
1.12
Unit Load Distribution
Column 1 Column 2
1 lb 1 lb
A 1 B 2 C A 1 B 2 C
0 0 1.00 0
0 3 1.25 3
1.131 6 -1.00 4 0 0.849 6 -0.75 4 -1.00

7 7
9 9
0.20 0.40
0 F -1.031 F
5 5
-0.825 E -1.649 E
8 8
D D
Column 3 Column 4
A 1 B 2 C A 1 B 2 C
0 0 1.00 0
0 3 1.25 3
1.131 6 0 4 0 0.849 6 -0.75 4 0

7 7
9 9
0.20 0.40
0 F -1.031 F
5 5 1 lb
-0.825 E -1.649 E
8 1 lb 8
D D
0 1.00 0 1.00
0 0 0 0
0 -1.00 0 0
0 1.25 0 1.25
[ G im ] = 0 -1.031 0 -1.031
-1.000 -0.750 0 -0.750
1.131 0.849 1.131 0.849
-0.825 -1.649 -0.825 -1.649
0.20 0.40 0.20 0.40
Transpose
0 0 0 0 0 -1 1.131 -0.82 0.20

T 1 0 -1 1.25 -1.031 -0.75 0.85 -1.65 0.40
[ G im ] =
0 0 0 0 0 0 1.131 -0.82 0.20
1 0 0 1.25 -1.031 -0.75 0.85 -1.65 0.40
1.13
Bruhn Errata
Flexibility Coefficients
92.17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 92.17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 137.61 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 146.20 0 0 0 0 0
[ a ij ] = 1 / E 0 0 0 0 55.72 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 183.49 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 165.41 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 55.72 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 229.36
Multiply
0 0 0 0 0 -183.49 187.13 -45.95 45.87

92.17 0 -137.61 182.75 -57.43 -137.61 140.35 -91.89 91.74
[ a ij ] [ G im ] T
=
0 0 0 0 0 0 187.13 -45.95 45.87
92.17 0 0 182.75 -57.43 -137.61 140.35 -91.89 91.74
Matrix Triple Product
442.3 390.5 258.8 390.5

390.5 928.0 252.9 790.4
[ G im ] [ a ij ] [ G im ] T
= 1/E
258.8 252.9 258.8 252.9
390.5 790.4 252.9 790.4
Deflections
1 442.3 390.5 258.8 390.5 2,500 0.227

2 390.5 928.0 252.9 790.4 2,000 0.339
= 1/E = in
3 258.8 252.9 258.8 252.9 800 0.147
4 390.5 790.4 252.9 790.4 450 0.312
Three Load Cases
B 442.3 390.5 258.8 390.5 2,500 -1,200 1,800 2,269,486 -2,070,007 630,039
C 390.5 928.0 252.9 790.4 2,000 -800 1,470 3,390,247 -3,125,245 894,179
= 1/E = 1/E
E 258.8 252.9 258.8 252.9 800 -2,100 -1,200 1,473,615 -1,498,906 248,846
F 390.5 790.4 252.9 790.4 450 -1,750 -1,100 3,115,017 -3,015,154 691,885
1 2 3
B 442.3 390.5 258.8 390.5 2,500 -1,200 1,800 0.227 -0.207 0.063
C 390.5 928.0 252.9 790.4 2,000 -800 1,470 0.339 -0.313 0.089
= 1/E = in
E 258.8 252.9 258.8 252.9 800 -2,100 -1,200 0.147 -0.150 0.025
F 390.5 790.4 252.9 790.4 450 -1,750 -1,100 0.312 -0.302 0.069
1.14
Page A7.25 Influence Coefficients - Landing Gear Unit
a 44 = L 3 / 3 E I = 15,552 / E I rounded up 15,600 / E I for E = 10 E6 psi and G = 3,846,154 psi
Polar Moment of Inertia J = I x + I y = 2 I E I / G J = ( 10 * I ) / ( 3.846154 * 2 I ) = 1.30
G J = E I / 1.30
L AB 1.30  3 in  3.90 L BC 1.30  36 in  46.80

a 22    a 77   
GJ EI EI GJ EI EI
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 3.900 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 15,552 648 0 0 0
[ a ij ] = 1 / E I 0 0 0 648 36 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 36 0 648
0 0 0 0 0 0 46.800 0
0 0 0 0 0 648 0 15,552
◦ ◦
[ G73 ] = 3 cos 20 = 2.819 instead of 2.810 [ G62 ] = – cos 20 = – 0.940 instead of – 0.937
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
0.342 0 0
[ G im ] = 3 0 0
0 -0.940 1.026
0 0.342 2.819
0 0 1
Transpose
1 0 0 0.3420 3 0 0 0
[ G im ] T = 0 1 0 0 0 -0.9397 0.3420 0
0 0 1 0 0 1.0261 2.8191 1
Multiply
9 0 0 7,263 329.6 0 0 0
[ a ij ] [ G im ] T = 1 / E I 0 3.896 0 0 0 -33.829 15.991 -608.921
0 0 9 0 0 684.9 131.8 16,216.9
9 0 0
[ G im ] [ a ij ] [ G im ] T = 1/EI 0 3.900 0
0 0 9
1.15
Bruhn Errata
Page A7.26 Influence Coefficients – Tapered Shear Beam
Thin Web Aluminum Beam Determine the deflection at Point G (See Bruhn page A7.26)
Free Body Diagram
Spar Webs
Spar Caps and Stiffeners
Spar Caps Stiffeners
AB BC CD BF CG HI
L 20.017 20.017 20.017 in ai i = L / 3AE L 18.333 16.667 15.00 in
ai j = L / 6AE
Ai 0.150 0.150 0.150 in2 Ai 0.080 0.080 0.050 in2
Aj 0.150 0.150 0.150 in2 Aj 0.080 0.080 0.050 in2
a ii 44.48 44.48 44.48 / E a ii 76.39 69.44 100 / E
a ij 22.24 22.24 22.24 / E a ij 38.19 34.72 50 / E
a jj 44.48 44.48 44.48 / E a jj 76.39 69.44 100 / E
1.16
Matrix Form
1 0 0
0.0667 0 0
1.2010 0 0
0 1 0
[ G im ] = 0.0540 0.0600 0
2.1837 1.0919 0
0 0 1
0.0446 0.0496 0.0545
3 2 1
Transpose
1 0.067 1.201 0 0.054 2.1837113 0 0.045 3

[ G im ] T = 0 0 0 1 0.060 1.092 0 0.050 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.055 1
Multiply
10 138.94 31.08 0 126.91 57.54 0 116.80 36.40

[ a ij ] [ G im ] T = 0 0 4.86 6.94 141.01 28.32 0 129.77 22.65
0 0 0 0 0 4.45 7.64 142.75 8.90
1.17
Bruhn Errata
1.18
303.5 149.0 42.8

[ G im ] [ a ij ] [ G im ] T = 10 / E 149.0 98.1 29.7
42.8 29.7 24.3
Deflections
H 303.5 149.0 42.8 1,800

G = 10 / E 149.0 98.1 29.7 0
F 42.8 29.7 24.3 0
H 546,352 0.546
G = 10 / E 268,275 = 0.268 in
F 76,994 0.077
Deflection at Point G
 G = 0.268 in
See Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, pages A7.22, A7.26 and A15.27.
1.19
Bruhn Errata
Page A7.29 Method of Elastic Weights (Mohr’s Method)
wL2
Column 1, Figure A7.42a Add M max  to the moment diagram.
8
Then the area for this parabolic segment A=2/3bh

h
2  L   wL2  wL3
A      
3  2   8 
 24 3/8 b
b
 w L3  L  w L3  3 L   1 5  wL4 
 center          
 EI 
 24  2  24  16   E I 384  
Page A7.29 Mohr’s Method - Cantilever Wing Example
Column 2, Figure below Table A7.6 … I believe the values of the reactions have been swapped. I calculate
the left reaction at 299,679 lb (vs. 299,090) and the right reaction at 225,919 lb (vs. 226,570).
Page A7.30 Mohr’s Method – Seaplane Cantilever Wing Example
Column 1, Example Problem 34, should divide each c by 1,000. Using 20.02 in lieu of 20, I get a deflection of
C (divided by 1,000) equal to 517,867 / E I. Using 266.67 (267), 576.47 (576) yields 433.33 instead of 433
and 123.53 instead of 124. This gives me a tip deflection (divided by 1,000) of 102,310,667 / E I in lieu of
102,200,000 / E I.
Page A7.31 Moment Area Method – Seaplane Cantilever Wing Example
Column 2, Example Problem 35, Last Paragraph.

“… and subtract deflection of a with respect to tangent at C .” should be
“… and subtract deflection of A with respect to tangent at C.”
Using values in the previous problem, 19.98 for 20 and 719.98 for 720 … gives me a tip deflection
(divided by 1,000) of 102,310,667 / E I in lieu of 102,180,000 / E I.
Page A7.32 Moment Area Method – Fixed Beam
Figure A7.47
PaLa 
PaLa  should be
L
L
1.20
Page A7.32 Moment Area Method – Fixed Beam

200 lb
100 lb
P1 P2
MA MB
a b c
9 in 12 in 9 in
Moment vs. Position

1,600
Simply Supported 1,530
M2
M1
1,200 1,170
994.5
800 760.5
Moment, M (in-lb)
Fixed
459
400
351
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
-400 -410
-536
-800 -819
MA
-1,071
MB
-1,200
Position, x (in)
Simply Supported
Area 1 Area 2 Area 3 Area 4 MA MB
M1 M2 585 1,170 180 765 0.5 0.5

9 12 12 9 30 30
Due to P1 630 270 1 5,265 14,040 2,160 6,885 15 Ma 15 Mb =0
Due to P2 540 1,260 x bar 6.00 in 15 in 17.00 in 24.00 in 10.00 in 20.00 in
SM 1,170 1,530 2 31,590 210,600 36,720 165,240 150 Ma 300 Mb =0
Fixed
1 15 Ma + 15 Mb + 28,350 = 0 15 15 MA = -28,350
150 300 MB = -444,150
2 150 Ma + 300 Mb + 444,150 = 0
MA 0.1333 -0.0067 -28,350 -819 in-lb

= =
MB -0.0667 0.0067 -444,150 -1,071 in-lb
MA = -819 in-lb versus MA = -816 in-lb
MB = -1,071 in-lb versus MB = -1,074 in-lb
1.21
Bruhn Errata
Page A7.39 Influence Coefficient Matrix - Truss
Bruhn A7.39 P1 P2
1 1 2 2
Load Case 1
P1 = 1,000 lb
P2 = 500 lb
P3 = 800 lb
10” 9 7 1.5 A 6 4 1.5 A 3 P4 = 400 lb
Load Case 2
P1 = 300 lb
2A 8 4 1.5 A 5 3 P2 = 700 lb
P3 = 400 lb
10” 10” P4 = 600 lb
P4 P3
Influence Coefficients
10.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 10.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 6.67 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 14.14 0 0 0 0 0
[ a ij ] = 1 / E 0 0 0 0 6.67 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 6.67 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 14.14 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.00 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.00
0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0
0 -1 0 0
0 1.414 0 1.414
[ G im ] = 0 -1 0 -1
-1 -1 0 -1
1.414 1.414 1.414 1.414
-1 -2 -1 -2
0 0 0 0
Transpose
0 0 0 0 0 -1 1.414 -1 0
T 1 0 -1 1.414 -1 -1 1.414 -2 0
[ G im ] =
0 0 0 0 0 0 1.414 -1 0
1 0 0 1.414 -1 -1 1.414 -2 0
1.22
Multiply
0 0 0 0 0 -6.667 20 -5 0
10 0 -6.667 20 -6.667 -6.667 20 -10 0
[ a ij ] [ G im ] T
=
0 0 0 0 0 0 20 -5 0
10 0 0 20 -6.667 -6.667 20 -10 0
39.95 44.95 33.28 44.95

44.95 106.57 38.28 99.90
[ G im ] [ a ij ] [ G im ] T = 1/E
33.28 38.28 33.28 38.28
44.95 99.90 38.28 99.90
Deflections
 39.95 44.95 33.28 44.95   1,000 300 

   500 
44.95 106.57 33.28 99.90  700 
 mk  
1    
E  33.28 38.28 33.28 38.28   800 400 
   400 
 44.95 99.90 38.28 99.90  600
Greatest Deflection of Point 4
6
For E = 10.0 x 10 psi
 1   39.95 44.95 33.28 44.95   1,000 300   0.011 0.008 

     500   0.017
 2  1  44.95 106.57 33.28 99.90   700   0.016 

    

 3  10 106   

33.28 38.28 33.28 38.28 


 800 400   0.009

0.007 

 4 
  44.95 99.90 38.28 99.90  
 400 600 
 
 0.017 0.016 

Load Case 1
1  0.011 in 2  0.017 in 3  0.009 in  4  0.017 in
Load Case 2
1  0.008 in 2  0.016 in 3  0.007 in  4  0.016 in
Page A8.3 Method of Least Work – Fixed Beam
Column 1, Last equation should be 2 P L instead of 2 PL and P L instead of PL .
1.23
Bruhn Errata
Page A8.8 Method of Dummy-Unit Loads, Singly Redundant Truss
a b
100 '' 173.21 ''
A 45.00° B 30.00° C
h
0.20 100 ''
0.20 0.40
1,000 lb
Column 1, second table u = 1.224 should be 1.225 or 1.2247
Length, Area, Load, Unit True Load

Member L A S Load, S u x L / A ux 2 L / A S+Xu
(in) (in^2) (lb) ux (lb)
AO 141.42 0.20 0 1.2247 0 1,060.7 335.5

BO 100 0.20 1,000 -1.3660 -6.8E+05 933.0 625.8
CO 200 0.40 0 1 0 500.0 273.9
S = -6.8E+05 2,493.67
1.24
Page A8.9 Method of Dummy-Unit Loads, Singly Redundant Truss
Column 2, second table u‟ = 0.578 should be 0.577 or 0.5774
Length, Area, Load, Unit

Member L A S* Load, S ux L / A
(in) (in^2) (lb) u
AO 141.42 0.20 335.5 0 0

BO 100 0.20 625.8 0.5774 180,667
CO 200 0.40 273.9 -1.1547 -158,135
S 22,531.5
Page A8.11 Method of Dummy-Unit Loads, Doubly Redundant Truss
4‟ 3‟ 2‟
a b c d
465 lb 523 lb
900 lb 415 lb
6‟
2,000 lb
Table A8.3
Length, Area, Load, Unit Unit True Load

Member L A S Load, Load, S ux L / A S uy L / A u x 2 L / A uy2 L / A ux uy L/A S+Xu
(in) (in^2) (lb) ux uy (x10E-6) (x10E-6) (lb)
ae 86.53 0.20 0 0.806 1.154 0 0 281.23 576.30 402.58 899.95

be 72.00 0.10 2,000 -1.565 -1.728 -22.54 -24.89 1,764.00 2,151.15 1,947.98 465.19
ce 80.50 0.20 0 1 0 0 0 402.49 0 0 522.59
de 93.72 0.30 0 0 1 0 0 0.0 312.41 0 414.71
S = -22.54 -24.89 2447.73 3039.85 2350.56
1.25
Bruhn Errata
Page A8.21 Continuous Truss
Column 2
Loading for column { g i2 } of the matrix [ g im ]
[ g i2 ] 0 -0.5 0 0 0
0 0 -0.56 -0.56 -0.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.25 0.25 0 0 0 0 0
1 lb
should be
[ g i2 ] 0 -0.5 0 0 0
0 0 -0.56 0.56 0.56 -0.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.25 0.25 0 0 0 0 0
2 1 lb 2 2
For A 1-7 = 1.00 in A 8-15 = 0.50 in A 16-31 = 1.00 in
Member Flexibility Coefficient
L 1-7 / A 1-7 = 20 / 1.00 = 20 L 8-15 / A 8-15 = 20 / 0.50 = 40 L 16-31 / A 16-31 = 22.361 / 1.00 = 22.361
ai = 1/E
20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.36 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.36 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.36 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.36 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.36 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.36 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22.36
1.26
Matrix [ g im ]
[ g i1 ] 1 0.50 0 0 0
1.118 -1.118 -0.56 0.56 -0.56 0.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.50 -0.75 -0.25 0 0 0 0 0
1 lb 1.50 0.50
[ g i2 ] 0 -0.50 0 0 0
0 0 -0.56 0.56 0.56 -0.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.25 0.25 0 0 0 0 0
0.50 1 lb 0.50
[ g i3 ] 0 0 0 -0.50 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.56 0.56 0.56 -0.56 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0.25 0
0.50 1 lb 0.50
[ g i4 ] 0 0 0 0.50 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.56 -0.56 0.56 -0.56 -1.118 1.118
0 0 0 0 0 -0.25 -0.75 -0.50
0.50 1.50 1 lb
Figure A8.30a
0 0.50 1 0.50 0 0
[ g i3 ]
0 0 0.56 -0.56 0.56 -0.56 -0.56 0.56 -0.56 0.56 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 -0.25 -0.75 -0.75 -0.25 0 0 0
1.27
Bruhn Errata
Figure A8.30b
Missing the “1#” label
0 0 0.50 1 0.50 0
[ g i5 ]
0 0 0 0 0 0.56 -0.56 0.56 -0.56 -0.56 0.56 -0.56 0.56 0 0
0 0 0 -0.25 -0.75 -0.75 -0.25 0
Calculations
Bruhn, page A8.22
1 135.9 -7.951
[ a rs ] = [ g ri ] [ a ij ] [ g js ] =
E -7.951 135.9
1 -7.951 -15 0 0
[ a rn ] = [ g ri ] [ a ij ] [ g jn ] =
E 0 0 -15 -7.951
0.00738 0.00043 E 136.1 7.962

[ a r s ] -1 = E =
0.00043 0.00738 18,432 7.962 136.1
0.0074 0.0004 1 -7.951 -15 0 0 -0.0587 -0.1108 -0.0065 -0.0034

[ a r s ] -1 [ a r n ] = E x =
0.0004 0.0074 E 0 0 -15 -7.951 -0.0034 -0.0065 -0.1108 -0.0587
0.0587 0.1108 0.0065 0.0034

- [ a r s ] -1 [ a r n ] =
0.0034 0.0065 0.1108 0.0587
1.28
[ g im ] - [ a r s ] -1 [ a r n ] [ g i r ] =
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0.50 -0.50 0 0 0.029 0.055 0.003 0.002 0.529 -0.445 0.003 0.002
0 0 0 0 0.059 0.111 0.006 0.003 0.059 0.111 0.006 0.003
0 0 0 0 0.031 0.059 0.059 0.031 0.031 0.059 0.059 0.031
0 0 0 0 0.003 0.006 0.111 0.059 0.003 0.006 0.111 0.059
0 0 -0.50 0.50 0.002 0.003 0.055 0.029 0.002 0.003 -0.445 0.529
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
-0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.50 0 0 0
-0.75 0.25 0 0 -0.015 -0.028 -0.002 -0.001 -0.765 0.222 -0.002 0
-0.25 0.25 0 0 -0.044 -0.083 -0.005 -0.003 -0.294 0.167 -0.005 -0.003
0 0 0 0 -0.045 -0.085 -0.033 -0.017 -0.045 -0.085 -0.033 -0.017
0 0 0 0 -0.017 -0.033 -0.085 -0.045 -0.017 -0.033 -0.085 -0.045
0 0 0.25 -0.25 -0.003 -0.005 -0.083 -0.044 -0.003 -0.005 0.167 -0.294
0 0 0.25 -0.75 -0.001 -0.002 -0.028 -0.015 0 -0.002 0.222 -0.765
0 0 0 -0.50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.50
[ G im ] = 1.118 0 0 0 +- 0 0 0 0 = 1.118 0 0 0
-1.118 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.118 0 0 0
-0.559 -0.559 0 0 0.033 0.062 0.004 0.002 -0.526 -0.497 0.004 0.002
0.559 0.559 0 0 -0.033 -0.062 -0.004 -0.002 0.526 0.497 -0.004 -0.002
-0.559 0.559 0 0 0.033 0.062 0.004 0.002 -0.526 0.621 0.004 0.002
0.559 -0.559 0 0 -0.033 -0.062 -0.004 -0.002 0.526 -0.621 -0.004 -0.002
0 0 0 0 -0.031 -0.058 0.058 0.031 -0.031 -0.058 0.058 0.031
0 0 0 0 0.031 0.058 -0.058 -0.031 0.031 0.058 -0.058 -0.031
0 0 0 0 -0.031 -0.058 0.058 0.031 -0.031 -0.058 0.058 0.031
0 0 0 0 0.031 0.058 -0.058 -0.031 0.031 0.058 -0.058 -0.031
0 0 -0.559 0.559 -0.002 -0.004 -0.062 -0.033 -0.002 -0.004 -0.621 0.526
0 0 0.559 -0.559 0.002 0.004 0.062 0.033 0.002 0.004 0.621 -0.526
0 0 0.559 0.559 -0.002 -0.004 -0.062 -0.033 -0.002 -0.004 0.497 0.526
0 0 -0.559 -0.559 0.002 0.004 0.062 0.033 0.002 0.004 -0.497 -0.526
0 0 0 -1.118 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.118
0 0 0 1.118 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.118
Example
For P1 = P2 = P3 = P4 = 1,000 lb
1,000 90 179 179 179 90 1,000
1,118 -1,118 -1,018 1,018 100 -100 0 0 0 0 -100 100 1,018 -1,018 -1,118 1,118
-500 -545 -135 -179 -179 -135 -545 -500
1,000 lb 1,000 lb 1,000 lb 1,000 lb
1.29
Bruhn Errata
Member Forces for Unit Applied External Loads
Elmer F. Bruhn, Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, page A8.22.
Check the signs on the member forces with a white background:
1 0 0 0
0.529 -0.445 0.003 0.002
0.059 0.111 0.006 0.003
0.031 0.059 0.059 0.031
0.003 0.006 0.111 0.059
0.002 0.003 -0.445 0.529
0 0 0 1
-0.500 0 0 0
-0.765 0.222 -0.002 0
-0.294 0.167 -0.005 -0.003
-0.045 -0.085 -0.033 -0.017
-0.017 -0.033 -0.085 -0.045
-0.003 -0.005 0.167 -0.294
0 -0.002 0.222 -0.765
0 0 0 -0.500
[ G im ] = 1.118 0 0 0
-1.118 0 0 0
-0.526 -0.497 0.004 0.002
0.526 0.497 -0.004 -0.002
-0.526 0.621 0.004 0.002
0.526 -0.621 -0.004 -0.002
-0.031 -0.058 0.058 0.031
0.031 0.058 -0.058 -0.031
-0.031 -0.058 0.058 0.031
0.031 0.058 -0.058 -0.031
-0.002 -0.004 -0.621 0.526
0.002 0.004 0.621 -0.526
-0.002 -0.004 0.497 0.526
0.002 0.004 -0.497 -0.526
0 0 0 -1.118
0 0 0 1.118
1.30
Page A8.23 Tubular Tail Fuselage Truss
D
B P1
F P2
J
P3
G
I
H
15” 5”
35” 25”
5”
25” 11.43”
1.31
Bruhn Errata
Figure A8.31
Length Area
Member Number L A L/A
( in ) ( in2 ) ( in-1 )
AB 1 35.474 0.565 62.79

BC 2 25.420 0.499 50.94
BD 3 9.200 0.165 55.76
CD 4 25.420 0.499 50.94
DE 5 35.474 0.565 62.79
FG 6 35.474 0.565 62.79
GH 7 25.341 0.565 44.85
HI 8 5.000 0.165 30.30
IJ 9 25.341 0.565 44.85
GJ 10 9.200 0.165 55.76
JK 11 35.474 0.565 62.79
AG 12 40.415 0.630 64.15
BG 13 15.000 0.165 90.91
BH 14 27.569 0.500 55.14
HC 15 11.700 0.395 29.62
IC 16 11.700 0.395 29.62
DI 17 27.569 0.500 55.14
DJ 18 15.000 0.165 90.91
EJ 19 40.415 0.630 64.15
AD 20 37.369 0.565 66.14
FJ 21 37.369 0.565 66.14
GI 22 26.233 0.500 52.47
DG 23 17.597 0.165 106.65
BJ 24 17.597 0.165 106.65
Joint Coordinates
Joint x y z
A 0 25.00 0
B 2.90 20.00 35.00
C 7.50 20.00 60.00
D 12.10 20.00 35.00
E 15.00 25.00 0
F 0 0 0
G 2.90 5.00 35.00
H 5.00 8.57 60.00
I 10.00 8.57 60.00
J 12.10 5.00 35.00
K 15.00 0 0
1.32
Statics
Page A8.23, Column 2 Joint C
Joint C
x y z x y z
C 7.5 20 60 C 7.5 20 60
B 2.9 20 35 D 12.1 20 35
BC i j k CD i j k
#2 -4.6 0 -25 #4 4.6 0 -25
25.41968 in 25.41968 in
a b  a b 
cos -0.180962 0 -0.98349 cos 0.180962 0 -0.9834901
100.426° 90° 169.574° 79.57419° 90° 169.5742°
x y z x y z
C 7.5 20 60 C 7.5 20 60
H 5 8.57 60 I 10 8.57 60
HC i j k IC i j k
# 15 -2.5 -11.43 0 # 16 2.5 -11.43 0
11.70021 in 11.70021 in
a b  a b 
cos -0.213671 -0.976906 0 cos 0.213671 -0.976906 0
102.338° 167.662° 90° 77.66241° 167.6624° 90°
1.02364 1.02364
SFx = 0 0.21367 q16 – 0.21367 q15 +0.180962 q4 – 0.180962 q2 + P2 = 0
0.21367 q16 – 0.21367 q15 + 0.18096 q4 – 0.18096 q2 = - P2
SFy = 0 – 0.97691 q15 – 0.97691 q16 + P1 = 0
0.97691 q15 + 0.97691 q16 = – P1
q15 + q16 = – 1.02364 P1
SFz = 0 – 0.98349 q2 – 0.98349 q4 = 0
q2 + q4 = 0
1.33
Bruhn Errata
Joint B
x y z x y z
B 2.9 20 35 B 2.9 20 35
A 0 25 0 C 7.5 20 60
AB i j k BC i j k
#1 -2.9 5 -35 #2 4.6 0 25
35.47408 in 25.41968 in
a b  a b 
cos -0.08175 0.140948 -0.986636 cos 0.180962 0 0.9834901
94.6892° 81.8973° 170.622° 79.57419° 90° 10.42581°
x y z x y z
B 2.9 20 35 B 2.9 20 35
D 12.1 20 35 G 2.9 5 35
BD i j k BG i j k
#3 9.2 0 0 # 13 0 -15 0
9.2 in 15 in
a b  a b 
cos 1 0 0 cos 0 -1 0
0° 90° 90° 90° 180° 90°
x y z x y z
B 2.9 20 35 B 2.9 20 35
H 5 8.57 60 J 12.1 5 35
BH i j k BJ i j k
# 14 2.1 -11.43 25 # 24 9.2 -15 0
27.56909 in 17.59659 in
a b  a b 
cos 0.076172 -0.414595 0.906813 cos 0.522829 -0.852438 0
85.6314° 114.494° 24.9315° 58.47782° 148.4778° 90°
SFx = 0 – 0.08175 q1 + 0.18096 q2 + q3 + 0 q13 + 0.07617 q14 + 0.52283 q24 = 0
0.08175 q1 – 0.18096 q2 – q3 – 0.07617 q14 = 0.52283 q24
SFy = 0 0.14095 q1 + 0 q2 + 0 q3 – q13 – 0.41460 q14 – 0.85244 q24 = 0
– 0.14095 q1 + q13 + 0.41460 q14 = – 0.85244 q24
SFz = 0 – 0.98664 q1 + 0.98349 q2 + 0 q3 + 0 q13 + 0.90681 q14 + 0 q24 = 0
0.98664 q1 – 0.98349 q2 – 0.90681 q14 = 0
q1 – 0.99681 q2 – 0.91910 q14 = 0 and so on …
1.34
Joints
q2 q4 q 15 q 16 P1 P2 P3
C 1 SFx = 0 -0.18096 0.18096 -0.21367 0.21367 -1
SFy = 0 0 0 -0.97691 -0.97691 1
2 SFy = 0 0 0 1 1 -1.02364
3 SFz = 0 -0.98349 -0.98349 0 0
q7 q8 q 14 q 15
H 4 SFx = 0 -0.08287 1 -0.07617 0.21367
5 SFy = 0 -0.14088 0 0.41459 0.97691
6 SFz = 0 -0.98655 0 -0.9068126 0
q8 q9 q 16 q 17 q 22 P1 P2 P3
I 7 SFx = 0 -1 0.08287 -0.21367 0.07617 -0.27065 -1
8 SFy = 0 0 -0.14088 0.97691 0.41459 -0.13609
9 SFz = 0 0 -0.98655 0.00000 -0.90681 -0.95301
q1 q2 q3 q13 q14 q24

B 10 SFx = 0 -0.08175 0.18096 1 0 0.07617 0.52283
11 SFy = 0 0.14095 0 0 -1 -0.41459 -0.85244
SFz = 0 -0.98664 0.98349 0 0 0.90681 0
12 SFz = 0 1 -0.996811 -0.919095 0
q3 q4 q5 q17 q18 q20

D 13 SFx = 0 -1 -0.18096 0.08175 -0.07617 0 -0.32380
14 SFy = 0 0 0 0.14095 -0.41459 -1 0.13380
15 SFz = 0 0 0.98349 -0.98664 0.90681 0 -0.93662
q6 q7 q10 q12 q13 q22 q23

G 16 SFx = 0 -0.08175 0.08287 1 -0.07175 0 0.27065 0.52283
17 SFy = 0 -0.14095 0.14088 0 0.49486 1 0.13609 0.85244
18 SFz = 0 -0.98664 0.98655 0 -0.86601 0 0.95301 0
q9 q10 q11 q18 q19 q21 q24

J 19 SFx = 0 -0.08287 -1 0.08175 0 0.071755 -0.3238015 -0.52283
20 SFy = 0 0.14088 0 -0.14095 1 0.49486 -0.1338023 0.85244
21 SFz = 0 0.98655 0 -0.98664 0 -0.866005 -0.936616 0
q22 q23 q24 q22 q23 q24

22 GI q22 = q22 1 1
23 DG q23 = q23 1 1
24 BJ q24 = q24 1 1
Matrix [ C ij ]
0 0.181 0 0.181 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.214 -0.214 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.983 0 -0.983 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.083 1 0 0 0 0 0 0.076 0.214 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.141 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.415 0.977 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.987 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.907 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 0.083 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.214 -0.076 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.141 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.977 -0.415 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.987 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.907 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.082 0.181 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.076 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.141 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -0.415 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0.997 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.919 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0.181 0.082 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.076 0 0 0.324 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0.141 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.415 -1 0 -0.134 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 -0.983 -0.987 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.907 0 0 0.937 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.082 0.083 0 0 1 0.072 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.141 0.141 0 0 0 -0.495 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.987 0.987 0 0 0 0.866 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.083 1 0.082 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.072 0 0.324 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.141 0 -0.141 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1 -0.495 0 0.134 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.987 0 -0.987 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.866 0 0.937 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
1.35
Bruhn Errata
Inverse of [ C ij ] Matrix
-2.754 -0.825 -0.507 -1.107 1.6892 -0.148 -1.107 -2E-16 -0.093 5E-16 0 1 -5E-16 1E-48 -7E-17 0 0 0 0 8E-17 0 0 0 0
2.763 2E-16 0.5084 -2.763 0 0.2321 -2.763 -6E-16 -0.232 -5E-16 0 0 5E-16 -1E-48 1E-16 0 0 0 0 2E-16 0 0 0 0
-0.275 -9E-04 -0.051 0.2705 0.0019 -0.023 0.2705 6E-17 0.0227 1 0 -0.082 -4E-17 1E-49 -1E-17 0 0 0 0 -2E-17 0 0 0 0
2.763 2E-16 -0.508 -2.763 0 0.2321 -2.763 -6E-16 -0.232 -5E-16 0 0 5E-16 -1E-48 1E-16 0 0 0 0 2E-16 0 0 0 0
-2.754 0.8295 0.746 -1.107 -0.005 0.0937 -1.107 -1.694 0.1488 -2.365 0 0.1933 2.3649 -7E-33 -0.818 0 0 0 0 8E-17 0 0 0 0
-0.483 1.2344 0.089 2.4475 -1.693 -0.98 2.4475 -0.834 -0.567 0 0 0 0 -1.245 -0.178 2.0758 0 0.8416 -2.076 1.2455 0.5397 0 0 0
3E-16 -0.825 -3E-17 -3.862 1.6894 1.0968 -3.862 -8E-16 -0.324 0 0 0 0 0 7E-17 0 0 0 0 3E-16 0 0 0 0
4E-17 -0.107 -4E-18 0.5 0 -0.042 -0.5 -1E-16 -0.042 0 0 0 0 0 9E-18 0 0 0 0 3E-17 0 0 0 0
3E-16 0.8252 -3E-17 -3.862 0 0.3244 -3.862 -1.689 -1.097 0 0 0 0 0 7E-17 0 0 0 0 3E-16 0 0 0 0
-3E-19 0.0009 4E-20 0.0044 -0.002 -0.001 0.0044 8E-19 0.0004 0 0 0 0 0 -8E-20 1 0 -0.083 0 -3E-19 0 0 0 0
0.5508 -0.466 -0.101 1.611 0.0045 -0.133 1.611 0.9502 1.0158 0 0 0 0 1.419 0.2027 -2.365 0 0.196 2.3649 -1.419 -0.615 0 0 0
-0.341 0.2885 0.0627 -0.996 -0.003 0.0824 -0.996 -0.588 -0.628 0 0 0 0 -0.878 -0.125 1.4629 -1 0.0216 -1.463 0.8777 0.3804 0 0 0
0.3882 -0.256 0.0714 -1.586 0.5239 0.0584 -1.586 -3E-16 -0.133 0 -1 -0.141 0 0 3E-17 0 0 0 0 1E-16 0 0 0 0
-3E-16 0.8977 4E-17 4.2015 -1.838 -0.09 4.2015 8E-16 0.3529 0 0 0 0 0 -7E-17 0 0 0 0 -3E-16 0 0 0 0
-2E-16 0.5 2E-17 2.34 0 -0.197 2.34 5E-16 0.1966 0 0 0 0 0 -4E-17 0 0 0 0 -2E-16 0 0 0 0
2E-16 0.5 -2E-17 -2.34 0 0.1966 -2.34 -5E-16 -0.197 0 0 0 0 0 4E-17 0 0 0 0 2E-16 0 0 0 0
3E-16 0.8977 -4E-17 -4.202 0 0.3529 -4.202 -1.838 -0.09 0 0 0 0 0 7E-17 0 0 0 0 3E-16 0 0 0 0
-0.388 -0.256 0.0714 1.5858 0 -0.133 1.5858 0.5239 0.0584 0 0 0 0 -1 -0.143 0 0 0 0 -1E-16 0 0 0 0
0.6276 0.4138 -0.115 -2.564 0 0.2154 -2.564 -0.847 -0.095 0 0 0 0 1.6166 0.2309 0 0 0 0 -1.617 0.2309 0 0 0
-1E-16 0.0046 0.252 1E-16 -0.005 0.0007 1E-16 -0.005 0.0007 -2.491 0 0.2037 2.4912 -8E-33 0.2064 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-5E-34 -0.005 0 2E-17 0.0047 0.0022 2E-17 0.0047 0.0022 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.491 0 0.2064 2.4912 0 0.2064 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Unit Stress Distribution– Determinate Structure [ g im g ir ]
[ P1 P2 P3 q22 q23 q24 ] page A8.24
External Load Redundant Load
0 -1 0 0 0 0 -0.845 2.75 1.11 -0.39 0 0

1.024 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.76 2.76 -0.97 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.001 0.27 -0.27 0.09 0 0.523
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -2.76 2.76 -0.97 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.849 2.75 1.11 -0.39 0 -1.236
0 0 0 0 0 0 1.264 0.48 -2.45 1.37 -1.085 -2.147
0 0 -1 0.271 0 0 -0.845 -3E-16 3.862 -1.354 0 -2E-16
0 0 0 0.136 0 0 -0.109 -4E-17 0.5 -0.175 0 -3E-17
0 0 0 0.953 0 0 0.845 -3E-16 3.862 -2.320 0 -2E-16
0 0 0 0 0 0.523 0.001 3E-19 -0.004 0.193 -0.523 3E-19
0 0 0 0 0 -0.852 -0.477 -0.551 -1.611 1.080 1.236 2.446
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.295 0.341 0.996 -0.668 0.088 -1.513
x =
0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.262 -0.388 1.586 -0.556 0 0.852
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.919 3E-16 -4.202 1.474 0 3E-16
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.512 2E-16 -2.340 0.821 0 1E-16
0 0 0 0.271 -0.523 0 0.512 -2E-16 2.340 -0.821 0 -1E-16
0 0 0 0.136 -0.852 0 0.919 -3E-16 4.202 -1.474 0 -3E-16
0 0 0 0.953 0 0 -0.262 0.388 -1.586 0.556 0 9E-17
0 0 0 0 0 0.523 0.424 -0.628 2.564 -0.899 0 1.378
0 0 0 0 0 -0.852 0 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 -1.302
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5E-34 0.000 -0.475 1.302 1.302
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
and so on …
1.36
Page A8.25 Idealized Box Beam
30 ''
1,000 lb P6
P5 P4
600 lb
1,000 lb
10 ''
P3 600 lb
0.330 in2
typical 400 lb P2
20 '' P1
400 lb
2.5 ''
20 ''
20 '' 0.120 in2 15 ''

typical
For E = 10 E6 psi G = 3.85 E6 psi
Length Area Thickness a i i a jj Upr & Lwr Skin
Panel h1 h2 L S t S/Gt ( h1 / h2 ) 2 a ii 2 a jj
( in ) ( in ) ( in ) ( in2 ) ( in )
Bay 1 Skin 25 30 20 550 in2 0.032 44,643 / E 31,002 / E 62,004 / E
Bay 2 Skin 20 25 20 450 in2 0.025 46,753 / E 29,922 / E 59,844 / E
Bay 3 Skin 15 20 20 350 in2 0.020 45,455 / E 25,568 / E 51,136 / E
Bay 1 Spar Web 7.5 10.0 20 175 in2 0.065 6,993 / E 3,934 / E
Bay 2 Spar Web 5.0 7.5 20 125 in2 0.050 6,494 / E 2,886 / E
Bay 3 Spar Web 2.5 5.0 20 75 in2 0.040 4,870 / E 1,218 / E
Matrix
ai j = 1 / E
1,218 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 51,136 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1,218 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 134.5 0 0 0 0 24.64 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 134.5 0 0 0 0 24.64 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 2,886 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 59,844 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
[ a ij ] = 1 / E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,886 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 24.64 0 0 0 0 80.7 0 0 0 0 14.69 0
0 0 0 0 24.64 0 0 0 0 80.7 0 0 0 0 14.69
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,934 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 62,004 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,934 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.69 0 0 0 0 27.62 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14.69 0 0 0 0 27.62
1.37
Bruhn Errata
Tapered Bar
2 2
L = 60 inches A i = 0.120 in A j = 0.330 in A i / A j = 0.364
 i i = 0.7310  i j = 0.5569  j j = 0.4558
a i i = [ L / ( 3 A i E ) ]  i i = 121.84 / E
a i j = [ L / ( 6 A i E ) ]  i j = 46.41 / E
a j j = [ L / ( 3 A j E ) ]  j j = 27.62 / E a j j = 27.62 / E
See Bruhn page A7.23
Figure A7.34c Tapered Member Coefficients

