WRITTEN

REPORT
IN
PHYSICS
SUMMITED BY:
EARVIN JOHN SANG-OLLAY
MHELZEE KEDECK SALOM
ASLEY FONTANOZA
CHRISMAE AURIGUE
MARRY GRACE CONSORTE
IV- REUBEN
Reflection- is the change in direction of a wavefront at an interface between two different
media so that the wavefront returns into the medium from which it originated.

The law of reflection says that for specular reflection the angle at which the wave is
incident on the surface equals the angle at which it is reflected. Mirrors exhibit specular
reflection.

In acoustics, reflection causes echoes and is used in sonar. In geology, it is important in

the study of seismic waves. Reflection is observed with surface waves in bodies of water.
Reflection is observed with many types of electromagnetic wave, besides visible light.
Reflection of VHF and higher frequencies is important for radio transmission and for
radar. Even hard X-rays and gamma rays can be reflected at shallow angles with special
"grazing" mirrors.

Incident ray is a ray of light that strikes a surface. The angle between this ray and the
perpendicular or normal to the surface is the angle of incidence.

Angle of incidence in the approach of a ray to a surface, or the angle at which the wing
or horizontal tail of an airplane is installed on the fuselage, measured relative to the axis
of the fuselage.

Reflected ray corresponding to a given incident ray, is the ray that represents the light
reflected by the surface. The angle between the surface normal and the reflected ray is
known as the angle of reflection. The Law of Reflection says that for a specular (non-
scattering) surface, the angle of reflection always equals the angle of incidence.

Angle of refraction the angle that a refracted beam of radiation makes with the normal to
the surface between two media at the point of refraction
Laws of reflection:

The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal to the reflection surface at the point of
the incidence lie in the same plane.

The angle which the incident ray makes with the normal is equal to the angle which the
reflected ray makes to the same normal.

In the diagram at top, a light ray strikes a vertical mirror at plane mirror, and the reflected
ray. By projecting an imaginary line perpendicular to the mirror, known as the normal,
we can measure the angle of incidence, θi and the angle of reflection, θr. The law of
reflection states that θi = θr, or in other words, the angle of incidence equals the angle of
reflection.
Refraction is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its speed. This is most
commonly observed when a wave passes from one medium to another at any angle other
than 90° or 0°. Refraction of light is the most commonly observed phenomenon

If the wave slows down just after passing the boundary between two media, the angle of
refraction is less than the angle of incidence. If the wave speeds up, the angle of
refraction is greater than angle of incidence.

Diffraction refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an

obstacle.

The Figure at the top shows how waves diffract. Waves can go through a barrier and
spread out. Or waves can bend around the barrier.
Interference is the addition of two or more waves that result in a new wave pattern.
Interference usually refers to the interaction of waves that are correlated or coherent with
each other

Super position principle “when two waves meet while traveling through a medium at
the same time, the result is a wave whose displacement is equal to the vector sum of the
displacement of the two waves.”

Two types of Interference:

1. Constructive Interference- If the crests of one wave meet the crests of other, and the
troughs of one waves meets the troughs of the other.

2. Destructive Interference- If the crests of one wave meet troughs of the other.
Standing wave – also known as a stationary wave – is a wave that remains in a constant
position. This phenomenon can occur because the medium is moving in the opposite
direction to the wave, or it can arise in a stationary medium as a result of interference
between two waves traveling in opposite directions

Node- is a point along a standing wave where the wave has minimal amplitude. For
instance, in a vibrating guitar string, the ends of the string are nodes. By changing the
position of the end node through frets, the guitarist changes the effective length of the
vibrating string and thereby the note played.

Anti-node- a point where the amplitude of the standing wave is a maximum. These occur
midway between the nodes.

Fundamental Frequency- The lowest frequency at which a system vibrates freely. The
lowest frequency in a complex wave.
In the figure on top, As the Frequency of vibration increased the number of nodes and
antinodes increased too.