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Bernoilli’s Principle

1. Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to investigate the Bernoulli’s law. Calculation on
hdynamic, Wmeasured and Wcalculated at each points of the venture tube will be done. The value of
Wmeasured will be compared to the value of the Wcalculated. From this experiment, it is proven that
when the speed of fluid increases, the pressure of the fluid will decreases.

2. Introduction
This experiment is carried out to show the validity of the Bernoulli Equation. Bernoulli’s
principle is named after the Dutch-Swiss mathematician Daniel Bernoulli. For mechanics of
fluid, Bernoulli’s principle states that for an inviscid flow, an increase in the speed of the
fluid will results in a decrease of the pressure. When a fluid is moving horizontally, the
highest speed occurs where the pressure is lowest and the lowest speed occurs where the
pressure is highest. Bernoulli’s equation for constant head, h is given as:-
2 2
P1 w1 P2 w2
+ = + = cons tan t
ρ 2 ρ 2

3. Experiment Methods and Materials


The apparatus used in this experiment are Bernoulli’s principle apparatus, weighing tank,
stopwatch and water.

Before the experiment starts, a quick inspection was performed to ensure the unit is in proper
operating condition. A hose connection was made and the unit was connected to the nearest
power supply. The discharge pipe was then opened. The cap nut of probe compression gland
was set such that the slight resistance is felt on moving probe. After that, the inlet and outlet
valves were opened. The pump was also switched on and the main cock was slowly opened.
The vent valves on water pressure gauge were opened and the outlet cock was carefully
closed until pressure gauges are flushed. By simultaneously setting inlet and outlet cock, the
water level in pressure gauges was regulated such that neither upper nor lower range limit is
overshot or undershot. The pressures at all measurement points were recorded. Then, the
overall pressure probe was moved to corresponding measurement level and the overall
pressure was noted down. The volumetric flow rate was determined by using stopwatch to
establish time required for raising the level in the volumetric tank from 20 to 30 litres.

4. Data Analysis
The specific results from the experiment allow us to determine the hdynamic, Wmeasured and
Wcalculated.

h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6

hstat. 250.00 235.00 45.00 162.50 180.00 190.00


(mmWs)
htotal 260.00 255.00 252.00 238.00 229.00 218.00
(mmWs)
hdyn (m) 0.009997 0.01999 0.2069 0.07647 0.04898 0.02799
Wmeas. (m/s) 0.4429 0.6263 2.0149 1.2249 0.9803 0.7411
Wcalc. (m/s) 0.5027 0.7290 2.0120 1.0000 0.6670 0.5027

5. Discussion
Calculations are done based on the formulas below:
hdynamic = (htotal – hstat.) / ρ g
Wmeasured = √2.g.hdyn.
Wcalculated = Q / A

From the data collected, we found that the time taken for the water level in the volumetric
tank to rise from 20 to 30 litres is 58.75s and the flow rate, Q is 1.702x10-4 m3/s. The relation
of 1mmWs = 9.80665Pa is used for the unit conversion.

The validity of the Bernoulli Equation is proven under this experiment. When the pressure
head (hstat.) increases, the velocity head (W) will decreases. Hence, the speed of the fluid is
inversely proportional to the pressure of the fluid.

The experimental velocity is different from the theoretical velocity due to the friction loss.
Some of the force is used to overcome the frictional force and hence result in a slight
decrease in the experimental velocity.

6. Conclusion
From this experiment we found out that fluid flowing under horizontal streamline will
follows the Bernoulli’s principle where when the speed of fluid increase, the pressure of the
fluid will decrease. The Bernoulli’s principle is applied on the aeroplane’s wings. The shape
of the aeroplane’s wings is aerofoil. Due to the streamline shape of the aerofoil, the air
flowing past the top surface of an aeroplane’s wing is moving faster than the air flowing past
the bottom surface thus a lift is generated. Under this condition, the pressure at the top
surface of the wing will be lower than the pressure at the bottom surface of the wing.

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