Problem 4.

66 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Nozzle hitting stationary cart

Find: Value of M to hold stationary; plot M versu θ

Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction for the tank

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure throughout 4) Uniform flow 5) Exit velocity is V

2
2 ρ⋅ V ⋅ A
Hence Rx = −M ⋅ g = V⋅ ρ⋅ ( −V⋅ A) + V⋅ cos( θ) ⋅ ( V⋅ A) = ρ⋅ V ⋅ A⋅ ( cos( θ) − 1 ) M= ⋅ ( 1 − cos( θ) )
g

2 2
× ⎛⎜ 10⋅
s kg m⎞ 2
When θ = 40o M = × 1000⋅ × 0.1⋅ m × ( 1 − cos( 40⋅ deg) ) M = 238 kg
9.81⋅ m
m
3 ⎝ s ⎠

3000

2000
M (kg)

1000

0 45 90 135 180

Angle (deg)

This graph can be plotted in Excel

 Problem 4.67 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Large tank with nozzle and wire

Find: Tension in wire; plot for range of water depths

Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction for the tank

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure throughout 4) Uniform flow
2
2 π⋅ d 1 2
Hence Rx = T = V⋅ ρ⋅ ( V⋅ A) = ρ⋅ V ⋅ A = ρ⋅ ( 2 ⋅ g ⋅ y ) ⋅ T= ⋅ ρ⋅ g ⋅ y ⋅ π⋅ d T is linear with y!
4 2

2
π kg m 2 N⋅ s
When y = 0.9 m T = × 1000⋅ × 9.81⋅ × 0.9⋅ m × ( 0.015 ⋅ m) × T = 3.12 N
2 3 2 kg⋅ m
m s

3
T (N)

0 0.3 0.6 0.9

y (m)
This graph can be plotted in Excel
 Problem 4.71 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Water tank attached to mass

Find: Whether tank starts moving; Mass to just hold in place

Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction for the tank

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure at exit 4) Uniform flow
2
2 π⋅ D
Hence Rx = V⋅ cos( θ) ⋅ ρ⋅ ( V⋅ A) = ρ⋅ V ⋅ ⋅ cos( θ)
4

We need to find V. We could use the Bernoulli equation, but here it is known that V= 2⋅ g⋅ h where h = 2 m is the
height of fluid in the tank
m m
V = 2 × 9.81⋅ × 2⋅ m V = 6.26
2 s
s
2
× ⎛⎜ 6.26⋅
kg m⎞ π 2
Hence Rx = 1000⋅ × × ( 0.05⋅ m) × cos( 60⋅ deg) Rx = 38.5 N
m
3 ⎝ s ⎠ 4

This force is equal to the tension T in the wire T = Rx T = 38.5 N

For the block, the maximum friction force a mass of M = 10 kg can generate is Fmax = M ⋅ g ⋅ μ where µ is static friction

2
m N⋅ s
Fmax = 10⋅ kg × 9.81⋅ × 0.55 × Fmax = 54.0 N
2 kg⋅ m
s

Hence the tension T created by the water jet is less than the maximum friction F max; the tank is at rest

The mass that is just sufficient is given by M ⋅ g ⋅ μ = Rx

Rx 2
1 s 1 kg⋅ m
M= M = 38.5⋅ N × ⋅ × × M = 7.14 kg
g⋅ μ 9.81 m 0.55 2
N⋅ s
 Problem 4.78 [Difficulty: 2]

y
CS
x

Rx

Given: Water flow through elbow

Find: Force to hold elbow

Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction for the elbow

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure at exit 4) Uniform flow

( ) ( ) Rx = −p 1g ⋅ A1 − ρ⋅ ⎛ V1 ⋅ A1 + V2 ⋅ A2⎞
2 2
Hence Rx + p 1g ⋅ A1 = V1⋅ −ρ⋅ V1⋅ A1 − V2⋅ ρ⋅ V2⋅ A2
⎝ ⎠
A1 ft 4 ft
From continuity V2 ⋅ A2 = V1 ⋅ A1 so V2 = V1⋅ V2 = 10⋅ ⋅ V2 = 40⋅
A2 s 1 s
⎡⎛ ft ⎞ 2 2 ⎤ 1⋅ ft ⎞
2
lbf ⋅ s
2
⋅ 4⋅ in + ⎛⎜ 40⋅ ⎞ ⋅ 1⋅ in ⎥ × ⎛⎜
lbf slug ft
Hence Rx = −15⋅
2
× 4⋅ in − 1.94⋅ × ⎢⎜ 10⋅ 2 2
× Rx = −86.9⋅ lbf
in
2
ft
3 ⎣⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ s⎠ ⎦ ⎝ 12⋅ in ⎠ slug ⋅ ft

The force is to the left: It is needed to hold the elbow on against the high pressure, plus it generates the large change in x momentum
 Problem 4.79 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Water flow through nozzle