1
0.9
 ii
0.8
 ij
0.7
 jj
0.6

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Ai/Aj
1.38
My Results (Bruhn, page A8.26)
[ a rs ] = [ g ri ] [ a ij ] [ g js ] [ g js ] = [ g ir ]
0.3873 0.1935 0.0513

[ a rs ] = 1,000,000 / E 0.1935 0.2895 0.0722
0.0513 0.0722 0.1254
[ a rn ] = [ g ri ] [ a ij ] [ g jn ] [ g jn ] = [ g im ]
-0.0348 0.0349 -0.0031 0.0100 -0.0016 0.0016

[ a r n ] = 1,000,000 / E -0.0251 0.0248 -0.0052 0.0126 -0.0022 0.0022
-0.0081 0.0081 -0.0039 0.0048 -0.0023 0.0023
3.8781 -2.5649 -0.1097

[ a rs ] -1
= E / 1,000,000 -2.5649 5.7284 -2.2472
-0.03484 0.03493
-0.1097 -0.00308
-2.2472 0.01001
9.3106 -0.00158 0.00158
[ a rn ] = -0.02514 0.02485 -0.00516 0.01260 -0.00223 0.00223
-0.00812 0.00812 -0.00386 0.00475 -0.00228 0.00228
[ G sn ] = - [ a rs ] [ a rn ]
-1
0.0697 -0.0708 -0.0017 -0.0060 0.0002 -0.00017

[ G sn ] = 0.0364 -0.0345 0.0130 -0.0358 0.0036 -0.0036
0.0153 -0.0159 0.0240 -0.0148 0.0160 -0.0160
True Stresses
[ G im ] = [ g im ] - [ g ir ] [ G rm ] [ G rm ] = [ G sn ]
1.39
Bruhn Errata
Page A8.32 Influence Coefficient Matrix – Redundant Truss
Influence Coefficients
4‟ 3‟ 2‟
 432 0 0 0  a b c d
 0 
a ij 
1 
E 
0 720 0
0 0 402 0 
0.10 in
2
0.20 in
2
 
 0 0 0 312  0.20 in
2
0.30 in
2
6‟
Using my values for L / A from Problem 3 on page A8.11…
e
 432.67 0 0 0 
 
a ij  

0
0
720
0
0
402.49
0
0

 2,000 lb
 
 0 0 0 312.41 
Length, Area, True Load
Member L A S+Xu
2
Unit Load Distribution ( in ) ( in ) ( lb )
ae 86.53 0.20 900.16

0.8062 1.1541 be 72.00 0.10 465.31
-1.5652 -1.7285 ce 80.50 0.20 521.91
[ g ir ] =
1 0 de 93.72 0.30 415.51
0 1
Transpose
0.8062 -1.5652 1 0
[ g ri ] =
1.1541 -1.7285 0 1
Multiply
348.83 -1,126.98 402.49 0

[ a ij ] { g ri } = 1 / E
499.34 -1,244.52 0 312.41
1.40
Determinate Stress Distribution
[ g 41 ] = 0.280 should be [ g 41 ] = 0.208 or 0.207 depending on significant digits of [ g i r ] … etc.
 0.450   0.450 
 0.232   0.233 
   
 gim  TRUE    should be  gim  TRUE   
 0.260   0.261 
 0.280   0.207 
Dividing the forces from Example Problem 3 on page A8.11 by 2,000 yields the distribution above. Using a
percentage will give you the same distribution.
Redundant Forces
First Second Third % Problem 3

( Cut ) ( Guess ) ( True ) ( True ) ( page A8.11 )
0 0.400 0.4500 0.391 899.95

1 0.258 0.2326 0.202 465.19
{ g im } = lb
0 0.400 0.2613 0.227 522.59
0 0.0672 0.2074 0.180 414.71
2,302.44 lb
-1,127.0 9.77 0.00 0.00
[ a rn ] = 1/E
-1,244.5 -100.35 0.00 0.00
Note:
  1126  1
a    g   a  g    
  1245  E I
rn CUT ri ij jn CUT
should be …
  1126  1
a    g   a  g    
  1245  E
rn CUT ri ij jn CUT
1.41
Bruhn Errata
Page A11.9 Moment Distribution Method – Fixed Beam with Support Deflections
Column 1, Figure A11.18
The “d” dimension is missing an arrow.
d and L should be d 2 L 2
2 2
Below Figure A11.18, to avoid any possible confusion
ML L  ML 5
    L
4EI 6 4EI 6
should look something like this:
 ML  L    ML  5   4 M L2
           L  
 4EI  6    4 EI  6   24 E I
1  L  M ML
where the area of each moment curve A    
2  2  EI 4EI
M L2
Therefore  
6EI

2

M
E I
M L
4 E I
M L
4 E I
L/6
M
L/2 
E I
5L/ 6
1.42
Page A11.9 Moment Distribution Method – Continuous Beam with Deflected Supports
Column 2, “The fixed-end moments for a trapezoidal loading from Table A11.4 …”
Table A11.4 should be Table A11.1 (page A11.3)
Page A11.13 Fuselage Side Truss
Example Problem #8
P1
120 lb
M1 Assume
3,200 in-lb 50% Fixity
12''
B 29.25” 12” E 38.50” G 34.00” I
41.25”
P2
Engine
Engine 34.50” 100 lb 34.50”
Mount
Mount
Assume
50% Fixity
10''
10” 20”
A 19.25” C 30.00” D 30.50” F 34.00” H
M2 M3
2,400 in-lb Landing
Landing -2,400 in-lb
Gear
Gear
Example Problem #8, Table A11.2 Second instance of member “CD” in Column 1 should be “CE”.
Upper tubes are longer than the lower tubes yet AB and FG are both 34.50 inches long. Using DF = 30.50
inches (instead of 30 inches) and EG = 38.50 inches (instead of 38 inches) I get the following lengths:
ED = 35.42 inch instead of 35.40 inch DG = 46.05 inch instead of 46.00 inch
BC = 39.51 inch instead of 39.50 inch FI = 48.44 inch instead of 48.50 inch
CE = 40.92 inch instead of 41.00 inch
Moments (in-lb)
Mab = -1,614.5 Med = -111.7 Mac = -785.3 Mfd = 206.3
Mba = -1,863.1 Meg = -201.2 Mca = -51.3 Mdg = 452.7
Mbc = -652.5 Mge = -117.4 Mbe = -684.2 Mgd = 192.0
Mcb = -159.9 Mfg = -67.0 Meb = 397.5 Mfi = -47.8
Mcd = -212.7 Mgf = -51.3 Mce = -1.5 Mif = -13.7
Mdc = 1,098.3 Mgi = -22.1 Mec = -100.2 Mhf = -25.4
Mde = 207.3 Mig = -6.3 Mdf = 641.7 Mfh = -88.7
1.43
Bruhn Errata
Page A11.15 Moment Distribution Method – Fixed Beam with Variable Inertia
Table A11.3
Static M / I Curve Trial M / I Curve Trial M / I Curve
Beam Avg Ord. Mom. Arm Moment Avg Ord. Mom. Arm Moment Avg Ord. Mom. Arm Moment
Portion y x yx y x yx y x yx
1 106.7 2.67 284 110 2.06 226.7 6.7 2.67 17.8
2 397.6 6.31 2,508 132.7 6.06 804.8 24.8 6.31 156.8
3 770.9 10.16 7,835 142.7 10.01 1,429.1 48.2 10.16 489.7
4 1,120.0 14.10 15,787 130.0 14.05 1,826.7 70.0 14.10 986.7
5 1,440.0 18.07 26,027 110.0 18.06 1,986.7 90.0 18.07 1,626.7
6 1,760.0 22.06 38,827 90.0 22.07 1,986.7 110.0 22.06 2,426.7
7 1,614.5 26.13 42,182 67.3 26.13 1,757.6 123.6 26.02 3,217.0
8 974.5 30.23 29,459 40.6 30.23 1,227.5 117.0 30.06 3,516.0
9 420.0 34.35 14,427 17.5 34.35 601.1 90.8 34.12 3,098.9
10 100.0 38.67 3,867 4.2 38.67 161.1 62.5 38.13 2,383.3
8,704.2 181,202 845.0 12,007.9 743.6 17,919.4
It appears that the orientations of the trapezoids from the moment diagram were not considered when
calculating xbar for some areas. I calculate xbar from the left of each area using xbar = 2/3 (x2-x1) for the
triangular portion of areas with the point on left side and xbar = 1/3 (x2-x1) for the triangular portion of
areas with the point on the right side. My guess is that x bar = 2/3 (x2-x1) was used throughout the analysis
regardless of the orientation of the trapezoid.
Static M / I Curve: The sum of the average ordinate, y is wrong in Bruhn. Adding up the values in his
table yields 8,704 instead of 8,504. This gives a value for x bar = 179,809 / 8,704 = 20.66 inch instead of
21.15 inch. The last four values in my column for Moment Arm, x take into account the x bar discussion
above. xbar = 181,202 / 8,704.2 = 20.82 inch.
Trial MA / I Curve: The last eight values in the column for Moment Arm, x take into account the x bar
discussion above. xbar = 12,008 / 845.0 = 14.21 in
Trial MB / I Curve: The last three values in the column for Moment Arm, x take into account the x bar
discussion above. xbar = 17,919.4 / 743.6 = 24.10 in
Fixed End Moments My numbers yield MA = -341.7 in-lb and MB = 782.3 in-lb
Carry Over Factors My numbers yield COFBA = 0.543 and COFAB = 0.670
Constant, c cBA = 0.721 and cAB = 0.877
Stiffness Factors KBA = 0.721 I / L and KAB = 0.877 I / L
1.44
Page A11.16 Moment Distribution Method – Fixed Beam with Variable Inertia
M P = 100 lb M
a b
24 in 16 in
Figure A11.27
Figure A11.27 Inertia vs. Position 2

2.0
Moment of Inertia, I
1.5 1.2
1
1.0 0.75 0.75
(in 4 )
0.55 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.55

0.5
0.0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
Position, x (in)
Figure A11.28
Figure A11.28 Moment vs. Position (Simply Supported)

1,200
960
1,000
(in-lb)
800
720
800 640
Moment, M
600 480 480
320
400 240
160
200
0 0
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
Position, x (in)
1.45
Bruhn Errata
Figure A11.29
Figure A11.29 Trial MA vs. Position

0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 0
40
-20 -10
A
-20
Trial Moment, M
-40 -30
-40
(in-lb)
-60 -50
-60
-80 -70
-80
-100 -90
-100
-120
Position, x (in)
Figure A11.29 Trial MB vs. Position

0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
-20 -10
A
-20
Trial Moment, M
-40 -30
-40
-60 -50
-60
-80 -70
-80
-100 -90
-100
-120
Position, x (in)
Figure A11.30a
Moment / Inertia at x = 24 inches should be 1,920 not 1,420
Figure A11.30a Moment / Inertia Curve (M / I)

2,500
1,920
2,000
1,600
Moment / Inertia
1,500 1,280 1,309
960
1,000
582 640
20.82
500 213 200
0 0
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
Position, x (in)
1.46
Figure A11.30b
Figure A11.30b -MA / I vs. Position

0
0
-20 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36
-8
40
-40 -27
14.21
-60
-M A / I
-55
-80
-100 -80
-120-100 -100
-140 -120 -120
-160 -145 -140
Position, x (in)
Figure A11.30c
Figure A11.30c -MB / I vs. Position

0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
-20
-13
-40 24.10
-36
-M A / I
-60 -50
-60
-80
-75
-80
-100
-100
-120 -107
-120
-140 -127
Position, x (in)
Moment / Inertia Diagram
Moment / Inertia Curve (M / I)

2,000 1,920
1,600
1,500 1,280 1,309

1,578
Moment / Inertia, M / I
960
1,258
1,000
967 640
582 938
500 618
213 200
0 0
240 298
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 0
40
-128 -142
-500-342 -391
Position, x (in)
1.47
Bruhn Errata
Page A11.21 Moment Distribution Method – Frame with Missing Diagonal Shear Member
Example Problem #3, Figure A11.42
Member bh is missing an inertia value. I use a value of “2” in my solution.
Distibution Factors 10.0 lb 10.0 lb 10.0 lb
DF = K / S K
0.800 0.384 0.384 0.571 0.286 0.624
a b c d
0.200 0.136 0.096 0.143 0.220 0.156
0.169 0.239 0.133 0.192 0.136 0.500
h g f e
0.592
Moments from Hardy Cross 0.46710.0 lb0.400 0.57610.0 lb0.096 0.50010.0 lb
Moments from Hardy Cross 10.0 lb 10.0 lb 10.0 lb

-4.273 -25.107 45.413 36.767 -19.097 -2.254
a b c d
-4.273 -25.107 45.413 36.767 -19.097 -2.254
a b c d
4.273 -8.689 -11.617 -17.670 -0.585 2.839
4.273 -8.689 -11.617 -17.670 -0.585 2.839
4.406 -1.136 -11.748 -17.370 -6.328 2.030
4.406 -1.136 -11.748 -17.370 -6.328 2.030

h g f e
-3.270 -22.424 34.171 28.980 -5.283 -2.030
h g f e
-3.270 -22.424 34.171 28.980 -5.283 -2.030
Final Moments 10.0 lb 10.0 lb 10.0 lb
Final Moments 10.0 lb 10.0 lb 10.0 lb

-35.3 -207.3 375.0 303.6 -157.7 -18.6
a b c d
-35.3 -207.3 375.0 303.6 -157.7 -18.6
a b c d
35.3 -71.7 -95.9 -145.9 -4.8 23.4
35.3 -71.7 -95.9 -145.9 -4.8 23.4
36.4 -9.4 -97.0 -143.4 -52.2 16.8
36.4 -9.4 -97.0 -143.4 -52.2 16.8

h g f e
-27.0 -185.2 282.2 239.3 -43.6 -16.8
h g f e
-27.0 -185.2 282.2 239.3 -43.6 -16.8
1.48
Page A11.24 Fixed-End Moment Coefficient, Uniformly Varying Load – Figure A11.49
Figure A11.49 The curves are derived from NACA TN-534, Table C, page 44.
I have ended CA at L / j = 4.1 (dashed curve to L / j = 4.5) and C B at L / j = 4.6 per Graph
IV on page 48 of NACA TN-534.
Page A11.25 Fixed-End Moment Coefficient, Concentrated Load – Figure A11.52
Figure A11.52 The curves are derived from NACA TN-534, Table D, page 45.
For L/j = 1.0 and a/L = 0.8 I am assuming that the value 1.2015 should be 1.0215.
For L/j = 1.0 and a/L = 0.9 I am assuming that the value .9654 should be .9854.
Page A11.25 Fixed-End Moment Coefficient for MA, Concentrated Load – Figure A11.54
Figure A11.54 The curves are derived from NACA TN-534, Table E, page 46.
For L/j = 2.0 and a/L = 0.5 of MA I am assuming that the value 1.0370 should be 1.0570.
Page A11.25 Fixed-End Moment Coefficient for MB, Concentrated Load – Figure A11.55
Figure A11.55 The curves are derived from NACA TN-534, Table E, page 46.
For L/j = 5.0 and a/L = 0.3 I am using the value 0.6846 instead of 0.6746.
1.49
Bruhn Errata
Page A11.26 Moment Distribution Method – Continuous Beam
Figure A11.57 Effect of Axial Load on Moment Distribution
It looks like the Joint C balance is wrong and the errors follow through Joint D.
Fixed
51.5 96 72
Stiffness Factor, K 0 0.00817 0.00363 0.01201 0.01201 1.0E+100
SK / K 0 1 0.232 0.768 0 1.000
Carry Over Factor 0 0.720 0 0.624 0.624
Fixed End Moment -884.1 862 -862 464 -464
Balance Joint B 0 22.0
Carry Over to C 15.8 (WAS) 148

(WAS) 146 (WAS) 243.8
Balance Joint C 88.8 293.6 (WAS) 314
Carry Over 0 183.1
Balance Joint D 0 280.8
Carry Over to D 0
Final Moments -884.1 884.1 -757.5 757.5 -280.8 280.8
This yields values of 183.1 vs. 148, 280.8 vs. 314 and Final Moments of ±757.5 vs. ±705.8 and ± 280.8
versus ± 314.
Page A11.26 Column Distribution Factor – Figure A11.56
Figure A11.56 The curve is derived from NACA TN-534, Table B, page 43.
I use the title for the abscissa in the NACA Technical Note of “Column Distribution Coefficient” instead of
“Column Distribution Factor”.
1.50
Page A11.27 Biplane Wing Example
Figure A11.58
C' B' A' A B C
Cabane Struts
Lift Strut Fuselage Lift Strut
Figure A11.59
Axial Beam Loads, Front Beam

P1 P2 P3 P4 P5
-507 -7,052 -1,006 -1,006 -2,187 -2,187 -1,006 -1,006 -7,052 -507
C' B' A' A B C
Beam A-B and Center Span A-A'

-11,758 -9,571 -8,565 -7,559
A' A B
-38,400 38,400 -20,855 20,855 -20,855 20,855 -38,400 38,400 in-lb
-202 0 Distributed Air Load vs. Position

40
-202 16
(lb/in)
-142 32 30
Air Load, w
-42 32
20
-42 31
42 31 10
42 32
142 32 0
-220 -200 -180 -160
202 -140 -120
16 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Position, x (in)
202 0
Bi-Plane Wing After ten iterations I get the following moments:
M = 38,400 in-lb M = 20,855 in-lb
1.51
Bruhn Errata
Solution
K 0 0.1498 0.0919 0.2355 0.2355 0.0919 0.1498 0
SK / K 0 1 0.281 0.719 0.719 0.281 1 0
COF 0 0.618 0 0.589 0.589 0 0.618 0
Fixed End Moments -38,400 28,540 -28,540 19,175 -19,175 28,540 -28,540 38,400
First Balancing 0 9,860 2,629 6,736 -6,736 -2,629 -9,860 0
Carry Over 0 6,091 -3,966 3,966 -6,091 0
Second Balancing 0 0 -596 -1,528 1,528 596 0 0
Carry Over 0 0 900 -900 0 0
Third Balancing 0 0 -253 -647 647 253 0 0
Carry Over 0 0 381 -381 0 0
Fourth Balancing 0 0 -107 -274 274 107 0 0
Carry Over 0 0 161 -161 0 0
Fifth Balancing 0 0 -45 -116 116 45 0 0
Carry Over 0 0 68 -68 0 0
Sixth Balancing 0 0 -19 -49 49 19 0 0
Carry Over 0 0 29 -29 0 0
Seventh Balancing 0 0 -8 -21 21 8 0 0
Carry Over 0 0 12 -12 0 0
Eighth Balancing 0 0 -3 -9 9 3 0 0
Carry Over 0 0 5 -5 0 0
Ninth Balancing 0 0 -1 -4 4 1 0 0
Carry Over 0 0 2 -2 0 0
Tenth Balancing 0 0 -1 -2 2 1 0 0
Final Moments S -38,400 38,400 S -20,855 20,855 S -20,855 20,855 S -38,400 38,400
1.52
Page A12.6 Slope Deflection Method – Elevator Beam Example
Column 2, K  E I L   10,000,000 x 0.03339  40  8347
should be K  E I L  10,000,000  0.03339  / 40  8,347
Column 2, just above equation (4),
M43  2 K  2 4  3  3    MF45
should be M43  2 K  2 4  3  3    MF45
Page A13.8 Beam Bending Stresses – Neutral Axis Method
Column 2, Stress on Stringer 1 There is a minus sign missing.
b1   0.002355 x   38000    .00046 x 713000  ... should be
b1    0.002355   38,000    0.00046 x 713,000  ...
Column 2, Stress on Stringer 9
b9    238.5 15.39   3868  6.89   30320 # / in2 should be
b9    238.5 15.39   3,868  6.89   30,320 lb / in2
Page A13.12 Beam Bending Stresses
Column 1 …
Figure A13.17 Stainless Steel and Aluminum Alloy need to be reversed ( flipped, exchanged ) to match
the analysis.
Note the difference between Fig.A13.17 and Fig.A13.18 when the stiffness ratios are calculated and
substituted.
Thanks to Jeremy deNoyelles.
Column 2 …
In the equation for Iy, 0.165 should be 0.1615. I x = 28.27 should be 28.33
See the slide rule disclaimer on p. A13.13, column 2.
Thanks to Chris Boshers.
1.53
Bruhn Errata
Page A13.13 Beam Bending Stresses
-100 00 should be -10,000
-100,00 should be -10,000
c    0.1797 x 5000    0.0296    100 00   x    0.0403    100,00     .0296 x 5000   y

should be
c    0.1797 x 5,000    0.0296    10,000   x    0.0403    10,000     .0296 x 5,000   y
Page A14.8 Shear Flow in a Zee Section
Column 2, Table A14.3
Portions 1 and 4: ix = .000017 should be ix = 0.000083
Six = 0.0477 should be Six = 0.0459 Ix = .6035 should be Ix = 0.6036
Page A14.9 Shear Flow in a Zee Section
Column 1 2  = 25 - 32.2‟ or  = 12 - 46.1‟ should be 2  = 25 + 32.2‟ or

 = 12 + 46.1‟
Column 2. Solution by Neutral Axis Method  = 42 + 46‟ and in Figure A14.28
a = 87 + 17‟
Page A14.10 Shear Flow in a Zee Section – Neutral Axis Method
Vn = 10000 x sin 45 - 29‟ = 7130 lb should be Vn = 10,000 sin ( 45 + 29‟ ) = 7,130 lb
Page A14.10 Shear Flow in a Zee Section – The “K” Method
k1 = -7.406 I calculate k1 = -7.408

k2 = 3.257 I calculate k2 = 3.258
k3 = 34.25 I calculate k3 = 34.264
1.54
Page A15.11 Single Cell Wing Beam – Multiple Stringers
See Figure A15-27 and Figure A15-28. Check Column 13 in Table A15.1.
Pz = 1,000 lb
2"
7 8 9
5 6
4 8 9
3 6 7
Px = 400 lb 2 5
4
1 3
2
1
3"
10
11
12
10 13
14 15
11 16
12
13
14 15 16
Table A15.1
qy qz Acell q
-0.485 -5.264 493.0 -35.96
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Total
Area* Arm Arm qy qz qxz Final
Member m qxz m
A Z ZA X XA SZA S XA S xA S zA S xA + S zA q
(in2) (in2) (in2) (in) (in2) (in3) (in) (in2) (in3) (in3) (in2) (lb/in) (lb/in)
0 0 0 0 0 0.0 -36
1 0.141 4.396 0.619 -17.41 -2.450
0.619 -2.450 1.189 -3.256 2.067 55.2 114.1 -33.9
2 0.141 6.446 0.907 -13.54 -1.905
1.526 -4.355 2.114 -8.031 5.917 44.2 261.5 -30.0
3 0.380 7.396 2.810 -9.11 -3.462
4.336 -7.817 3.795 -22.826 19.031 32.0 609.0 -16.9
4 0.168 7.766 1.308 -5.44 -0.916
5.644 -8.733 4.240 -29.710 25.471 38.2 973.0 -10.5
5 0.168 7.946 1.338 -0.86 -0.145
6.982 -8.878 4.310 -36.754 32.444 33.0 1,070.7 -3.5
6 0.168 7.896 1.330 3.14 0.529
8.312 -8.349 4.053 -43.754 39.700 33.2 1,318.1 3.7
7 0.168 7.696 1.296 7.14 1.202
9.608 -7.147 3.470 -50.576 47.106 40.2 1,893.7 11.1
8 0.168 7.296 1.229 11.74 1.977
10.836 -5.170 2.510 -57.044 54.534 32.6 1,777.8 18.6
9 0.290 6.896 2.000 15.39 4.463
12.836 -0.707 0.343 -67.571 67.228 251.8 16,928.0 31.3
16 0.350 -8.411 -2.944 15.39 5.387
9.892 4.680 -2.272 -52.074 54.346 46.0 2,499.9 18.4
15 0.310 -8.224 -2.549 9.64 2.988
7.343 7.668 -3.723 -38.654 42.376 48.2 2,042.5 6.4
14 0.310 -7.734 -2.398 3.32 1.029
4.945 8.697 -4.222 -26.033 30.255 46.4 1,403.8 -5.7
13 0.310 -7.004 -2.171 -2.96 -0.918
2.774 7.780 -3.777 -14.603 18.380 47.6 874.9 -17.6
12 0.280 -5.554 -1.555 -9.11 -2.551
1.219 5.229 -2.538 -6.417 8.956 36.6 327.8 -27.0
11 0.170 -4.504 -0.766 -13.54 -2.302
0.453 2.927 -1.421 -2.387 3.808 42.6 162.2 -32.2
10 0.170 -2.904 -0.494 -17.51 -2.977
-0.040 -0.050 0 0 0 0 -36
S 32,256.9
* From Table 9, page A3.11
1.55
Bruhn Errata
Page A17.6 Membrane Stress and Deflection Coefficients
TABLE A17.2
Membrane Stress and Deflection Coefficients
a/b 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0
n1 0.318 0.228 0.160 0.125 0.100 0.068 0.052
n2 0.411 0.370 0.336 0.304 0.272 0.23 0.205
Coefficient n2 for a/b = 1.0 should be 0.411 instead of 0.356. Reference NACA TM 965.
NACA TM-965 Rectangular Shell Plating Under Uniformly Distributed Hydrostatic Pressure
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930094451_1993094451.pdf
.............................................................................................................................M. Heubert and A. Sommer
Page A17.7 Large Deflection in Plates
Figure A17.3 on page A17.3 “a” is the long side
Figure A17.5 on page A17.5 “a” is the short side
Equation (20) is probably incorrect.
1 E t3 1  Et 
q  w max 
3
 4  w max
a b
4
n1  a 
3
a4  
a
SparWeb suggests:
 E t3  3  E t 
q  w max  
  w max  3 4 
4  n b 
 a   1 
Equation (21) is probably incorrect:
2 4 3
q a4 1  w max   a  1  w 
      3  max 
E t 4
a  t   b  n1  t 
See Theory of Plates and Shells by Stephen Timoshenko.
1.56
Page A19.17 Bending and Shear Stress Analysis – Tapered Multiple Stringer Wing
Column 1, For Station 20 …
 
K1   50 / 230.3 x 10.30  502   50 / 235500   .0002125
should be K1   50 /  230.3  1,030     50 / 234,709   .0002130
K 2   1030 / 235500  .004378  should be K 2  1,030 / 235,500   .004374 
Column 2,
b    .00098 x  285000    .0002125 x 1300000   x   .004378 x 1,300,000    .0002125 x  285000   z 


should be
b    0 .000978   285,000     .0002130 1,300,000  x   0 .004374  1,300,000     .0002130    285,000  z


  b  3.3 x  5639 z   should be b  1.83 x  5,625.5 z 


Stresses at Station 47.5
 
K1  35.4 / 157.4 x 700  35.42   35.4 / 108950   .000324 should be
   
K1   35.4 / 157.4  700   35.42   35.4 / 108,927   .000325
K 2  700 / 108950  .00643  should be K 2  700 / 108,927  0.006426
K 3  157.4 / 108750  .001447 should be K 3  157.4 / 108,927  0.001445 
b    .001447 x  215000    .000324 x 1,000,000   x   .00643 x 1,000,000    .00324 x  215000   z 
should be
b    0 .001445   215,000     .000325  1,000,000  x   0 .006426  1,000,000     .000325    215,000  z


b   14.5 x  6360 z  should be b   14.3 x  6,356 z 
Page A19.19 Analysis for Shear Stresses in Webs and Skin
Column 2 Moment of External Loads about the Center of Gravity of Station 20
M cg  12000 x 33.3  2700 x 11.8  390000  41800 in.lb.
should be M cg  12,000 x 33.3  2,700 x 11.8  390,000   22,260 in  lb
1.57
Bruhn Errata
Page A20.5 Fuselage Analysis – Effective Cross Section
Table A20.1
Table A20.1
Trial No. 1 - Stringers Trial No. 2 - Stringers
1 2 2a 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Stringer Area Area Arm
No. A A z'
A z' A z' 2 z b w wt Aeff Aeff z Az2
2 0.120 0.151 24.2 3.65 88.27 27.55 -29,925 1.009 0.032 0.152 4.196 115.59
4 0.120 0.151 22.0 3.32 72.95 25.35 -27,535 1.052 0.034 0.154 3.896 98.75
6 0.120 0.151 18.2 2.74 49.92 21.55 -23,408 1.141 0.037 0.157 3.373 72.69
8 0.120 0.151 13.3 2.00 26.66 16.65 -18,085 1.298 0.042 0.162 2.690 44.78
10 0.120 0.151 6.9 1.04 7.18 10.25 -11,134 1.655 0.053 0.173 1.773 18.17
12 0.120 0.120 0 0 0 3.35 -3,639 2.894 0.093 0.213 0.712 2.39
13 0.224 0.224 -3.2 -0.72 2.29 0.15 0.224 0.034 0.01
14 0.120 0.120 -6.9 -0.83 5.71 -3.55 0.120 -0.426 1.51
15 0.224 0.224 -10.1 -2.26 22.85 -6.75 0.224 -1.512 10.21
16 0.120 0.120 -13.3 -1.60 21.23 -9.95 0.120 -1.194 11.88
17 0.160 0.160 -15.8 -2.53 39.94 -12.45 Skin 0.160 -1.992 24.80
18 0.120 0.120 -18.2 -2.18 39.75 -14.85 in 0.120 -1.782 26.46
19 0.160 0.160 -20.3 -3.25 65.93 -16.95 Tension 0.160 -2.712 45.97
20 0.120 0.120 -22.0 -2.64 58.08 -18.65 0.120 -2.238 41.74
21 0.160 0.160 -23.7 -3.79 89.87 -20.35 0.160 -3.256 66.26
22 0.120 0.120 -24.2 -2.90 70.28 -20.85 0.120 -2.502 52.17
23 0.088 0.088 -24.9 -2.19 54.56 -21.55 0.088 -1.896 40.87
S 2.49 S -12.14 715.47 S 2.626 -2.838 674.2
Table A20.2
Trial No. 1 - Buckled Sheets
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Buckled Arm
Sheet
b' t r  cr b K Aeff
z'
A z' A z' 2
1 2.262 0.032 11 -8,989 -31,900 0.282 0.020 24.9 0.51 12.65

3 4.024 0.032 11 -8,989 -30,300 0.297 0.038 23.7 0.91 21.46
5 4.024 0.032 24 -4,120 -26,000 0.158 0.020 20.3 0.41 8.41
7 4.024 0.032 38 -2,602 -20,200 0.129 0.017 15.8 0.26 4.14
9 6.024 0.032 38 -2,602 -12,900 0.202 0.039 10.1 0.39 3.97
11 6.512 0.032 38 -2,602 -4,100 0.635 0.132 3.2 0.42 1.35
S 0.267 S 2.91 51.97
Trial No. 2 - Buckled Sheets
1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Buckled
Sheet
z b K b' a = K t b' az a Z2
1 28.25 -30,685 0.293 2.252 0.021 0.60 16.85

3 27.05 -29,382 0.306 3.981 0.039 1.05 28.52
5 23.65 -25,689 0.160 3.911 0.020 0.47 11.23
7 19.15 -20,801 0.125 3.789 0.015 0.29 5.56
9 13.45 -14,609 0.178 5.556 0.032 0.43 5.73
11 6.55 -7,115 0.366 4.930 0.058 0.38 2.48
S 0.185 3.22 70.36
1.58
Page A20.6 Fuselage Analysis – Effective Cross Section
Table A20.3
Stress in Stringers
Table A20.3
1 2 3
1 2 3 4
Stringer
Element Ref.
z b
a z az
No.
2 27.367 -29,285
1 0.021 28.250 0.604 4 25.167 -26,931
6 21.367 -22,865
2 0.153 27.367 4.178
8 16.467 -17,621
3 0.039 27.050 1.068 10 10.067 -10,773
4 0.154 25.167 3.877 12 3.167 -3,389
5 0.020 23.650 0.481 13 -0.033 35
6 0.157 21.367 3.354 14 -3.733 3,994
7 0.015 19.150 0.294 15 -6.933 7,419
8 0.162 16.467 2.669 16 -10.133 10,843
9 0.032 13.450 0.431 17 -12.633 13,518
18 -15.033 16,086
10 0.174 10.067 1.750
19 -17.133 18,333
11 0.058 6.550 0.382
20 -18.833 20,153
12 0.216 3.167 0.684 21 -20.533 21,972
22 -21.033 22,507
23 -21.733 23,256
S 19.77
From my calculations:
Trial No. SA S A z’ z bar I NA

1 5.513 -18.468 -3.3501 1,473.03
2 5.612 -17.704 -3.2142 1,489.19
3 5.636 -17.517 -3.1811 1,492.59
4 5.636 -17.467 -3.1722 1,494.38
5 5.637 -17.448 -3.1688 1,494.95
6 5.637 -17.442 -3.1677 1,495.13
7 5.637 -17.440 -3.1673 1,495.19
8 5.637 -17.439 -3.1672 1,495.21
9 5.637 -17.439 -3.1672 1,495.22
10 5.637 -17.439 -3.1671 1,495.22
Page A20.8 Fuselage Section, Ultimate Bending Strength
Table A20.4, Column 7, Stringer No. 8

1
Arm Z = 10.0 should be 0.0
Column 2, Calculation of Ultimate Resisting Moment
Mx   36500 x 3252  / 35.7  0.7
36,500  3,252 
should be Mx 
 35.7  0.7 
1.59
Bruhn Errata
Page A22.7 Shear Lag Analysis of Box Beams
 3.285  1.505  0.656  0.183 

 
 a   10
rs
1 5 

 1.505 4.219  1.000  0.279
 0.656  1.000 4.687  0.495


 
  0.183  0.279  0.495 5.519 
should be
 3.286  1.506  0.656  0.183 

 
 a   10
rs
1 5 

 1.506 4.219  1.000  0.279
 0.656  1.000 4.686  0.494


 
  0.183  0.279  0.494 5.518 
 Gim    gim    gir  a rs

1
 a rs 
 0.07692   0   0.07692 
     0.03453 
 0    .03453   
  0.92300   0    0.92300 
     
 0.92300   0.41439   0.50861 
 0    0.41439   0.41439 
     
 0.07692   0   0.07692 
 0    0.03134   0.03134 
     
  1.84610   0    1.84610 
     
 1.84610   0.79046   1.05564 
    0.79046   0.79046 
 Gim  
0
      
 0.07692   0   0.07692 
 0    0.02402   0.02402 
     
  2.76900   0    2.76900 
 2.76900   1.07874   1.69026 
     
 0    1.07874   1.07874 
 0.07692   0   0.07692 
    
 0    0.01004   0.01004 
     
  3.69200   0    3.69200 
 3.692   1.19928   2.49272 
     
 0    1.19928   1.19928 
1.60
Page A22.13 Stresses in Inner Bays
 q8   .1006 .0295 .00676  .00676 

   .0791  .0208  .01753  .0095 
 q9     P1 
 q10   .0013  .0411 .00401 .0230   
     P2 
 q11    .0422 .1135  .00675 .00675   
q   .2409 .2409 .00676  .00676   q12 " 
 19     q14 " 
 q21   3.087 .964  .9355  .3444 
    2.379  1.473  .2284
 q22   .3625 
should be
 q8   0.10060 0.02948 0.00676  0.00676 

   0.07911  0.02084
 q9    0.01753  0.00949 
 P1 
 q10   0.00126  0.04108 0.00402 0.02301   
     P2 
 q11    0.04220 0.11342  0.00676 0.00676   
q   0.24090 0.24058 0.00676  0.00676   q12 " 
 19     q14 " 
 q21   3.08824 0.96255  0.93541  0.34450 
    2.37776  1.47345
 q22    0.22841 0.36250 
Page A23.11 Single Bay Pinned Truss

6 6
Table A23.3, AE/L = 1.607 x 10 should be 1.06066 x 10 if the areas are to be the same as
2
Problem #1 on page A8.7 for E = 30E6 psi. I use cross-sectional areas, Aab = 1.0 in , Abd =
2 2 2 2 2
1.0 in , Adc = 1.0 in , Aca = 1.0 in , Acb = 2.00 in and Aad = 1.50 in .
2 2 2
For E = 10E6 psi. use cross-sectional areas, Aab = 3.0 in , Abd = 3.0 in , Adc = 3.0 in , Aca =
2 2 2
3.0 in , Acb = 6.00 in and Aad = 4.50 in . These will yield the same A E / L.
Page A23.15 Pinned Truss
Line 2, Equation (75)

2
A = 60 t2 should be A = 60 t
1.61
Bruhn Errata
Page B1.8 Ramberg-Osgood Stress-Strain Curve
“The Ramsberg and Osgood …” should be “Ramberg and Osgood proposed a …”
n n
E f  f  E f 3  f 
       
7  F0.7
Equation (3) should be
F0.7 F0.7  F0.7  F0.7 F0.7 
This is obvious when you plot the equation as Figure B1.14 on page B1.9.
Figure B1.14 Stress-Strain in the Inelastic Range

