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HISTORY 20-IB
• Coalition led by Austria and Great Britain in an attempt to contain/eliminate the French empire
• Bonaparte had returned to Egypt and sent Moreau to the Rhine while he went to the Alps where the French forces had almost been driven out of Italy
(1799)
• Austrians had strong armies in the Alps (1800) protecting ‘Northern Italy’
Vocabulary:
• Rhine – one of the most important rivers in Europe, flows from the Swiss Alps to the Netherlands
Events:
• 1799 – Second Coalition
• Napoleon, the commander and leader of the French wanted to catch Austrians by surprise (Austrian leader is General Michael von Melas)
• May. 20, 1800 – Napoleon took his soldiers over the Alps through Great St. Bernard Pass into “Northern Italy”
EFFECTS:
• 1801 – French-Austrian Treaty of Lunéville
Vocabulary:
• Second Coalition - Alliance of Austria, Russia, and Great Britain
• Battle of Marengo - French and Austrians met at Marengo after passing through Great St. Bernard Pass where the French were victorious against the
Austrians
• French-Austrian Treaty of Lunéville - reaffirmed the Treaty of Campo Formio, gave France the rights to Rhine, and the Alps
• Treaty of Campo Formio – treaty signed following Napoleon’s victory of the first Italian Campaign between France and Austria
Significance:
• All of Europe was at peace between 1802-3
• The French-Austrian Treaty of Lunéville gave Austria peace it also confirmed the cession of the Rhineland for the French
• When the attempt to peace was rejected Bonaparte began planning his attack on Austria
Affect on Nationalism:
• In the beginning Austria and Britain had a shared sense of nationalism in wanting to eliminate the French empire
• France had a sense of nationalism from going through defeat and a poor economy to the new Consul and victories causing them to become
prosperous
• Austria and Great Britain had a shared sense of Nationalism by being in the Second Coalition and having a common enemy at the time
• It affected the nationalism in France because the victory brought the people of France and Napoleon pride and more faith
France and Spain were allied so the Spanish fleets were available. Why did it Happen?
•Napoleon sought to invade Britain, and so needed to control the
British defeated France leaving them with only a few ships after and the British with English Channel
all ships remaining. •Also, it would allow French ships to continue to trade, as well as
their navy to mobilise
Despite the British victory over the Franco-Spanish navies, Trafalgar had little Consequences and Significance
impact of the remainder of the war of the third coalition. •The British navy was never challenged again
though Trafalgar meant France could no longer challenge Britain at sea, Napoleon •Napoleon abandoned his invasion plans
established the "Continental System" in an attempt to deny Britain trade with the •Was a factor in Britain’s continuing dominance of the oceans
Continent
How was Nationalism Involved?
The people of France uncertain of their saftey through war from sea. this is affecting
their nationalism towards France and their faith and hope in Napoleon. Soon later •Britain’s morale was increased greatly, and feelings of nationalism
Napoleon redeems his trust with the people in future battles regaining the lost surrounded the death of Lord Nelson
nationalism from the people of France. •The Nelson Monument was created to commemorate Nelson’s
victory, and was placed in Trafalgar Square, now in Bridgetown,
Barbados
Background
Prior to the Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon had won at Ulm in Swabia (southern Germany) as well as at Vienna.
The French follow the Russian troops north only to find that winter was fast approaching and that Russian troops had joined with the Austrian troops.
The only way Napoleon can gain anything is to attack the joint army.
Who?
Known as “The Battle of the Three Emperors” because the battle was fought between:
Napoleon Bonaparte – Emperor and commander of the French army
Alexander I –Tsar and commander of Russian army
Francis II – Holy Roman Emperor (Prussia)
When and where and how?
•Took place on December 2, 1805
•Took place by Austerlitz in modern day Czech Republic
Napoleon’s Army:
Around 70 000 men
Russo-Prussian Army:
Around 90 000 men
Napoleon planned to draw most of the Russo-Prussian army onto his right flank by pretending to weaken his forces. In reality, he had only moved them back farther west. He had also
sent spies to misinform Alexander. With this, Alexander attacked Napoleon’s right flank.
Napoleon pushes his troops forward to attack the center of the Russo-Prussian army. This split the Russo-Prussian army into half.
The allied army retreats and is chased by the French army.
Aftermath
French Losses:
1,305 dead, 940 wounded, 573 captured, 1 standard lost
Allied Losses:
15 000 dead or wounded, 2 000 captured,180 canons lost, 50 standards lost
Austria forced to pay 40 million francs
War of Third Coalition ended – Before the Battle of Austerlitz, Austria, Russia and United Kingdom formed a coalition against France in an attempt to stop Napoleon’s
campaigns against the rest of Europe.
Significance
Had France lost this battle, the Third Coalition would have been able to invade France and/or take over France completely.
