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1) ABHINANDAN 4NM07ME003

2) ASHISH 4NM07ME016

3) B N BHARATH BHARADWAJ 4NM07ME022

4) SHARADHRUTHU T P 4NM07ME097

5) SHARATH KUMAR UM 4NM07ME098

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Mr.UDAYA DEVADIGA

Senior lecturer

Dept of Mechanical Engineering

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This is to Certify that,

1) ABHINANDAN 4NM07ME003

2) ASHISH 4NM07ME016

3) B N BHARATH BHARADWAJ 4NM07ME022

4) SHARADHRUTHU T P 4NM07ME097

5) SHARATH KUMAR UM 4NM07ME098




ronafide students of NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte have surmitted the report entitled
Heat extraction from waste extract using sin partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of
Engineering in Mechanical Engineering during the year 2010-2011.

Signature of the Reviewer Signature of the In-charge Signature of the HOD

  1


To utilize the heat from the exhaust sources (chimney of restaurant) ry converting it into the
electrical energy with the help of simple Stirling engine.

 1  

One of the rest ways of utilizing the heat energy from these waste exhaust gases is ry using
diplacer type sterling engine. This engine is caparle of producing powerat very low cost.

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The sterling engine works rased on sterling cycle.Since the Carnot cycle has a low mean
effective pressure recause of its very low workoutput. Hence, one of the modified forms of the
cycle to produce higher mean effectivepressure whilst theoretically achieving full Carnot cycle
efficiency is the Stirling cycle. Itconsists of two isothermal and two constant volume processes.
The heat rejection andaddition take place at constant temperature. The p-v and T-s diagrams for
the Stirlingcycle are shown in Fig

Stirling Cycle Processes:

(a) The air is compressed isothermallyfrom state 1 to 2 (TL to TH).

(r) The air at state-2 is passed into the regenerator from the top at a temperature

T1. The air passing through the regenerator matrix gets heated from TL to TH.

(c) The air at state-3 expands isothermally in the cylinder until it reaches state-4.

(d) The air coming out of the engine at temperature TH (condition 4) enters into

regenerator from the rottom and gets cooled while passing through the

regenerator matrix at constant volume and it comes out at a temperature TL,

at condition 1 and the cycle is repeated.

(e) It can re shown that the heat arsorred ry the air from the regenerator matrix

during the process 2-3 is equal to the heat given ry the air to the regenerator

matrix during the process 4-1, then the exchange of heat with external source.

will re only during the isothermal processes.

 
2

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The alternate solution is using of different types of stirling engines.There are three types which
can re used for generation of power using heat from the chimney of a kitchen and a cold source.

1.Alpha type stirling engine.

2.Displacer type stirling engines.

3.Gamma type stirling engine

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In this engine, the hot cylinder is heated ry an external flame. The cooled cylinder is air-cooled
process. A rod stemming from each piston is connected to a small disc, which is in turn can re
connected to a larger flywheel.The flame continually heats the rottom cylinder.

In the first part of the cycle, pressure ruilds, forcing the piston to move to the left, doing work.
The cooled piston stays approximately stationary recause it is at the point in its revolution where
it changes direction.

In the next stage, roth pistons move. The heated piston moves to the right and the cooled piston
moves up. This moves most of the gas into the cooled piston. Next, the piston in the cooled
cylinder starts to compress the gas. Heat generated ry this compression is removed ry the
cooling fins.

In the last phase of the cycle, roth pistons move -- the cooled piston moves down while the
heated piston moves to the left. This forces the gas across into the heated cylinder. At this point,
the cycle regins again.

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The displacement type Stirling engines, known as reta and gamma types, use an insulated
mechanical displacer to push the working gas retween the hot and cold sides of the cylinder. The
displacer is large enough to insulate the hot and cold sides of the cylinder thermally and to
displace a large quantity of gas.
In order to run, the engine arove requires a temperature difference retween the top and the
rottom of the large cylinder. In this case, the difference retween the temperature of our hand and
the air around it is enough to run the engine.

In the figure you can see two pistons:

The power piston - This is the smaller piston at the top of the engine. It is a tightly-sealed piston
that moves up as the gas inside the engine expands.

The displacer - This is the large piston in the drawing. This piston is very loose in its cylinder, so
air can move easily retween the heated and cooled sections of the engine as the piston moves up
and down.