1.40
n
2
n
E f  3  f 
     
3
1.20
F0.7 F0.7  7   F0.7 n2
 5
10
20
n¥ 50
1.00 n¥ ¥
0.80
f / F 0.7
n2
0.60
0.40
0.20
Ramberg & Osgood Description of Stress-Strain Curves of Three Parameters , NACA T.N. 902
0.00
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
E  / F0.7
1.62
Page C1.5 Mohr’s Circle for Principal Stresses
I believe that the angle theta should equal 19.33 degrees instead of 18 degrees 50 minutes.
2 x 12000
tan 2  '  .8 should be
1000    20000 
2  12,000 
tan 2  '   0.675 radians  = 19.33 degrees
10,000    20,000 
The figure for Mohr‟s circle on page C1.5 might look like:
Mohr's Circle - Example Problem 2
25,000
  z   x  z 
2
n  x      xz
2  2  20,000
15,000
 xz
 xy
10,000
 maz
Shear Stress Component,
5,000
p2 z x p1
0
-30,000 -25,000 -20,000 -15,000 -10,000 -5,000 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000
-5,000
2

-10,000
-15,000
-20,000
-25,000
Normal Stress Component, p or x (psi)
1.63
Bruhn Errata
Page C1.5 Tri-Axial or Three Dimensional Stresses
Article C1.10
Missing  xz2 term.
Equation (14) is:
 3   x   y   z   2   x y   y z   z x   xy2   yz2  
 
  x y z  2  yz xz xy   x yz2   y xz2   z xy2  0
It should be:
 3   x   y   z   2   x y   y z   z x   xy2   yz2   xz2  

 
  x y z  2  yz xz xy   x yz2   y xz2   z xy2  0
1.64
Page C1.9 Octahedral Shear Stress Theory
Right Hand Column “For a triaxial stress system,”
f 
1
 f x  f z 2   f z  f y 2   f y  f x 2  6  f s xz  f s zy  f s yx 
2
should be
f 
1
 f x  f z 2   f z  f y 2   f y  f x 2  6  f s xz 2  f s zy  f s yx
2 2

2
or another way to write the Von Mises Effective Stress:
 
1
2
 x  y  2

 y  z  2
  z  x 2 
 6  xy   y z   zx
2 2 2

Page C2.2 Non-Dimensional Column Curves
Right Hand Column, Section C2.5
“… non-dimentional column curves have been derived by Cozzone and Melcon (See Ref. 3).”
should be
“… non-dimensional column curves have been derived by Cozzone and Melcon (See Ref. 2).”
Page C2.13 Strength of Columns using Column Curves
L‟ = 24.9 should be 24.49 in
L‟ / r = 41 should be 40.9 etc.
Page C2.13 Strength of Columns with Stable Cross Sections
Right Hand Column, Case 2
“subjected to a temperature of 600º F …” should be “subjected to a temperature of 300º F …”
1.65
Bruhn Errata
Page C2.14 Strength of Columns with Stable Cross Sections
Column 1
Px = .618 should be x = 0.618 in
“L‟ = L, sin c = 1” should be “L‟ = L, since c = 1”
My guess is that Dr. Bruhn meant to use room temperature values (see page B1.11) for the first part of
the example …
“From Table B1.1, n = 8.8, Ec = 7,800,000 and F0.7 = 29,000” should be
“From Table B1.1, n = 16.6, Ec = 10,500,000 and F0.7 = 72,000”
Room temperature values B = 1.365 Fc / F0.7 = 0.537 Fc = 38,635 psi
Compare to 450˚ F values B = 1.005 Fc / F0.7 = 0.736 Fc = 21,344 psi
Page C2.15 Strength of Stepped Column
Left Hand Column
“B becomes  or 10 as shown …” “B becomes  or 9.87 as shown …”

2 2
should be
Right Hand Column
L /  = 54.5 54.9
P = 26,300 26,311
F2 = 59,500 59,556
For Portion 2
f1 / F0.7 = 0.826 0.827

Et / E = 0.675 0.731
Et = 0.675 x 10,500,000 = 7,090,000 Et = 0.731 x 10,500,000 = 7,670,000
E I1 / E I2 = 4.7 4.31
B = 5.6 5.92
Page C2.16 Column Strength With Known End Restraining Moment
Figure C2.34 Height of truss is missing. It should be 25 inches.
 = 258,000 (257,551)
 L / E I = (258,000 x 30) / 29,000,000x .0367 = 7.28
should be  L / E I = (257,551 x 30) / 29,000,000 x .03867 = 6.89
 L / E I = 2.58 2.56
1.66
Page C2.17 Column Strength With Known End Restraining Moment
Left Hand Column
K 1 L3 K ' L3
q should be q
EI EI
Page C2.17 Columns With Elastic Lateral Supports
Left Hand Column, Last Sentence
“… in the problem dealing with a tapered column.” should be “… in the problem dealing with a stepped
column.”
Page C2.18 References
References
Cozzone S Melcon should be Cozzone & Melcon
Page C4.24 Ultimate Strength in Combined Compression, Bending and Torsion
Right Hand Column
“One” should be a “prime”
Rb1  Rst   1  Rc 2  Rb '  Rst   1  Rc 2 

2 2 2 2
should be

R ' b  .20  should be Rb'  0.20
1.67
Bruhn Errata
Page C4.25 Ultimate Strength in Combined Compression, Bending and Torsion
Right hand column …


My solution gives Mmax = 1,339.9 in-lb versus 1,347 in-lb which yields the following interaction curve:


Figure C4.36 Compression, Bending and Torsion

 1.0
 T T
M M

0.9

 P P
 0.8
0.7
Rb'  Rst   1  Rc 
2 2 2
0.6
1
M .S.  1
Rc  Rb'  Rst
2 2
Rb
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Rst
0
Rc
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.1
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
Rc
Page C4.26 Combined Compression, Bending, Flexural Shear and Torsion
Figure C4.40
Rc  Rst  Rb  Rs  1.0 Rc  Rst  Rb  Rs  1

2 2 2 2
should be
1.68
Page C5.4 Chart of Non-Dimensional Compressive Buckling Stress
Figure C5.8 Chart of Non-Dimensional Compressive Buckling Stress – Clamped Edges
The equation listed under the figure is for a long plate with simply supported edges instead of clamped.

2

1
 E     3 Et    1  e2
   s   1  0.5  1     
 2E    Es 
   1  
2
 should be


 
1
 E     3 Et   2  1  e2
   s   0.352  0.324  1   
 E     Es 
 
  1  
2
  or if you wish

2
 
1

   3 Et     Es  1   e 2
   0.352  0.324  1       

   Es     E  1  
2
 

or as it should be on page 49 of NACA TN 3781
“The plasticity reduction factor for a long plate with simply supported edges is
    0.500  0.250  1   3 E   

1
  E  1  e2 2

  s 
   
t
 E  
  E  1  
2
  s   

while for a long clamped plate”
    0.352  0.324  1   3 E   2

1
  E  1  e2 
  s 
   
t
 E  
  E  1  
2
  s   

Page C5.7 Bending – Buckling Coefficient of Plates
Figure C5.15 Bending-Buckling Coefficient of Plates as a Function of a/b
Abscissa should range from 0.3 to 2.3 instead of 3 to 23. Thanks to R.L. Hurwitz.
Page C5.8 Combined Bending and Shear
First column, Section C5.10
“Rs is the stress ratio due to torsional shear stress and R st is the stress ratio for transverse or flexural
shear stress.”
should be …
“Rst is the stress ratio due to torsional shear stress and R s is the stress ratio for transverse or flexural
shear stress.”
1.69
Bruhn Errata
Bending, Cantilever Wing - Skin Buckling

Page C5.11 Cantilever Wing – Skin, Ribs and Stiffeners
q
32 2 q32 2
Bottom of Column 1 “From Art. C5.12 the interaction equation is Rc + Rs = 1” … which is RL + Rs = 1
Bottom of Column 2 q23 q23
200 q1=0 200q

q    4.05  Z A
q21 Bending,
should be Cantilever
q   Wing
21 -Z
Skin
A Buckling
 4.05 Z A  
q34 49 .3 49.3
q32 q34
q32
q32 Panel C t = 0.035 inWing - Skin Buckling
Bending, Cantilever Panel A q32
5.0 in q23
5.0 in 5.0qin
23
q32 q32
q21 q1=0 q21
3.715
q23 in q23 3.69 in
q34
7.0 in q21 q1=0 q21
q43 t = 0.035 in x q43
q32 Panel C Panel A q32
t =q340.051 in t = 0.051 in q34
5.0 in t = 0.035 in
5.0 in 5.0 in
q32 Panel C Panel A q32
5.0 in 5.0 in 5.0 in
3.715 in 3.69 in
q32 7.0 in
3.715 in
t = 0.035 in 3.69 in q32
8.5 in q43 x
q43 7.0 in t = 0.051 in t =x 0.051 in q43
8.5 in
q34 t = 0.051 in t = 0.051 in q34
q21 q1=0 q21
qq3232 tq
t = 0.035 in= 0.035 in q32 q32
q23 23
q32 q34q34 q32 q34

q21 q1=0 q21
q21 q1=0 q21
q23 q23
16.5 in
q32 q23 q23 q32
2 q32
ringer Area, A = 0.18 in q32 2
fc = 2 P / A = 1,400 lb / 16.5
3.74in in = 374 psi
2 2
16.5
ngle Area, A = 0.25 inStringer Area, A = 0.18 in
fc = Mx z / Ixfc== 5,170
2 P / A =in-lb
1,4004.233 ininin
lb / 3.74 = 374 psiin4 = 444 psi
/2 49.30
2
Angle Area,
Stringer Area,AA= 0.25 in in2
= 0.18 fc = Mx z / Ix = 5,170 in-lb 4.233 in / 49.30 in24 = 444 psi
fc = 2 P / A = 1,400 lb / 3.74 in = 374 psi
q = ( V / Ix ) S Z A
q=
Angle Area, A = 0.25 in(2V / Ix ) S Z A fc = Mx z / Ix = 5,170 in-lb 4.233 in / 49.30 in4 = 444 psi
q = ( -200 / 49.3q )=S( -200
Z A/ 49.3 ) S Z A = -S4.0568
= - 4.0568 Z A S ZA
q = ( V / Ix ) S Z A
q1 = 0 (Symmetry)
q1 = 0 (Symmetry)
qq
21 =
= ((-4.0568 Z A = )- S
-200 /) S49.3 Z A( =
4.0568 - 4.0568
4.2325 S Z) =A-1.50 lb / in
) 2.5 ( 0.035
q21 = ( -4.0568 ) S qZ23A= -1.50
= - 4.0568
- 4.0568 S( Z4.2325
A = 1.50) -2.5 ( 0.035
4.0568 ( 3.715 )) = -1.50
0.18 lb lb
= -4.22 / in
/ in
q23 = -1.50 - 4.0568qq321S=Z-4.22 1.50 S- Z4.0568
0A(Symmetry)
=- 4.0568 A = -4.22 - 4.0568)( 0.18
( 3.715 4.2325 =
) 5.0 ( 0.035
-4.22 lb)/=in
-7.22 lb / in
q34 = -7.22 - 4.0568 S Z A = -7.22 - 4.0568 ( 3.69 ) 0.25 = -10.96 lb / in
S =Z (A-4.0568
q32 = -4.22 - 4.0568q21 = -4.22 ) S- Z4.0568
A = - 4.0568
( 4.2325 ( 4.2325
) 5.0 () 0.035
2.5 ( 0.035 ) = -1.50
) = -7.22 lb / lbin/ in
q = -10.96 - 4.0568 S Z A = -10.96 - 4.0568 ( 3.69 / 2 ) 0.051 ( 3.69 ) = -12.37 lb / in
43
q34 = -7.22 - 4.0568q23
S =Z -1.50
A = --7.22
4.0568 S Z A =( 3.69
- 4.0568 1.50 -) 4.0568
0.25 =( -10.96
3.715 ) lb
0.18
/ in= -4.22 lb / in
q32 = -4.22 - 4.0568 S Z A = -4.22 - 4.0568 ( 4.2325 ) 5.0 ( 0.035 ) = -7.22 lb / in
q43 = -10.96 - 4.0568 S Z A = -10.96 - 4.0568 ( 3.69 / 2 ) 0.051 ( 3.69 ) = -12.37 lb / in
q34 = -7.22 - 4.0568 S Z A = -7.22 - 4.0568 ( 3.69 ) 0.25 = -10.96 lb / in
q43 = -10.96 - 4.0568 S Z A = -10.96 - 4.0568 ( 3.69 / 2 ) 0.051 ( 3.69 ) = -12.37 lb / in
1.70
Page C5.12 Buckling Strength of Flat Sheet in Combined Stress Systems
Column 1, first equation
Total fs = 163 + 854 = 917 psi should be Total fs = 163 + 854 = 1,017 psi
2
Rs = 0.368 Rc + Rs = 1.042
2
M .S.   1   0.04
0.906  0.906 2
 4  0.368  2
Page C6.3 Buckling Stress for Hat-Section Stiffeners
Figure C6.7 “Ref 12” should be “Ref 5”
It was Reference 12 in NACA TN-3782, page 17:
NACA TN-3782, Figure 6, page 31 Bruhn Figure C6.7, page C6.3
NACA TN-3782 Handbook of Structural Stability Part II - Buckling of Composite Elements
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=239713&id=4&qs=N%3D4294809390 .......................... Herbert Becker
Charts for the Calculation of the Critical Compressive Stress for Local Instability of Columns with Hat Sections
Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, Volume 21, No. 6, June 1954 Van Der Maas, Christian J.
1.71
Bruhn Errata
Page C7.6 Restraint Produced by Lips and Bulbs
Equation C7.8
IL AL IL AL
2.73 3
  5 should be 2.73 3
  5
bf t bf t bf t f bf t f
Equation C7.9
3
 b 
3
 b  b b bL bf
0.910  L   L  5 f should be 0.910  L    5
 t  t t  tf  tf tL
3
IL AL t L bL 3 bL t L
2.73 3
  5 2.73 3
  5
bf t f bf t f bf t f bf t f
3
bL
3
b  b   b  bL bf
0.910 3
 L  5  f  0.910  L    5
tf tf  tL   tf  tf tL
Buckling line is plotted bL / tL vs. bf / tf . This may explain why Figure C7.11 is plotted as b L / t vs. bf / t.
In other words, the two curves may be plotted on the same graph when tL = tf .
When the thickness of the lip equals the flange thickness you can use Figure C7.11.
1.72
Figure C7.12
Minimum bulb dimensions required for buckle as simply supported plate
should be
Minimum Bulb Dimensions Required for Flange to Buckle as a Simply Supported Plate
When the thickness of the lip differs from the thickness of the flange, buckling of the lip should be
a separate check.
Note:
3 3
t b t b
Some believe IL  L L should be IL  L L
3 12
If the above equation is satisfied, then the lip element stabilizes the vertical flange element (b f & tf leg). In
other words, the vertical leg is simply supported on both ends for the crippling, Fcc calculation.
Thanks to Joe Zuklic.
1.73
Bruhn Errata
Page C7.6 Restraint Produced by Lips and Bulbs
Right Column, second and third line … instead of 0.388 and 3.617 …
Joe Zuklic calculates compressive buckling coefficients of 0.389 and 3.615.
For v = 0.3
Simply Supported Plate K = 4.0 From Figure C5.2C on page C5.2
2  4.0 
2
 2K E  t  2 K
fcr       3.615
 
12 1   2  b  
12 1  2  
12 1  0.302 
Simple – Free Edges K = 0.43 From Figure C5.2E on page C5.2
(or 0.42 or 0.416 depending on the source)
2  0.43 
2
 2K E  t  2 K
fcr       0.3886
 
12 1   2  b  
12 1  2  
12 1  0.302 
For v = 0.33
Simply Supported Plate K = 4.0 From Figure C5.2C on page C5.2
2  4.0 
2
 2K E  t  2 K
fcr       3.692
 
12 1   2  b  
12 1  2  
12 1  0.332 
Simply Supported – Free K = 0.43 From Figure C5.2E on page C5.2
(or 0.42 or 0.416 depending on the source)
2  0.43 
2
 2K E  t  2 K
fcr       0.3969
 
12 1   2  b  
12 1  2  
12 1  0.332 
1.74
Page C7.10 Sheet Effective Widths
Right Hand Side
Simply Supported (for  = 0.3)
K = 4.0 From Figure C5.2C on page C5.2
2  4.0  E
2
 t 
2
 2K E  t 
fcr     Fcy    
 
12 1   2  b 


12 1   2   we 

 t


2
 

12 1   2 Fcy

 
 t

2
 F
  0.2766 cy 
 we  4 2 E  we  E

 t  Fcy  we  E
   0.5259      1.90 
 we  E  t  Fcy
E
Effective Width w e  1.90 t 
Fcy
E
From test data for light stringers w e  1.70 t 
Fcy
Page C7.11 Sheet Effective Widths
Right Hand Side
Fixed – Free Edges (for  = 0.3)
K = 0.43 From Figure C5.2E on page C5.2
2  0.43  E  t
2

2
 2K E  t 
fcr     Fcy    
 
12 1   2  b 

 
12 1   2  w e 

 t


2
 

12 1   2 Fcy

 
 t

2
 F
  2.573 cy 
 we  0.43 2 E  we  E

 t  Fcy  we  E
   1.604      0.623 
 we  E  t  Fcy
E
Effective Width w e  0.623 t Thanks to Joe Zuklic.
Fcy
1.75
Bruhn Errata
Page C7.15 Failure by Inter-Rivet Buckling
Right Column, Equation (C7.24)
2 2
c2   ts  c  2   Et  ts 
Fir    Fir   
12 1   2    p 
should be

12 1   2   p 
Page C7.26 Column Strength of Stiffener With Effective Sheet
Left column w = .965 should be 0.960 in
Figure C7.36 The peak of the curve for S / ρ = 3.0 is too high.
The figure should look like …
Figure C7.36
Curves for the Determination of (  /  o ) 2 = F c / F ST
3.0
  S 2  w t
1   1    
  
2
Fc    o   Ao

2.5    
 o 
2
FST  wt
 1  
 Ao 
2.0
S
(  /  o ) 2 = F c / F ST
o
3.0
1.5
2.8
2.6
2.4
1.0 2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
0.5 1.4
1.2
1.0
Thesis b y R.J.White: The Ultimate Compressive Strength of Thin Sheet Metal Panels, Appendix A, C.I.T. 1935
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
w t / Ao
1.76
Right column
.2063 0.205
1.05 1.117
 = .548 0.565
L‟ /  = 44.8 43.4
Fc = 26,050 26,357 psi
Left Column Revised effective width … w = .99 in should be w = 0.948 in
26,050 should be 26,357
Failing Load = 3675 should be 3,708
Page C8.24 Buckling Strength of Monocoque Cylinders
Figures C8.25 – C8.28, pages C8.24 and C8.25 are not applicable to general design. Thanks to SparWeb.
Page C9.12 Orthotropic Circular Cylinders

14
  b   s   t s   t s   s  
2 2 2
Table C9.1 Bending equation should be g  4.80            
  d 
   f   t f   t   b  
NACA 3786, page 33, equation (46) …
NACA 3786, Table 1, page 63 also lists the equation incorrectly.
Page C9.14 References
Column 2, References
(2) Gerard & Becker Handbook of Structural Stability Part III - Buckling of Curved Plates and Shells
NACA Technical Note 3883 should be NACA Technical Note 3783
1.77
Bruhn Errata
Page C10.7 Stiffener Size to Use with Non-Buckling Web
Equation C10.8, Section C10.10 is missing brackets. Thanks to Dave Kubala.
43
2.29 d  V h w 
43
2.29d V h w
Iv  should be Iv   
t 33 E t  33 E 
Page C11.11 Wagner Beam, Check of Web to Flange Rivet Attachment
12
  Vcr IF V 
2
V 
2 
Pr     tu    tu tan a  
  h I h   h  
12
  244 210 12850 
2
12850 
Pr       x .933 3  should be
  28.56 270.5 28.56  28.56 
12
  244  210  12,850 
2
  12,850  
2

Pr           0 . 933  
  28.56  270.5  28.56    28.56   
Page C11.12 Lower Flange Bending Stresses
 12200 x  17.42  662800 x 19.06

fb   should be
270.5 210
 12,200   17.42   662,800   19.06 

fb  
270.5 210
Page C11.12 Combined Flange Axial Stresses
fc   35167  10770   45337 psi should be
fc   35,167  10,170   45,337 psi
1.78
Page C11.13 Crippling Stress for the Upper Flange
12
 Fcy 
12
A 0.675  70,000 
      .572
g t2  E  2
4 x .1562  10,300,000 
 c 
From Fig. C7.7 we read Fcs / Fcy = .90, hence Fcs = 0.90 x 70000 = 63000 psi. compression.
For a “tee” section Figure C7.8 (page C7.5) is applicable and the cutoff is 0.80 F cy . (Without bulbs, g = 3.)
12
A  Fcy   0.675   70,000  1 2
        0.570
g t2  E   0.15625 2
 c   4   10,300,000 
From Figure C7.8 we read Fcs / Fcy = 0.839, hence Fcs = 0.839 ( 70,000 psi ) = 58,730 psi compression.
Cutoff = 0.80 ( 70 ksi ) = 56 ksi Therefore, Fcs = 56 ksi.
Page C11.14 NACA Symbols
Q static moment about neutral axis of parts of cross-section as specified by subscripts. in.
should be
3
Q First Area Moment about Neutral Axis of Parts of Cross-Section as Specified by Subscripts ( in )
Page C11.15 Thickness and Flange Flexibility Factor
t thickness Delete the extra parenthesis “)”
wd flange flexibility factor Delete the parenthesis “( “.
d Flange Flexibility Factor defined by expression (19a) in NACA TN-2661
Page C11.17 Average and Maximum Stress in Upright or Web Stiffener
Column 1, Section C11.20
k fs tan a k fs tan a
fu  should be fu 
Au
 .05 1  k  Au
 0.50 1  k 
dt dt
See NACA TN-2661, page 19, equation (30a). Thanks to Spero Papantos.
NACA TN-2661 A Summary of Diagonal Tension Part I : Methods of Analysis
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=5043 ............... Paul Kuhn, James P. Peterson, L. Ross Levin
1.79
Bruhn Errata
Page C11.18 Web Design
Section C11.23, column 2, eq 62. See NACA TN 2661, equation 33a, page 27. Thanks to Joe Zuklic.
2
fs max = fs ( 1 + k C1 ) ( 1 + k C2 ) should be fs max = fs ( 1 + k C1 ) ( 1 + k C2 )
Page C11.19 Secondary Bending Moment in Flanges
1 1
Equation (69) M  k fs t d 2 C3 should be Mmax  k fs t d 2 C3 tan a
12 12
See NACA TN 2661, page 50. Thanks to SuperStress on the www.eng-tips.com website.
Page C11.38 Allowable Stress in Fuselage Skin - Diagonal Tension

4
Example problem in Section C11.34. From page A20.8, the effective moment of inertia, I = 3,252 in
4
(3,257 in by my calculations) instead of 2,382. This affects the stringer stresses ( f p max , fp avg ) and the
shear flow in the panels ( q 2-3 and q 3-4 ).
The moment arms, z for the calculation of the first area moment, Q for stringers 2, 3 and 4 should be
34.56, 31.06 and 26.76 inches respectively instead of 38.3, 36.4 and 32.9 inches using z  0.76 in
from page A20.8. ( I calculate z  0.81 in ) This would impact the calculations for the shear flow in the
panels.
Page C11.44 Longeron Type Fuselage Structure
Column 1, near the bottom …
“Fig. C11.37 Example Problem” should be “C11.37 Example Problem”
1.80
Page C12.13 Hexagonal Cell Core Wrinkling - Biaxial and Shear Interaction
At the bottom of the right hand column it appears that a square root symbol is missing …
2
M .S. 
Ra  Ra
2
 4 Rs
2
1  0.18
should be
2
M .S.   1   0.02
Ra   4 Rs
2 2
Ra
2
M .S.   1   0.02
0.762  0.732 2
 4  0.543  2
Interaction Equations
Ra  Rs  1
2
Cell Core Buckling Biaxial and Shear Interaction
Ra  Rs  1
2
Cell Core Wrinkling Biaxial and Shear Interaction
Cell Core Wrinkling - Biaxial and Shear Loading

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Ra
0.5
M.S. = -0.02
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
RS
1.81
Bruhn Errata
Page D3.6 Splice with Filler
Column 1, Figure D3.18
“7075-T6 Slum.” should be “7075-T6 Alum.”
Bearing allowables “Bearing In .072 = 1630#” and “Bearing In .081 = 1840#”
are apparently based on Fbru = 145 ksi which seems high for 7075-T6 Sheet.
Case II
Using Fbru = 135 ksi I calculate:
“Bearing in 0.072 inch sheet = 1,519 lb” and “Bearing in 0.081 inch sheet = 1,709 lb”
The number of fasteners required does not change in this example if F bru is greater than 132,128 psi.
Page D3.7 Framing Cutouts in Web
Column 1, last line, “as shown in Fig. C3.20” should be “as shown in Fig. D3.20”.
Thanks to Joe Zuklic.
Page D3.9 Framing Cutouts in Web
Don‟t interpret the “dashes” as “minus” signs in any of the example cutouts.
1.82
Figure D3.21
Before Cut-Out
a = 12 in b = 12 in c = 12 in
1q 1q 1q d = 5 in
qo
qo 1q 1q 1q e = 7 in
1q 1q 1q f = 3 in
Self-Balancing Internal Loads
-0.438 q 0.875 q -0.438 q
0.500 q -1 q 0.500 q
-0.438 q 0.875 q -0.438 q
Final Shear Flow Distribution
0.563 q 1.875 q 0.563 q
qo
qo 1.500 q 1.500 q
0.563 q 1.875 q 0.563 q
1.83
Bruhn Errata
Figure D3.23
Before Cut-Out
a = 12 in b = 12 in c = 12 in
1q 1q d = 5 in
qo
qo 1q 1q 1q e = 7 in
1q 1q f = 3 in
-0.875 q 0.875 q
1q -1 q 0q
-0.875 q 0.875 q
0.125 q 1.875 q
qo
qo 2q 1q
0.125 q 1.875 q
1.84
Figure D3.24
Figure D3.24 (b) Middle lower bay should have the shear flow, qo reversed.
qo should be -qo
The upper and lower arrows in the bay should be reversed.
Before Cut-Out
a = 12 in b = 12 in c = 12 in
d = 5 in
1q 1q
qo
qo 1q e = 3 in
1q 1q f = 7 in
-0.875 q 0.875 q
0q
1q -1 q
0.125 q 1.875 q
qo
qo 1q
2q
Page D3.10 Framing Cutouts With Doublers or Bents
First column, fourth paragraph from the bottom …
“Th se allowables apply…” should be “These allowables apply…”
1.85
Bruhn Errata
1.86
2.0 Aircraft Structures
The first edition of Aircraft Structures by David J. Peery is another classic book on aircraft stress
analysis. The following pages list topics from the book that are a good start to any stress analyst’s
education.
Errata – Analysis of Wing Ribs
Section 8.3, page 192
qba = 274 lb/in qac = 374 lb/in qbc = 566 lb/in Incorrect.
Three Equations, Three Unknowns
 222 qba  168 qac   90,000
 20 qba  20 qac  2,000
 4 qba  6 qac  10 qbc   9,000
In Matrix Form
  222  168 0   qba    90,000 

  20     
 20 0   qac  =  2,000 
  4  6  10  q    9,000 
 bc   
Invert Matrix
1
  222  168 0    0.00256  0.02154 0 
  20 20 0    0.00256 0.02846 
  =  0 
  4  6  10   0.00256  0.00846  0.10 
Solve
 qba    0.00256  0.02154 0    90,000   187.7 

       
 qac  =   0.00256 0.02846 0   2,000  =  287.7 
q   0.00256  0.00846  0.10    9,000   652.3 
 bc     
qba = 188 lb/in qac = 288 lb/in qbc = 652 lb/in
2.1
Bruhn Errata
Schrenk’s Method of Spanwise Air-Load Distribution
David J. Peery Aircraft Structures, First Edition pages 228-232
NACA TN-948 A Simple Approximation Method for Obtaining the Spanwise Lift Distribution
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930094469_1993094469.pdf ...................... O. Schrenk
INPUT
Figure 9.14
Geometry
b/2 240 in
c1 102 in
c12 63.75 in
y1 - y4 23.040 in 23.04
y5 - y8 21.960 in 21.96
4 x 4 x 4 x
y9 - y12 15.000 in 15.00 23.04 '' 21.96 '' 15.00 ''
Taper 0.625 to 1
120
S 38,340 in2
100
 0.25 80
Flap Deflection 60
f 30.00 º 40
20
Angle of Zero Lift
0
From -1.20 º
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
To -8.00 º
Symbols
Table 9.1
Span Chord
2
2 y
y 2y/b c 1   
4S
 Col 4  cci ci
 b  b
( in ) ( in )
0 0 102.0 1 101.7 101.85 0.999

10.00 0.042 100.0 0.999 101.6 100.81 1.008
23.04 0.096 98.3 0.995 101.2 99.77 1.015
46.08 0.192 94.7 0.981 99.8 97.25 1.027
69.12 0.288 91.0 0.958 97.4 94.20 1.035
92.16 0.384 87.4 0.923 93.9 90.65 1.037
114.12 0.476 83.8 0.880 89.5 86.63 1.034
136.08 0.567 80.3 0.824 83.8 82.04 1.022
158.04 0.659 76.8 0.753 76.5 76.67 0.998
180.00 0.750 73.3 0.661 67.3 70.28 0.959
195.00 0.813 69.2 0.583 59.3 64.24 0.928
210.00 0.875 63.0 0.484 49.2 56.12 0.891
215.00 0.896 60.0 0.444 45.2 52.60 0.877
220.00 0.917 55.8 0.400 40.6 48.22 0.864
225.00 0.938 49.5 0.348 35.4 42.45 0.857
240.00 1.000 0 0 0 0 0
2.2
DATA
Figure 9.14
Simpson's Rule
SaaR c 59,335
S/2 19,170 in2
aw0 3.10 º
m0 0.10 per degree
m0 / 2 0.050 per degree

4 x 4 x 4 x
A 6.01 to 1 23.04 '' 21.96 '' 15.00 ''
f 30.00 º c clb vs. Span Position

20
15
b 2
10
 m0 a aR c dy
a w0  0
b 2
5

1.33
m0 c dy 0
0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
-5
-10
-15
Postion, y ( in )
Table 9.2
Span Chord
y c aaR aaR c a clb c clb c clb clb / c
( in ) from ref. line zero lift ( in ) faired
0 102.0 6.80 693.7 3.71 º 0.185 18.90 18.90 0.185

23.04 98.3 6.80 668.5 3.71 º 0.185 18.21 18.21 0.185
46.08 94.7 6.80 644.1 3.71 º 0.185 17.55 17.49 0.185
69.12 91.0 6.80 618.9 3.71 º 0.185 16.86 11.85 0.130
92.16 87.4 6.80 594.4 3.71 º 0.185 16.19 1.29 0.015
92.16 87.4 0 0 -3.10 º -0.155 -13.53 1.29 0.015

114.12 83.8 0 0 -3.10 º -0.155 -12.97 -7.32 -0.087
136.08 80.3 0 0 -3.10 º -0.155 -12.43 -11.08 -0.138
158.04 76.8 0 0 -3.10 º -0.155 -11.89 -11.80 -0.154
180.00 73.3 0 0 -3.10 º -0.155 -11.34 -11.34 -0.155
195.00 69.2 0 0 -3.10 º -0.155 -10.71 -10.72 -0.155

210.00 63.0 0 0 -3.10 º -0.155 -9.75 -9.65 -0.153
225.00 49.5 0 0 -3.10 º -0.155 -7.66 -7.67 -0.155
240.00 0.0 0 0 -3.10 º -0.155 0 0 0
2.3
Bruhn Errata
Figure 9.16
CL = 1.72
cl for CL = 1.72
1.6
1.2
cla1
Cl
0.8
cl for CL = 1.0
0.4
clb
0
0 40 80 120 160 200 240
-0.4
Spanwise Position, y ( in )
Table 9.4
  2y/b m/m c cs / c sin q ci y

( deg. ) ( radians ) ( in )
0.0 0.00 1.000 1 0 0 0 0 y4

22.5 0.39 0.924 1 53.0 1.9245 0.383 0.736 y3
45.0 0.79 0.707 1 75.0 1.3600 0.707 0.962 y2
67.5 1.18 0.383 1 87.4 1.1670 0.924 1.078 y1
90.0 1.57 0 1 102.0 1.0000 1.000 1.000 y0
2.4
Spanwise Distribution of Induced Drag
INPUT Figure 9.14
Geometry
b/2 240 in
c1 102 in
c12 63.75 in
y1 - y4 23.040 in
y5 - y8 21.960 in 4 x 4 x 4 x
23.04 '' 21.96 '' 15.00 ''
y9 - y12 15.000 in
Taper 0.625 to 1 A1 0.7664 C0 0.819 C2 - C 4 -0.1400

A3 0.0313 C2 -0.371 C2 - C 6 -0.2416
S 38,340 in2 A5 0.0185 C4 -0.231 C2 - C 8 -0.2826
C6 -0.129 C4 - C 6 -0.1017
C8 -0.088
B1 1 = aa C10 0 P1 1.309
DATA B3 0 P3 1.797
B5 0 Cl 0.10 P5 2.341
cs ms
180 /  57.30 º / radian ms 5.730 / radian 0.3044
Assume Angle of Attack 4 b
Solve for A
aa 1.00 radian
2.6178 -0.1400 -0.1017 A1 2 B1
Aspect Ratio A3 B3
-0.1400 3.5937 -0.2826 = 0
-0.1017 -0.2826 4.6820 A5 0 B5
A 6.01 to 1
0.383 0.016 0.009 2 = 0.7664
Slope of Section Lift Curves
0.016 0.280 0.017 0 = 0.0313
0.009 0.017 0.215 0 = 0.0185
ms 0.1000 per degree
Coefficient of Lift for the Entire Wing
A1 / CL 0.1740
 c s m s b A1
CL  4.404 A2 / CL 0.0071
4S A3 / CL 0.0042
Table 9.4

0.0 0.00 1.000 1 0 0 0 0 y4

22.5 0.39 0.924 1 53.0 1.9245 0.383 0.736 y3
45.0 0.79 0.707 1 75.0 1.3600 0.707 0.962 y2
67.5 1.18 0.383 1 87.4 1.1670 0.924 1.078 y1
90.0 1.57 0 1 102.0 1.0000 1.000 1.000 y0
2.5
Bruhn Errata
Table 9.5
Table 9.5
1  90 º 72 º 54 º 36 º 18 º
2 y = b / 2 cos  0 74.2 141.1 194.2 228.3
3 sin  1 0.951 0.809 0.588 0.309
4 sin 3 -1 -0.588 0.309 0.951 0.809
5 sin 5 1 0 -1 0 1
6 0.1740 sin  0.1740 0.1655 0.1408 0.1023 0.0538
7 0.0071 sin 3 -0.0071 -0.0042 0.0022 0.0068 0.0058
8 0.0042 sin 5 0.0042 0 -0.0042 0 0.0042
9 SAn sin n 0.1711 0.1613 0.1388 0.1090 0.0637
10 c cl 100.00 94.28 81.10 63.73 37.25
Table 9.6
Table 9.6
1 y 0 46.1 92.2 136.1 180 195 210 215 220 225

2 ccl 101.85 97.3 90.7 82.0 70.0 63.3 54.8 51.1 46.7 41.4
3 Chord Length, c 102 94.7 87.4 80.3 73.3 69.2 63.0 60.0 55.8 49.5
4 cl 0.999 1.027 1.037 1.022 0.955 0.915 0.870 0.852 0.838 0.837
5 aa = 1 / 4.41 0.227 0.227 0.227 0.227 0.227 0.227 0.227 0.227 0.227 0.227
6 cl / mo = cl / 5.73 0.174 0.179 0.181 0.178 0.167 0.160 0.152 0.149 0.146 0.146
7 aa = aa - cl / mo 0.053 0.048 0.046 0.049 0.060 0.067 0.075 0.078 0.081 0.081
8 cdi = cl ai 0.053 0.049 0.048 0.050 0.058 0.062 0.065 0.067 0.068 0.068
Plot
y 1,000 c c
0 52.7 0.053
46.08 49.1 0.049
92.16 47.7 0.048
136.08 49.8 0.050
180 57.7 0.058
195 61.6 0.062
200 62.9 0.063
210 65.4 0.065
215 66.8 0.067
220 67.7 0.068
225 67.8 0.068
230 67.2 0.067
235 64.5 0.064
2.6
Graph
110
Schrenk's
Method 0.010
100
Fourier's
90
Method
0.008
80
( lb/in )
70
l
Lift per Unit Span, c c
0.006
60
cdi Induced Drag cdi

50
0.004
40
30
0.002
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
2.7
Bruhn Errata
External Loads
External Loads GRAN

Corporation
David J. Peery Aircraft Structures page 264-270
© 2006 All Rights Reserved
INPUT
200
 0.00238 slug / ft3
Gross Weight
W 8,000 lb
Wing Area
S 266.25 ft2
Limit Maneuver Load Factor 86
n 6.00 g
Limit Maneuver Load Factor Mean Aerodynamic Chord
n -3.00 g
c 86 in
Slope of Lift Curve
m 0.10 per radian Distance to Tail
Design Diving Speed Lt 200 in

Vd 400 mph
Effectiveness Factor
 SV2    SV
2
K 0.68 n  C za   1.4667 ft / sec per mile  C za  

2W  2  W
 0.002378 slugs / ft   1.4667

Gust Vertical Velocity
U 50 ft / sec

 1.4667 

 
3
ft / sec per mph 2 
ft / sec per mph 
2  2 
Angle of Attack

 1.4667 ft / sec per mph   0.00256
a 26 deg 2
Positive Stalling Angle
 SV2 SV2
a 20 deg n  C za   0.00256  C za
Negative Stalling Angle 2W W
a -17 deg
DATA
Normal Force Lift Drag
Effective Gust Vertical Velocity Assume
KU 34 ft / sec Cza -1.1990 26 deg Factor 1.25 a 26 deg
Positive Stalling Angle
m 0.0762 / deg Cza 2.0755 -17 deg a 20 deg CL 2.132
2 2
W/S 30 lb / ft V 184.3 mph CL 1.670 x 1.25 1.12 CL 5.091
2 -3
n 0.1767 V x 10 V 212.1 knots CL 2.0875 cd 5.091
2 -3 2
n -0.1021 V x 10 V 270.3 ft/sec q 86.855 lb/ft Conv. 1.467 ft/sec per mph
Dn 0.00862 V  0.00238 slugs / ft 3

q 0.603 lb/in 2
k 0.00256
OUTPUT
V 23,207 lb ( STA 0 )
V avg 2,456 lb ( STA 0-20 )
M 2,389 in-kips ( STA 0 )
2.8
Tables 10.1 and 10.2
Table 10.1 Table 10.2
a CL CD CM a CD sin  CL cos  Ct Cza

