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EEE C364/INSTR C 364

Analog Electronics

Introduction
Course Introduction

 NAME OF SUBJECT : ANALOG ELECTRONICS


 SUBJECT CODE : EEE C 364/INSTR C364
 LECTURE HOURS : 3
 TUTORIAL HOURS : 1
 LAB HOURS : 3
Faculty in Charge

 Dr. Ramesha C K
 Chamber No. A-401/6
 Phone: 0832- 2580324
 Email: rameshack@bits-goa.ac.in
Instructors

 M.A. Bhamare
 Sunanda Khosla
 Meetha V Shenoy
 Ch.S. Sankhar Reddy
 G Deepa
Scope and Objective of the Course

 The aim of the course is to deal with various electronic


techniques and building blocks used in analog signal
processing. Discrete and Integrated electronic circuits
will be studied. Experiments using discrete IC modules
will be carried out in the laboratory. In addition SPICE
(Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis)
is used as a simulation tool for circuit analysis.
General Objective

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:


1. Discuss about the functions of the op-amp
2. Demonstrate the op-amp application in amplifiers
3. Adders, subtractors, instrumentation amplifiers
4. Non-linear op-amp applications
5. Signal sources, and Phase Locked Loops
6. Voltage regulators
7. Tuned amplifiers
8. D/A and A/D converters and troubleshooting.
Course Syllabus
S.No Topic No. of Reference to
Lectures Text
1 Introduction & Review of Concepts 1 TB1 Ch 1
2 Op-amp basics 3 TB1 Ch 2
3 Special purpose opamp circuits 3 TB1 Ch 3
4 Filters 6 TB1 Ch 4
5 Non-linear Op-amp circuits 5 TB1 Ch 5
6 Signal Sources & Phase lock loop 6 TB1 Ch 6
7 Voltage Regulators 5 TB1 Ch 7
8 IC Power Amplifiers 3 TB1 Ch 8
9 Tuned Amplifiers 2 TB1Ch 9
10 Data Converters-D/A, A/D 4 TB1Ch10
Converters
11 IC sensors and Analog Systems 2 TB1Ch 11
Total lectures 40
Text Books

 L.K. Maheshwari, Analog Electronics, PHI, 2008


 L.K. Maheshwari and M.M.S. Anand, Laboratory
Experiments & PSPICE Simulation in Analog
Electronics Experiments, PHI, 2008.
Reference Books

 David A.Johns, Ken Martin:


Analog Integrated Circuit Design,
Wiley student Edition

 Ramakant A. Gayakwad
Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits
PHI 2009
Evaluation Scheme

 Test 1 (CB) 40
 Test 2 (CB) 40
 Assignments/Surprise Tests (OB/CB) 10
 Quiz (CB) 20
 PSPICE Online Test (CB) 30
 Laboratory Experiments (OB) 40
 Laboratory Examination (CB) 30
 Comprehensive (CB) 80
 Total 300
Makeup Policies and Notices

 Make-up shall be granted only on extremely


genuine grounds only.

 Prior application should be made for seeking the


make-up examination.

 Notices, if any, concerning the course will be put up


on wing ‘A’ Notice Board and in the academic
ftp://10.1.1.223 .
The uA741 Operational Amplifier
Brief History
• 1964 – Bob Widlar designs the first op-amp: the 702.
– Using only 9 transistors, it attains a gain of over 1000
– Highly expensive: $300 per op-amp
• 1965 – Bob Widlar designs the 709 op-amp which
more closely resembles the current uA741
–This op-amp achieves an open-loop gain of around
60,000.
–The 709’s largest flaw was its lack of short circuit
protection.
Brief History (cont)
• After Widlar left Fairchild, Dave Fullagar continued
op-amp design and came up with the uA741 which is
the most popular operational amplifier of all time.
– This design’s basic architecture is almost identical to
Widlar’s 309 op-amp with one major difference: the
inclusion of a fixed internal compensation capacitor.
• This capacitor allows the uA741 to be used without any additional,
external circuitry, unlike its predecessors.
– The other main difference is the addition of extra
transistors for short circuit protection.
– This op-amp has a gain of around 250,000
Schematic
Stages
• Input Differential Stage

• Intermediate Single-Ended High-Gain Stage

• Output Buffering Stage

• Current Source / Short Circuit Protection


Input Differential Stage
The input stage consists of the transistors Q1
through Q7 with biasing performed by Q8, Q9, and
Q10.

Transistors Q1 and Q2 are emitter followers which


causes input resistance to be high and deliver the
differential input signal to the common base
amplifier formed by Q3 and Q4.

Transistors Q5, Q6, and Q7, and resistors R1, R2,


and R3 form the load circuit of the input stage. This
portion of the circuit provides a high resistance load.

Transistors Q3 and Q4 also serve as protection for


Q1 and Q2. The emitter-base junction of Q1 and
Q2 breaks down at around 7V but the pnp
transistors have breakdown voltages around 50V.
So, having them in series with Q1 and Q2 protects
Q1 and Q2 from an accidental connection between
the input terminals.
Intermediate Single-Ended High-Gain Stage

The second stage is composed of Q15, Q17,


Q13B, and the resistors R8 and R9.

Transistor Q15 acts as an emitter follower


giving the second stage a high input resis-
tance.

The output of this amplifier has a feedback


loop through Cc. This capacitor causes the
op-amp to have a pole at about 4Hz.
Output Buffering Stage
The Output Stage consists of the
complimentary pair Q14 and Q20,
Q15 give short circuit protection
and Q13A supplies current to the
output stage.

The purpose of the Output Stage is


to provide the amplifier with a low
output resistance.

Another requirement of the Output


Stage is the ability to dissipate large
load currents without dissipating
large quantities of power.
 Any question?

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