Austria and France both agreed to a truce. (Treaty of Pressburg)
o Sides:
o French Empire:
•
Napoleon I
•
Louis Nicholas Davout
o Prussia and Saxony:
•
Duke of Brunswick
•
Prince of Hohenlohe
o Background Info:
o Prussia had begun movement almost a month ahead of the French and used a uniform and symmetric manner in their hierarchy of command which led the Prussian army to be
divided into three to be spread across Prussia. However, Napoleon kept his main force in a versatile and readily mobile state so he could easily engage Prussia in the series of wars
he had anticipated and planned after the refusal from Russia.
o Resulting Impacts and Significance:
o Exposed the need of liberal reforms for Prussia
•
Many prominent Prussian reformers actually served at the Battle
o Hegel, a German philosopher, thought of the war as "the end of history", figuratively thought of as the ultimate move of human society towards the recognized "universal
homogenous state".
o Davout was praised after being insulted by Napoleon for his disbelief in Davout's victory against his outnumbering Prussian opponent.
o Napoleon severely censured Bernadotte for his choice against helping Davout.
o Furthered Napoleon's revolutionary campaign and aided in forcing Prussia to eventually surrender.
o Why it happened:
o Scouts from Napoleon's main attack force came into contact with the Prussian movement which led to a full engagement. Both sides had begun movement for the sake of the
inevitable battle both sides counted on.
o Napoleon's role:
o As Emperor, Napoleon was the lead commander for the army and took full control of the main attack group. It was his main portion of the army that first engaged Prussian forces.
Napoleon led about 48,000 men when he first engaged the Prussian army. However, he assumed the mistake of believing he had already seen the main portion of the Prussian
forces. Soon, he would call for Davout and Bernadotte to regroup, but Davout met with his own portion of the Prussian army to handle on his own while Bernadotte watched from a
distance.
-Before the battle took place, Napoleon had already begun to invade Russia during the June of that year. Their goal was to invade Russia’s capital,
Moscow.
-Napoleon had a chance to use the “guard” to defeat Russia and destroy the Russian army, but he insisted that he didn’t need to. Napoleon “won” the
battle temporarily, but was not able to destroy the Russian army. Even though he won the battle, Napoleon lost 1/3 of his army.
-Refusing to deploy the guard, Napoleon did not have enough men to battle. Because of this, t turned out to be the last offensive strike that Napoleon
had on Russia, before he was pushed back. Although Napoleon “won” the battle, he did not have enough troops to defeat the Russians, while Russia
just resupplied in men. Because Napoleon refused to deploy the guard, he also did not have enough men to hold their position. Eventually, Napoleon
was forced into a retreat.
-This battle was significant because it was the last offensive attack that Napoleon ever went on Russia. Napoleon called this his worst battle ever
fought.
-"Of the fifty battles I have fought, the most terrible was that before Moscow. The French showed themselves to be worthy victors, and the Russians
can rightly call themselves invincible."
-A 1 ruble coin was made in 1987 by the Soviet, commemorating the 175th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino.
-A small planet discovered by Soviet astronomer in 1977 was named after the village Borodino.
- A monument was built in honor of the French soldiers that died there. The battleground was also preserved.
- Napoleon reached Moscow because the Russians used it as a distraction. But when he got there, there was nobody in sight. A few days later, when
the Russian army was rebuilt, Napoleon was pushed out of Russia once and for all.
-NAPOLEON FAILED TO RECAPTURE GERMANY AND HE SERVED AS THE COMMANDER OF THE FRENCH
FORCES
DATE:
COUNTRIES INVOLVED:
NAPOLEON’S ARMY AGAINST THE SIXTH COALITION (COMPRISING RUSSIA, AUSTRIA PRUSSIA,
SWEDEN, BRITAIN, SPAIN, PORTUGAL AND CERTAIN SMALLER GERMAN STATES)
-BATTLE INVOLVED OVER 600 000 SOLDIERS (THE LARGEST BATTLE IN EUROPE PRIOR TO WORLD WAR 1)
SIGNIFICANCE:
-DEFEAT FORCED NAPOLEON’S FORCES TO RETREAT BACK TO FRANCE (LEAD TO HIS EXILE LATER IN
SPRING AFTER THE COALITION INVADED FRANCE 1 YEAR LATER)
-80 000 TO 110 000 TOTAL KILLED (NAPOLEON LOST ABOUT 80 000 TO 110 000 TOTAL KILLED OR
WOUNDED. NAPOLEON LOST ABOUT 38,000 KILLED AND WOUNDED MEN)
Napoleon
•He was commander of the French army following his return to France after being exiled and resumed his position as Emperor.
•After his return, many opposing states started assembling armies, and in fear of this, Napoleon chose to attack in the hope of
destroying them before they could invade France.
The Battle
•The battle itself took place on June 18, 1815 in Waterloo, Belgium which is south of Brussels.
•The three armies which were involved in the battle were Napoleon and his grande armée, the multinational army (British, Dutch,
Belgian) and the Prussian army.
Background
•After being defeated and exiled, Napoleon returned in hopes of destroying the armies being mobilized by the British, Belgian,
Prussians and Dutch.
•He aimed at attacking them at the south of Brussels before they could be reinforced, driving the British back to sea and
hopefully knocking the Prussians out of the war.
Outcome
•With the French forces failing, Napoleon’s only chance was his reserve, but they too could not rally the troops and were forced
to withdraw and recognize that had been defeated.
•This battle was Napoleon’s last and ended the years of war between France and European powers.