Drag Lift Tail Airplane
26 2.132 0.324 0.0400 26 0.1420 1.9162 0.0172 2.0755

20 1.670 0.207 0.0350 20 0.0708 1.5693 0.0151 1.6551
15 1.285 0.131 0.0280 15 0.0339 1.2412 0.0120 1.2872
10 0.900 0.076 0.0185 10 0.0132 0.8863 0.0080 0.9075
5 0.515 0.040 0.0070 5 0.0035 0.5130 0.0030 0.5195
0 0.130 0.023 -0.0105 0 0.0000 0.1300 -0.0045 0.1255
-5 -0.255 0.026 -0.0316 -5 -0.0023 -0.2540 -0.0136 -0.2699
-10 -0.640 0.049 -0.0525 -10 -0.0085 -0.6303 -0.0226 -0.6614
-15 -1.025 0.092 -0.0770 -15 -0.0238 -0.9901 -0.0331 -1.0470
-17 -1.180 0.115 -0.0860 -17 -0.0336 -1.1284 -0.0370 -1.1990
Figure 10.9
Figure 10.9
2.5
CL
2
Cza
1.5
Ct
0.02
1
Ct
0.01
0.5
C za
CL
-17 26 0
0
-0.01
-0.5
-1 -0.02
-1.5 -0.03
-2
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Angle of Attack a ,   ( degrees )
2.9
Bruhn Errata
Table 10.3 Table 10.3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
cdi1 1.12 CL2 cdi1 cd cd sin a cla1 cl cos a cn
Station
Fig 9.20 0.01 + (3) (4) sin a Fig 9.16 (6) cos a (5) + (7)
220 0.068 0.345 0.355 0.156 0.880 1.687 1.843

200 0.063 0.320 0.330 0.145 0.924 1.771 1.916
180 0.058 0.294 0.304 0.133 0.964 1.847 1.981
160 0.053 0.271 0.281 0.123 0.996 1.909 2.032
140 0.050 0.252 0.262 0.115 1.019 1.952 2.067

120 0.047 0.240 0.250 0.110 1.032 1.978 2.088
100 0.046 0.235 0.245 0.107 1.038 1.988 2.096
80 0.046 0.235 0.245 0.107 1.037 1.987 2.094
60 0.047 0.241 0.251 0.110 1.032 1.977 2.087
40 0.049 0.251 0.261 0.114 1.024 1.962 2.077

20 0.052 0.264 0.274 0.120 1.013 1.942 2.062
0 0.055 0.279 0.289 0.127 0.998 1.913 2.040
Figure 9.16
1.6
cla1
1.2
Cl
0.8
0.4
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Spanw ise Position, y ( in )
Figure 9.20
0.08
di
Induced Drag per Unit Span, c
0.07
0.06
cdi
Induced Drag
0.05
0.04
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Spa nwi s e P os i t i on, y ( i n )
2.10
Data
V 184.3 mph
q 86.9 lb / ft2
q 0.603 lb / in2
Table 10.4
Shear Average Moment Bending
Shear
Increment Shear Increment Increment
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Station c cn c cn c cn q/144 DV V Vavg DM /1000 M/1000

( in ) ( in ) ( in ) ( lb / in ) ( lb ) ( lb ) ( lb ) ( in-kip ) ( in-kip )
240 0 0
555.7 277.8 5.6
220 50.0 1.843 92.1 55.6 555.7 5.6
1,318.2 936.9 24.3
200 66.0 1.916 126.4 76.3 1,873.9 29.9
1,638.4 1,478.3 53.9
180 73.3 1.981 145.2 87.6 3,512.3 83.7
1,813.4 1,725.9 88.4
160 76.5 2.032 155.4 93.8 5,325.7 172.1
1,931.3 1,872.4 125.8
140 79.7 2.067 164.8 99.4 7,257.0 297.9
2,037.4 1,984.4 165.5
120 82.9 2.088 173.0 104.4 9,294.4 463.4
2,131.6 2,084.5 207.2
100 86.1 2.096 180.4 108.8 11,426.0 670.6
2,215.5 2,173.6 250.7
80 89.3 2.094 187.0 112.8 13,641.5 921.3
2,291.6 2,253.6 295.7
60 92.4 2.087 193.0 116.4 15,933.1 1,217.1
2,362.0 2,326.8 342.3
40 95.6 2.077 198.6 119.8 18,295.1 1,559.3
2,427.2 2,394.6 390.2
20 98.8 2.062 203.8 122.9 20,722.3 1,949.5
2,484.5 2,455.8 439.3
0 102.0 2.040 208.1 125.5 23,206.8 2,388.8
Station c cn c cn c cn q/144 DV V Vavg DM /1000 M/1000

( in ) ( in ) ( lb / in ) ( lb ) ( lb ) ( lb ) ( in-kip ) ( in-kip )
240 0 0
220 50.00 1.843 92.1 55.57 556 556 0 5.6 6
200 66.00 1.916 126.4 76.26 1,318 1,874 937 24.3 30
180 73.31 1.981 145.2 87.58 1,638 3,512 1,478 53.9 84
160 76.50 2.032 155.4 93.76 1,813 5,326 1,726 88.4 172
140 79.69 2.067 164.8 99.37 1,931 7,257 1,872 125.8 298
120 82.88 2.088 173.0 104.37 2,037 9,294 1,984 165.5 463
100 86.07 2.096 180.4 108.79 2,132 11,426 2,084 207.2 671
80 89.26 2.094 187.0 112.76 2,216 13,642 2,174 250.7 921
60 92.45 2.087 193.0 116.40 2,292 15,933 2,254 295.7 1,217
40 95.64 2.077 198.6 119.80 2,362 18,295 2,327 342.3 1,559
20 98.83 2.062 203.8 122.92 2,427 20,722 2,395 390.2 1,950
0 102.02 2.040 208.1 125.53 2,485 23,207 2,456 439.3 2,389
2.11
Bruhn Errata
V-n Diagram
Figure 10.10
n  C za
 SV2
 0.00256  2.0755 
  266 .25 ft  V
2 2

  0.0001767 V
2

2W   8,000 lb  
Structural Damage
n=6
6 A C
Stall
3
( g's )
Vd = 400
Normal Load Factor, n
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
-1
Stall
-2
-3 B D
n=-3
E
-4
Velocity, V (mph)
2.12
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams
Chapter 5, pages 100-112
Beam Shear Stresses
Section 6.2, page 115 Example 1, page 117
Shear Flow in Thin Webs
Section 6.4, page 123 Example 1, page 126 Example 2, page 128 Example 3, page 129
Shear Flow Distribution in Box Beams
Tapered Beams
Beams With Variable Flange Areas
Beams With Unsymmetrical Cross Sections
Section 7.2, page 156 The “K” Method
Example 1 page 159, Example 2, page 161
Unsymmetrical Beams Supported Laterally
Section 7.3, page 162 Example 1, page 159 Example 2 page 161
Shear Flow in Unsymmetrical Beams
Section 7.5, page 169 Example, page 170
2.13
Bruhn Errata
Beams with Varying Cross Sections
Correction of Wing Bending Moments for Sweepback
Distribution of Concentrated Loads to Thin Webs
Section 8.1, page 181 Example 1, Figure 8.3, page 184
Loads on Fuselage Bulkheads
Analysis of Wing Ribs
Section 8.3, Example 1, page 191-193 Example 2, page 193-194
Shear Flow in Tapered Webs
Section 8.4, page 197-202
Differential Bending
Cutouts in Semi-Monocoque Structures
Section 8.5, pages 202-210
Trusses with Single Redundancy
Section 17.2, page 455 Examples 1 and 2, pages 457-459
2.14
Trusses with Multiple Redundancy
Circular Fuselage Rings
Irregular Fuselage Rings
Torsion of Multi-Cell Box Beams
Beam Shear in Multi-Cell Structures
Analysis of Practical Multi-Cell Structures
Shear Lag
Section 17.13, page 502 Numerical Example, Section 17.15, page 506
See also Section A19.18 beginning on page A19.24 … Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures
Spanwise Variation of Warping Deformation
2.15
Bruhn Errata
2.16
3.0 Numerical Methods
Polynomial Regression
Determine the equation of a sixth order polynomial that best fits the following data:
Polynomial Regression Data

Poly. (Data)
10 6 5 4 3 2
y = 1.0955x - 3.5198x + 18.441x - 33.438x + 1.1827x + 4.5053x + 3.0076
5 R2 = 0.9999
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
-5
y
-10
-15
-20
-25
x
y  a0  a1 x  a2 x 2  a3 x 3  a4 x 4  a5 x 5  a6 x 6
Point Data
Given 20 data points
ni x y ni x y
1 0 3.00 11 1.0 -9.00

2 0.1 3.43 12 1.1 -12.00
3 0.2 3.78 13 1.2 -14.79
4 0.3 3.64 14 1.3 -17.60
5 0.4 3.40 15 1.4 -20.00
6 0.5 2.30 16 1.5 -21.30
7 0.6 1.00 17 1.6 -21.40
8 0.7 -0.70 18 1.7 -19.74
9 0.8 -2.90 19 1.8 -15.70
10 0.9 -5.59 20 1.9 -8.80
3.1
Bruhn Errata
Reference
Numerical Methods for Engineers, Second Edition, page 347 Steven C. Chapra & Raymond P. Canale
Least Squares Procedure
a 0 n  a1 x  a2 x  a3 x    am x  y
2 3 m
i i i i i
x x x x x y
m 1
 a1  a2    am 
2 3
a0 i i i i i i
x x x x x
m 2
 a1  a2    am 
2 3 4 2
a0 i i i i i yi
x x x x x
m 1 m 2
 a1  a2    am 
m 2m m
a0 i i i i i yi
Sixth Order
m=6 n = 20 points
a 0 n  a1 x  a2 x  a3 x  a4 x  a5 x  a6 x  y
2 3 4 5 6
i i i i i i i
x  a1 x  a2 x x
 a3  a4x  a5 x  a6x  x y
2 3 4 5 6 7
a0 i i i i i i i i i
x  a x  a x  a x  a x  a x  a x  x y
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2
a0 i 1 i 2 i 3 i 4 i 5 i 6 i i i
x  a x  a x a x  a x  a x  a x  x y
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3
a0 i 1 i 2 i 3 i 4 i 5 i 6 i i i
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4
a0 i 1 i 2 i 3 i 4 i 5 i 6 i i i
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5
a0 i 1 i 2 i 3 i 4 i 5 i 6 i i i
x  a x a x a x a x a x a x  x y
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 6
a0 i 1 i 2 i 3 i 4 i 5 i 6 i i i
Data
Sx = 19.0 Sx7 = 259.7 Sy = -149.0 Sx4y = -881.4
Sx2 = 24.7 Sx8 = 449.4 Sxy = -238.1 Sx5y = -1,423.2
Sx3 = 36.1 Sx9 = 787.2 Sx2y = -360.9 Sx6y = -2.339.8
Sx4 = 56.3 Sx10 = 1,392.4 Sx3y = -557.5 S(y-ybar)2 = 1,775.45
Sx5 = 91.3 Sx11 = 2,482.8
Sx6 = 152.5 Sx12 = 4,457.4
3.2
Matrix Form
Seven Equations, Seven Unknowns
 20 19 .0 24 .7 36 .1 56 .3 91 .3 152 .5   a0    149 .0 
 19 .0 24 .7 36 .1 56 .3 91 .3 152 .5 259 .7   a1    238 .1 
     
 24 .7 36 .1 56 .3 91 .3 152 .5 259 .7 449 .4   a2    360 .9 
     
 36 .1 56 .3 91 .3 152 .5 259 .7 449 .4 787 .2   a3     557 .5 
 56 .3 91 .3 152 .5 259 .7 449 .4 787 .2 1,392 .4   a4    881 .4 
     
 91 .3 152 .5 259 .7 449 .4 787 .2 1,392 .4 2,482 .8   a5    1,423 .2 
 152 .5 259 .7 449 .4      2,339 .8 
 787 .2 1,392 .4 2,482 .8 4,457 .4   a6   
Invert Matrix
Using MINVERSE in Excel
 20 19 .0 24 .7 36 .1 56 .3 91 .3 152 .5 
 19 .0 24 .7 36 .1 56 .3 91 .3 152 .5 259 .7 

 24 .7 36 .1 56 .3 91 .3 152 .5 259 .7 449 .4 
 
A   36 .1 56 .3 91 .3 152 .5 259 .7 449 .4 787 .2 
 56 .3 91 .3 152 .5 259 .7 449 .4 787 .2 1,392 .4 
 
 91 .3 152 .5 259 .7 449 .4 787 .2 1,392 .4 2,482 .8 
152 .5 259 .7 449 .4 1,392 .4 2,482 .8 4,457 .4 
 787 .2
 0.9  10 .6 39 .5  66 .4 55 .8  22 .8 3.6 
  10 .6 254 .0  1,224 .9 2,361 .5  2,158 .1 935 .3  154 .8 
 
 39 .5  1,224 .9 6,482 .1  13,178 .4 12,472 .7  5,542 .1 934 .7 
 
 A 1    66 .4 2,361 .5  13,178 .4 27 ,696 .6  26,831 .1 12,130 .8  2,073 .6 
 55 .8  2,158 .1 12,472 .7  26,831 .1 26,440 .7  12,112 .8 2,092 .3 
 
  22 .8 935 .3  5,542 .1 12,130 .8  12,112 .8 5,607 .2  976 .8 
  154 .8  2,073 .6  2,092 .3  976 .8 
 3.6 934 .7 171 .4 
3.3
Bruhn Errata
Multiply (using MMULT in Excel)
 a0   0.9  10 .6 39 .5  66 .4 55 .8  22 .8 3.6    149 .0 

a    10 .6 254 .0  1,224 .9 2,361 .5  2,158 .1 935 .3  154 .8    238 .1 
 1    
 a2   39 .5  1,224 .9 6,482 .1  13,178 .4 12,472 .7  5,542 .1 934 .7    360 .9 
     
 a3     66 .4 2,361 .5  13,178 .4 27 ,696 .6  26,831 .1 12,130 .8  2,073 .6    557 .5 
a   55 .8  2,158 .1 12,472 .7  26,831 .1 26,440 .7  12,112 .8 2,092 .3    881 .4 
 4     
 a5    22 .8 935 .3  5,542 .1 12,130 .8  12,112 .8 5,607 .2  976 .8    1,423 .2 
   3.6  
 a6    154 .8 934 .7  2,073 .6  2,092 .3  976 .8 171 .4    2,339 .8 
 a0   3.0076 
 a1   4.5053 
   
 a2   1.1827 
   
 a3     33 .4375 
 a4   18 .4411 
   
 a5    3.5198 
   1.0955 
 a6   
Solution
Sixth Order Polynomial Equation
y  3.0076  4.5053 x  1.1827 x 2  33.4375 x 3  18.4411 x 4  3.5198 x 5  1.0955 x 6
Error of Polynomial Regression
Standard Error of the Estimate
y 
n
2
Sr  i  a0  a1 x  a 2 x 2  a3 x 3  a 4 x 4  a5 x 5  a6 x 6  0.23275
i 1
Sr 0.23275
Sy    0.1338
n  m  1 20   6  1 
x
Coefficient of Determination
y 
n
2
St  i y  1,775 .5
i 1
St  S r 1,775 .5  0.23275
R2    0.9999
St 1,775 .5
3.4
Gauss-Newton Method of Non-Linear Regression
Reference:
Numerical Methods for Engineers, 2nd Edition, page 360 Steven C. Chapra & Raymond P. Canale
Find the coefficients for 

y  a 1  e  bx 
 given the following data points:
x y
0.25 0.28
0.75
1.25
0.57
0.68
y
a
 1 e b x 
 y
b
 a xe b x 
1.75 0.74
2.25 0.79
Initial Guess
Let a = 1.00 b = 1.00
Partial Derivatives
y
a
 1 e x 
 y
b
 xe  x 
[ Z ] Matrix
First column is the partial derivative with respect to a inserting x values.
Second column is the partial derivative with respect to b inserting x values.
 0.22120 0.19470 
 0.52763 0.35427 

 Z   0.71350 0.35813 
 
 0.82623 0.30410 
 0.89460 0.23715 
3.5
Bruhn Errata
Transpose of [ Z ]
 0.22120 0.52763 0.71350 0.82623 0.89460 

 Z T  
 0.19470 0.35427 0.35813 0.30410 0.23715 
Transpose of [ Z ] multiplied by [ Z ]
 0.22120 0.19470 
 0.52763 0.35427 
 0.22120 0.52763 0.71350 0.82623 0.89460    2.3194 0.9489 
 0.19470  0.35813  = 
0.23715   0.4404 
0.71350
 0.35427 0.35813 0.30410   0.9489
 0.82623 0.30410 
 0.89460 0.23715 
Solve for Vector { D }
Subtract first column of [ Z ] from values of y:
 0.280   0.22120   0.05880 

 0.570     0.04237 
  0.52763   
D   y  Z  =  0.680    0.71350     0.03350 
      0.08623 
 0.740   0.82623   
 0.790   0.89460    0.10460 
Transpose of [ Z ] Multiplied by { D }
 0.05880 
 0.04237 
 0.22120 0.52763 0.71350 0.82623 0.89460      0.15336 
 Z T D  =  0.19470  0.03350  =  
 0.35427 0.35813 0.30410 0.23715     0.03657 
  0.08623 
 
  0.10460 
Solve for { DA }
[ Zj ]T [ Zj ] { DA } = [ Zj ]T { D }
 2.3194 0.9489    0.15336 

 0.9489  { DA } =  
 0.4404    0.03657 
3.6
T
Invert [ Zj ] [ Zj ]
1
 2.3194 0.9489   3.6407  7.8447 
 
 0.9489
 0.4404    7.8447 19 .1738 
{ DA } = { [ Zj ] [ Zj ] }
T -1 T
[ Zj ] { D }
 3.6407  7.8447    0.15336    0.27148 

{ DA } =     =  
  7.8447 19 .1738    0.03657   0.50193 
Calculate the Sum of the Errors Squared

y  a 1  e  bx 
 for a = 1.00 and b = 1.00
2 2
For x = 0.25, y = 0.28 ( y – ycalc ) = ( 0.280 – 0.2212 ) = 0.00346 … and so on…
x y ycalc ( y - ycalc )2
1 0.25 0.28 0.22120 0.00346

2 0.75 0.57 0.52763 0.00179
3 1.25 0.68 0.71350 0.00112
4 1.75 0.74 0.82623 0.00743
5 2.25 0.79 0.89460 0.01094
S 0.0247506
Second Guess
Modify the initial guess by adding values from { DA }
 0.2715 
From above  DA    
 0.5019 
a = 1.00 – 0.2715 = 0.7285
b = 1.00 + 0.5019 = 1.5019
Repeat procedure… for a = 0.7285 and b = 1.5019…
3.7
Bruhn Errata
Partial Derivatives
Let a = 0.7285 b = 1.5019
y
a
 1 e  1.5019 x 
 y
b
 0.7285 x e  1.5019 x 
[ Z ] Matrix
First column is the partial derivative with respect to a with x values inserted.
Second column is the partial derivative with respect to b with x values inserted.
 0.31304 0.12512 
 0.67582 0.17713 

 Z   0.84701 0.13932 
 
 0.92780 0.09204 
 0.96593 0.05585 
Transpose of [ Z ]
 0.31304 0.67582 0.84701 0.92780 0.96593 

 Z T  
 0.12512 0.17713 0.13932 0.09204 0.05585 
Transpose of [ Z ] Multiplied by [ Z ]
 0.31304 0.12512 
 0.67582 0.17713 
 0.31304 0.67582 0.84701 0.92780 0.96593    3.0660 0.4162 
 Z T   0.13932  =  0.4162
 0.12512 0.17713 0.13932 0.09204 0.05585   0.84701
  0.0780 
 0.92780 0.09204 
 0.96593 0.05585 
3.8
Solve for Vector { D }
Subtract first column of [ Z ] from values of y:
 0.280   0.31304    0.03304 

 0.570   0.67582    0.10582 
    
D   y  Z  =  0.680    0.84701     0.16701 
      0.18780 
 0.740   0.92780   
 0.790   0.96593    0.17593 
Transpose of [ Z ] Multiplied by { D }
  0.03304 
  0.10582 
 0.31304 0.96593      0.56750 
 Z T D  =
0.67582 0.84701 0.92780
 0.16701  =  
 0.12512
 0.17713 0.13932 0.09204 0.05585     0.07326 
  0.18780 
 
  0.17593 
Solve for { DA }
[ Zj ]T [ Zj ] { DA } = [ Zj ]T { D }
 3.0660 0.4162    0.56750 

 0.4162 DA  
0.0780 
{ } =
   0.07326 
T
Invert [ Zj ] [ Zj ]
1
 3.0660 0.4162   1.1823  6.3065 
 
 0.4162
 0.0780    6.3065 46 .4553 
{ DA } = { [ Zj ] [ Zj ] }
T -1 T
[ Zj ] { D }
 1.18228  6.30646    0.56750    0.20896 

{ DA } =     =  
  6.30646 46 .45534    0.07326   0.17577 
3.9
Bruhn Errata
Calculate the Sum of the Errors Squared

y  a 1  e  bx 
 for a = 0.7285 b = 1.5019
2 2
For x = 0.25, y = 0.28 ( y – ycalc ) = ( 0.280 – 0.22806 ) = 0.00270 … and so on…
x y ycalc ( y - ycalc )2 ycalc ( y - ycalc )2
1 0.25 0.28 0.22120 0.00346 0.22806 0.00270

2 0.75 0.57 0.52763 0.00179 0.49235 0.00603
3 1.25 0.68 0.71350 0.00112 0.61707 0.00396
4 1.75 0.74 0.82623 0.00743 0.67593 0.00411
5 2.25 0.79 0.89460 0.01094 0.70370 0.00745
S 0.02475 S 0.02424
Third Guess
Modify guess by adding values from { DA }
 0.20896 
From above  DA    
 0.17577 
a = 1.00 – 0.2090 = 0.7910
b = 1.5019 + 0.1758 = 1.6777
Repeat procedure… for a = 0.7910 and b = 1.6777… and so on…
Summary
Guess 1 2 3 4 5
a 1.00 0.72852 0.79104 0.79185 0.79187
b 1.00 1.50193 1.67770 1.67527 1.67515
ycalc ( y - ycalc )
2
ycalc ( y - ycalc )
2
ycalc ( y - ycalc )
2
ycalc ( y - ycalc )
2
ycalc ( y - ycalc )2
1 0.22120 0.00346 0.22806 0.00270 0.27099 0.00008 0.27095 0.00008 0.27094 0.00008
2 0.52763 0.00179 0.49235 0.00603 0.56627 0.00001 0.56644 0.00001 0.56643 0.00001
3 0.71350 0.00112 0.61707 0.00396 0.69390 0.00019 0.69431 0.00020 0.69431 0.00020
4 0.82623 0.00743 0.67593 0.00411 0.74906 0.00008 0.74964 0.00009 0.74965 0.00009
5 0.89460 0.01094 0.70370 0.00745 0.77290 0.00029 0.77359 0.00027 0.77360 0.00027
S 0.02475 S 0.02424 S 0.00066 S 0.00066 S 0.00066
3.10
Graph
y  0.7919 1 e  1.6751x 


Data Points
Gauss-Newton Method
Equation
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
y
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
x
3.11
Bruhn Errata
The Newton-Raphson Method of Non-Linear Approximation
Beam Maximum Displacement
Example: Find the location of the maximum displacement for a simply supported-fixed beam.
x = 0.4215 L
R1 x R2
max
L
Newton-Raphson Equation
f  xn 
f  x1   f  x0   f '  x0   x1  x0  xn1  xn 
f '  xn 
d
Given

w L4
dz 48 E I

1  9 z2  8 z3  0 
Let 8 z3  9 z 2 1  0
Initial Guess
Using an initial guess of x = 0.30 L
Summary
n xn f (xn) f ' (xn) xn+1 (xn+1 - xn) / xn
0 0.3 0.406 -3.24 0.425308642 0.417695473

1 0.425309 -0.012523034 -3.314257 0.421530108 -0.008884217
2 0.421530 1.6807E-05 -3.323039 0.421535165 1.19985E-05
3 0.421535 2.85674E-11 -3.323027 0.421535165 2.0394E-11
4 0.421535 0 -3.323027 0.421535165 0
5 0.421535 0 -3.323027 0.421535165 0
0.4215352 0 -3.3230275 0.421535165 0
Answer
x = 0.4215 L
3.12
B 0
C 0
Cubed Root of 1,234

D -1,234
Newton-Raphson Method of Non-Linear Approximation
INPUT OUTPUT
Try x0 20 x 10.72601
A 1
B 0
C 0
D -1,234
Equation
OUTPUT
x3 – 1,234 = 0 Answer: x = 10.726
x 10.72601
f  xn 
f  x1   f  x0   f'  x0   x1  x0  x n 1  x n 
f '  xn 
n xn f (xn) f ' (xn) xn+1 (xn+1 - xn) / xn
0 20 6766 1200 14.36166667 -0.281916667

1 14.36167 1728.201024 618.7724 11.56871566 -0.194472625
2 11.56872 314.3011642 401.5055 10.78590912 -0.067665812
3 10.78591 20.7877504 349.0075 10.72634665 -0.005522249
4 10.72635 0.11458382 345.1635 10.72601468 -3.0949E-05
5 10.72601 3.54622E-06 345.1422 10.72601467 -9.57919E-10
6 10.72601 0 345.1422 10.72601467 0
7 10.72601 0 345.1422 10.72601467 0
8 10.72601 0 345.1422 10.72601467 0
9 10.72601 0 345.1422 10.72601467 0
10 10.72601 0 345.1422 10.72601467 0
11 10.72601 0 345.1422 10.72601467 0
12 10.72601 0 345.1422 10.72601467 0
13 10.72601 0 345.1422 10.72601467 0
14 10.72601 0 345.1422 10.72601467 0
15 10.72601 0 345.1422 10.72601467 0
16 10.72601 0 345.1422 10.72601467 0
17 10.72601 0 345.1422 10.72601467 0
18 10.72601 0 345.1422 10.72601467 0
19 10.72601 0 345.1422 10.72601467 0
20 10.72601 0 345.1422 10.72601467 0
3.13
Bruhn Errata
Interaction Curves
The Newton-Raphson Method is handy for finding the Margins of Safety from interaction curves. The
interaction curve below can be solved algebraically for the Margin of Safety.
Example: fs = 3,100 lb Fs = 4,650 lb ft = 5,200 lb Ft = 6,470 lb
Rs = fs / Fs = 3,100 lb / 4,650 lb = 0.667 Rt = ft / Ft = 5,200 lb / 6,470 lb = 0.804
1 1
Rs  Rt 1 M .S .   1  1  -0.04
2 2
Rs  Rt
2 2
0.667 2  0.804 
2
General Curve
Interaction Equation - Combined Shear and Tension

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
RT
0.5
M.S. = -0.04
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
RS
For Rs  RT  1 it would be very conservative to use the M.S. calculation above.

10
An Excel spreadsheet can then make quick work of what was a graphical method. (see next page)
3.14
Titanium Hi-Lok
Rs  RT 1
10
Interaction Curve
Example: fs = 3,100 lb Fs = 4,650 lb ft = 5,200 lb Ft = 6,470 lb
Rs = fs / Fs = 3,100 lb / 4,650 lb = 0.667 Rt = ft / Ft = 5,200 lb / 6,470 lb = 0.804
Answer: Rs = 0.769 Rt = 0.927
M.S. = 0.769 / 0.667 – 1 =+0.15 or M.S. = 0.927 / 0.804 – 1 = +0.15

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
RT
0.5
M.S. = + 0.15
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
RS
An Excel Spreadsheet based on the Newton-Raphson Method takes the ―pain‖ out of using interaction
equations that cannot be solved algebraically. Thanks to Chuck Lilly and Chris Boshers.
3.15
Bruhn Errata
Trial and Error
I‟m not sure you would call “trial and error‖ a numerical method, but it is a simple and effective tool. The
following Visual Basic for Applications, VBA example yields an approximate solution using a “Do Loop”.
Interaction Curves
Function Rs(Rs1 As Single, Rt1 As Single, m As Single, n As Single) As Single
‟ Declarations
Dim Delta As Double

Dim Diff As Double
Dim Rt As Single
Dim Rtemp As Double
Dim Slope As Single
Dim y As Single
„ Initial Value for Rs
Rs = 0#
„ Screen Updating Off
Application.ScreenUpdating = False
„ Loop
Do
„ Increment Rs 1
Delta = 0.0001 0.9
Rtemp = Rs + Delta
0.8
„ y = Slope * Rs
0.7
Slope = Rt1 / Rs1

0.6
y = Slope * Rs
RT
0.5
„ Solve for Rt M.S. = + 0.15
0.4
Rt = (1 - Rtemp ^ n) ^ (1 / m)
0.3
„ Rs = Rtemp
0.2
Rs = Rtemp
„ Convergence 0.1
Diff = Rt - y 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Loop Until Diff < 0.00001 RS
„ Screen Updating On
Application.ScreenUpdating = True
End Function
3.16
Excel Spreadsheet
Fastener Interaction Curves - Combined Shear and Tension GRAN

Corporation
MMPDS-01 Fastener Strength Made in America
INPUT
STEEL LOCKBOLTS
1 10
Type 5 See Table I Interaction Equation Rt + Rs = 1
Table I
a 1.25
Fastener Type Equation a b
b 2.25
 Rs  1
a b
1. Custom Rt 1.25 2.25
 Rs  1
2 2
Fitting Factor 2. General Rt 2 2
 Rs  1
2 3
FF 1.00 3. AN3 Series Bolts Rt 2 3
Rt  Rs  1
5
4. 7075-T6 Lockbolts 1 5
Shear Applied
Rt  Rs  1
10
5. Steel Lockbolts 1 10
fs 3,100 lb or psi
Notes:
Shear Allowable For Shear and Tension Interaction of AN3 Series Bolts, see MMPDS-01, page 8-125.
For Shear and Tension Interaction of 7075-T6 Lockbolts see MMPDS-01, page 8-110.
Fs 4,650 lb or psi For Shear and Tension Interaction of Steel Lockbolts see MMPDS-01, page 8-110.
Tension Applied
ft 5,200 lb or psi
Tension Allowable 1
Ft 6,470 lb or psi
0.9
0.8
DATA
0.7
Rs 0.667 Shear 0.6

RT
0.5
Rt 0.804 Tension M.S. = + 0.15
0.4
0.3
OUTPUT
0.2
Rs 0.769
0.1
Rt 0.928 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
RS
M.S. 0.15
3.17
Bruhn Errata
Tapered Beams
Roark Formulas for Stress and Strain Seventh Edition Example 2, page 160.
Excel Spreadsheet
Tapered Beam with a Concentrated Load Fixed at Both Ends GRAN

Corporation
Roark Example 2, page 160
INPUT W 100 N
300 mm
L 800 mm
a 300 mm
tw 1.5 mm 800 mm
h1 mm n n
6  K x  1n
 K   I 
1n
I  1   Il / 2  I A  1    IB 
 2     2  l 2   1  0
 l 
h2 10 mm  IA   IA 
w1 4 mm Internal Shear vs Fuselage Station
80
w2 8 mm Constant Cross Section
Shear, V ( Newtons )
60
Tapered Cross Section
t1 2 mm
40
t2 2 mm 20
0
W 100 Newtons
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
-20
-40
DATA
-60
Moment of Inertia Station, x ( mm )

IB  IA 1 K n
IA 288.3 mm4
Internal Moment vs. Fuselage Station
IL/2 672.0 mm4
12,000
IB 1,287.7 mm4
8,000
Tapered Cross Section
Moment, M ( N-mm )
Ratios
4,000
IB / IA 4.47
0
IL/2 / IA 2.33 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
-4,000
Moment of Inertia Use n = 3 1

-8,000
2
n calc. 2.826 3
-12,000
K 0.698
Station, x ( mm )
.
M / I vs. Station
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
M/I
-10
-20
-30
Station, x ( mm )
3.18
Solve for n
IB  IA  1  K n
1n 1n
 IB   I 
   2  mid   1  0
 IA   IA 
Function x(I_1 As Single, I_2 As Single) As Single
Application.Volatile True
„ Declarations
Dim n As Double
Dim n_temp As Double
Dim Delta As Single
„ Initial Value for n
n = 0.1
„ Loop
Do
„ Increment Exponent, n
Delta = 0.0001
n_temp = n + Delta
„ Solve for x
x = I_1 ^ (1 / n_temp) - 2 * I_2 ^ (1 / n_temp) + 1
„ n = n_temp
n = n_temp
Loop Until x < 0.00001
x=n
End Function
3.19
Bruhn Errata
Solve for K
IB  IA  1  K n
Function y(I_A As Single, I_B As Single, n As Double) As Single
Application.Volatile True
„ Declarations
Dim K As Double
Dim K_temp As Double
Dim Delta_2 As Single
„ Initial Value for K
K = 0.001
„ Screen Updating Off
Application.ScreenUpdating = False
„ Loop
Do
„ Increment K
Delta_2 = 0.0001
K_temp = K + Delta_2
„ Solve for y
y = (1 + K_temp) ^ n
„ K = K_temp
K = K_temp
' I_1 = I_B / I_A
I_1 = I_B / I_A
Loop Until I_1 - y < 0.00001
' Screen Updating On
Application.ScreenUpdating = True
y=K
End Function
3.20
Web of Araneus
An orb-web may be the most beautiful, functional and efficient “truss with pinned joints” ever
designed. One doesn‟t need to be an aircraft stress analyst to appreciate its sheer beauty.
See Maxwell‟s Lemma (James Clerk Maxwell) for minimum volume design. Every member is in
tension. The number of fibers in each member can vary to keep tensile stresses near their ultimate
strength for the expected loads. For example, consider the values in the table below:
Unit Load Area Stress

Member Fibers Load P A P/A
( qty ) ( units ) ( lbf ) ( in2 ) ( psi )
Guy 20 2 0.010 2.191E-07 45,636
Frame 10 1.058 0.00529 1.096E-07 48,283

10 1.050 0.00525 1.096E-07 47,918
Chord 2 0.200 0.00100 2.191E-08 45,636
Intuition (wild guess) tells me that “trial and error” played a part in the design‟s genetic algorithm.
Internal Loads
See Mechanical Design in Organisms S.A. Wainwright,

