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By Omer F. Tigli
McNamara/Salvia, Inc. Consulting Engineers
Boston, MA
Structure
Input Response
Input
LIVELY FLOOR
LIVELY FLOOR
FEM of the FLOOR
•F1=4.14 Hz
f3=4.44 Hz f4=4.74 Hz
WALKING
1
f step =
Tstep
after Galbraith and Barton (1970)
WALKING FREQUENCY
l
F (t ) = G + ∑ Gα m sin (2πmf s + φm )
m =1
M= 1110.6 slugs
K= 1.5784 E06 lb/ft
Low-Frequency Floor (LFF)
C= 2791.2 lb-s/ft
fn= 6 Hz
M
M= 1110.6 slugs
K= 4.3845 E06 lb/ft High-Frequency Floor (HFF)
C K C=1674.7 lb-s/ft
fn= 10 Hz
LFF Response to Walking @ 1.5 Hz
3
2 10
1.5
2
10
magnitude (% of g)
1
acceleration (% of g)
0.5 1
10
0
0
-0.5 10
-1 -1
10
-1.5
-2
-2 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
time (s) frequency (Hz)
2 4
10
1.5
3
10
1
acceleration (% of g)
magnitude (% of g)
0.5 10
2
0
1
10
-0.5
-1 0
10
-1.5
-1
-2 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
time (s) frequency (Hz)
2 3
10
1.5
2
1 10
acceleration (% of g)
magnitude (% of g)
0.5 1
10
0
0
-0.5 10
-1
-1
10
-1.5
-2
-2 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
time (s) frequency (Hz)
No resonance realized
HFF Response to Walking @ 2.0 Hz
2 2
10
1.5
1
1 10
acceleration (% of g)
magnitude (% of g)
0.5
0
0 10
-0.5
-1
-1 10
-1.5
-2
-2 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
time (s) frequency (Hz)
No resonance realized
DESIGN FOR WALKING (AISC GUIDE)
AISC guide defines the following function for the mth harmonic load
fn = floor frequency
Rα mG
Calculate acceleration response apeak = ⋅ cos (2π mf step t )
ζM
R = reduction factor (0.5 for floor structures and 0.7 for footbridges)
M = modal mass
ζ = modal damping ratio
DESIGN FOR WALKING (ARUP’S METHOD)
Arup’s method requires the computation of all modes with frequencies up to 1.5 times the
fourth harmonic of the step frequency.
⎛ ⎞
2
⎜ ⎟
⎛ mf s ⎞ Pm ⎜ 1 ⎟
amn = μin μon ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ r⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ f n ⎠ M n ⎜ ⎛ mf s ⎞ mf s ⎟
1 − ⎜
⎜ ⎜ f ⎟ ⎟ + 2ζ j⎟
⎝ ⎝ n ⎠ fn ⎠
μin , μon : modal amplitudes at the excitation and response coordinates of the nth mode,
fn : the natural frequency of the nth mode,
Pm : the mth harmonic force (αmG),
Mn : the modal mass of the nth mode,
j : the complex number
r : reduction factor
DESIGN FOR WALKING (ARUP’S METHOD)
L
r = 1 − e −2πζN where N = 0.55m
l
a floor = SRSS am ( l
m =1
)
VIBRATION CRITERIA (AISC – Guide)
PROBLEMATIC FLOOR AREA
AISC - Guide
fn= 4.39 Hz
Mn= 1110.6 slugs
fs=2.2 Hz, α=0.2
ζ= 2%, R=0.5
apeak=2.2 % of g
Arup’s Method
80 modes considered
L=45 ft, l=3ft
ζ= 2% for all modes
apeak=0.74 % of g
VIBRATION PROPAGATION
f1=4.14 Hz f2=4.39 Hz
f3=4.44 Hz f4=4.74 Hz
1. Both AISC guide and the Arup’s method concluded that acceleratin levels at the
problem area were higher than the allowable limit.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION……
ANY QUESTIONS?