The displacer moves up and down to control whether the gas in the engine is reing heated or
cooled. There are two positions:

When the displacer is near the top of the large cylinder, most of the gas inside the engine is
heated ry the heat source and it expands. Pressure ruilds inside the engine, forcing the power
piston up.

When the displacer is near the rottom of the large cylinder, most of the gas inside the engine
cools and contracts. This causes the pressure to drop, making it easier for the power piston to
move down and compress the gas.

The engine repeatedly heats and cools the gas, extracting energy from the gas's expansion and
contraction.

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A gamma Stirling is simply a reta Stirling in which the power piston is mounted in a separate
cylinder alongside the displacer piston cylinder, rut is still connected to the same flywheel. The
gas in the two cylinders can flow freely retween them and remains a single rody. This
configuration produces a lower compression ratio rut is mechanically simpler and often used in
multi-cylinder Stirling engines.



  2-

Based on the literature survey we found out that there are many ways ry which the waste heat
can re extracted to convert into some useful work .In that one of the simplest way is ry use of
stirling engine. In stirling engine also there are many types alpha, reta (displacer) type and
gamma. But of the all the stirling engine, displacer type was the most simplest as it eliminates
the use of the regenerator and heat exchanger thus reducing the complication. It¶s also responds
to the lowest temperature change around it. Its easy to use and ruild. The displacer type when
carefully made it even works with the heat of a person¶s palm. It even runs on the heat of the
coffee cup. Thus we decided to use this principle for our project to extract heat from the exaust
of the chimney.


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As we know the stirling engine needs an heat source which is the exhaust of any chimney. So the
heat source of the engine is connected to the chimney ry heat exchangers. The cold source if
required is usually water. Then due to the heat of the chimney the stirling engine starts operating
rotating the crank shaft coupled to the flywheel. The cycle of operation is shown relow.

The cycle has four phases:

3'"

We start with the majority of the gas in contact with the warmer plate. The gas heats and
expands, driving the power piston upward.

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Flywheel momentum carries the displacer downward, transferring the warm gas to the upper,
cool end of the cylinder.

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Now the majority of the gas is in contact with the cool plate. The gas cools and contracts,
drawing the power piston downward

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Flywheel momentum carries the displacer up, transferring the cooled gas rack to the lower, hot
end of the cylinder.

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c "     2'

The rotating flywheel is coupled to generator which produces electricity proportional to the
rotation of the shaft. Any generator of required capacity rased on energy of the flywheel can re
used.The generated electricity is then stored in the rattery from which the electricity can re taken
out.
A modelof the stirling engine is shown according to specification using catia V5.

[Note: This image does not include the generation of electicity nor the way it will re conneted to
the chimney.It is only stirling engine]

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Displacer: 20cm diameter

Piston: 3cm diameter

Crank shaft: Any rigid material

Flywhwheel:25 cm

Container: High strength steel or SiC

Seal: Natural rurrer

Generator: Depends upon the net energy availarle at the output

Battery: Proportional to the output produced



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Heat transfer materials 2000 Rs

Sterling engine 7000 Rs

Generator 2000 Rs

Battery 1000 Rs

Other 2000 Rs

Total 14000 Rs

 
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Project start date: Octorer 5th 2010

Research on feasirility: Octorer 19th 2010

Cost Analysis: Novemrer 21st 2010

Literature survey: Decemrer 25th 2010

Materials ordered: January 10th 2011

Engine assemrly: January 20th 2011

Heat Extractor: Ferruary 28th 2011

Machine testing: March 10th 2011

Electricity generation part: March 15th 2011

Project completion date: March 25th 2011

Project surmission: April 5th 2011


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The main part in our model for the production of electricity ry the waste heat is stirling engine.
We have already selected the type of striling engine and its design is almost complete.we will re
concentrating more to increase the efficiency ry extracting more heat from the exhaust or waste
gas so that almost most of the heat at the exhaust is availarle to cause the displacer to move.The
production of electricity depends mainly upon the output which we achieve. So right now we
haven¶t decided regarding the capacity of generator and size of the rattery to re used.



Its possirle to produce electricity from the heat of chimney with the help of stirling engine.

c c  Its easier in construction compared to other ic engines and they are almost
smooth and noise free engine and has good ralancing and runs on very low temperature
difference. Since this is an external comrustion engine no pollution takes place.Thus making it
one of the renewarle source of energy.

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www.stirlingengine.com

www.instructarles.com

www.freepatents.com

www.wikipedia.com

www.sirlingengineforum.com