9 W.D. Biggs, J.D. Currey, J.M.Gosline
2
pages 353-354 8
1.06 5 1.06
4 0.15
0.15
3
1.05 1.05
2 0.13
1.05 0.13 0.13 1.05

0
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
0.13 0.13
0.15 -2 0.13 0.15
1.06 1.06
0.15 0.15
-3
1.05 1.05
1.06 1.06
-4
2 2
-53.21
Bruhn Errata
Definitions
9
2
8
a 5 a
1
d4 d
3
b b
2
2 e
3 b c c b
0
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
4 e e
d c d
a -2 a
d d
-3
b b
a a
5
-4
2 2
-5
-6
Internal Loads Screen
Assuming the goal is minimal differences in the loads of each member … we would like to see equal
loads in the chords and loads in the frame members close to one unit. Absolute values of the
differences are used to avoid negative values. Member “b” was omitted because its loads are almost
identical to member “a”.
a  1  c  e  d  e
Web Area Screen
It would be desirable to have the largest spiral web area for a given amount of silk. The area of a circle
inscribed in the frame segments is calculated and divided by the previous internal load screen equation.
Web Area  r2

a  1  c  e  d  e a  1  c  e  d  e
3.22
Internal Loads Optimization
Calculating the summation of internal loads with a range of 1 from 0 to 30 degrees in 0.1 degree
increments and 3 from 0 to 30 degrees in 0.1 degree increments yields 90,601 Cases (301 values of 1
times 301 values of 3)
Area Optimization
The web area divided by the summation of internal loads plotted versus 1 in degrees…
Assume: The area of a circle inscribed in the web‟s frame is the area of the web.
3.23
Bruhn Errata
Top Forty – Area / Internal Loads Optimization
Frame
1 3 a b c d e R Y radius Web r Web A A/S a-1 |c-e| |d-e| S
( in ) ( in ) ( in ) ( in2 )
15.8 10.7 1.039 1.027 0.160 0.191 0.160 6.807 3.605 2.388 17.9 251.7 0.039 0.000 0.032 0.07118
15.7 10.8 1.039 1.026 0.161 0.193 0.161 6.805 3.605 2.379 17.8 249.8 0.039 0.000 0.032 0.07120
16.5 10.1 1.043 1.032 0.153 0.182 0.153 6.819 3.610 2.445 18.8 263.1 0.043 0.000 0.028 0.0714
14.9 11.5 1.035 1.021 0.168 0.205 0.168 6.791 3.599 2.314 16.8 235.6 0.035 0.000 0.037 0.0714
15.9 10.6 1.040 1.028 0.159 0.190 0.159 6.809 3.606 2.397 18.0 252.8 0.040 0.000 0.031 0.0714
15 11.4 1.035 1.022 0.167 0.203 0.167 6.793 3.600 2.322 16.9 237.0 0.035 0.000 0.036 0.0715
15.6 10.9 1.038 1.026 0.162 0.195 0.162 6.804 3.604 2.371 17.7 246.8 0.038 0.000 0.033 0.0715
15.1 11.3 1.036 1.022 0.166 0.201 0.166 6.795 3.600 2.331 17.1 238.5 0.036 0.001 0.035 0.0716
16 10.5 1.040 1.028 0.158 0.188 0.158 6.811 3.607 2.405 18.2 253.8 0.040 0.001 0.031 0.0716
14.8 11.6 1.034 1.020 0.169 0.206 0.169 6.789 3.598 2.305 16.7 233.0 0.034 0.000 0.037 0.0716
16.4 10.2 1.042 1.031 0.154 0.183 0.154 6.817 3.609 2.437 18.7 260.4 0.042 0.000 0.029 0.0716
15.2 11.2 1.036 1.023 0.166 0.200 0.165 6.797 3.601 2.339 17.2 239.8 0.036 0.001 0.035 0.0717
16.6 10 1.043 1.032 0.152 0.180 0.152 6.821 3.611 2.454 18.9 263.9 0.043 0.000 0.028 0.0717
15.3 11.1 1.037 1.024 0.165 0.198 0.164 6.799 3.602 2.348 17.3 241.2 0.037 0.001 0.034 0.0718
16.1 10.4 1.041 1.029 0.157 0.186 0.156 6.813 3.607 2.414 18.3 254.7 0.041 0.001 0.030 0.0719
15.5 11 1.038 1.025 0.162 0.196 0.163 6.802 3.603 2.362 17.5 243.9 0.038 0.001 0.034 0.0719
16.3 10.3 1.042 1.030 0.155 0.185 0.155 6.816 3.609 2.428 18.5 257.4 0.042 0.001 0.030 0.0719
15.4 11 1.037 1.024 0.164 0.196 0.163 6.800 3.603 2.356 17.4 242.4 0.037 0.001 0.033 0.0720
14.7 11.7 1.034 1.020 0.170 0.208 0.170 6.787 3.597 2.296 16.6 230.1 0.034 0.000 0.038 0.0720
16.7 9.9 1.044 1.033 0.152 0.178 0.151 6.822 3.611 2.462 19.0 264.5 0.044 0.001 0.027 0.0720
16.2 10.3 1.041 1.030 0.157 0.185 0.155 6.814 3.608 2.422 18.4 255.6 0.041 0.001 0.029 0.0721
15.5 10.9 1.038 1.025 0.163 0.195 0.162 6.802 3.603 2.365 17.6 243.7 0.038 0.001 0.033 0.0721
17.2 9.5 1.047 1.037 0.147 0.172 0.146 6.830 3.614 2.502 19.7 272.5 0.047 0.000 0.025 0.0722
17.1 9.6 1.046 1.036 0.147 0.173 0.148 6.829 3.614 2.494 19.5 270.6 0.046 0.000 0.026 0.0722
15.4 11.1 1.037 1.024 0.163 0.198 0.164 6.800 3.603 2.354 17.4 241.0 0.037 0.001 0.034 0.0722
16.2 10.4 1.041 1.030 0.156 0.187 0.157 6.814 3.608 2.419 18.4 254.5 0.041 0.001 0.030 0.0723
15.6 10.8 1.038 1.025 0.162 0.193 0.161 6.804 3.604 2.374 17.7 244.8 0.038 0.002 0.032 0.0723
16.8 9.8 1.045 1.034 0.151 0.177 0.150 6.824 3.612 2.471 19.2 265.1 0.045 0.001 0.027 0.0723
14.6 11.8 1.033 1.019 0.171 0.210 0.171 6.785 3.597 2.288 16.4 227.3 0.033 0.001 0.038 0.0723
16.3 10.2 1.042 1.030 0.156 0.183 0.154 6.816 3.609 2.431 18.6 256.5 0.042 0.002 0.029 0.0724
15.7 10.7 1.039 1.026 0.162 0.191 0.160 6.806 3.605 2.382 17.8 246.0 0.039 0.002 0.032 0.0725
17 9.7 1.046 1.035 0.148 0.175 0.149 6.827 3.613 2.485 19.4 267.6 0.046 0.001 0.026 0.0725
14.3 12 1.032 1.017 0.174 0.213 0.173 6.780 3.594 2.265 16.1 222.1 0.032 0.001 0.040 0.073
14.4 11.9 1.032 1.018 0.173 0.211 0.172 6.782 3.595 2.273 16.2 223.8 0.032 0.001 0.039 0.073
14.2 12.1 1.032 1.017 0.175 0.214 0.174 6.778 3.593 2.256 16.0 220.4 0.032 0.001 0.040 0.073
14.5 11.8 1.033 1.018 0.172 0.209 0.171 6.784 3.596 2.282 16.4 225.5 0.033 0.001 0.038 0.073
14.1 12.2 1.031 1.016 0.175 0.216 0.175 6.776 3.592 2.247 15.9 218.7 0.031 0.001 0.041 0.073
15.3 11.2 1.037 1.024 0.164 0.200 0.165 6.798 3.602 2.345 17.3 238.1 0.037 0.001 0.035 0.073
17.3 9.4 1.047 1.037 0.146 0.170 0.145 6.832 3.615 2.511 19.8 272.9 0.047 0.000 0.025 0.073
14.6 11.7 1.033 1.019 0.171 0.208 0.170 6.786 3.597 2.290 16.5 227.0 0.033 0.001 0.038 0.073
Top Forty – Internal Loads Optimization
Frame
( in ) ( in ) ( in ) ( in2 )
21.7 5.9 1.076 1.072 0.100 0.110 0.100 6.887 3.629 2.856 25.6 297.0 0.076 0.000 0.010 0.086
21.3 6.2 1.073 1.068 0.105 0.116 0.105 6.883 3.629 2.826 25.1 296.8 0.073 0.000 0.011 0.085
20.8 6.6 1.070 1.064 0.110 0.123 0.110 6.878 3.628 2.787 24.4 296.6 0.070 0.000 0.012 0.082
22.1 5.6 1.079 1.075 0.096 0.105 0.096 6.891 3.630 2.887 26.2 296.2 0.079 0.000 0.009 0.088
20.9 6.5 1.070 1.065 0.109 0.121 0.109 6.879 3.628 2.795 24.5 296.1 0.070 0.000 0.012 0.083
20.4 6.9 1.067 1.061 0.114 0.128 0.114 6.873 3.627 2.756 23.9 295.9 0.067 0.000 0.014 0.081
21.2 6.3 1.073 1.067 0.106 0.117 0.106 6.882 3.629 2.817 24.9 295.8 0.073 0.000 0.011 0.084
21.8 5.8 1.077 1.072 0.099 0.109 0.099 6.888 3.629 2.865 25.8 295.3 0.077 0.001 0.010 0.087
21.4 6.1 1.074 1.069 0.104 0.114 0.103 6.884 3.629 2.834 25.2 295.2 0.074 0.001 0.011 0.085
22.5 5.3 1.082 1.079 0.092 0.100 0.092 6.895 3.630 2.917 26.7 295.1 0.082 0.000 0.008 0.091
21.6 6 1.076 1.071 0.101 0.112 0.102 6.886 3.629 2.848 25.5 294.9 0.076 0.001 0.010 0.086
22.2 5.5 1.080 1.076 0.095 0.103 0.095 6.892 3.630 2.895 26.3 294.9 0.080 0.001 0.009 0.089
19.9 7.3 1.064 1.057 0.119 0.135 0.119 6.867 3.626 2.717 23.2 294.8 0.064 0.000 0.015 0.079
20.5 6.8 1.068 1.062 0.113 0.126 0.113 6.875 3.627 2.764 24.0 294.7 0.068 0.001 0.013 0.081
21 6.4 1.071 1.066 0.108 0.119 0.107 6.880 3.628 2.803 24.7 294.6 0.071 0.001 0.012 0.084
20.3 7 1.066 1.060 0.115 0.129 0.115 6.872 3.627 2.747 23.7 294.6 0.066 0.000 0.014 0.080
20.7 6.7 1.069 1.063 0.111 0.124 0.111 6.877 3.628 2.778 24.2 294.1 0.069 0.001 0.013 0.082
22 5.7 1.079 1.074 0.097 0.107 0.097 6.890 3.630 2.878 26.0 294.0 0.079 0.001 0.009 0.089
22.6 5.2 1.083 1.079 0.091 0.098 0.090 6.896 3.630 2.925 26.9 293.9 0.083 0.001 0.008 0.091
22.9 5 1.086 1.082 0.087 0.094 0.087 6.898 3.630 2.948 27.3 293.8 0.086 0.000 0.007 0.093
20 7.2 1.064 1.058 0.119 0.133 0.118 6.869 3.626 2.725 23.3 293.8 0.064 0.001 0.015 0.079
21.5 6 1.075 1.070 0.103 0.112 0.102 6.885 3.629 2.842 25.4 293.7 0.075 0.001 0.010 0.086
21.9 5.7 1.078 1.073 0.099 0.107 0.097 6.889 3.629 2.873 25.9 293.6 0.078 0.001 0.009 0.088
20.6 6.7 1.068 1.062 0.113 0.124 0.111 6.876 3.627 2.773 24.2 293.4 0.068 0.001 0.013 0.082
21.1 6.4 1.072 1.067 0.106 0.119 0.107 6.881 3.629 2.809 24.8 293.4 0.072 0.001 0.012 0.084
21.1 6.3 1.072 1.066 0.107 0.117 0.106 6.881 3.628 2.812 24.8 293.2 0.072 0.002 0.011 0.085
22.3 5.4 1.081 1.077 0.094 0.101 0.093 6.893 3.630 2.903 26.5 293.0 0.081 0.001 0.008 0.090
22.4 5.4 1.082 1.078 0.092 0.102 0.093 6.894 3.630 2.909 26.6 292.9 0.082 0.001 0.008 0.091
20.1 7.1 1.065 1.058 0.118 0.131 0.117 6.870 3.626 2.733 23.5 292.7 0.065 0.001 0.014 0.080
21.5 6.1 1.075 1.070 0.102 0.114 0.103 6.885 3.629 2.840 25.3 292.6 0.075 0.001 0.011 0.087
19.4 7.7 1.060 1.053 0.125 0.141 0.125 6.861 3.624 2.677 22.5 292.6 0.060 0.000 0.017 0.077
23 4.9 1.086 1.083 0.086 0.093 0.086 6.899 3.630 2.956 27.4 292.5 0.086 0.001 0.007 0.094
23.3 4.7 1.089 1.086 0.083 0.089 0.083 6.902 3.630 2.978 27.9 292.5 0.089 0.000 0.006 0.095
19.8 7.4 1.063 1.056 0.120 0.136 0.121 6.866 3.625 2.708 23.0 292.4 0.063 0.000 0.016 0.079
20.7 6.6 1.069 1.063 0.112 0.122 0.110 6.877 3.627 2.781 24.3 292.1 0.069 0.002 0.012 0.083
20.2 7.1 1.066 1.059 0.116 0.131 0.117 6.871 3.626 2.739 23.6 292.1 0.066 0.001 0.014 0.081
21.6 5.9 1.076 1.071 0.102 0.110 0.100 6.886 3.629 2.851 25.5 292.0 0.076 0.002 0.010 0.087
22.7 5.1 1.084 1.080 0.090 0.096 0.089 6.897 3.630 2.934 27.0 292.0 0.084 0.001 0.008 0.093
19.5 7.6 1.061 1.054 0.124 0.140 0.123 6.863 3.624 2.686 22.7 291.9 0.061 0.000 0.016 0.078
22 5.6 1.079 1.074 0.098 0.105 0.096 6.890 3.629 2.881 26.1 291.8 0.079 0.002 0.009 0.089
3.24
Top Eighty
Given 90,601 possible combinations … if I had to choose one, I might use a system of adding the
rankings of both methods and listing them in ascending order: The top combination of 1 = 18.4 degrees
and 3 = 8.5 degrees is ranked 130 by the Area screen and 133 by the Loads screen. 
th rd
Frame
( in ) ( in ) ( in ) ( in2 )
18.4 8.5 1.054 1.045 0.135 0.155 0.135 6.848 3.620 2.598 21.2 285.1 0.054 0.000 0.020 0.074
18.9 8.1 1.057 1.049 0.130 0.148 0.130 6.855 3.622 2.638 21.9 289.4 0.057 0.000 0.018 0.076
18.3 8.6 1.053 1.044 0.136 0.157 0.136 6.846 3.620 2.590 21.1 283.8 0.053 0.000 0.021 0.074
18.5 8.4 1.054 1.046 0.134 0.153 0.133 6.849 3.620 2.607 21.3 284.8 0.054 0.001 0.020 0.075
17.8 9 1.050 1.041 0.141 0.163 0.141 6.839 3.617 2.550 20.4 279.6 0.050 0.000 0.023 0.073
18.8 8.2 1.056 1.048 0.131 0.150 0.131 6.853 3.622 2.629 21.7 287.0 0.056 0.000 0.019 0.076
17.9 8.9 1.051 1.042 0.140 0.162 0.139 6.841 3.618 2.559 20.6 279.6 0.051 0.000 0.022 0.074
19 8 1.058 1.050 0.129 0.146 0.128 6.856 3.622 2.646 22.0 288.9 0.058 0.000 0.018 0.076
19.4 7.7 1.060 1.053 0.125 0.141 0.125 6.861 3.624 2.677 22.5 292.6 0.060 0.000 0.017 0.077
18.6 8.3 1.055 1.047 0.133 0.151 0.132 6.851 3.621 2.615 21.5 284.4 0.055 0.001 0.019 0.076
18.2 8.7 1.053 1.044 0.136 0.158 0.137 6.845 3.619 2.581 20.9 281.0 0.053 0.001 0.021 0.075
18 8.8 1.051 1.042 0.139 0.160 0.138 6.842 3.618 2.567 20.7 279.6 0.051 0.001 0.022 0.074
17.7 9.1 1.050 1.040 0.142 0.165 0.142 6.838 3.617 2.542 20.3 277.4 0.050 0.000 0.023 0.073
18.7 8.3 1.056 1.048 0.131 0.152 0.132 6.852 3.621 2.621 21.6 284.2 0.056 0.001 0.019 0.076
18.1 8.7 1.052 1.043 0.138 0.158 0.137 6.844 3.619 2.576 20.8 279.5 0.052 0.001 0.021 0.075
19.1 7.9 1.058 1.050 0.128 0.145 0.127 6.857 3.623 2.655 22.1 288.3 0.058 0.001 0.018 0.077
19.3 7.8 1.060 1.052 0.125 0.143 0.126 6.860 3.624 2.669 22.4 289.8 0.060 0.000 0.017 0.077
19.5 7.6 1.061 1.054 0.124 0.140 0.123 6.863 3.624 2.686 22.7 291.9 0.061 0.000 0.016 0.078
18.7 8.2 1.056 1.047 0.132 0.150 0.131 6.852 3.621 2.624 21.6 284.1 0.056 0.001 0.019 0.076
18.2 8.6 1.053 1.044 0.137 0.157 0.136 6.845 3.619 2.584 21.0 279.4 0.053 0.002 0.021 0.075
18.1 8.8 1.052 1.043 0.137 0.160 0.138 6.844 3.619 2.573 20.8 278.1 0.052 0.001 0.022 0.075
17.6 9.2 1.049 1.039 0.142 0.167 0.143 6.836 3.616 2.533 20.2 274.5 0.049 0.001 0.024 0.073
19.2 7.8 1.059 1.051 0.127 0.143 0.126 6.859 3.623 2.663 22.3 287.6 0.059 0.001 0.017 0.077
17.2 9.5 1.047 1.037 0.147 0.172 0.146 6.830 3.614 2.502 19.7 272.5 0.047 0.000 0.025 0.0722
19.2 7.9 1.059 1.051 0.126 0.145 0.127 6.859 3.623 2.661 22.2 287.1 0.059 0.001 0.018 0.077
17.3 9.4 1.047 1.037 0.146 0.170 0.145 6.832 3.615 2.511 19.8 272.9 0.047 0.000 0.025 0.073
18.8 8.1 1.056 1.048 0.131 0.148 0.130 6.854 3.622 2.632 21.8 283.6 0.056 0.002 0.018 0.077
18.6 8.4 1.055 1.047 0.132 0.153 0.133 6.851 3.621 2.613 21.4 281.4 0.055 0.001 0.020 0.076
19.9 7.3 1.064 1.057 0.119 0.135 0.119 6.867 3.626 2.717 23.2 294.8 0.064 0.000 0.015 0.079
17.4 9.3 1.048 1.038 0.145 0.168 0.144 6.833 3.615 2.519 19.9 273.2 0.048 0.001 0.024 0.073
18.3 8.5 1.053 1.044 0.137 0.155 0.134 6.847 3.619 2.593 21.1 279.2 0.053 0.002 0.020 0.076
19.6 7.5 1.062 1.054 0.123 0.138 0.122 6.864 3.624 2.694 22.8 291.0 0.062 0.001 0.016 0.078
17.5 9.2 1.049 1.039 0.144 0.167 0.143 6.835 3.616 2.528 20.1 273.4 0.049 0.001 0.024 0.073
17.6 9.1 1.049 1.039 0.143 0.165 0.142 6.836 3.616 2.536 20.2 273.6 0.049 0.002 0.023 0.074
19.8 7.4 1.063 1.056 0.120 0.136 0.121 6.866 3.625 2.708 23.0 292.4 0.063 0.000 0.016 0.079
17.1 9.6 1.046 1.036 0.147 0.173 0.148 6.829 3.614 2.494 19.5 270.6 0.046 0.000 0.026 0.0722
18.4 8.4 1.054 1.045 0.136 0.153 0.133 6.848 3.620 2.601 21.3 279.0 0.054 0.002 0.020 0.076
19.1 8 1.058 1.051 0.127 0.147 0.129 6.857 3.623 2.652 22.1 284.4 0.058 0.001 0.018 0.078
19.3 7.7 1.060 1.052 0.126 0.141 0.125 6.860 3.623 2.672 22.4 287.0 0.060 0.002 0.017 0.078
18 8.9 1.051 1.042 0.138 0.162 0.140 6.842 3.618 2.565 20.7 275.3 0.051 0.001 0.022 0.075
18.9 8 1.057 1.049 0.131 0.146 0.128 6.855 3.622 2.641 21.9 283.1 0.057 0.002 0.018 0.077
17.7 9 1.050 1.040 0.142 0.163 0.141 6.838 3.617 2.545 20.3 273.7 0.050 0.002 0.023 0.074
18.5 8.5 1.054 1.046 0.133 0.155 0.135 6.849 3.621 2.604 21.3 278.6 0.054 0.002 0.020 0.076
17.8 8.9 1.050 1.041 0.142 0.161 0.139 6.840 3.617 2.553 20.5 273.8 0.050 0.002 0.022 0.075
20 7.2 1.064 1.058 0.119 0.133 0.118 6.869 3.626 2.725 23.3 293.8 0.064 0.001 0.015 0.079
19.7 7.4 1.062 1.055 0.122 0.136 0.121 6.865 3.625 2.703 22.9 290.2 0.062 0.001 0.016 0.079
17.5 9.3 1.049 1.039 0.143 0.168 0.144 6.835 3.616 2.525 20.0 271.6 0.049 0.001 0.024 0.074
19.7 7.5 1.062 1.055 0.121 0.138 0.122 6.865 3.625 2.700 22.9 289.7 0.062 0.001 0.016 0.079
18.5 8.3 1.054 1.046 0.135 0.151 0.132 6.850 3.620 2.610 21.4 278.7 0.054 0.003 0.019 0.077
17.9 8.8 1.051 1.041 0.141 0.160 0.138 6.841 3.617 2.562 20.6 273.8 0.051 0.003 0.022 0.075
19 7.9 1.058 1.050 0.130 0.145 0.127 6.856 3.622 2.649 22.0 282.6 0.058 0.003 0.018 0.078
19 8.1 1.058 1.050 0.128 0.148 0.130 6.856 3.623 2.644 22.0 281.7 0.058 0.002 0.019 0.078
19.4 7.6 1.060 1.053 0.126 0.140 0.123 6.861 3.624 2.680 22.6 286.2 0.060 0.002 0.016 0.079
17 9.7 1.046 1.035 0.148 0.175 0.149 6.827 3.613 2.485 19.4 267.6 0.046 0.001 0.026 0.0725
19.6 7.6 1.062 1.054 0.122 0.140 0.123 6.864 3.625 2.691 22.8 287.1 0.062 0.001 0.016 0.079
18 8.7 1.051 1.042 0.140 0.158 0.137 6.843 3.618 2.570 20.7 273.8 0.051 0.003 0.021 0.076
18.6 8.2 1.055 1.047 0.134 0.150 0.131 6.851 3.621 2.618 21.5 278.4 0.055 0.003 0.019 0.077
17.9 9 1.051 1.042 0.139 0.163 0.141 6.841 3.618 2.556 20.5 272.5 0.051 0.002 0.023 0.075
20.1 7.1 1.065 1.058 0.118 0.131 0.117 6.870 3.626 2.733 23.5 292.7 0.065 0.001 0.014 0.080
18.4 8.6 1.054 1.045 0.134 0.157 0.136 6.848 3.620 2.596 21.2 275.9 0.054 0.002 0.021 0.077
20.3 7 1.066 1.060 0.115 0.129 0.115 6.872 3.627 2.747 23.7 294.6 0.066 0.000 0.014 0.080
19.8 7.3 1.063 1.056 0.121 0.134 0.119 6.866 3.625 2.711 23.1 289.2 0.063 0.002 0.015 0.080
20.4 6.9 1.067 1.061 0.114 0.128 0.114 6.873 3.627 2.756 23.9 295.9 0.067 0.000 0.014 0.081
17.4 9.4 1.048 1.038 0.144 0.170 0.145 6.833 3.615 2.516 19.9 268.7 0.048 0.001 0.025 0.074
19.1 7.8 1.058 1.050 0.129 0.143 0.126 6.858 3.622 2.658 22.2 282.0 0.058 0.003 0.017 0.079
18.1 8.6 1.052 1.043 0.139 0.156 0.136 6.844 3.618 2.578 20.9 273.7 0.052 0.004 0.021 0.076
19.5 7.5 1.061 1.053 0.125 0.138 0.122 6.863 3.624 2.688 22.7 285.5 0.061 0.003 0.016 0.080
18.7 8.1 1.056 1.047 0.133 0.148 0.129 6.852 3.621 2.626 21.7 278.0 0.056 0.004 0.018 0.078
19.5 7.7 1.061 1.054 0.123 0.142 0.125 6.862 3.624 2.683 22.6 284.5 0.061 0.002 0.017 0.080
18.9 8.2 1.057 1.049 0.129 0.150 0.131 6.855 3.622 2.635 21.8 279.0 0.057 0.002 0.019 0.078
16.8 9.8 1.045 1.034 0.151 0.177 0.150 6.824 3.612 2.471 19.2 265.1 0.045 0.001 0.027 0.0723
16.9 9.7 1.045 1.034 0.150 0.175 0.149 6.826 3.612 2.479 19.3 265.7 0.045 0.001 0.026 0.073
17.1 9.5 1.046 1.036 0.148 0.172 0.146 6.829 3.613 2.496 19.6 266.6 0.046 0.002 0.025 0.073
17.2 9.4 1.047 1.036 0.147 0.170 0.145 6.830 3.614 2.505 19.7 267.0 0.047 0.002 0.025 0.074
17 9.6 1.046 1.035 0.149 0.173 0.148 6.827 3.613 2.488 19.4 266.2 0.046 0.002 0.026 0.073
20.2 7.1 1.066 1.059 0.116 0.131 0.117 6.871 3.626 2.739 23.6 292.1 0.066 0.001 0.014 0.081
16.7 9.9 1.044 1.033 0.152 0.178 0.151 6.822 3.611 2.462 19.0 264.5 0.044 0.001 0.027 0.0720
16.6 10 1.043 1.032 0.152 0.180 0.152 6.821 3.611 2.454 18.9 263.9 0.043 0.000 0.028 0.0717
18.2 8.5 1.053 1.044 0.138 0.155 0.134 6.845 3.619 2.587 21.0 273.5 0.053 0.004 0.020 0.077
17.3 9.3 1.047 1.037 0.147 0.168 0.144 6.832 3.614 2.513 19.8 267.3 0.047 0.003 0.024 0.074
3.25
Bruhn Errata
Summary
The case number is based on a range of 1 from 10 to 30 degrees in 0.1 degree increments and 3
from 0 to 30 degrees in 0.1 degree increments: 60,501 Cases (201 values of 1 times 301 values of 3)
Overall Sum of Load Area 1 + 2 1 + 3 2 + 3 Case 1 2 3

Rank Ranks Rank Rank ( degrees ) ( degrees ) ( degrees ) ( degrees ) ( degrees ) ( degrees )
1 263 133 130 25.8 26.9 15.9 25,370 18.4 7.35 8.5
2 267 68 199 26.0 27.0 15.2 26,871 18.9 7.05 8.1
3 278 158 120 25.7 26.9 16.0 25,070 18.3 7.4 8.6
4 294 135 159 25.8 26.9 15.7 25,670 18.5 7.3 8.4
5 298 235 63 25.5 26.8 16.7 23,569 17.8 7.7 9
6 312 102 210 25.9 27.0 15.3 26,571 18.8 7.1 8.2
7 314 234 80 25.6 26.8 16.6 23,869 17.9 7.65 8.9
8 314 74 240 26.0 27.0 15.0 27,171 19 7 8
9 333 31 302 26.2 27.1 14.5 28,372 19.4 6.75 7.7
10 341 141 200 25.9 26.9 15.6 25,970 18.6 7.25 8.3
11 344 210 134 25.7 26.9 16.2 24,770 18.2 7.45 8.7
12 346 236 110 25.6 26.8 16.4 24,169 18 7.6 8.8
13 357 290 67 25.5 26.8 16.9 23,269 17.7 7.75 9.1
14 374 149 225 25.9 27.0 15.5 26,271 18.7 7.15 8.3
15 375 238 137 25.7 26.8 16.3 24,469 18.1 7.55 8.7
16 375 85 290 26.1 27.0 14.9 27,471 19.1 6.95 7.9
17 378 62 316 26.1 27.1 14.6 28,072 19.3 6.8 7.8
18 391 39 352 26.2 27.1 14.3 28,672 19.5 6.7 7.6
19 392 155 237 25.9 26.9 15.4 26,270 18.7 7.2 8.2
20 408 242 166 25.7 26.8 16.1 24,769 18.2 7.5 8.6
21 421 272 149 25.6 26.9 16.3 24,470 18.1 7.5 8.8
22 431 352 79 25.4 26.8 17.0 22,969 17.6 7.8 9.2
23 431 93 338 26.1 27.0 14.7 27,771 19.2 6.9 7.8
24 433 410 23 25.3 26.7 17.6 21,768 17.2 8.05 9.5
25 436 99 337 26.1 27.1 14.8 27,772 19.2 6.85 7.9
26 442 403 39 25.3 26.7 17.4 22,068 17.3 8 9.4
27 444 163 281 26.0 26.9 15.3 26,570 18.8 7.15 8.1
28 446 202 244 25.8 27.0 15.6 25,971 18.6 7.2 8.4
29 449 13 436 26.4 27.2 13.8 29,873 19.9 6.45 7.3
30 455 397 58 25.4 26.7 17.3 22,368 17.4 7.95 9.3
31 459 250 209 25.8 26.8 16.0 25,069 18.3 7.45 8.5
32 459 47 412 26.3 27.1 14.2 28,972 19.6 6.65 7.5
33 466 391 75 25.4 26.7 17.1 22,668 17.5 7.9 9.2
34 475 383 92 25.5 26.7 17.0 22,968 17.6 7.85 9.1
35 481 34 447 26.3 27.2 13.9 29,573 19.8 6.5 7.4
36 488 464 24 25.2 26.7 17.7 21,468 17.1 8.1 9.6
37 498 255 243 25.8 26.8 15.8 25,369 18.4 7.4 8.4
38 499 144 355 26.0 27.1 14.9 27,472 19.1 6.9 8
39 499 103 396 26.2 27.0 14.6 28,071 19.3 6.85 7.7
40 500 337 163 25.6 26.9 16.5 24,170 18 7.55 8.9
41 500 168 332 26.0 26.9 15.1 26,870 18.9 7.1 8
42 506 379 127 25.5 26.7 16.8 23,268 17.7 7.8 9
43 519 262 257 25.8 27.0 15.8 25,671 18.5 7.25 8.5
44 524 374 150 25.6 26.7 16.7 23,568 17.8 7.75 8.9
45 526 21 505 26.4 27.2 13.6 30,173 20 6.4 7.2
46 528 59 469 26.3 27.1 14.0 29,272 19.7 6.6 7.4
47 529 442 87 25.4 26.8 17.2 22,669 17.5 7.85 9.3
48 530 63 467 26.3 27.2 14.1 29,273 19.7 6.55 7.5
49 543 258 285 25.9 26.8 15.7 25,669 18.5 7.35 8.3
50 553 373 180 25.6 26.7 16.5 23,868 17.9 7.7 8.8
3.26
Number 1?
1 = 18.4 degrees 2 = 7.35 degrees 3 = 8.5 degrees
0
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
3.27
Bruhn Errata
Top 500 Combinations
Using the criteria pulled out of thin air, it seems that a combination of 1 = 15 to 25 degrees where 2 is
approximately equal to 3 creates a very efficient orb-web.
Below are scatter plots of the top 500 combinations based on the sum of the rankings of the web area
and internal loads criteria. The dashed lines represent the orb-web with …
1 = 18.4 degrees 2 = 7.35 degrees 3 = 8.5 degrees
Sum of Internal Loads
The goal is the lowest possible value. 1 = 15.8 degrees 2 = 7.35 degrees 3 = 10.7 degrees
Sum of Internal Loads vs Frame Angle  1

0.1
0.08
S Internal Loads
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Frame Angle,  1 ( degrees )
Web Area / Sum of Internal Loads
The goal is the highest possible value. 1 = 21.7 degrees 2 = 5.35 degrees 3 = 5.9 degrees
Web Area / Sum of Internal Loads vs Frame Angle  1

350
S Internal Loads
300
250
200
150
Web Area /
100
50
0
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Frame Angle,  1 ( degrees )
3.28
Figures
For three inch frame segments …
1 = 15.8 deg 2 = 7.35 deg 3 = 10.7 deg

2
Web Radius = 2.388 inch Web Area = 17.915 inch
9
0
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
1 = 21.7 deg 2 = 5.35 deg 3 = 5.9 deg

2
-6
9 Web Radius = 2.856 inch Web Area = 25.629 inch
0
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
3.29
Bruhn Errata
Assumptions
The web has three attach points or guy lines.
Straight lines drawn between the attach points of the frame form an equilateral triangle.
Frame segment lengths are equal.
The web is symmetrical.  1 = 5 2 = 4
2 = [ 60 - ( 2 1 + 3 ) ] / 2 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 60 deg or 2 1 + 2 2 + 3 = 60 deg
For practical solutions 1 < 30 degrees … all members are in tension.
The web area is assumed to be the area of a circle inscribed in the frame members.
A spiral web approximating a circle would have a more efficient ratio of area to circumference than an ellipse,
square, rectangle or triangle.
It is desirable to produce the greatest web area for a given volume of silk.
Recommended Reading
Wainwright, Biggs, Currey, Gosline Mechanical Design in Organisms
Heywood, R. B. Photoelasticity for Designers, Pergamon, New York, Chapter 11.
Adam, John A, Mathematics in Nature: Modeling Patterns in the Natural World
Thompson, D'Arcy W. On Growth and Form: The Revised Edition (Cambridge,

England: Cambridge University Press, 1942), pp. 525-544.
Denny, Mark The Physical Properties of Spider’s Silk and Their Role in the
Design of Orb-Webs
Adam, John A Mathematics in Nature: Modeling Patterns in the Natural World
Vogel, Steven Life's Devices: The Physical World of Animals and Plants
Vogel, Steven Comparative Biomechanics: Life's Physical World
Peterson, Rudolph Earl Stress Concentration Factors
Preface
Balanced design is delightfully phrased in the poem, "The Deacon's Masterpiece, or the Wonderful
One Hoss Shay" by Oliver Wendell Holmes (1858)
After "one hundred years to the day" the shay failed "all at once, and nothing first."
Pages 142, 148
An excellent treatment of optimum transition shapes has been provided by Heywood (1969). His
discussion includes some interesting observations about shapes found in nature (tree trunks and
branches, thorns, animal bones). pages 142, 148
3.30
Excel Spreadsheet
Web of Araneus GRAN

Corporation
Mechanical Designs in Organisms S.A. Wainwright, W.D. Biggs, J.D. Currey, J.M.Gosline pages 353-354
INPUT
L 3.00 inches Manual Entry

R 2.0 units 8
1 18.4 degrees
7
2 7.35 degrees
6
3 8.5 degrees
4 7.35 degrees 5
5 18.4 degrees
4
 total 60 degrees
3
2
OUTPUT
1
a 1.054 units 0
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-1
b 1.045 units
-2
c 0.135 units
-3
d 0.155 units
-4
e 0.135 units
-5
R 7.848 in -6
r 6.848 in
3.31
Bruhn Errata
Gauss–Seidel Iteration
Bruhn, page A23.12

u2 u3 u1 = 24,000 lb
100”
100”
9 2
EI = 10 in -lb
INPUT
u1 = 1 + -25 u2 + 25 u3
u2 = -0.0075 u1 + -0.25 u3
u3 = 0.0075 u1 + -0.25 u2
Iteration u1 u2 u3 Trial 1 Final
0 1 0 0
1 1 -0.00750 0.00938 u1 1 2
2 1.4219 -0.01301 0.01392
3 1.6731 -0.01603 0.01656 u2 0 -0.02
4 1.8146 -0.01775 0.01805
5 1.8949 -0.01872 0.01889 u3 0 0.02
6 1.9404 -0.01928 0.01937
7 1.9662 -0.01959 0.01964
8 1.9808 -0.01977 0.01980
9 1.9891 -0.01987 0.01989
10 1.9938 -0.01993 0.01994
11 1.9965 -0.01996 0.01996
12 1.9980 -0.01998 0.01998
13 1.9989 -0.01999 0.01999
14 1.9994 -0.01999 0.01999
15 1.9996 -0.019996 0.019996
16 1.9998 -0.019998 0.019998
17 1.9999 -0.019999 0.019999
18 1.9999 -0.019999 0.019999
19 2.0000 -0.020 0.020
20 2.0000 -0.020 0.020
3.32
Gauss – Seidel Iteration
 24 6L  6L  24 6L  6L  24 6L  6L

 K   3  6L 8L2 2L2 
EI 
 K   
10 106 1,000 
6L 8L 2L   1,000  6L 8L2 2L2 
2 2 
L 100 3 
 6L 2L2 8L2   6L 2L2 8L2   6L 2L2 8L2 
 24 6L  6L  u1   24,000   24 6L  6L  u1 

 F   1,000  6L 8L2 2L2   u2     2 
 0   1,000  6L 8L 2L   u2 
2 
 6L 2L2 8L2   u3   0 

   6L 2L2 8L2   u3 
 24,000   24 600  600   u1 

    
 0   1,000  600 80,000 20,000  u2 
 0   600 20,000 80,000  u3 
  
Dividing by 8,000 3  3 75  75   u1 

    
 0    75 10,000 22,500  u2 
 0   75 2,500 10,000  u 
    3 
OUTPUT
3  3 u1  75 u2  75 u3
3 u1  3  75 u2  75 u3
u1  1  25 u2  25 u3 u1 = 2 in
0  75 u1  10,000 u2  25,000 u3
10,000 u2  75 u1  25,000 u3
u2  0.0075 u1  0.25 u3 u2 = -0.02 radians -1.146 degrees
0  75 u1  2,500 u2  10,000 u3

2,500 u2  75 u1 10,000 u2
u3  0.0075 u1  0.25 u2 u3 = 0.02 radians 1.146 degrees
Check
3 75 -75 2 3
75 10,000 2,500 -0.02 = 0
-75 2,500 10,000 0.02 0
3.33
Bruhn Errata
Gauss – Seidel Iteration
Plot of u1 versus Number of Iterations
u1 vs. Number of Iterations

2.2
1.8
u1
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Number of Iterations

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-0.005
-0.01
u2
-0.015
-0.02
-0.025

0.025
0.02
0.015
u3
0.01
0.005
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
3.34
Gaussian Elimination - Truss with Pinned Joints
Elmer F. Bruhn Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, page A23.10
u2 u4
u1 u3
1,000 lb
30”
u8 u6
u7
u5
30”
Degree of Redundancy
n = m – ( 2p – 3 ) = 6 – [ 2 ( 4 ) – 3 ] = 1
Equation
 u1   F1 
u  F 
 2   2 
 K  u   F  K   u3    F3 
u  F 
 4   4 
 u 5   F5 
Given the Total System Stiffness Matrix
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071 0.7071 0 0 

  0.7071 1.7071 0 0 0.7071  0.7071 0 1 
 
 1 0 1.5303 0.5303 0 0  0.5303  0.5303 
 
[ K ] = 1060 0 0.5303 1.5303 0 1  0.5303  0.5303 
  0.7071 0.7071 0 0 1.7071  0.7071 1 0 
 
 0.7071  0.7071 0 1  0.5303 1.7071 0 0 
 0 0  0.5303  0.5303 1 0 1.5303 0.5303 
 
 0 1  0.5303  0.5303 0 0 0.5303 1.5303 
3.35
Bruhn Errata
Gaussian Elimination
Total System Stiffness Matrix
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071 0.7071 0 0 

  0.7071 1.7071 0 0 0.7071  0.7071 0 1 
 
 1 0 1.5303 0.5303 0 0  0.5303  0.5303 
6  
[ K ] = 10  0 0 0.5303 1.5303 0 1  0.5303  0.5303 
  0.7071 0.7071 0 0 1.7071  0.7071 1 0 
 
 0.7071  0.7071 0 1  0.5303 1.7071 0 0 
 0 0  0.5303  0.5303 1 0 1.5303 0.5303 
 
 0 1  0.5303  0.5303 0 0 0.5303 1.5303 
Displacements u6, u7 and u8 are Constrained
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071 0.7071 0 0 

  0.7071 1.7071 0 0 0.7071  0.7071 0 1 
 
 1 0 1.5303 0.5303 0 0  0.5303  0.5303 
6  
[ K ] = 10
 0 0 0.5303 1.5303 0 1  0.5303  0.5303 
  0.7071 0.7071 0 0 1.7071  0.7071 1 0 
6  
 0.7071  0.7071 0 1  0.5303 1.7071 0 0 
7 
0 0  0.5303  0.5303 1 0 1.5303 0.5303 
 
8
 0 1  0.5303  0.5303 0 0 0.5303 1.5303 
System Stiffness Matrix without Constrained Coordinates
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071 

