MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING

USING
Pfast-Pslow TECHNIQUE
(SIMULATION USING LTSPICE)

K.SAICHAND
&
VIKASH KUMAR
Fig 1: Schematic circuit diagram

The above circuit represents the schematic of the Pfast and Pslow
implementation for the MPPT tracking. To generate the power signal for the tracking averaged power
signal is used. This is generated by the generation of the PWM signals using TL494 whose duty ratio
depends on the magnitude of the voltage. This PWM signals is pulled up to the level of the current using
LM339. The resulting signal is averaged to give power signal. Hence in the entire circuit two PWM
generator ICs (TL494) are used.

Fig 2: Output voltage and output current

The above figure shows the output voltage and output current of the buck
boost converter used. Hence the output voltage is around 13.5V and the output current is around 0.2A.
Hence the maximum power point tracking is performed using the Pfast-Pslow technique. It can also be
observed that both voltage and current curves settle at the desired values of MPP. Hence MPPT is
achieved.
Fig3: Pfast and Pslow curves

The above figure shows the Pfast and Pslow curves of the MPPT algorithm.
The blue line is Pfast line and green line is Pslow line. It can be observed that the as the MPPT is
achieved Pfast and Pslow move towards each other and continuously track each other.

Fig 4: Gate pulses for the switching device of the buck boost converter (MOSFET)

For the generation of PWM pulses TL494 is used and hence initially the
output pulses produced is dead time circuit pulses, but as the output tracks MPPT and MPP is achieved, the gate
pulses are as shown in with higher amplitude. Moreover the gate pulses appear a bit triangular like instead of
square pulses due to loading effect on the MOSFET.
Fig 5: Toggle output pulses

The above figure shows the toggle output of the T-flipflop. Here a D-fipflop has
modified to act as a T-flipflop. When the Pfast and Pslow meet each other, T-flipflop generates the toggle signal.
This can be seen from the above figure. The duty ratio of the above firing pulses is calculated to be around 0.6 from
the above figure.

Fig 6: Power signal generated

The above figure shows the power signal after averaging the PWM pulses
pulled up to the level of the current (input current). The power signal shown above is not scaled properly. But for
comparison of power signal and for MPP condition, the signal shown above is a good approximation. When the
above signal is passed through a gain block, then the power signal is generated.

The maximum power point tracking is checked by comparing the input and
output resistance using the duty ratio. The duty ratio is around 0.45 and hence the input resistance is equal to the
output resistance verifying maximum power principle. Hence MPP condition is verified. Moreover it is observed
that the output voltage is half of the input voltage which also verifies the MPP condition.

RESULTS:

 Hence the MPP condition is achieved in hardware as well as software.