  0.7071 1.7071 0 0 0.7071 

 K11   10 6  1 0 1.5303 0.5303 0 
 
 0 0 0.5303 1.5303 0 
  0.7071 0.7071 0 0 1.7071 
3.36
( k 1)
( k 1) Cik ( k 1)
 Cij 
(k )
Cij ( k 1)
C1 j
C kk
(1)
Step 1a k = 1, i=2 C2 j
C 21
C 21
(1)
 C 21  C11   0.7071 
0.7071
 1.7071   0
C11 1.7071
C 21
C 22
(1)
 C 22  C12  1.7071 
0.7071
  0.7071   1.4142
C11 1.7071
C
C 23
(1)
 C 23  21 C13  0 
0.7071
  1    0.4142
C11 1.7071
C 21
C 24
(1)
 C 24  C14  0 
0.7071
 0  0
C11 1.7071
C 21
C 25
(1)
 C 25  C15  0.7071 
0.7071
  0.7071   0.4142
C11 1.7071
(2)
Step 1b k = 1, i=3 C3 j
C31
C31
(1)
 C31  C11   1 
1
 1.7071   0
C11 1.7071
C31
C32
(1)
 C32  C12  0 
1
  0.7071    0.4142
C11 1.7071
C31
C33
(1)
 C33  C13  1.5303 
1
  1   0.9445
C11 1.7071
C31
C34
(1)
 C34  C14  0.5303 
1
 0   0.5303
C11 1.7071
C31
C35
(1)
 C35  C15  0 
1
  0.7071    0.4142
C11 1.7071
3.37
Bruhn Errata
(1)
Step 1c k = 1, i=4 C4 j
C 41
C 41
(1)
 C 41  C11  0 
0
 1.7071   0
C11 1.7071
C 41
C 42
(1)
 C 42  C12  0 
0
  0.7071   0
C11 1.7071
C
C 43
(1)
 C 43  41 C13  0.5303 
0
  1   0.5303
C11 1.7071
C 41
C 44
(1)
 C 44  C14  1.5303 
0
 0   1.5303
C11 1.7071
C 41
C 45
(1)
 C 45  C15  0 
0
  0.7071   0
C11 1.7071
( 2)
Step 1d k = 1, i=5 C5 j
C51
C51
(1)
 C51  C11   0.7071 
0.7071
 1.7071   0
C11 1.7071
C51
C52
(1)
 C52  C12  0.7071 
0.7071
  0.7071   0.4142
C11 1.7071
C51
C53
(1)
 C53  C13  0 
0.7071
  1    0.4142
C11 1.7071
C51
C54
(1)
 C54  C14  0 
0.7071
 0  0
C11 1.7071
C51
C55
(1)
 C55  C15  1.7071 
0.7071
  0.7071   1.4142
C11 1.7071
3.38
After Step 1
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071 

 0 1.4142  0.4142 0 0.4142 

K    0  0.4142 0.9445 0.5303  0.4142 
 
 0 0 0.5303 1.5303 0 
 0 0.4142  0.4142 0 1.4142 
(2)
Step 2a k = 2, i=3 C3 j
(1)
C32
C 31
( 2)
C 31
(1)
 (1)
C 21
(1)
0
0.4142
 0  0
C 22 1.4142
(1)
C32
C32
( 2)
 C32
(1)
 (1)
C 22
(1)
  0.4142 
0.4142
 1.4142   0
C 22 1.4142
(1)
C32
C33
( 2)
 C33
(1)
 (1)
C 23
(1)
 0.9445 
0.4142
  0.4142   0.8232
C 22 1.4142
(1)
C32
C34
(1)
 C34  (1)
C 24
(1)
 0.5303 
0.4142
 0   0.5303
C 22 1.4142
(1)
C32
C35
(1)
 C35  (1)
C 25
(1)
  0.4142 
0.4142
 0.4142    0.2929
C 22 1.4142
3.39
Bruhn Errata
( 2)
Step 2b k = 2, i=4 C4 j
(1)
C 42
C 41
( 2)
C 41
(1)
 (1)
C 21
(1)
0
0
 0  0
C 22 1.4142
(1)
C 42
C 42
( 2)
 C 42
(1)
 (1)
C 22
(1)
0
0
 1.4142   0
C 22 1.4142
(1)
C 42
C 43
( 2)
 C 43
(1)
 (1)
C 23
(1)
 0.5303 
0
  0.4142   0.5303
C 22 1.4142
(1)
C 42
C 44
( 2)
 C 44
(1)
 (1)
C 24
(1)
 1.5303 
0
 0   1.5303
C 22 1.4142
(1)
C 42
C 45
( 2)
 C 45
(1)
 (1)
C 25
(1)
0
0
 0.4142   0
C 22 1.4142
( 2)
Step 2c k = 2, i=5 C5 j
(1)
C52
C 51
( 2)
C 51
(1)
 (1)
C 21
(1)
0
0.4142
 0  0
C 22 1.4142
(1)
C52
C52
( 2)
 C52
(1)
 (1)
C 22
(1)
 0.4142 
0.4142
 1.4142   0
C 22 1.4142
(1)
C52
C53
( 2)
 C53
(1)
 (1)
C 23
(1)
  0.4142 
0.4142
  0.4142    0.2929
C 22 1.4142
(1)
C52
C54
( 2)
 C54
(1)
 (1)
C 24
(1)
0
0.4142
 0  0
C 22 1.4142
(1)
C52
C55
( 2)
 C55
(1)
 (1)
C 25
(1)
 1.4142 
0.4142
 0.4142   1.2929
C 22 1.4142
3.40
After Step 2
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071 

 0 1.4142  0.4142 0 0.4142 

K    0 0 0.8232 0.5303  0.2929 
 
 0 0 0.5303 1.5303 0 
 0 0  0.2929 0 1.2929 
( 3)
Step 3a k = 3, i=4 C4 j
( 2)
C 43
C 41
( 3)
C 41
( 2)
 ( 2)
C31
( 2)
0
0.5303
 0  0
C33 0.8232
( 2)
C 43
C 42
( 3)
 C 42
( 2)
 ( 2)
C32
( 2)
 0 
0.5303
 0  0
C33 0.8232
( 2)
C 43
C 43
( 3)
 C 43
( 2)
 ( 2)
C33
( 2)
 0.5303 
0.5303
 0.8232   0
C33 0.8232
( 2)
C 43
C 44
( 3)
 C 44
( 2)
 ( 2)
C34
( 2)
 1.5303 
0.5303
 0.5303   1.1887
C33 0.8232
( 2)
C 43
C 45
( 3)
 C 45
( 2)
 ( 2)
C35
( 2)
0
0.5303
  0.2929   0.1887
C33 0.8232
3.41
Bruhn Errata
( 3)
Step 3b k = 3, i=5 C5 j
( 2)
C53
C 51
( 3)
C 51
( 2)
 ( 2)
C31
( 2)
 1 
0.2929
 0  0
C33 0.8232
( 2)
C53
C52
( 3)
 C52
( 2)
 ( 2)
C32
( 2)
0
0.2929
 0  0
C33 0.8232
( 2)
C53
C53
( 3)
 C53
( 2)
 ( 2)
C33
( 2)
  0.2929 
0.2929
 0.8232   0
C33 0.8232
( 2)
C53
C54
( 3)
 C54
( 2)
 ( 2)
C34
( 2)
0
0.2929
 0.5303   0.1887
C33 0.8232
( 2)
C53
C55
( 3)
 C55
( 2)
 ( 2)
C35
( 2)
 1.2929 
0.2929
  0.2929   1.1887
C33 0.8232
After Step 3
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071 

 0 1.4142  0.4142 0 0.4142 

K    0 0 0.8232 0.5303  0.2929 
 
 0 0 0 1.1887 0.1887 
 0 0 0 0.1887 1.1887 
3.42
( 4)
Step 4a k = 4, i=5 C5 j
( 3)
C54
C 51
( 4)
C 51
( 3)
 ( 3)
C 41
( 3)
0
0.1887
 0  0
C 44 1.1887
( 3)
C54
C52
( 4)
 C52
( 3)
 ( 3)
C 42
( 3)
0
0.1887
 0  0
C 44 1.1887
( 3)
C54
C53
( 4)
 C53
( 3)
 ( 3)
C 43
( 3)
0
0.1887
 0  0
C 44 1.1887
( 3)
C54
C54
( 4)
 C54
( 3)
 ( 3)
C 44
( 3)
0
0.1887
 1.1887   0
C 44 1.1887
( 3)
C54
C55
( 4)
 C55
( 3)
 ( 3)
C 45
( 3)
 1.1887 
0.1887
 0.1887   1.1587
C 44 1.1887
After Step 4
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071 

 0 1.4142  0.4142 0 0.4142 

K    0 0 0.8232 0.5303  0.2929 
 
 0 0 0 1.1887 0.1887 
 0 0 0 0 1.1587 
3.43
Bruhn Errata
After Step 1
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071 

 0 1.4142  0.4142 0 0.4142 

K   10 
6
0  0.4142 0.94451 0.5303  0.4142 
 
 0 0 0.5303 1.5303 0 
 0 0.4142  0.4142 0 1.4142 
After Step 2
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071 

 0 1.4142  0.4142 0 0.4142 

K   10 
6
0 0 0.8232 0.5303  0.2929 
 
 0 0 0.5303 1.5303 0 
 0 0  0.2929 0 1.2929 
After Step 3
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071 

 0 1.4142  0.4142 0 0.4142 

K   10 6  0 0 0.8232 0.5303  0.2929 
 
 0 0 0 1.1887 0.1887 
 0 0 0 0.1887 1.1887 
After Step 4
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071 

 0 1.4142  0.4142 0 0.4142 

K   10 6  0 0 0.8232 0.5303  0.2929 
 
 0 0 0 1.1887 0.1887 
 0 0 0 0 1.1588 
3.44
 u1   F1 
u  F 
 2   2 
K   u3    F3 
u  F 
 4   4 
 u 5   F5 
(1)
Step 5a k = 1, i = 2, 3, 4, 5 C ij
C 21
C 26
(1)
 C 26  C16  F2 
0.7071
 F1   F2  0.4142 F1
C11 1.7071
C31
C36
(1)
 C36  C16  F3 
1
 F1   F3  0.5858 F1
C11 1.7071
C
C 46
(1)
 C 46  41 C16  F4 
0
 F1   F4
C11 1.7071
C51
C56
(1)
 C56  C16  F5 
0.7071
 F1   F5  0.4142 F1
C11 1.7071
 u1   F1 
u   F  0.4142 F 
 2   2 1 

K   u3    3F  0.5858 F1 
u   F4 
 4   
 u 5   F5  0.4142 F1 
3.45
Bruhn Errata
( 2)
Step 5b k = 2, i = 3, 4, 5 C ij
 u1   F1 
u   F  0.4142 F 
 2   2 1 

K   u3    3F  0.5858 F1 
u   F4 
 4   
 u 5   F5  0.4142 F1 
(1)
C32
  F3  0.5858 F1   F2 
0.4142
 C36    0.4142 F1
( 2) (1) (1)
C36 (1)
C 26
C 22 1.4142
(1)
C32
 C36   F3  0.5858 F1  0.2929 F2  0.1213 F1
( 2) (1) (1)
C36 (1)
C 26
C 22
(1)
C32
 C36   F3  0.2929 F2  0.7071 F1
( 2) (1) (1)
C36 (1)
C 26
C 22
(1)
C 42
 C 46   F4  0  F4
( 2) (1) (1)
C 46 (1)
C 26
C 22
(1)
C52
  F5  0.4142 F1   F2 
0.4142
 C56    0.4142 F1
( 2) (1) (1)
C56 (1)
C 26
C 22 1.4142
(1)
C52
 C56   F5  0.4142 F1  0.2929 F2  0.1213 F1
( 2) (1) (1)
C56 (1)
C 26
C 22
(1)
C52
 C56   F5  0.2929 F2  0.2929 F1
( 2) (1) (1)
C56 (1)
C 26
C 22
 u1   F1 
u   F2  0.4142 F1 
 2   
K   u3    3F  0.2929 F2  0.7071 F1 
u   F4 
 4   
 u 5   F5  0.2929 F2  0.2929 F1 
3.46
 u1   F1 
u   F2  0.4142 F1 
 2   
K   u3    F3  0.2929 F2  0.7071 F1 
u   F4 
 4   
 u 5   F5  0.2929 F2  0.2929 F1 
( 3)
Step 5c k = 3, i = 4, 5 C ij
( 2)
C 43
C 46
( 3)
 C 46
( 2)
 ( 2)
C36
( 2)
 F4 
0.5303
 F3  0.2929 F2  0.7071 F1 
C33 0.8232
( 2)
C 43
 C 46   F4  0.6442 F3  0.1887 F2  0.4555 F1
( 3) ( 2) ( 2)
C 46 ( 2)
C36
C33
( 2)
C52
 F5  0.2929 F2  0.2929 F1   F3  0.2929 F2  0.7071 F1 
0.2929
 C56 
( 3) ( 2) ( 2)
C56 ( 2)
C36
C 22 0.8232
( 2)
C52
 C56   F5  0.3558 F3  0.1887 F2  0.5445 F1
( 3) ( 2) ( 2)
C56 ( 2)
C36
C 22
 u1   F1 
u   F2  0.4142 F1 
 2   
K   u3    F 3  0.2929 F2  0.7071 F1 
u   F  0.6442 F  0.1887 F  0.4555 F 
 4   4 3 2 1

 u 5   F5  0.3558 F3  0.1887 F2  0.5445 F1 
3.47
Bruhn Errata
 u1   F1 
u   F2  0.4142 F1 
 2   
K   u3    F3  0.2929 F2  0.7071 F1 
u   F  0.6442 F  0.1887 F  0.4555 F 
 4   4 3 2 1

 u 5   F5  0.3558 F3  0.1887 F2  0.5445 F1 
( 4)
Step 5d k = 4, i=5 C ij
( 3)
C54
 C56   F5  0.3558 F3  0.1887 F2  0.5445 F1 
( 4) ( 3) ( 3)
C56 ( 3)
C 46
C 44

0.1887
F4  0.6442 F3  0.1887 F2  0.5445 F1 
1.1887
( 3)
C54
 C56   F5  0.3358 F3  0.1887 F2  0.5445 F1
( 4) ( 3) ( 3)
C56 ( 3)
C 46
C 44
 0.15875 F4  0.01023 F3  0.02996 F2  0.07231 F1
( 3)
C54
 C56   F5  0.1587 F4  0.4581 F3  0.1587 F2  0.6168 F1
( 4) ( 3) ( 3)
C56 ( 3)
C 46
C 44
 u1   F1 
u   F2  0.4142 F1 
 2   
K   u3    F3  0 .2929 F2  0.7071 F1 
u   F4  0.6442 F3  0.1887 F2  0.4555 F1 
 4   
 u 5   F5  0.1587 F4  0.4581 F3  0.1587 F2  0.6168 F1 
3.48
After Step 1 and Step 5a
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071   u1   F1 

 0 1.4142  0.4142 0 0.4142  u   F  0.4142 F 
   2   2 1 

 0  0.4142 0.94451 0.5303  0.4142   u3    F3  0.5858 F1 
  u   
 0 0 0.5303 1.5303 0  F4
 4   
 0 0.4142  0.4142 0 1.4142   u 5   F5  0.4142 F1 
After Step 2 and Step 5b
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071   u1   F1 

 0 1.4142  0.4142 0 0.4142  u   F2  0.4142 F1 
   2   
10 
6
0 0 0.8232 0.5303  0.2929   u3    3F  0.2929 F2  0.7071 F1 
  u   
 0 0 0.5303 1.5303 0  F4
 4   
 0 0  0.2929 0 1.2929   u 5   F5  0.2929 F2  0.2929 F1 
After Step 3 and Step 5c
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071   u1   F1 

 0 1.4142  0.4142 0 0.4142  u   F2  0.4142 F1 
   2   
10 6  0 0 0.8232 0.5303  0.2929   u3    F3  0.2929 F2  0.7071 F1 
  u   F  0.6442 F  0.1887 F  0.4555 F 
 0 0 0 1.1887 0.1887   4   4 3 2 1

 0 0 0 0.1887 1.1887   u 5   F5  0.3558 F3  0.1887 F2  0.5445 F1 
After Step 4 and Step 5d
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071   u1 

 0 1.4142  0.4142 0 0.4142  u 
   2 
10 6  0 0 0.8232 0.5303  0.2929   u3 
  u 
 0 0 0 1.1887 0.1887   4 
 0 0 0 0 1.1588   u 5 
 F1 
 F2  0.4142 F1 
 
  F3  0.2929 F2  0.7071 F1 
 F4  0.6442 F3  0.1887 F2  0.4555 F1 
 
 F5  0.1587 F4  0.4581 F3  0.1587 F2  0.6168 F1 
3.49
Bruhn Errata
The Only Applied Load is F3
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071   u1   0 

 0 1.4142  0.4142 0 0.4142  u   0 
   2   
10 6  0 0 0.8232 0.5303  0.2929   u3   F3  1 
  u    0.6442 
 0 0 0 1.1887 0.1887   4   
 0 0 0 0 1.1588   u 5   0.4581 
6 -6
Solve for u5 1.1588 (10 ) u5 = 0.4581 F3 u5 = 0.3953 (10 ) F3
6 6
Solve for u4 1.1887 (10 ) u4 + 0.1887 (10 ) u5 = - 0.6442 F3 + 0.4581 F3
-6
u4 = -0.6047 (10 ) F3
6 6 6
Solve for u3 0.8232 (10 ) u3 + 0.5303 (10 ) u4 - 0.2929 (10 ) u5
-6
= F3 - 0.6442 F3 + 0.4581 F3 u3 = 1.7450 (10 ) F3
6 6 6
Solve for u2 1.4142 (10 ) u3 - 0.4142 (10 ) u3 - 0.4142 (10 ) u5
-6
= F3 - 0.6442 F3 + 0.4581 F3 u2 = 0.3953 (10 ) F3
6 6 6 6
Solve for u1 1.7071 (10 ) u1 – 0.7071(10 ) u1 – 1.0 (10 ) u3 - 0.7071 (10 ) u5
-6
= F3 - 0.6442 F3 + 0.4581 F3 u1 = 1.3496 (10 ) F3
For F3 = 1,000 lb
-6 -6
u3 = 1.7450 (10 ) F3 = 1.7450 (10 ) 1,000 lb = 0.002 inches
3.50
Another Way
Inverse of the Stiffness Matrix
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071 

 0 1.4142  0.4142 0 0.4142 

 0 0 0.8232 0.5303  0.2929  1

 
 0 0 0 1.1887 0.1887 
 0 0 0 0 1.1588 
 0.58579 0.29289 0.85898  0.38321 0.53230 

 0 0.70711 0.35580  0.15873  0.13699 

 0 0 1.21478  0.54194 0.39531 
 
 0 0 0 0.84127  0.13699 
 0 0 0 0 0.86301 
Multiply
 u1   0.58579 0.29289 0.85898  0.38321 0.53230 

 u2    0 0.70711 0.35580  0.15873  0.13699 
   
 u3    0 0 1.21478  0.54194 0.39531  x
   
u4  0 0 0 0.84127  0.13699 
 
 u 5   0 0 0 0 0.86301 
 1 0 0 0 0   F1 
 0.41421 1 0 0 0   F2 
   
 0.70711 0.29289 1 0 0   F3  =
  
  0.45552  0.18868  0.64420 1 0 F4 
 
 0.61679  0.15873 0.45806  0.15873 1   F5 
Deflections
 u1   1.8174 0.5323 1.3497  0.4677 0.5323   F1 

u   0.5323 0.8630 0.3953  0.1370  0.1370   F2 
 2     
 u3    1.3497 0.3953 1.7450  0.6047 0.3953   F3 
u    
  0.4677  0.1370  0.6047 0.8630  0.1370  F4 
 4   
 u 5   0.5323  0.1370 0.3953  0.1370 0.8630   F5 
3.51
Bruhn Errata
Final Form
C11 u1  C12 u2  C13 u3  C14 u4  C11 u5  C16
u 2  C 23 u 3  C 24 u 4  C 25 u 5  C 26
(1) (1) (1) (1) (1)
C 22
u 3  C 34 u 4  C 35 u 5  C36
( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2)
C 33
u 4  C 45 u 5  C 46
( 3) ( 3) ( 3)
C 44
u 5  C 56
( 4) ( 4)
C 55
Where
( k 1)
( k 1) Cik ( k 1)
 Cij 
(k )
Cij ( k 1)
C1 j
C kk
Before Gaussian Elimination
 F1   1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071   u1 

 F2    0.7071 1.7071 0 0 0.7071  u 
     2 
 F3   10 6  1 0 1.5303 0.5303 0   u3 
  
F4   0 0 0.5303 1.5303 0 
u 
   4 
 F5    0.7071 0.7071 0 0 1.7071   u 5 
After Gaussian Elimination
 F1 
 F2  0.414 F1 
 
 F3  0.2929 F2  0.7071 F1 
 F4  0.6442 F3  0.1887 F2  0.4555 F1 
 
 F5  0.1587 F4  0.4581 F3  0.1587 F2  0.6168 F1 
 1.7071  0.7071 1 0  0.7071   u1 

 0 1.4142  0.4142 0 0.4142  u 
   2 
 10 6  0 0 0.8232 0.5303  0.2929   u3 
  u 
 0 0 0 1.1887 0.1887   4 
 0 0 0 0 1.1588   u 5 
3.52
INPUT
Method of(Bruhn A23.10)
Displacements - Stiffness Method
F3 1,000 lb
u2 u4
E 3.00E+07 lb u1 u3 F3 1,000 lb
c d
w 30 in
h 30 in
m 6 members 30”
p 4 joints
Area u8 u6
a u7 b
2
u5
Aab 1.00 in 30”
Abd 1.00 in2 Degree of Redundancy ( k 1)

( k 1) Cik ( k 1)
 Cij 
(k )
Cij ( k 1)
C1 j
Adc 1.00 in2 C kk
Aca 1.00 in2 Stiffness Matrix

j
Acb 2.00 in2 i 1 2 3 4 5
1 1.7071 -0.7071 -1 0 -0.7071
Aad 1.50 in2 2 -0.7071 1.7071 0 0 0.7071
3 -1 0 1.530 0.530 0
4 0 0 0.530 1.530 0
5 -0.7071 0.7071 0 0 1.7071
DATA
After Gaussian Elimination
Degree of Redundancy
1.7071 -0.7071 -1 0 -0.7071
n 1 0 1.41421 -0.41421 0 0.4142
0 0 0.8232 0.5303 -0.2929
0 0 0 1.1887 0.1887
0 0 0 0 1.1587
OUTPUT
AE/L  cos  sin  F
u1 0.0013 in ab 1.00E+06 0° 1 0 395.3 lb

bd 1.00E+06 90° 0 1 -604.7 lb
u2 0.0004 in dc 1.00E+06 0° 1 0 395.3 lb
ca 1.00E+06 90° 0 1 395.3 lb
u3 0.0017 in cb 1.41E+06 -45° 0.7071 -0.7071 -559.0 lb
ad 1.06E+06 45° 0.7071 0.7071 855.2 lb
u4 -0.0006 in
u5 0.0004 in
3.53
Bruhn Errata
Stiffness Matrix
1.70711 -0.70711 -1 0 -0.70711

( k 1) -0.70711 1.70711 0 0 0.70711
( k 1) Cik ( k 1)
 Cij 
(k )
Cij ( k 1)
C1 j -1 0 1.5303 0.5303 0
C kk 0 0 0.5303 1.5303 0
-0.70711 0.70711 0 0 1.70711
k=1 After Step 1

i
1 C11(1) C12(1) C13(1) C14(1) C15(1) 1.70711 -0.70711 -1 0 -0.70711
2 0 1.414215 -0.41421 0 0.414215 0 1.414215 -0.41421 0 0.414215
3 0 -0.41421 0.944515 0.5303 -0.41421 = 0 -0.41421 0.944515 0.5303 -0.41421
4 0 0 0.5303 1.5303 0 0 0 0.5303 1.5303 0
5 0 0.414215 -0.41421 0 1.414215 0 0.414215 -0.41421 0 1.414215
k=2 After Step 2

i
1 C11(2) C12(2) C13(2) C14(2) C15(2) 1.70711 -0.70711 -1 0 -0.70711
2 C21(2) C22(2) C23(2) C24(2) C25(2) 0 1.414215 -0.41421 0 0.414215
3 0 0 0.823194 0.5303 -0.29289 = 0 0 0.82319 0.53030 -0.29289
4 0 0 0.5303 1.5303 0 0 0 0.53030 1.53030 0
5 0 0 -0.29289 0 1.292894 0 0 -0.29289 0 1.292894
k=3 After Step 3

i
1 C11(3) C12(3) C13(3) C14(3) C15(3) 1.70711 -0.70711 -1 0 -0.70711
2 C21(3) C22(3) C23(3) C24(3) C25(3) 0 1.41421 -0.41421 0 0.41421
3 C31(3) C32(3) C33(3) C34(3) C35(3) = 0 0 0.82319 0.53030 -0.29289
4 0 0 0 1.188682 0.188682 0 0 0 1.18868 0.18868
5 0 0 0 0.188682 1.188682 0 0 0 0.18868 1.18868
k=4 After Step 4

i
1 C11(4) C12(4) C13(4) C14(4) C15(4) 1.70711 -0.70711 -1 0 -0.70711
2 C21(4) C22(4) C23(4) C24(4) C25(4) 0 1.41421 -0.41421 0 0.41421
3 C31(4) C32(4) C33(4) C34(4) C35(4) = 0 0 0.82319 0.53030 -0.29289
4 C41(4) C42(4) C43(4) C44(4) C45(4) 0 0 0 1.18868 0.18868
5 0 0 0 0 1.158732 0 0 0 0 1.15873
Stiffness Matrix Displacements Forces
1.70711 -0.70711 -1 0 -0.70711 u1 F1

0 1.414215 -0.41421 0 0.414215 u2 F2
0 0 0.823194 0.5303 -0.29289 u3 = F3
0 0 0 1.188682 0.188682 u4 F4
0 0 0 0 1.158732 u5 F5
3.54
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
C16(1) C17(1) C18(1) C19(1) C10(1) 1 0 0 0 0
0.41421 1 0 0 0 0.41421 1 0 0 0
0.58579 0 1 0 0 = 0.58579 0 1 0 0 5a
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
0.414215 0 0 0 1 0.41421 0 0 0 1
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
C16(2) C17(2) C18(2) C19(2) C10(2) 1 0 0 0 0
C26(2) C27(2) C28(2) C29(2) C20(2) 0.41421 1 0 0 0
0.70711 0.29289 1 0 0 = 0.70711 0.29289 1 0 0 5b
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0
0.29289 -0.29289 0 0 1 0.29289 -0.29289 0 0 1
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
C16(3) C17(3) C18(3) C19(3) C10(3) 1 0 0 0 0
C26(3) C27(3) C28(3) C29(3) C20(3) 0.41421 1 0 0 0
C36(3) C37(3) C38(3) C39(3) C30(3) = 0.70711 0.29289 1 0 0 5c
-0.45552 -0.18868 -0.64420 1 0 -0.45552 -0.18868 -0.64420 1 0
0.54448 -0.18868 0.35580 0 1 0.54448 -0.18868 0.35580 0 1
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
C16(4) C17(4) C18(4) C19(4) C10(4) 1 0 0 0 0
C26(4) C27(4) C28(4) C29(4) C20(4) 0.41421 1 0 0 0
C36(4) C37(4) C38(4) C39(4) C30(4) = 0.70711 0.29289 1 0 0 5d
C46(4) C47(4) C48(4) C49(4) C40(4) -0.45552 -0.18868 -0.64420 1 0
0.61679 -0.15873 0.45806 -0.15873 1 0.61679 -0.15873 0.45806 -0.15873 1
Stiffness Matrix F1 F2 F3 F4 F5
1.70711 -0.70711 -1 0 -0.70711 u1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1.414215 -0.41421 0 0.414215 u2 0.41421 1 0 0 0
0 0 0.823194 0.5303 -0.29289 u3 = 0.70711 0.29289 1 0 0
0 0 0 1.188682 0.188682 u4 -0.45552 -0.18868 -0.64420 1 0
0 0 0 0 1.158732 u5 0.61679 -0.15873 0.45806 -0.15873 1
1.158732 u5 = 0.45806 F3
1.188682 u4 0.188682 u5 = -0.64420 F3
0.823194 u3 0.5303 u4 -0.29289 u5 = 1 F3
1.414215 u2 -0.41421 u3 0 u4 0.414215 u5 = 0 F3
1.70711 u1 -0.70711 u2 -1 u3 0 u4 -0.70711 u5 = 0 F3
Inverse of the Stiffness Matrix F3 is the only applied load

0.58579 0.29289 0.85898 -0.38321 0.53230
0 0.70711 0.35580 -0.15873 -0.13699 Displacements
0 0 1.21478 -0.54194 0.39531
0 0 0 0.84127 -0.13699 u5 = 0.3953 x 10-6 ( F3 )
0 0 0 0 0.86301
u4 = -0.6047 x 10-6 ( F3 )
Displacements
-6 ( F3 )
1.8174 0.5323 1.3497 -0.4677 0.5323 u3 = 1.7450 x 10
0.5323 0.8630 0.3953 -0.1370 -0.1370
1.3497 0.3953 1.7450 -0.6047 0.3953 u2 = 0.3953 x 10-6 ( F3 )
-0.4677 -0.1370 -0.6047 0.8630 -0.1370
0.5323 -0.1370 0.3953 -0.1370 0.8630 u1 = 1.3497 x 10-6 ( F3 )
3.55
Bruhn Errata
AE/L  cos  sin  1.70711 -0.70711 -1 0 -0.70711

ab 1,000,000 0° 1 0 0 1.414215 -0.41421 0 0.414215
bd 1,000,000 90° 0 1 0 0 0.823194 0.5303 -0.29289
dc 1,000,000 0° 1 0 0 0 0 1.188682 0.188682
ca 1,000,000 90° 0 1 0 0 0 0 1.158732
cb 1,414,214 -45° 0.7071 -0.7071
ad 1,060,660 45° 0.7071 0.7071
Coordinate Transformation Deflections Element Deflections
Member b e ] {u} { ue }
1 0 0.3953 0.3953
ab uab = x 10-6 ( F3 ) = x 10-6 ( F3 )
0 1 0.0000 0.0000
0 1 0.3953 -1.0000
bd ubd = x 10-6 ( F3 ) = x 10-6 ( F3 )
-1 0 -1.0000 -0.3953
1 0 0.3953 0.3953
dc udc = x 10-6 ( F3 ) = x 10-6 ( F3 )
0 0 -1.0000 0.0000
0 1 0.0000 0.3953
ca uca = x 10-6 ( F3 ) = x 10-6 ( F3 )
-1 0 0.3953 0.0000
0.7071 -0.7071 -0.9544 -0.3953

cb ucb = x 10-6 ( F3 ) = x 10-6 ( F3 )
0 0 -0.3953 0.0000
0.7071 0.7071 1.7450 0.8063

ad uad = x 10-6 ( F3 ) = x 10-6 ( F3 )
0 0 -0.6047 0.0000
Element Stiffness Matrix Element Element Forces Element Forces

Local Coordinates Deflections
[ ke ] { ue } { Fe } { Fe }
1.0E+06 -1.0E+06 0.3953 395,308 395.3 lb

ab x 10-6 F3 = x 10-6 F3 =
-1.0E+06 1.0E+06 0 -395,308 -395.3 lb
1.0E+06 -1.0E+06 -1 -604,692 -604.7 lb

bd x 10-6 F3 = x 10-6 F3 =
-1.0E+06 1.0E+06 -0.3953 604,692 604.7 lb
1.0E+06 -1.0E+06 0.3953 395,308 395.3 lb

dc x 10-6 F3 = x 10-6 F3 =
-1.0E+06 1.0E+06 0 -395,308 -395.3 lb
1.0E+06 -1.0E+06 0.3953 395,308 395.3 lb

ca x 10-6 F3 = x 10-6 F3 =
-1.0E+06 1.0E+06 2.42E-17 -395,308 -395.3 lb
1.4E+06 -1.4E+06 -0.3953 -559,048 -559.0 lb

cb x 10-6 F3 = x 10-6 F3 =
-1.4E+06 1.4E+06 0 559,048 559.0 lb
1.1E+06 -1.1E+06 0.8063 855,211 855.2 lb

ad x 10-6 F3 = x 10-6 F3 =
-1.1E+06 1.1E+06 0 -855,211 -855.2 lb
3.56
Fourier’s Series Method - Spanwise Lift Distribution
David J. Peery Aircraft Structures, First Edition, pages 233-242
Hermann Glauert The Elements of Aerofoil and Airscrew Theory
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier 1768-1830
Spanwise Air-Load Distribution, Fourier's Series Method GRAN

Corporation
David J. Peery Aircraft Structures page 233-242 Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier 1768-1830
INPUT
Figure 9.14
Geometry
b/2 240 in
c1 102 in
c12 63.75 in
y1 - y4 23.040 in
y5 - y8 21.960 in
4 x 4 x 4 x
y9 - y12 15.000 in 23.04 '' 21.96 '' 15.00 ''
Taper 0.625 to 1
A1 0.7664 C0 0.819 C2 - C 4 -0.1400
S 38,340 in2 A3 0.0313 C2 -0.371 C2 - C 6 -0.2416
A5 0.0185 C4 -0.231 C2 - C 8 -0.2826
m0 0.10 per degree C6 -0.129 C4 - C 6 -0.1017
C8 -0.088
B1 1 = aa C10 0 P1 1.309
B3 0 P3 1.797
B5 0 Cl 0.10 P5 2.341
Symbols
cs ms
180 /  57.30 º / radian ms 5.730 / radian 0.3044
4 b
A Wing Aspect Ratio = b2 / S
b Wing Span ( in ) Solve for A
CD Wing Drag Coefficients
CL Wing Lift Coefficients 2.6178 -0.1400 -0.1017 A1 2 B1
CM Wing Moment Coefficients -0.1400 3.5937 -0.2826 A3 = 0 B3
Ct Dimensionless Tail Force Coefficients -0.1017 -0.2826 4.6820 A5 0 B5
Cza Normal Force Coefficients for Aircraft
a Effective Angle of Attack 0.383 0.016 0.009 2 = 0.7664
aaR From Reference Line 0.016 0.280 0.017 0 = 0.0313
aw0 Reference Plane to Plane of Zero Lift 0.009 0.017 0.215 0 = 0.0185
b Wing Span
c Chord Coefficient of Lift for the Entire Wing
cd Drag Coefficient
cdi Section Induced Drag Coefficient A1 / CL 0.1740
 c s m s b A1
cdi1 Induced Drag Coefficient for CL = 1 CL  4.404 A2 / CL 0.0071
cl Section Lift Coefficient 4S A3 / CL 0.0042
clb Basic Lift
cla1 Additional Lift for CL = 1.0
cn Normal Force Confidents
K Gust Effectiveness Factor Table 9.4
Lt Distance from a/c cg to air load on tail
M Wing Bending Moment
m0 Slope of Section Lift Coefficients   2y/b m/m c cs / c sin  ci y
n Limit Maneuver Load Factor ( deg. ) ( radians ) ( in )
q Dynamic Pressure ( lb / ft2 )
 Mass Density of Air ( slugs / ft3 ) 0.0 0.00 1.000 1 0 0 0 0 y4
S Wing Area ( in2 ) 22.5 0.39 0.924 1 53.0 1.9245 0.383 0.736 y3
U Gust Vertical Velocity 45.0 0.79 0.707 1 75.0 1.3600 0.707 0.962 y2
V Wing Shear 67.5 1.18 0.383 1 87.4 1.1670 0.924 1.078 y1
W Gross Weight of Aircraft 90.0 1.57 0 1 102.0 1.0000 1.000 1.000 y0
y Point Along Span
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3.57
Bruhn Errata
Circulation
Fundamental Equation for the Circulation Distribution
Equation 9.17, page 222

b/2 b/2
b
y
2 1 2
d
m0 c V
 aa 
4 V  b y'  y a1
y 
2
 y 3 y 5 y
  a1 cos  a3 cos  a5 cos  
b b b a3
Put another way
¥
n y
  
n 1, 3, 5
a n cos
b
a5
2y
an Constant Coefficients Another Way Let cos  
b
An For symmetrical loading, even coefficients A 2, A 4 … A 2n = 0
b Wing Span
c Wing Chord
cs Wing Chord at the Center of the Span
ms Slope of the Lift Curve at the Center of the Span
 Angle from a circle of radius = b / 2
‟ Value corresponding to y‟
y Distance of point from the center of span -b/2 b/2
y‟ See Figure 9.11
c s ms V
   A1 sin   A2 sin 2  A3 sin 3    A1
2
¥ A2
c s ms V 2y
 
2

n 1, 3, 5
An sin n  Where cos  
b
Derivative of Gamma
A3
¥
c s ms V
d 
2
nA
n 1
n cos n 
¥
 n An cos n 
b
y

1 2
d c s ms 2y
4 V  b y'  y

4 b 
0
n 1
cos   cos  '
cos  
b
y 
2
Fundamentals of Aerodymanics by John D. Anderson, Jr., page 163     V  ds

C
―The circulation is simply the negative of the line integral of velocity around a closed curve in the flow …‖
3.58
Hermann Glauert
cos n   sin n  '

 cos   cos  '
d 
sin 
Equations
ms c s c s ms
m0 c
sin  A n sin n   a a sin  
4b
nA n sin n  Equation 9.37, page 236
¥
ms c s
m0 c
sin    C 2 n cos 2n
n  0 ,1, 2 , 3
¥
a a sin   
n  0 ,1, 2 , 3
Bn sin n
¥ ¥
c s ms

n  0 ,1, 2 , 3
C 2 n cos 2n  An sin n   
n  0 ,1, 2 , 3
Bn sin n 
4b
nA n sin n 
c cl  c s m s A n sin n  c s  ms  A1 sin   A3 sin 3  A5 sin 5 
Evaluation of Bn Coefficients
¥
a a sin   
n  0 ,1, 2 , 3
Bn sin n B1 = aa Assume an angle of attack, aa = 1 Bn = 0 for n ≠ 1
Evaluation of Pn Coefficients
1 c m
Pn  C0  C2 n  n s x
2 4b
Cl 0.10 57.30 º / radian ms 5.730
Wing Planform cs = 102 in b = 2 ( 240 in ) = 480 in
P1 1.309
P3 1.797
cs ms
0.3044 P5 2.341
4 b
3.59
Bruhn Errata
Evaluation of Cn Coefficients
C0  C2  C4  C6  C8  y4
1 1
C0  C2  C4  C6  C8  y3
2 2
C0  0  C4  0  C8  y2
1 1
C0  C2  0  C6  C8  y1
2 2
C0  C2  C4  C6  C8  y0
Table 9.4

0.0 0.00 1.000 1 0 0 0 0 y4

22.5 0.39 0.924 1 53.0 1.9245 0.383 0.736 y3
45.0 0.79 0.707 1 75.0 1.3600 0.707 0.962 y2
67.5 1.18 0.383 1 87.4 1.1670 0.924 1.078 y1
90.0 1.57 0 1 102.0 1.0000 1.000 1.000 y0
1  y4 y 
C0    y3  y2  y1  0 
4  2 2 
C0 0.819
1  y4 1 1 y 
C2    y3  y1  0  C2 -0.371
2  2 2 2 2  C4 -0.231
C6 -0.129
1  y4 y  C8 -0.088
C4    y2  0  C10 0
2  2 2 
1  y4 1 1 y 
C6    y3  y1  0 
2  2 2 2 2 
3.60
Evaluation of An Coefficients
ms c s c s ms
m0 c
sin  A n sin n  = a a sin  
4b
nA n sin n  Equation 9.37, page 236
Left Hand Side of Equation 9.37
ms c s
m0 c
sin   C 2n cos 2 n  Equation 9.38, page 236
C 2n cos 2 n   An sin n  Equation 9.48, page 239
Triginometry
2 sin k cos l  sin  k  l   sin  k  l   Equation 9.49, page 239
¥ ¥
 C 2 n cos 2 n   An sin n  
1
  Ak Cl  sin  k  l    sin  k  l   
2 k 1, 2 , 3 l  0 , 2 , 4

1
 2 A1 C0  A1 C 2  A3 C 2  A3 C 4  A5 C 4  A5 C6  sin 
2

1
 2 A1 C 2  A1 C 4  2 A3 C0  A3 C6  A5 C 2  A5 C8  sin 3 
2

1
 2 A1 C 4  A1 C6  2 A3 C 2  A3 C8  A5 C0  A5 C10  sin 5   
2
Right Hand Side of Equation 9.37
a a sin    Bn sin n  Equation 9.39, page 236
c s ms
 Bn sin n  
4b
nA n sin n 
Substitution
ms c s c s ms
m0 c
sin  A n sin n   a a sin  
4b
nA n sin n  becomes
c s ms
C 2n cos 2 n  A n sin n    Bn sin n  
4b
nA n sin n 
3.61
Bruhn Errata
Another Substitution
1
 2 A1 C0  A1 C 2  A3 C 2  A3 C 4  A5 C 4  A5 C6  sin 
2

1
 2 A1 C 2  A1 C 4  2 A3 C0  A3 C6  A5 C 2  A5 C8  sin 3 
2

1
 2 A1 C 4  A1 C6  2 A3 C 2  A3 C8  A5 C 0  A5 C10  sin 5 
2
c s ms
  Bn sin n  
4b
nA n sin n 
Rearrange
2 P1 A1   C2  C4  A3   C4  C6  A5  2 B1
 C2  C4  A1  2 P3 A3   C2  C8  A5  2 B3
 C4  C6  A1   C2  C8  A3  2 P5 A5  2 B5
1 c m
Where P1  C 0  C2  s s
2 4b
1 c m
Pn  C 0  C2n  n s s
2 4b
Solve Simultaneously
Solve for A
2.6178 -0.1400 -0.1017 A1 2 B1

-0.1400 3.5937 -0.2826 A3 = 0 B3
-0.1017 -0.2826 4.6820 A5 0 B5
0.383 0.016 0.009 2 = 0.7664

0.016 0.280 0.017 0 = 0.0313
0.009 0.017 0.215 0 = 0.0185
Coefficient of Lift for the Entire Wing
A1 / CL 0.1740
 c s m s b A1
CL  4.404 A2 / CL 0.0071
4S A3 / CL 0.0042
A1 = 0.7664 A3 = 0.0313 A5 = 0.0185
Lift Distribution Calculation
c cl  c s m s A n sin n  c s  ms  A1 sin   A3 sin 3  A5 sin 5 
c cl  c s m s A n sin n  102  5.73  0.1740 sin   0.0071 sin 3  0.0042 sin 5 
3.62
Coefficient of Lift for Entire Wing
Method 1
David J. Peery Aircraft Structures, First Edition, page 241
 c s m s b A1
CL 
4S
CL 
  102 in  5.73  480 in  0.7664
 4.404

4 38,340 in 2 
Method 2
David J. Peery Aircraft Structures, First Edition, page 246
 Correction Factor for Deviation from Elliptical Planform ( Figure 9.21, page 244 )
 0.25
1 / Taper Ratio = 
= 1 / 1.60 = 0.625
 = 0.25
m0 = 0.10 per degree ( 180 degrees /  radians ) = 5.73 per radian
Figure 9.21, page 244
 = 0.022 for = 0.625
A 
 480 in 2  6.009
38,340 in
m0
m 
1   m0  A  1   
5.73
m   4. 373
1   5.73 6.009   1  0.022 
Difference = ( 4.404 - 4.373 ) / 4.404 = 0.71%
3.63
Bruhn Errata
Table 9.5
Table 9.5
1  90 º 72 º 54 º 36 º 18 º
2 y = b / 2 cos  0 74.2 141.1 194.2 228.3
3 sin  1 0.951 0.809 0.588 0.309
4 sin 3 -1 -0.588 0.309 0.951 0.809
5 sin 5 1 0 -1 0 1
6 0.1740 sin  0.1740 0.1655 0.1408 0.1023 0.0538
7 0.0071 sin 3 -0.0071 -0.0042 0.0022 0.0068 0.0058
8 0.0042 sin 5 0.0042 0 -0.0042 0 0.0042
9 SAn sin n 0.1711 0.1613 0.1388 0.1090 0.0637
10 c cl 100.00 94.28 81.10 63.73 37.25
Figure 9.20
110
Schrenk's
Method
100
90
Fourier's
Method
80
Lift per Unit Span, c c l ( lb/in )
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
3.64
Data for Figure 9.20
 b / 2 cos  sin  sin 3 sin 5 0.1740 0.0071 0.0042 SAn sin n c cl

sin  sin 3 sin 5 ( in )
0 240.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 239.9 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.0061 0.0002 0.0001 0.0065 4.4
4 239.4 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.0121 0.0005 0.0003 0.0129 8.8
6 238.7 0.105 0.105 0.105 0.0182 0.0007 0.0004 0.0194 13.1
8 237.7 0.139 0.139 0.139 0.0242 0.0010 0.0006 0.0258 17.4
10 236.4 0.174 0.174 0.174 0.0302 0.0012 0.0007 0.0322 21.6
12 234.8 0.208 0.208 0.208 0.0362 0.0015 0.0009 0.0385 25.7
14 232.9 0.242 0.242 0.242 0.0421 0.0017 0.0010 0.0448 29.7
16 230.7 0.276 0.276 0.276 0.0480 0.0020 0.0012 0.0511 33.5
18 228.3 0.309 0.309 0.309 0.0538 0.0022 0.0013 0.0573 37.2
20 225.5 0.342 0.342 0.342 0.0595 0.0024 0.0014 0.0634 40.8
22 222.5 0.375 0.375 0.375 0.0652 0.0027 0.0016 0.0694 44.2
24 219.3 0.407 0.407 0.407 0.0708 0.0029 0.0017 0.0754 47.4
26 215.7 0.438 0.438 0.438 0.0763 0.0031 0.0018 0.0812 50.5
28 211.9 0.469 0.469 0.469 0.0817 0.0033 0.0020 0.0870 53.5
30 207.8 0.500 0.500 0.500 0.0870 0.0036 0.0021 0.0927 56.2
32 203.5 0.530 0.530 0.530 0.0922 0.0038 0.0022 0.0982 58.9
34 199.0 0.559 0.559 0.559 0.0973 0.0040 0.0024 0.1036 61.4
36 194.2 0.588 0.588 0.588 0.1023 0.0042 0.0025 0.1089 63.7
38 189.1 0.616 0.616 0.616 0.1071 0.0044 0.0026 0.1141 66.0
40 183.9 0.643 0.643 0.643 0.1119 0.0046 0.0027 0.1191 68.1
42 178.4 0.669 0.669 0.669 0.1164 0.0048 0.0028 0.1240 70.2
44 172.6 0.695 0.695 0.695 0.1209 0.0049 0.0029 0.1287 72.2
46 166.7 0.719 0.719 0.719 0.1252 0.0051 0.0030 0.1333 74.1
48 160.6 0.743 0.743 0.743 0.1293 0.0053 0.0031 0.1377 75.9
50 154.3 0.766 0.766 0.766 0.1333 0.0054 0.0032 0.1420 77.7
52 147.8 0.788 0.788 0.788 0.1371 0.0056 0.0033 0.1460 79.4
54 141.1 0.809 0.809 0.809 0.1408 0.0058 0.0034 0.1499 81.1
56 134.2 0.829 0.829 0.829 0.1443 0.0059 0.0035 0.1537 82.8
58 127.2 0.848 0.848 0.848 0.1476 0.0060 0.0036 0.1572 84.4
60 120.0 0.866 0.866 0.866 0.1507 0.0062 0.0036 0.1605 85.9
62 112.7 0.883 0.883 0.883 0.1537 0.0063 0.0037 0.1636 87.5
64 105.2 0.899 0.899 0.899 0.1564 0.0064 0.0038 0.1666 89.0
66 97.6 0.914 0.914 0.914 0.1590 0.0065 0.0038 0.1693 90.4
68 89.9 0.927 0.927 0.927 0.1613 0.0066 0.0039 0.1718 91.8
70 82.1 0.940 0.940 0.940 0.1635 0.0067 0.0040 0.1742 93.1
72 74.2 0.951 0.951 0.951 0.1655 0.0068 0.0040 0.1763 94.3
74 66.2 0.961 0.961 0.961 0.1673 0.0068 0.0040 0.1782 95.4
76 58.1 0.970 0.970 0.970 0.1689 0.0069 0.0041 0.1798 96.4
78 49.9 0.978 0.978 0.978 0.1702 0.0070 0.0041 0.1813 97.3
80 41.7 0.985 0.985 0.985 0.1714 0.0070 0.0041 0.1825 98.1
82 33.4 0.990 0.990 0.990 0.1723 0.0070 0.0042 0.1835 98.8
84 25.1 0.995 0.995 0.995 0.1731 0.0071 0.0042 0.1843 99.3
86 16.7 0.998 0.998 0.998 0.1736 0.0071 0.0042 0.1849 99.7
88 8.4 0.999 0.999 0.999 0.1739 0.0071 0.0042 0.1852 99.9
90 0 1.000 1.000 1.000 0.1740 0.0071 0.0042 0.1853 100.0
3.65
Bruhn Errata
Thomas Algorithm
―The tridiagonal matrix algorithm (TDMA), also known as the Thomas algorithm, is a simplified form of
Gaussian elimination that can be used to solve tridiagonal systems of equations.‖
http://www.cfd-online.com/Wiki/Tridiagonal_matrix_algorithm_-_TDMA_(Thomas_algorithm)
Tridiagonal Matrix
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/TridiagonalMatrix.html
Cholesky Decomposition
―In mathematics, the Cholesky decomposition, named after André-Louis Cholesky, is a matrix
decomposition of a symmetric positive-definite matrix into a lower triangular matrix and the transpose of
the lower triangular matrix. The lower triangular matrix is the Cholesky triangle of the original, positive-
definite matrix.‖
―Any square matrix A can be written as the product of a lower triangular matrix L and an upper
triangular matrix U; this is called the LU decomposition. However, if A is symmetric and positive definite,
we can choose the factors such that U is the transpose of L, and this is called the Cholesky
decomposition. Both the LU and the Cholesky decomposition are used to solve systems of linear
equations. When it is applicable, the Cholesky decomposition is twice as efficient as the LU
decomposition.‖
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesky_decomposition
LU Decomposition
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/LUDecomposition.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_LU_decomposition
http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/guidry/phys594/lectures/linear_algebra/lanotes/node3.html
3.66
4.0 Curves
4.0 Curves
Fastener Shear and Tension Interaction
MMPDS-01
General Case AN3 Series Bolts see MMPDS-01, page 8-125
 Rs  1  Rs  1
2 2 2 3
Rr Rr
Interaction Equation - Combined Shear and Tension Interaction Equation - Combined Shear and Tension
1 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
RT
0.5 RT 0.5
M.S. = + 0.12 M.S. = + 0.20
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
RS RS
7075-T6 Lockbolts see MMPDS-01, page 8-110 Steel Lockbolts see MMPDS-01, page 8-110
 Rs  1  Rs  1
1 5 1 10
Rr Rr
Interaction Equation - Combined Shear and Tension Interaction Equation - Combined Shear and Tension
1 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
RT
RT
0.5 0.5
M.S. = + 0.23 M.S. = + 0.35
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
RS RS
4.1
Bruhn Errata
AN Steel Bolts
Elmer F. Bruhn Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures
Figure D1.4 and Figure D1.5, page D1.4
Figure D1.5
Figure D1.5 Shear and Tension on AN Steel Bolts

130,000
120,000
x3 y2
 2 1
110,000 a3 b
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
PT
AN-20
60,000
50,000
AN-18
40,000
AN-16
30,000
AN-10
AN-14
20,000 AN-9
AN-8
AN-7 AN-12
10,000 AN-6
0
0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 90,000
PS
Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures page D1.4
4.2
4.0 Curves
Figure D1.4
Figure D1.4 Shear and Tension on AN Steel Bolts
30,000
x3 y2
 2 1
a3 b
25,000
20,000
PT
15,000
AN-10
AN-9
10,000
AN-8
AN-7
5,000
AN-6
AN-5
AN-4
AN-3
0
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
PS
4.3
Bruhn Errata
Lug Loads - Axial and Transverse Interaction
Lug Interaction Equation
 Rtr  1
1.6 1.6
Rax
Product Engineering
Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins Made of Aluminum and Steel Alloys, F.P.Cozzone, M.A. Melcon and F.M.Hoblit
Product Engineering, Volume 21, Number 5, pages 113-117, May 1950
Developments in the Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins, M.A. Melcon and F.M.Hoblit
Product Engineering, Volume 24, Number 6, pages 160-170, June 1953
Interaction Equation - Combined Axial and Transverse

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
R tr
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Rax
4.4
4.0 Curves
Johnson-Euler Column Curves
Elmer F. Bruhn Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, Figure C7.33, page C7.23
Aluminum Alloy
For E = 10.4 E6 psi
Figure C7.33 Johnson and Euler Column Curves

80
Johnson
Curves
70
Euler Curve
Euler Curve
 2E
Fc 
60
L'  2
(ksi) c
50
Johnson Curves
Column Failing Stress, F
2
Fcc 2  L' 
Fc  Fcc   
40 4  2E 
30
20
L
10
L' 
c
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
L' / 
4.5
Bruhn Errata
Cozzone-Melcon Non-Dimensional Column Buckling Curves
Cozzone & Melcon, Jr. Non-Dimensional Buckling Curves
Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, October 1946
Fc
F0.7
1 F0.7  L' 
  
 E   
4.6
4.0 Curves
Tangent Modulus from the Ramberg-Osgood Equation
Ramberg & Osgood NACA TN-902 Description of Stress-Strain Curves of Three Parameters, Figure 8
 17 
ln  
Et

1
n  1   7 
n 1
E 3  F   F 
1  n   ln  0.7 
7  F0.7   F0.85 
Figure C2.16 Dimensionless Tangent Modulus Stress Curves

Et / E vs. F / F 0.7
1
6
8 10 15 20 25 35 45 60 100 n¥
5
0.9
4
3
2.5
0.8
n = 2.0
0.7
0.6
E 1

Et / E
n 1
0.5 Et 3  F  n = 2.0
1 n 
7  F0.7 
0.4
2.5
 17  F  3
0.3 n  1  ln   ln  0.7 
7  F0.85 
4
0.2
5
6
0.1 8
10
Reference: NACA T.N.902 15

n¥ 20
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
F / F0.7
4.7
Bruhn Errata
Secant Modulus from the Ramberg-Osgood Equation
Ramberg & Osgood NACA TN-902 Description of Stress-Strain Curves of Three Parameters
Michael C. Y. Niu Airframe Structural Analysis, Figure 4.1.4, page 93
 17 
ln  
Es

1
n  1   7 
n 1
E 3  F   F 
1    ln  0.7 
7  0.7 
F  F0.85 
Figure 4.1.4 Non-Dimensional Secant Modulus

Es / E vs. F / F0.7
1
100
15
20 35 60
25 45
n¥
10
8
5 6
0.9 4
3
2.5
n = 2.0
0.8
0.7
n = 2.0
0.6
2.5
Es / E
0.5 Es 1 3
 n 1
E 3 F 
1  
0.4 7  F0.7  4
5
 17  F 
0.3 n  1  ln   ln  0.7  6
7  F0.85 
0.2 8
10
0.1 15
20
n¥ 100 60
35
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
F / F0.7
4.8
4.0 Curves
Ramberg-Osgood Stress-Strain Curve
Ramberg & Osgood NACA TN-902 Description of Stress-Strain Curves of Three Parameters, Figure 6
Elmer F. Bruhn Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures Figure B1.14, page B1.9
n
E f 3  f 
   
F0.7 F0.7 7  F0.7 
Figure B1.14 Stress-Strain in the Inelastic Range

1.40
n
2
n
E f  3  f 
     
3
1.20
F0.7 F0.7  7   F0.7 n2
 5
10
20
n¥ 50
1.00 n¥ ¥
0.80
f / F 0.7
n2
0.60
0.40
0.20
Ramberg & Osgood Description of Stress-Strain Curves of Three Parameters , NACA T.N. 902
0.00
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
E  / F0.7
4.9
Bruhn Errata
Column Strength of Stiffener with Effective Sheet
Thesis by R.J.White The Ultimate Compressive Strength of Thin Sheet Metal Panels
Appendix A, C.I.T. 1935
Elmer F. Bruhn Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures Figure C7.36, page C7.26
FST Stiffener Column Failing Stress   S 

2
 w t
1   1    
Ao Area of Stiffener   
2
Fc    o   Ao
   
 o 
2
o Radius of Gyration – Stiffener Alone
FST  w t 
 1  
 Ao 
S Distance from Sheet Centerline to Stiffener Neutral Axis
Figure C7.36
Curves for the Determination of (  /  o ) 2 = F c / F ST
3.0
  S 2  w t
1   1    
  
2
Fc    o   Ao
2.5    
 o 
2
FST  wt
 1  
 Ao 
2.0
S
(  /  o ) 2 = F c / F ST
o
3.0
1.5
2.8
2.6
2.4
1.0 2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
0.5 1.4
1.2
1.0
Thesis b y R.J.White: The Ultimate Compressive Strength of Thin Sheet Metal Panels, Appendix A, C.I.T. 1935
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
w t / Ao
4.10
4.0 Curves
Diagonal Tension Factor
NACA TN-2661 A Summary of Diagonal Tension. Part I: Methods of Analysis
Paul Kuhn , James P. Peterson , L. Ross Levin Figure 13, page 108
Figure C11.19 Diagonal Tension Factor, k

1
300 t d / R h = 2.0
0.9 1.5
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.8
0.3
0.2
0.1 h
0.7
0
Diagonal Tension Factor, k
0.6
0.5 R
Curved Panel
d
0.4  td  f 
k  tanh   0.5  300  log10 s 
  R h  f scr 

0.3
Flat Panel
 f 
0.2 k  tanh  0.5 log10 s 
 f scr 
For flat sheet use curve, 300 t d / R h = 0
0.1
Kuhn, Peterson, Levin A Summary of Diagonal Tension Part I: Methods of Analysis N.A.C.A Technical Note 2661
0
1 10 fs / fscr 100 1000
4.11
Bruhn Errata
Graph for Calculating Web Strain
Figure C11.36 Web Strain

3.4
k
3.2
1
3.0
E
 sin 2a  1  k   1  
2.8 2k
0.90 
fs sin 2a
2.6
2.4
0.70
2.2
 E / fs
k
2.0 1
0.50
0.8
1.8
0.6
1.6 0.4
0.30
0.2
1.4
0
1.2
0.10
1.0
0 Kuhn, Peterson, Levin: A Summary of Diagonal Tension Part 1. Methods of Analysis NACA T.N. 2661
0.8
18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46
Angle of Diagonal Tension, a (degrees)
4.12
4.0 Curves
Allowable Shear Correction – Curved Webs
Figure C11.40 Allowable Shear Correction - Curved Webs

AST / h t
0.4 ∞
1.5
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.3 0
Correction, D
0.2
 all   *all  0.65  D 

0.1
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
∞
ARG / d t
4.13
Bruhn Errata
Stiffener Minimum Moment of Inertia
Figure C10.9 Minimum Moment of Inertia
Stiffener Minimum Moment of Inertia

for Non-Buckling Shear Panels
1,000
100
Iv 0.0217 Iv 0.0217
 
dt 3
 d 8 3
  d t 3
 d 
83
3
Iv / d t
 h Ks   
 h K s 
10
1 Note: Stiffeners On One Side Only

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
d
h Ks
1 This curve may be used for flat or curved panels

3
2 For elevated temperature designs multiply Iv / d t by ER.T. / Etemp
3 This curve applies only when the stiffeners are attached at each end to the sub-structure (flanges)
4 Do NOT include any effective skin in stiffener moment of inertia
5 This curve applicable only when buckling is elastic and d is less than h
6 The gage of the stiffener should NOT be less than that of the skin or web except as noted in the table below:
Weg Gage 0.025 0.032 0.040 0.051 0.064 0.074 0.081 0.091 0.102 0.125
Minimum Stiffener Gage 0.035 0.032 0.040 0.051 0.064 0.072 0.081
4.14
4.0 Curves
Buckling Coefficients
Shear Buckling Coefficients – Flat Plates
Elmer F. Bruhn Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures Figure C5.11 page C5.7
NACA TN-3781 Handbook of Structural Stability Part I - Buckling of Flat Plates
George Gerard and Herbert Becker Figure 22
Figure 22 Shear Buckling Coefficients

15
14.64
14
13
Sym m etric Mode
12
Clamped Edges
11
Antisym m etric Mode

ks
10
Sym m etric Mode

9.35
8.98
9
Sym m etric Mode

8
7
Antisym m etric Mode
Sym m etric Mode

6
Hinged Edges
5.35
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 ∞
a/b
4.15
Bruhn Errata
Figure C9.1 Axial Compressive Buckling Coefficient for Long Curved Plates
NACA TN-1928 Critical Combinations of Shear and Direct Axial Stress for Curved Rectangular Panels
Murry Schildcrout and Manuel Stein Figures 4 & 5, pages 22-23
NACA TR-887 Critical Stress of Thin Walled Cylinders in Axial Compression
S. B. Batdorf, Murry Schildcrout, Manuel Stein Figure 2
Compressive Buckling Coefficient - Long Curved Plates

1,000
r / t = 1,000
r / t = 700
r / t = 500
 2  kc E  t 
2
Fc   
121   2   b 
100
cr
Theory
Kc
r / t = 3,000
r / t = 2,000
10
Z
b2
rt
1  
2
1
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Z
4.16
4.0 Curves
Figure C9.2 Shear Buckling Coefficient for Long, Clamped, Curved Plates
NACA TN-1348 Critical Shear Stress of Curved Rectangular Panels, Figure 7
S. B. Batdorf, Manuel Stein, Murry Schildcrout
Shear Buckling Coefficient - Long, Curved Plates Clamped

1000
a / b = 1.0
a / b = 1.5
a / b = 2.0
100
a / b = 3.0
Ks
a b  ¥
10
1
1 10 100 1000
Z
4.17
Bruhn Errata
Figure C9.3 Shear Buckling Coefficient for Wide, Clamped, Curved Plates
Shear Buckling Coefficients for Wide, Clamped, Curved Plates

1000
a / b = 1.0
a / b = 1.5
100
a / b = 2.0
Ks
Cylinder
10
1
1 10 Z 100 1000
4.18
4.0 Curves
Figure C9.4 Shear Buckling Coefficient for Long, Simply Supported, Curved Plates
Shear Buckling Coefficient - Long, Curved Plates (SS)

1000
a / b = 1.0
a / b = 1.5
100 a / b = 2.0
a / b = 3.0
Ks
a b  ¥
10
1
1 10 100 1000
Z
4.19
Bruhn Errata
Figure C9.5 Shear Buckling Coefficient for Wide, Simply Supported, Curved Plates
Shear Buckling Coefficients for Wide, Curved Plates (SS)

1000
100
a / b = 1.0
a / b = 1.5
Ks
a / b = 2.0
10
Cylinder
1
1 10 Z 100 1000
4.20
4.0 Curves
Flat Sheet Buckling Interaction Curves
Combined Bending and Longitudinal Compression
Figure C5.15 Combined Bending and Compression
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
R c = f c / F c cr
M.S. = 0.00 M.S. = -0.10

0.6 0.10
0.20
0.30
0.5 0.40
0.50
0.4
1
M .S.  1
Rb 1.75
 Rc
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
Rb = fb / Fb cr
4.21
Bruhn Errata
Combined Bending and Shear
Buckling Margin of Safety
1
M .S.   1
 Rs
2 2
Rb
Figure C5.16 Combined Bending and Shear

1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80 M.S. = -0.10
M.S. = 0.00
0.70 0.10
0.20
0.30
0.60 0.40
0.50
Rb
0.50
1
M .S.  1
Rb  Rs 2
2
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.10
Rs
4.22
4.0 Curves
Combined Shear and Longitudinal Stress
Buckling Margin of Safety
2
M .S.   1
RL   4 Rs
2 2
RL
Figure C5.17 Combined Shear and Longitudinal Stress

1.9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10

M.S. = 0.00
1.1
R s or R st
M.S. = -0.10
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-2.0 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
RL Longitudinal Tension RL Longitudinal Compression
4.23
Bruhn Errata
Compression, Bending and Shear Rs < Rc
For Shear Ratio less than the Compressive Ratio, R s < Rc
Figure C5.19 Combined Compression, Bending and Shear

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
Rb
0.5
0.4
Rst
0
Rc
0.3
0.2
0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.1
0
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
Rc
4.24
4.0 Curves
Compression, Bending and Shear, Rc < Rs
For Compressive Ratio less than the Shear Ratio, Rc < Rs
Figure C5.19 Combined Compression, Bending and Shear

1
0.9
0.8
Rc / Rs = 0.0
0.7
0.1
0.3
0.6 0.2
0.5
0.4
0.7
0.6
Rb
0.5 0.9
0.8
1.0
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Rs
4.25
Bruhn Errata
Round Tubes – Interaction Curves
Compression, Bending, Shear and Torsion
Figure C4.40 Compression, Bending, Flexural Shear and Torsion

1.0
T T
M M
0.9
P P
0.8
0.7
Rc  Rst  Rb 2  Rs 2  1
0.6
R st
0.5
0.4
0.3
Rb  Rs
2 2
0
Rc
0.2
0.1 0.1
0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.0
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
Rc
4.26
4.0 Curves
Compression, Bending, Shear and Torsion
Rs is the stress ratio for flexural shear … R st for torsional shear … Rb for bending … Rc for compression.
Figure C4.40 Compression, Bending, Flexural Shear and Torsion

1.0
T T
M M
0.9
P P
0.8
0.7
Rc  Rst  Rb 2  Rs 2  1
0.6
R st
0.5
0.4
0.3
Rc
0
Rb  Rs 2
2
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
0.2
0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Rb2 + Rs 2
4.27
Bruhn Errata
Collapsing Shear Stress - Round Holes with Formed 45 Degree Flanges
NACA-WR-L-323 The Strength and Stiffness Of Shear Webs With Round Lightening Holes Having 45
Degree Flanges
................................................................................................................................................. Paul Kuhn
NACA A.R.R. L-323 December 1942
Figure C10.20 Collapsing Shear Stress

40,000
36,000
32,000
   D 2   C '
or f sc (psi)
D
28,000 q allow  k t  f sh  1      f sc 
   h   h  b
24,000
sh
Collapsing Shear Stress, f
h
20,000 k  0.85  0.0006
t
C'  c  2 B
16,000
c bD
12,000
t (in)
8,000
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.032
4,000 0.040
0.051
Paul Kuhn The Strength and Stiffness of Shear Web s with Round Lightening Holes Having 45 Degree Flanges 0.064
NACA A.R.R. L-323 December 1942 For Solid Webs of 24S-T Aluminum Alloy
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
h/t or c/t
4.28
4.0 Curves
Curved Beams
Fred B. Seely James O. Smith Advanced Mechanics of Materials page 161
Ratio from Bleich's Solution

2
1.8
b
1.6
1.4
1.2
a and b
0.8
0.6
0.4
a
0.2
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
b2 / r t
b‟ = a b
b‟ = reduced or effective projecting width of flange on each side
b = projecting width of the actual flange on each side
a = a ratio obtained from Bleich‟s solution
'  b G
‟ = maximum lateral bending stress in the flange
G = circumferential bending stress t / 2 from the extreme fiber, using the Winkler-Bach equation
b = a ratio obtained from Bleich‟s solution
4.29
Bruhn Errata
Lugs
Peaking Factor for Pin Bending
NASA/TMX-73305 NASA Astronautics Structures Manual Figure B2.1.0-6, page 13
Figure 4 Peaking Factor For Pin Bending

1
r = 0.02
0.04
0.9 0.06
0.08
0.8 0.10
0.15
0.20
0.7
0.25
0.30
0.6 0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.5
r ≥ 0.55

0.4
0.3
0.2 D
e
e – D/2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
( P' u ) min / Abr Ftu
Dashed lines indicate region where these theoretical curves are not substantiated by test data.
4.30
4.0 Curves
Bolt Bending Strength
Elmer F. Bruhn Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures Figure D1.16, page D1.9
Developments in the Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins M.A. Melcon and F.M.Hoblit
Product Engineering, Volume 24, Number 6, Figure 5, page 162, June 1953
Figure 5
Method of Determining Moment Arm and Approximating Effective Lug
P/2
t1 g
b P/2
 t2 / 4 t2
P/2
P/2
t1
M.A. Melcon & F.M. Hoblit Developments in the Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins
Product Engineering, Vol. 24, No. 6, Figure 4 and Figure 5, p.162, June 1953
4.31
Bruhn Errata
Tension Efficiency of Lugs
Figure D1.12 Tension Efficiency Factor of Lugs

1
0.9
0.8
1
7
6 3
0.7
4
5,7
0.6
Kt
5
0.5
0.4
0.3
6,11
W D
0.2
6
0.1 t
0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0
W/ D
4.32
4.0 Curves
Shear-Bearing Efficiency Factor, Axially Loaded Lugs
Stress Analysis Manual AFFDL-TR-69-42 Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Air Force Systems
Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Figure 9-3, page 9-5
Figure 9-3 Bearing Efficiency Factors of Lugs

Alum and Steel Alloys with F tu ≤ 160 ksi
3 < 2
2.8 3
"C"
2.6 W D
4
2.4
5
e
2.2
t
6
2
7
1.8
1.6 A Cutoff 8
br
9
K
1.4
10
1.2
B Cutoff
15
0.8
20
0.6
25
0.4 30
0.2
0
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4
e/D
4.33
Bruhn Errata
Tension Efficiency Factors, Transverse Loads
Product Engineering, Volume 21, Number 5, Figure 4, page 115, May 1950
Product Engineering, Volume 24, Number 6, Figure 18, page 169, June 1953
Elmer F. Bruhn Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, dated 1965 Figure D1.15, page D1.8
Ktry
and
Ktru
4.34
4.0 Curves
Joggles
Assuming full plastic development in the ( t + d ) step thickness to carry P = F tu ( w ) t
 l  1 
 10  w t   d / t  d 

  reqd    1  
 t   1   d / t   2   d / t
3   t 

Interaction  Raxial  2   Rtorsion  2  1
J. Dalton 12/5/1974
d P
P w
t
t d
 l  1  10  w t   d t  d 
    1 
 Minimum  1   d Required
t  reqd 3 Length t   2   (d /tt ) reqd vs
t  ( d / t )
12
w
 Raxial    Rtorsion 
2 2
1 t
10 10.0
8 8.0
/ t ) reqd
6.0
6
Ratio, (
4.0
4
2.0
1/3
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Ratio, ( d / t )
Thanks to Clint Smith.
4.35
Bruhn Errata
Minimum Lip Dimensions
D. F. Windenberg Proceedings. 5th International Congress for Applied Mechanics pages 54-61, 1939
Figure C7.11
Minimum Lip Dimensions Required for Flange to Buckle as a Simply Supported Plate
Minimum Lip Dimensions

bL / tL vs. bf / tf
8
Buckling of Lip
bL bf
7 £ 0 .328
tL tf
tL / tf = 1.00
6
tL
bL / t L
tf
bL
5
bf
4
Minimum Lip Size
IL A
2 .73 3
 L 5
bf tf bf tf
D.F.Windenberg Proc. 5th International Congress for Applied Mechanics pp.54-61, 1939
3
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
b f / tf
4.36
4.0 Curves
Minimum Bulb Diameter
D. F. Windenberg Proceedings. 5th International Congress for Applied Mechanics pages 54-61, 1939
Figure C7.12
Minimum Bulb Dimensions Required for Flange to Buckle as a Simply Supported Plate
Minimum Bulb Diameter

( D / tf ) min vs. bf / tf
5.0
4.8 Equation C7.12
4 3 2
 D     b
4.6    1.6  D   0.374  D   7.44 f
t  t  t  tf
 f  f  f
4.4
Figure C7.10
4.2
( D / t ) min
Bulb
4.0
D
3.8
3.6
b
f
tf
3.4
3.2
3.0
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0
b f / tf
4.37
Bruhn Errata
Maximum Shear Stress in Tubing
Tube Solid Round
4 V  D d  4 V
 max   1    max 
3 A  D  d2
2
 3 A
 D d 
 1  2  vs. t / R
 D  d2 
1.5
2V
max 
A
1.4
1.3
 Dd 
1  2 
 D d2 
 
1.2
1.1
Solid R ound
4V
 max 
1.0
3A
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
t/R
4.38
4.0 Curves
Carry-Over Factor
Elmer F. Bruhn Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures Figure A11.46 page A11.23
NACA TN-534 Benjamin Wylie James Graph I, page 47
Principal Effects of Axial Load on Moment-Distribution Analysis of Rigid Structures
Figure A11.46 Carry-Over Factor

2.0
1.8
Compression
1.6
1.4
a
C
2b
1.2
Constant, C
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
Tension
0.2
NACA TN-534 , Table B, page 43, Graph I, page 47 Benjamin Wylie James
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
L/j
4.39
Bruhn Errata
Stiffness Factor Coefficient
NACA TN-534 Graph II, page 47
Figure A11.47 Stiffness Factor Coefficient

2.0
1.8
Tension, Far End Fixed
1.6
I
K C
L
1.4
Tension, Far End Pinned
1.2
Constant, C
1.0
0.8
Compression, Far End Fixed
0.6
0.4
Compression, Far End Pinned
0.2
NACA TN-534 , Table B, page 43, Graph II, page 47 Benjamin Wylie James
0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
L/j
4.40
4.0 Curves
Fixed-End Moment Coefficient
NACA TN-534 Graph III, page 48
Figure A11.48 Fixed-End M oment Coefficient,

Uniform Load
17.5
w lb / in
16.5
w L2 w L2
MA  MB  
C C
15.5
I Tension
K C
L
14.5
13.5
Constant, C
12.5
11.5
Compression
10.5
9.5
8.5
NACA TN-534 , Table C, page 44, Graph III, page 48 Benjamin Wylie James
7.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
L/j
4.41
Bruhn Errata
Column Distribution Coefficient
NACA TN-534 Graph XI, page 52
Figure A11.56 Column Distribution Coefficient

1.65
1.60
1.55
1.50
1.45
1.40
Compression
1.35
1.30
1.25
1.20
2b - a
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
Tension
0.85
0.80
0.75
0.70
0.65
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0
L/j
4.42
4.0 Curves
Rectangular Plate
Stephen Timoshenko Theory of Plates and Shells, Second Edition, pages 387-389
General Expression for the Deflection
¥ ¥
m x n y
w   
m 1,2,3...n 1,2,3...
a mn sin
a
sin
b
Critical Value of the Compressive Force
2 2 2
 2 a2 D  m2  2 D  mb   mb 
 N x cr   2  2
1
   
a
 k   
a

m2  a b  b2  a mb   a mb 
Graph
Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures See Figure 12, page A18.22
10
9 2
 mb a 
m=1 2 3 4 5 k    
8  a mb 
5
k
4.500
4.167 4.083 4.050
4
2 6 12 20
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
a/b
4.43
Bruhn Errata
4.44
5.0 References
5.0 References
MMPDS-01
Metallic Materials Properties Development and Standardization (MMPDS)
http://www2.tech.purdue.edu/at/courses/at308/Technical_Links/MMPDS/OptionsMenu.pdf
Federal Aviation Regulation
FAR 25 Transport Category Aircraft
http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-
idx?c=ecfr&sid=cabbfadd8d880241e74484634ab4c7ce&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title14/14cfr25_main_02.tpl
Subpart C – STRUCTURE
idx?c=ecfr&sid=cabbfadd8d880241e74484634ab4c7ce&rgn=div6&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.3.11.3&idno=14
Subpart D - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
idx?c=ecfr&sid=3b841ddaed809f9f37b71d3acaa45c01&rgn=div6&view=text&node=14:1.0.1.3.11.4&idno=14
European Aviation Safety Agency
EASA CS-25 Certification Specifications for Large Aeroplanes
http://www.easa.eu.int/doc/Agency_Mesures/Certification_Spec/decision_ED_2003_02_RM.pdf
Subpart C – STRUCTURE
Subpart D - DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
Thanks to Jim Baldwin.
5.1
Bruhn Errata
Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences
Analysis of Stiffened Curved Panels Under Shear and Compression
Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, February 1953, pp. 111-126
................................................................................................................. M. A. Melcon and A. F. Ensrud
American National Standards Institute - ANSI
ANSI B46.1 Surface Texture
American Society of Mechanical Engineers - ASME
ASME Y14.5M Dimensioning and Tolerancing 1994
5.2
5.0 References
Books
General
Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures .............................................. Elmer F. Bruhn
A Supplement to Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures .................. William F. McCombs
Engineering Column Analysis – The Analysis of Compression Members ........ William F. McCombs
Aircraft Structures, First Edition ......................................................................... David J. Peery
Stresses in Aircraft and Shell Structures ........................................................... Paul Kuhn
Airplane Structures ............................................................................................ A.S. Niles and J.S. Newell
Airplane Structural Analysis and Design ........................................................... E.E. Sechler and L.G.Dunn
Fundamentals of Aircraft Design ....................................................................... Leland M. Nicolai
Strength of Materials ......................................................................................... Francis R. Shanley
Strength of Materials: Part I - Elementary Theory and Problems ...................... Stephen P. Timoshenko
Strength of Materials, Part II: Advanced Theory and Problems ........................ Stephen P. Timoshenko
History of Strength of Materials ......................................................................... Stephen P. Timoshenko
Mechanics of Flight ............................................................................................ Warren F. Phillips
Mechanics of Materials ...................................................................................... Gere and Timoshenko
Mechanics of Materials ...................................................................................... Francis R. Shanley
Mechanics of Composite Materials, Second Edition ......................................... Robert M. Jones
Advanced Mechanics of Materials ..................................................................... Fred Seely and James Smith
Advanced Mechanics of Materials ..................................................................... Stephen P. Timoshenko
Advanced Mechanics of Materials ..................................................................... A.P. Boresi, R.J. Schmidt
Theory of Plates................................................................................................. Stephen P. Timoshenko
Theory of Plates and Shells ............................................................................... Stephen P. Timoshenko
Basic Structures................................................................................................. Francis R. Shanley
Weight-Strength Analysis of Aircraft Structures ................................................ Francis R. Shanley
Theory of Elasticity ............................................................................................ Stephen P. Timoshenko
Theory of Elastic Stability ................................................................................. Stephen P. Timoshenko
Vibration Problems in Engineering .................................................................... Stephen P. Timoshenko
Composite Airframe Structures ......................................................................... Michael C. Y. Niu
5.3
Bruhn Errata
Stress Concentration Factors ............................................................................ Rudolf Earl Peterson
Peterson’s Stress Concentration Factors .......................................................... Walter D Pilkey
The Elements of Aerofoil and Airscrew Theory ................................................. Hermann Glauert
Theory and Analysis of Flight Structures ........................................................... Robert M. Rivello
Aerodynamics for Naval Aviators ...................................................................... Hugh H. Hurt
Aerodynamics of the Helicopter ......................................................................... Alfred Gessow
More Helicopter Aerodynamics ......................................................................... Raymond W. Prouty
Helicopter Performance, Stability and Control ................................................. Raymond W. Prouty
Military Helicopter Design Technology .............................................................. Raymond W. Prouty
Fluid-Dynamic Drag ........................................................................................... Sighard F. Hoerner
Fluid-Dynamic Lift .............................................................................................. Sighard F. Hoerner
Introduction to Flight .......................................................................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
Fundamentals of Aerodynamics ........................................................................ John D. Anderson, Jr.
Inventing Flight: The Wright Brothers and their Predecessors .......................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
The Airplane: A History of its Technology ......................................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
A History of Aerodynamics and its Impact on Flying Machines ........................ John D. Anderson, Jr.
Aircraft Performance & Design .......................................................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
Modern Compressible Flow: with Historical Perspective................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
Computational Fluid Dynamics: An Introduction ............................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
Computational Fluid Dynamics .......................................................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
Hypersonic and High Temperature Gas Dynamics ........................................... John D. Anderson, Jr.
VBA Developer’s Handbook, 2nd Edition .......................................................... Ken Getz
Excel 2003 Power Programming with VBA ....................................................... John Walkenbach
Excel 2003 Formulas ......................................................................................... John Walkenbach
UNIX in a Nutshell ............................................................................................. Arnold Robbins
MSC/NASTRAN Primer, Static and Normal Modes Analysis ............................ H.G. Schaeffer
The VNR Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics .............................................. Gellert/Kustner/Hellwich/Kastner
5.4
5.0 References
Piping Stress Analysis
Introduction to Pipe Stress Analysis ............................................................Sockalingam (Sam) Kannappan
Piping Stress Handbook ..............................................................................Victor Helguero
Piping and Pipe Support Systems ...............................................................P.R. Smith and T.J. Van Laan
Design of Piping Systems ............................................................................M. W. Kellogg Company
Practical Guide to ASME B31.3: Process Piping ........................................Glynn Woods & Roy Baguley
Piping Design and Engineering Bluebook ...................................................Anvil International
formerly Piping Design and Engineering...............................................Grinnell Inc.
Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings and Pipe ......................................Crane Technical Paper 410
http://www.tp410.com
ASME Codes
http://www.asme.org/Codes
ASTM Standards
http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/index.shtml?E+mystore
5.5
Bruhn Errata
NASA Astronautics Structures Manual
Volume I NASA/TMX-73305
Section A: General Introduction of the Methods Used and Includes Sections on Load, Combined
Stress, and Interaction Curves
Section B: Methods of Strength Analysis (B1 - B6)
http://trs.nis.nasa.gov/archive/00000254/
Volume II NASA/TMX-73306
Section B: Methods of Strength Analysis (B7 - B10)

Section C: Structural Stability
Volume III NASA/TMX-73307
Section D: Thermal Stresses

Section E: Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics
Section F: Composites
Section G: Rotating Machinery
Section H: Statistics
Stress Analysis Manual AFFDL-TR-69-42
AFFDL-TR-69-42
Gene E. Maddux
Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
Leon A Vorst, F. Joseph Giessler, Terence Moritz
Technology Incorporated, Dayton, OH
February, 1970
Air Force Institute of Technology
http://www.afit.edu/library/
5.6
5.0 References
NACA Reports
Beams
NACA Report 608 Stress Analysis of Beams with Shear Deformation of the Flanges
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930091683_1993091683.pdf .............................. Paul Kuhn
NACA Report 636 Approx Stress Analysis of Multistringer Beams with Shear Deformation of the Flanges
........................................................................................................................................................ Paul Kuhn
Shells
NACA TN-691 Some Elementary Principles of Shell Stress Analysis with Notes on… the Shear Center
........................................................................................................................................................ Paul Kuhn
Skin-Stringer Panels
NACA TN-1176 Stresses Around Rectangular Cut-Outs with Reinforced Coaming Stringers
................................................................................................. Paul Kuhn, Norman Rafel, George E. Griffith
Shear Lag
NACA TN-704 Some Notes on the Numerical Solution of Shear-Lag and… Related Problems
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=1558 .............................................................. Paul Kuhn
NACA TN-739 A Recurrence Formula for Shear-Lag Problems
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1939/naca-tn-739.pdf ........................................................... Paul Kuhn
Report No. 739 Shear Lag in Box Beams Methods of Analysis and Experimental Investigations
Langley Research Center .......................................................................... Paul Kuhn and Patrick T. Chiarito
NACA TN-1728 Shear Lag in Axially Loaded Panels
................................................................................................................. Paul Kuhn and James P. Peterson
5.7
Bruhn Errata
Webs
NACA TN-469 A Summary Of Design Formulas For Beams Having Thin Webs In Diagonal Tension
....................................................................................................................................................... Paul Kuhn
NACA TN-1364 Strength Analysis of Stiffened Beam Webs
................................................................................................................. Paul Kuhn and James P. Peterson
NACA TN-1481 Diagonal Tension in Curved Webs
.................................................................................................................... Paul Kuhn and George E. Griffith
NACA TN-2661 A Summary of Diagonal Tension Part I - Methods of Analysis
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=5043
............................................................................................... Paul Kuhn, James P. Peterson, L. Ross Levin
NACA TN-2662 A Summary of Diagonal Tension Part II - Experimental Evidence
Curved Panels
NACA TN-1345 Critical Shear Stress of Long Plates with Transverse Curvature
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1947/naca-tn-1346.pdf
............................................................................................... S. B. Batdorf, Murry Schildcrout, Manuel Stein
NACA TN-1348 Critical Shear Stress of Curved Rectangular Panels
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/reports/1947/naca-tn-1348.pdf
............................................................................................... S. B. Batdorf, Manuel Stein, Murry Schildcrout
NACA TN-1928 Critical Combinations of Shear and Direct Axial Stress for Curved Rectangular Panels
............................................................................................................... Murry Schildcrout and Manuel Stein
5.8
5.0 References
Cylinders
NACA TN-951 Tests on Thin-Walled Celluloid Cylinders to Determine the Interaction Curves
................................................................................................................................................ Elmer F. Bruhn
NACA TN-1219 Stress Analysis By Recurrence Formula… Circular Cylinders Under Lateral Loads
............................................................................................................. John E Duberg and Joseph Kempner
NACA TN-1343 Critical Stress Of Thin-Walled Cylinders In Axial Compression
.................................................................................................S. B. Batdorf, Murry Shildcrout, Manuel Stein
NACA TN-4237 General Instability of Stiffened Cylinders
......................................................................................................... George Gerard and Herbert Becker
NACA TR-887 Critical Stress of Thin-Walled Cylinders in Axial Compression
........................................................................................ S. B. Batdorf, Murry Schildcrout, Manuel Stein
Spanwise Lift Distribution
NACA TN-948 A Simple Approximation Method for Obtaining the Spanwise Lift Distribution
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930094469_1993094469.pdf ...................... O. Schrenk
5.9
Bruhn Errata
Buckling
NACA TN-534 Principal Effects of Axial Load on Moment-Distribution Analysis of Rigid Structures
.................................................................................................................................... Benjamin Wylie James
NACA TN-733 Experimental Study of Torsional Column Failure
........................................................................................................................................................ A. S. Niles
NACA TN-902 Description of Stress-Strain Curves of Three Parameters
http://www.apesolutions.com/spd/public/NACA-TN902.pdf
......................................................................................................................................... Ramberg & Osgood
NACA TN-2994 Column Strength of H–Sections and Square Tubes in Postbuckling Range of
Component Plates
.......................................................................................................................... P.P. Bijlaard and G.P. Fisher
NACA TN-3781 Handbook of Structural Stability Part I - Buckling of Flat Plates
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=6924 ...................... George Gerard and Herbert Becker
NACA TN-3782 Handbook of Structural Stability Part II - Buckling of Composite Elements
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=239713&id=4&qs=N%3D4294809390 .......................... Herbert Becker
NACA TN-3783 Handbook of Structural Stability Part III - Buckling of Curved Plates and Shells
http://naca.central.cranfield.ac.uk/report.php?NID=6921 ...................... George Gerard and Herbert Becker
NACA TN-3784 Handbook of Structural Stability Part IV - Failure Of Plates and Composite Elements
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=209695&id=8&qs=N%3D4294800010 .......................... George Gerard
NACA TN-3785 Handbook of Structural Stability Part V - Comp. Strength of Flat Stiffened Panels
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=573939&id=6&qs=N%3D4294800010 ........................... George Gerard
NACA TN-3786 Handbook of Structural Stability Part VI -Strength of Stiffened Curved Plates and Shells
................................................................................................................................................ Herbert Becker
5.10
5.0 References
NASA SP-8007 Buckling of Thin-Walled Circular Cylinders
http://trs.nis.nasa.gov/archive/00000006/ ................................ Seide, P & Weingarten, V I & Peterson, J P
NASA SP-8032 Buckling of Thin-Walled Doubly Curved Shells
http://trs.nis.nasa.gov/archive/00000026/ ............................................................Seide, P & Weingarten, V I
NASA SP-8068 Buckling Strength of Structural Plates
................................................................................................................................................. Gallagher, R H
Non-Dimensional Buckling Curves
Journal of the Aeronautical Sciences, October 1946 ................................................. Cozzone & Melcon, Jr.
Box Beams
NACA TN-530 Bending Stresses Due to Torsion in Cantilever Box Beams
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930081277_1993081277.pdf .................. Paul Kuhn
NACA TN-1066 Stresses Around Large Cut-Outs in Torsion Boxes
......................................................................................................................... Paul Kuhn, Edwin M. Moggio
NACA TN-1361 Deformation Analysis of Wing Structures
http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930081987_1993081987.pdf ............................... Paul Kuhn
Skin Stringer Panels
NACA TN-1241 Experimental Investigation of the Stress Distribution Around Reinforced Circular Cut-
Outs In Skin Stringer Panels Under Axial Loads
...................................................................................................................................................... Daniel Farb
5.11
Bruhn Errata
Doublers
Holes with Reinforced Doublers
Aero Digest, August 1955, pages 24 -29 .............................................................................. Paul K. M. King
Lightening Holes
NACA-WR-L-323 The Strength and Stiffness Of Shear Webs With Round Lightening Holes Having 45
Degree Flanges
........................................................................................................................................................ Paul Kuhn
NACA-WR-L-402 The Strength and Stiffness Of Shear Webs With and Without Lightening Holes
........................................................................................................................................................ Paul Kuhn
Lug Analysis
Product Engineering
Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins Made of Aluminum and Steel Alloys
F.P.Cozzone, M.A. Melcon and F.M.Hoblit
Developments in the Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins
M.A. Melcon and F.M.Hoblit
Efficiency Factor, Shear-Bearing
Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory
Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
Figure 9-3, page 9-5
5.12
5.0 References
Efficiency Factor, Tension
Product Engineering, Volume 21, May, 1950 Cozzone, Melcon and Hoblit
Analysis of Lugs and Shear Pins Made of Aluminum and Steel Alloys
Figure D1.12, page D1.7
Efficiency Factor, Transverse Loads
Figure D1.15, page D1.8
Average Area
6
Aavg 
3 1 1 1
  
A1 A2 A3 A4
Air Force Systems Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
Sketch on Figure D1.15, page D1.8 and equation on page D1.11
Interaction of Axial and Transverse Load
Air Force Systems Command
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
5.13
Bruhn Errata
Military Handbooks
MIL-HDBK
MIL-HDBK-5J Metallic Materials and Elements for Aerospace Vehicle Structures
MIL-HDBK-17-1F Composite Materials Handbook

Volume 1. Polymer Matrix Composites Guidelines for Characterization
MIL-HDBK-17-2E Composite Materials Handbook,

Volume 2. Polymer Matrix Composites Materials Properties
MIL-HDBK-17-3F Composite Materials Handbook

Volume 3. Polymer Matrix Composites Materials Usage, Design and Analysis
MIL-HDBK-17-4 Composite Materials Handbook

Volume 4. Metal Matrix Composites
MIL-HDBK-17-5 Composite Materials Handbook

Volume 5. Ceramic Matrix Composites
MIL-HDBK-23A Structural Sandwich Composites
MIL-HDBK-700A Plastics
MIL-HDBK-754 Plastic Matrix Composite with Continuous Fiber Reinforcement
MIL-HDBK-17 Online
http://www-glast.slac.stanford.edu/MechanicalSystems/Analysis/References/MIL/MIL-HDBK-17/
5.14
6.0 Symbols and Abbreviations
General
A Area
Aij Extensional Stiffness Matrix (Composites)
[A] Extensional Stiffness Matrix (Composites)
a Dimension
a Angle
a a = a ratio obtained from Bleich‟s solution (Curved Beams)
Bij Coupling Stiffness Matrix (Composites)
[B] Coupling Stiffness Matrix (Composites)
BL Butt Line
b Dimension (e.g. width)
b Angle
b b = a ratio obtained from Bleich‟s solution (Curved Beams)
Cij Constants for Stress-Strain Relationship (Composites) i = Cij j
c Fixity Coefficient for Effective Length (Buckling)
c Distance from Neutral Axis to Extreme Fiber
D Diameter
D Bending/Flexural Rigidity (Plates)
Dij Bending Stiffness Matrix (Composites)
[D] Bending Stiffness Matrix (Composites)
d Dimension (e.g. depth)
 Deflection
2 Differential Operator
D Allowable Shear Correction, Curved Webs
D Laplacian Differential Operator D  2


DD Biharmonic Differential Operator D D  2 2  4
E Modulus of Elasticity (Young‟s Modulus)
6.1
Bruhn Errata
Ec Modulus of Elasticity, Compression
EL Modulus of Elasticity, Longitudinal (Composites)
ET Modulus of Elasticity, Transverse (Composites)
e Dimension (e.g. Distance from center of hole to an edge as in e/D)
 Strain or Tensor Shear Strain  = xy + yx = 2 xy ( Half of the engineering shear strain,  )
Fbru Ultimate Bearing Allowable
Fbry Yield Bearing Allowable
Fcc Crippling Allowable
Fcy Compressive Yield Strength
Fir Inter-Rivet Buckling Stress
Fsu Ultimate Shear Allowable
Ftu Ultimate Tensile Strength
Fty Tensile Yield Strength
Fs_cr Critical Shear Buckling Stress
F0.7 Secant Yield Stress (Intersection of 0.70 E)
F0.85 Secant Yield Stress (Intersection of 0.85 E)
fb Bending Stress
fs Shear Stress
G Shear Modulus
Gs Secant Shear Modulus
 Engineering Shear Strain  = xy + yx = 2 xy ( Twice the tensor shear strain,  )
h Dimension (e.g. height)
I Moment of Inertia
Ix Moment of Inertia about x-axis
Iy Moment of Inertia about y-axis
Ixy Product of Inertia
Kt Tension Efficiency Factor of Lug
ks Shear Buckling Coefficient
 Curvature of a Two Dimensional Curve
L Length
6.2
L Longitudinal Grain Direction
LT Long Transverse Grain Direction
L‟ Effective Length
   1  2
M Moment
Mmax Maximum Bending Moment
m Slope
 Poisson‟s Ratio (  is more common )
M.S. Margin of Safety
N Running Load (lb/in)
NACA National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
n Ramberg-Osgood Shape Parameter
ni Initial Ramberg-Osgood Shape Factor
 Inelastic Reduction Factor
P Load
Ps Shear Load
Pt Tensile Load
Pallow Allowable Load
Pax Axial Load
Ptr Transverse Load
pz Pressure Loading
Q First Area Moment
Qij Reduced Stiffness Matrix for a Plane Stress State (Composites)
Q ij Transformed Reduced Stiffness Matrix for a Plane Stress State (Composites)
R Reaction
Rax Axial Stress Ratio
Rtr Transverse Stress Ratio
Rs Stress Ratio, Shear
6.3
Bruhn Errata
Rt Stress Ratio, Tension
 Radius of Curvature
 Radius of Gyration
Sij Constants for Strain-Stress Relationship (Composites) i = Sij j
ST Short Transverse Grain Direction
STA Fuselage Station
cr Critical Stress
cr Critical Shear Stress
T  Transformation Matrix (Composites)
T  1 Inverse of the Transformation Matrix (Composites)
t Thickness
V Shear
 Poisson‟s Ratio ( sometimes  is used )
WL Water Line
w Deflection of a Plate
w Width
  a   a t 
Z Section Property for Curved Beams Z   1  a  b ln  o
 a    b  tw  ln  o  
A   i   ai  t 
Composites
Extensional Stiffness Matrix
 Q   h
n
Aij  ij k  hk 1 
k 1 k
Coupling Stiffness Matrix
 Q   h 
n
1
Bij  ij
2
k  h 2 k 1
2 k 1 k
Bending Stiffness Matrix
 Q   h 
n
1
Dij  ij
3
k  h 3 k 1
3 k 1 k
6.4
Stiffness Matrix
Cij Constants for Stress-Strain Relationship i = Cij j
Cij = Cji 36 Independent Constants become 21 Independent Constants
 1   C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16   1 

  C C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26    
 2   12   2 
  3   C13 C 23 C33 C34 C35 C36    3 
      
  23   C14 C 24 C34 C 44 C 45 C 46    23 
  31   C15 C 25 C35 C 45 C55 C56    31 
     
  12   C16 C 26 C36 C 46 C56 C 66    12 
Compliance Matrix
Sij Constants for Strain-Stress Relationship i = Cij j
Sij = Sji 36 Independent Constants become 21 Independent Constants
 1   S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16   1 

   S S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26   
 2   12   2 
  3   S13 S 23 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36    3 
      
  23   S14 S 24 S 34 S 44 S 45 S 46    23 
  31   S15 S 25 S 35 S 45 S 55 S 56    31 
     
  12   S16 S 26 S 36 S 46 S 56 S 66    12 
Transformation Matrix
 cos 2  sin 2  2 sin  cos  

 
T    sin 2  cos  2
 2 sin  cos  
  sin  cos  sin  cos  cos 2   sin 2  

Inverse of the Transformation Matrix
 cos 2  sin 2   2 sin  cos  

 
T  1
  sin 2  cos  2
2 sin  cos  
 sin  cos   sin  cos  cos 2   sin 2  

6.5
Bruhn Errata
Reduced Stiffness Matrix
Qij Reduced Stiffness Matrix for a Plane Stress State
Ci3 C j 3
Qij  C ij  Where 3  0  23  0  31  0
C 33
S 22 EL
Q11  
S11 S 22  S12
2
1   LT  TL
S11 ET
Q22  
S11 S 22  S12
2
1   LT  TL
S12  LT ET
Q12  
S11 S 22  S12
2
1   LT  TL
1 E
Q66    GLT
S 66 2 1   
Transformed Reduced Stiffness Matrix
Q ij Transformed Reduced Stiffness Matrix
Q11  Q11 cos 4   Q22 sin 4   2  Q12  2 Q66  sin 2  cos 2 
Q 22  Q11 sin 4   Q22 cos 4   2  Q12  2 Q66  sin 2  cos 2 
Q12   Q11  Q22  4 Q66  sin 2  cos 2   Q12  sin 4   cos 4  

Q 66   Q11  Q22  2 Q12  2 Q66  sin 2  cos 2   Q66  sin 4   cos 4  
Q16   Q11  Q12  2 Q66  cos 3  sin    Q22  Q12  2 Q66  cos  sin 3 
Q 26   Q11  Q12  2 Q66  cos  sin 3    Q22  Q12  2 Q66  cos 3  sin 
6.6
NACA Symbols – Diagonal Tension
A Cross Sectional Area ( square inches )
E Young‟s Modulus ( ksi )
G Shear Modulus ( ksi )
Ge Effective Shear Modulus ( ksi ) Note: Includes effects of diagonal tension and plasticity.
H Force in Flange Beam due to Horizontal Component of Diagonal Tension

4
I Moment of Inertia ( in )
4
J Torsion Constant ( in )
L Length of Beam ( inches )
Le Effective Column Length of Upright ( inches )
P Force ( kips )
PU Internal Force in Upright ( kips )

3
Q First Area Moment about Neutral Axis of Parts of Cross-Section as Specified by Subscripts ( in )
R Total Shear Strength ( kips in single shear ) of all upright–to-web rivets in one upright
R Coefficient of Edge Restraint
S Transverse Shear Force ( kips )
T Torque ( in-kips )
d Spacing of Uprights ( inches )
e Distance From Median Plane of Web to Centroid of Single Upright ( inches )
fn Normal Stress
fs Shear Stress
h Depth of Beam ( inches )
k Diagonal Tension Factor
q Shear Flow ( kips per inch )
t Thickness ( inches ) Note: Used without subscript signifies thickness of web.
a Angle between Neutral Axis of Beam and Direction of Diagonal Tension ( degrees )

 Deflection of Beam ( inches )
 Normal Strain
 Poisson‟s Ratio
6.7
Bruhn Errata
 Centroidal Radius of Gyration of Cross-Section of Upright about Axis Parallel to Web ( inches )
( No sheet should be included. )
 Normal Stress ( ksi )
 “Basic Allowable” Stress for Forced Crippling of Uprights ( ksi )
defined by Formula (37) of NACA TN-2661
 Shear Stress ( ksi )
*all “Basic Allowable” Value of Web Shear Stress ( ksi ) given by Figure (19) in NACA TN-2661
Subscripts
DT Diagonal Tension
IDT Incomplete Diagonal Tension
PDT Pure Diagonal Tension
F Flange
S Shear
U Upright
W Web
all Allowable
avg Average
cr Critical
cy Compressive Yield
e Effective
max Maximum
ult Ultimate
Special Combinations
Pu Internal Force in Upright ( kips )
R‟‟ Shear Force on Rivets per inch of run ( kips per inch )
RR Value of R Required by Formula (40) in NACA TN-2661
Rd Restraint Coefficients for Shear Buckling of Web Note: See Equation (32) of NACA TN-2661
Rh Restraint Coefficients for Shear Buckling of Web Note: See Equation (32) of NACA TN-2661
6.8
Rtot Total Shear Strength in Single Shear of All Rivets in One Upright ( kips )
dc Clear Upright Spacing ( inches ) Note: Measured as shown in Figure 12(a) of NACA TN-2661.
hc Clear Depth of Web ( inches ) Note: Measured as shown in Figure 12(a) of NACA TN-2661.
he Effective Depth of Beam Measured between Centroid of Flanges ( inches )
hR Depth of Beam Measured between Centroids of Web-to-Flange Rivet Patterns ( inches )
hU Length of Upright Measured between Centroids of Upright-to-Flange Rivet Patterns ( inches )
kss Theoretical Buckling Coefficient for Plates with Simply Supported Edges
Fu “Basic” Allowable Stress for Forced Crippling of Uprights
Curved Web Systems Only
R Radius of Curvature ( inches )
Z Curvature Parameter defined in NACA TN-2661, Figure 30
d Spacing of Rings ( inches )
h Length of Arc between Stringers ( inches )
Subscripts for Curved Web Systems
RG Ring
ST Stringer
References
Elmer F. Bruhn Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures, page C11.14 to C11.15
NACA TN-2661 A Summary of Diagonal Tension Part I - Methods of Analysis
NACA TN-2662 A Summary of Diagonal Tension Part II - Experimental Evidence
6.9
Bruhn Errata
Aerodynamics
2
A Wing Aspect Ratio = b / S
a Angle of Attack
aaR From Reference Line
aw0 Reference Plane to Plane of Zero Lift
b Wing Span ( inches )
CD Wing Drag Coefficients
CL Wing Lift Coefficients
CM Wing Moment Coefficients
Ct Dimensionless Tail Force Coefficients
Cza Normal Force Coefficients for the Aircraft
c Chord
cd Drag Coefficient
cdi Section Induced Drag Coefficient
cdi1 Induced Drag Coefficient for CL = 1.0
cl Section Lift Coefficient
clb Basic Lift
cla1 Additional Lift for CL = 1.0
cn Normal Force Coefficients
K Gust Effectiveness Factor
Lt Distance from Aircraft Center of Gravity to Air Load on Tail
M Wing Bending Moment
m0 Slope of Section Lift Coefficients
n Limit Maneuver Load Factor

2
q Dynamic Pressure ( lb / ft )

3
Mass Density of Air ( slugs / ft )
2
S Wing Area ( inch )
U Gust Vertical Velocity
V Velocity
V Wing Shear
6.10
W Gross Weight of Aircraft
y Point Along Span
6.11
Bruhn Errata
6.12
Index
Effective Width, 1.75
Effective Widths, 1.75
A European Aviation Safety Agency, 5.1
Abbreviations, 6.1 Extensional Stiffness Matrix, 6.4
External Loads, 2.8
B
F
Beam Bending, 1.53, 1.54
Beam Columns, 1.2 Fastener, 4.1
Bending Stiffness Matrix, 6.4 Federal Aviation Regulation, 5.1
Bents, 1.85 Fixed Beam with Variable Inertia, 1.45
Biplane, 1.3 Fixed-End Moment Coefficient, 4.41
Biplane Wing, 1.51 Flange Flexibility Factor, 1.79
Books, 5.3 Flanges, 1.80, 4.28, 5.7, 5.12
Box Beam, 1.37 Flexibility Coefficients, 1.14, 1.15, 1.16, 1.37
Box Beams, 1.60, 2.13, 2.15, 5.7, 5.11 Fourier’s Series Method, 3.57
Buckling, 1.69, 1.71, 1.72, 1.77, 1.78, 1.81, 4.6, 4.15, 4.16, Framing Cutouts, 1.82, 1.85
4.17, 4.18, 4.19, 4.20, 4.21, 4.22, 4.23, 5.10, 5.11, 6.1, Free Body Diagram, 1.7, 1.16
6.2 Fuselage, 1.31, 1.58, 1.59, 1.80, 2.14, 2.15
Bulbs, 1.72, 1.74 Fuselage Rings, 2.15
Bulkheads, 2.14 Fuselage Side Truss, 1.43
Fuselage Truss, 1.31
C
G
Cantilever Wing, 1.70
Carry-Over Factor, 4.39 Gaussian Elimination, 3.35
Castigliano’s Theorem, 1.4 Gauss-Newton Method, 3.5
Circular Cylinders, 1.77, 5.9, 5.11 Gauss–Seidel Iteration, 3.32
Circulation, 3.58
Coefficient of Determination, 3.4 H
Column, 1.2, 1.3, 1.20, 1.23, 1.24, 1.25, 1.26, 1.33, 1.42,
1.43, 1.50, 1.53, 1.54, 1.55, 1.57, 1.59, 1.65, 1.66, 1.67, Hat-Section, 1.71
1.70, 1.71, 1.74, 1.76, 1.77, 1.79, 1.80, 1.82, 4.5, 4.6, Hermann Glauert, 3.59
4.10, 5.3, 5.10 Hexagonal Cell Core, 1.81
Column Curves, 1.65, 4.5
Column Distribution Coefficient, 4.42
Column Distribution Factor, 1.50
I
Columns, 1.65, 1.66, 1.67 Induced Drag, 2.5
Compliance Matrix, 6.5 Influence Coefficient Matrix, 1.22, 1.40
Composites, 6.4 Influence Coefficients, xix, 1.12, 1.15, 1.16, 1.22, 1.40
Continuous Beam, 1.43, 1.50 Inter-Rivet Buckling, 1.76
Continuous Truss, 1.26 Inverse of the Transformation Matrix, 6.5
Coupling Stiffness Matrix, 6.4
Cozzone-Melcon, 4.6
Crippling, 1.79, 6.2
J
Curved Beams, 4.29, 6.1, 6.4 Joggles, 4.35
Curved Panels, 5.8 Johnson-Euler, 4.5
Curved Webs, 4.13, 5.8, 6.1
L
D
Landing Gear, 1.15
Deflected Supports, 1.43 Least Squares Procedure, 3.2
Deflection Coefficients, 1.56 Lightening Holes, 5.12
Diagonal Tension, 1.79, 1.80, 4.11, 4.12, 4.13, 5.8, 6.7, 6.9 Lips, 1.72, 1.74
Differential Bending, 2.14 Longeron, 1.80
Doublers, 1.85, 5.12 Lug Analysis, 5.12
Doubly Redundant Truss, 1.25 Lugs, 4.4, 4.30, 4.31, 4.32, 4.33, 4.34, 5.12, 5.13
Dummy Unit Load, 1.6
Dummy-Unit Loads, 1.24, 1.25
M
Matrix Triple Product, 1.14, 1.15, 1.19, 1.23
E Membrane Stress, 1.56
Effective Sheet, 1.76, 1.77, 4.10 Method of Dummy-Unit Loads, 1.25
Method of Elastic Weights, 1.20 Slope Deflection Method, xix, 1.53
Method of Least Work, 1.23 Spanwise Air-Load Distribution, 2.2
Military Handbooks, 5.14 Spanwise Lift Distribution, 3.57, 5.9
Minimum Bulb, 4.37 Spar Caps, 1.10, 1.16
Minimum Lip, 4.36, 4.37 Spar Webs, 1.10, 1.16
MMPDS-01, 5.1 Splice with Filler, 1.82
Mohr’s Circle, 1.63 Standard Error of the Estimate, 3.4
Mohr’s Method, 1.20 Stepped Column, 1.66
Moment Area Method, 1.20, 1.21 Stiffener, 1.76, 1.77, 1.78, 4.10, 4.14
Moment Distribution Method, 1.42, 1.43, 1.44, 1.45, 1.48, Stiffeners, 1.10, 1.16
1.50 Stiffness Factor Coefficient, 4.40
Monocoque Cylinders, 1.77 Stiffness Matrix, 6.5
Multi-Cell Structures, 2.15 Stress Analysis Manual, 5.6
Multiple Redundancy, 2.15 Stress-Strain Curve, 1.62, 4.9
Stringer, 1.53, 1.57, 1.59, 5.7, 5.11
Stringers, 1.55, 5.7
N Sweepback, 2.14
NACA, 1.49, 1.50, 1.56, 1.69, 1.77, 1.79, 1.80 Symbols, 6.1
NACA Reports, 5.7 System Stiffness Matrix, 3.36
NACA Symbols, 6.7
NASA Astronautics Structures Manual, 5.6 T
Neutral Axis Method, 1.53, 1.54
Newton-Raphson Method, 3.12 Tapered Beams, 2.13, 3.18
Non-Linear Regression, 3.5 Tapered Webs, 1.11, 2.14
Numerical Methods, 3.1 Thin Webs, 2.13, 2.14, 5.8
Three Dimensional Stresses, 1.64
Transformation Matrix, 6.5
O Transformed Reduced Stiffness Matrix, 6.6
Octahedral Shear Stress, 1.65 Trial and Error, 3.16
Truss, 1.5, 1.12, 1.22, 1.24, 1.40, 1.43, 1.61
Truss with Pinned Joints, 3.35
P Tubing, 4.38
Peery, xix, 2.1, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10 Tubular Tail, 1.31
Piping Stress Analysis, 5.5
Plates, 1.56, 1.69, 1.77, 4.15, 4.16, 4.17, 4.18, 4.19, 4.20, U
5.3, 5.8, 5.10, 5.11, 6.1
Polynomial Regression, 3.1 Ultimate Strength, 1.67, 1.68
Product Engineering, 5.12 Unit Load Distribution, 1.13, 1.15, 1.17, 1.18, 1.22, 1.40
Unit Stress Distribution, 1.36
R
V
Ramberg-Osgood, 1.62, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9
Real Loads, 1.9 Variable Flange Areas, 2.13
Rectangular Plate, 4.43 Variable Inertia, 1.44, 1.45
Reduced Stiffness Matrix, 6.6 Varying Cross Sections, 2.14
Redundant Forces, 1.41 Virtual Loads, 1.9
Restraining Moment, 1.66, 1.67 Virtual Work, 1.6, 1.7
Ribs, 2.1, 2.14 V-n Diagram, 2.12
Rigid Bodies, 1.2
Round Tubes, 4.26 W
Wagner Beam, 1.78
S Warping Deformation, 2.15
Schrenk, 2.2, 5.9 Web Design, 1.80
Schrenk’s Method, 2.2 Web of Araneus, 3.21
Secant Modulus, 4.8 Web Stiffener, 1.79
Secondary Bending Moment, 1.80 Web Strain, 4.12
Semi-Monocoque Structures, 2.14 Wing, 1.1, 1.3, 1.20, 1.51, 1.55, 1.57, 2.1, 2.14, 5.11
Shear and Tension Interaction, 4.1 Wing Beam, 1.1, 1.55
Shear Beam, 1.7, 1.16 Wing Spar, 1.3
Shear Flow, 1.8, 1.11, 1.54, 2.13, 2.14 Wrinkling, 1.81
Shear Lag, 1.60, 2.15, 5.7
Shells, 5.7 Z
Single Redundancy, 2.14
Singly Redundant Truss, 1.25 Zee Section, 1.54
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Bruhn Errata by Bill Gran

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Errata Bill Gran

Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures

GRAN Corporation Whitney, Texas

Mestrius Plutarchus (Plutarch)

"The mind is not a vessel to be filled but a fire to be kindled."

―Try to learn something about everything and everything about something.‖

Sir Isaac Newton

―Be honest … work hard … love everyone.‖

―Love all, trust a few.‖

TUSEN TAKK and GOD BLESS AMERICA!

1.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLIGHT VEHICLE STRUCTURES ................................................ 1.1

1.0 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF FLIGHT VEHICLE STRUCTURES ................................................ 1.1

Illegitimi Non Carborundum.

1.0 Analysis and Design of Flight Vehicle Structures

Page A3.11 Properties of a Two-Cell Wing Beam Section

Table 9, Page A3.11

Stringer Effective Total

S 3.693 -1.525 187.368 -58.184 1348.205 -12.843

Ix  A y 2  A y  187.368 in4  3.693 in2   0.413 in  2  186.738 in4

Iy  A x 2  A x  1,348.205 in 4  3.693 in2   15.753 in  2  431.604 in 4

Ixy  Ixy  A x y   12.843 in 4  3.693 in2   15.753 in    0.413 in    36.867 in4

Ixp  186.738 in 4  0.989  2  431.604 in 4   0.146  2  2   36.867 in    0.146   0.989 

Page A4.3 Motion of Rigid Bodies

Thanks to SparWeb on the www.eng-tips.com website.

Page A5.23 Beam Columns

Table A5.I, Case III, Distributed Load, No End Moments

I use the following

Page A5.23 Beam Columns

Table A5.I, Case V, Concentrated Side Load, No End Moments

Equation for Point of Maximum Bending Moment

Maximum Span Bending Moment

Should be Maximum Bending Moment Point of Maximum Bending Moment

Page A5.28 Biplane Wing Spar Example

50,198    55,523   0.26952    65,162

See Table A5.1, Case IV, page A5.23

Page A7.7 Castigliano’s Theorem

Note: Do NOT use Castigliano’s theorem for non-linear problems.

Length Area Modulus Load,

OA 40 4.70 2.90E+07 136.3 -1.5 P 0.660

Deflection  = 10,000 lb ( 4.33 x 10 -5 ) feet = 0.433 feet = 5.2 inches

Page A7.11 Truss with Pinned Joints

1,000 lb 1,000 lb 1,000 lb

-0.75 -0.75 0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Length, Load, Unit Unit S u1 L S u2 L

ab 30 0.456 4.785 6.270 10,500 1.50 0 9.405 0

Page A7.14 Virtual Work

I prefer to use G for shear modulus rather than Es .

Page A7.15 Dummy Unit Load

I‟ve added the x coordinates to Figure A7.22.

Page A7.16 Tapered Shear Beam

Method of Virtual Work

Determine the deflection at Point G.

Free Body Diagram

Shear Flow vs. Position

E = 10.0 E6 G = 3,846,154 psi P = 1,800 lb

Spar Caps and Stiffeners

AB 3P 2.184 P 2.000 1.092 0.849 0.697 13.34 4.069 P 54.30 P

S 135.64 P x 10-6

A-B-E-F 0.0409 P 0.0455 383.33 8.125 5.792 P

 G = ( 135.64 P + 13.41 P ) 10-6 = 139.04( 1,800 lb ) 10-6 = 0.268 inch  G = 0.268 in

Shear Flow in Tapered Webs

See Aircraft Structures, First Edition, pages 197-200