Find: Force to hold nozzle

Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction for the elbow

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Uniform flow

( ) ( ) Rx = −p 1g⋅ A1 + ρ⋅ ⎛ V2 ⋅ A2 ⋅ cos( θ) − V1 ⋅ A1⎞

2 2
Hence Rx + p 1g⋅ A1 + p 2g⋅ A2 = V1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + V2 ⋅ cos( θ) ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2
⎝ ⎠
2
A1 ⎛ D1 ⎞ 2
V2 = 1.5⋅ ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞
m 30 m
From continuity V2 ⋅ A2 = V1 ⋅ A1 s V2 = V1 ⋅ = V1 ⋅ ⎜ V2 = 6 ⋅
s ⎝ 15 ⎠
o A2
⎝ D2 ⎠ s

π⋅ ( 0.3⋅ m)
2 ⎡⎛ m ⎞ 2 π⋅ ( 0.15⋅ m) 2 2
π⋅ ( .3⋅ m) ⎤ N⋅ s
2 2
⋅ cos( 30⋅ deg) − ⎛⎜ 1.5⋅ ⎞ ×
3 N kg m
Hence Rx = −15 × 10 ⋅ × + 1000⋅ × ⎢⎜ 6 ⋅ × ⎥×
m
2 4
m
3 ⎣⎝ s ⎠ 4 ⎝ s⎠ 4 ⎦ kg⋅ m

Rx = −668 ⋅ N The joint is in tension: It is needed to hold the elbow on against the high pressure, plus it generates the large
change in x momentum
 Problem 4.82 [Difficulty: 2]

CS

c
d
y
x Rx

Given: Water flow through orifice plate

Find: Force to hold plate

Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x direction for the elbow

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Uniform flow

( ) ( ) Rx = −p 1g⋅ A1 + ρ⋅ ⎛ V2 ⋅ A2 − V1 ⋅ A1⎞
2 2
Hence Rx + p 1g⋅ A1 − p 2g⋅ A2 = V1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + V2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2
⎝ ⎠

From continuity Q = V1 ⋅ A1 = V2 ⋅ A2

3 A1 2 2
= V1 ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞ = 229 ⋅ × ⎛ 4 ⎞ = 1628⋅ ft
Q ft 4 ft D ft
so V1 = = 20⋅ × = 229 ⋅ and V2 = V1 ⋅ ⎜
A1 s 2 s A2 ⎝d⎠ s ⎝ 1.5 ⎠ s
π⋅ ⎛⎜ ⋅ ft⎞
1
⎝3 ⎠
NOTE: problem has an error: Flow rate should be 2 ft3/s not 20 ft3/s! We will provide answers to both

π⋅ ( 4 ⋅ in)
2 ⎡⎛ 2 2 2 2⎤ 2 2
⎢⎜ 1628⋅ ⎞ × π⋅ ( 1.5⋅ in) − ⎛⎜ 229 ⋅ ⎞ × π⋅ ( 4⋅ in) ⎥ × ⎛ 1 ⋅ ft ⎞ × lbf ⋅ s
lbf slug ft ft
Hence Rx = −200 ⋅ × + 1.94⋅ × ⎜
in
2 4
ft
3 ⎣⎝ s⎠ 4 ⎝ s⎠ 4 ⎦ ⎝ 12⋅ in ⎠ slug⋅ ft

Rx = 51707 ⋅ lbf

With more realistic velocities

π⋅ ( 4 ⋅ in)
2 ⎡⎛ 2 2 2 2⎤ 2 2
⎢⎜ 163 ⋅ ⎞ × π⋅ ( 1.5⋅ in) − ⎛⎜ 22.9⋅ ⎞ × π⋅ ( 4 ⋅ in) ⎥ × ⎛⎜
lbf slug ft ft 1 ⋅ ft ⎞ lbf ⋅ s
Hence Rx = −200 ⋅ × + 1.94⋅ × ×
in
2 4
ft
3 ⎣⎝ s⎠ 4 ⎝ s⎠ 4 ⎦ ⎝ 12⋅ in ⎠ slug⋅ ft

Rx = −1970⋅ lbf
 Problem 4.90 [Difficulty: 2]

y
x

Ry
Rx
CS
Given: Data on nozzle assembly

Find: Reaction force

Solution:
Basic equation: Momentum flux in x and y directions

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow CV 3) Uniform flow

2
2 π⋅ D2
For x momentum (
Rx = V2 ⋅ cos( θ) ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 = ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ ) 4
⋅ cos( θ)

2
A1 ⎛ D1 ⎞ m ⎛ 7.5 ⎞
2
m
From continuity A1 ⋅ V1 = A2 ⋅ V2 V2 = V1 ⋅ = V1 ⋅ ⎜ V2 = 2 ⋅ × ⎜ V2 = 18
A2
⎝ D2 ⎠ s ⎝ 2.5 ⎠ s

2 2
N⋅ s
× ⎛⎜ 18⋅
kg m⎞ π 2
Hence Rx = 1000⋅ × × ( 0.025 ⋅ m) × cos( 30⋅ deg) × Rx = 138 ⋅ N
m
3 ⎝ s ⎠ 4 kg⋅ m

For y momentum (
Ry − p 1 ⋅ A1 − W − ρ⋅ Vol ⋅ g = −V1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 − V2 ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 ) ( )
2
π⋅ D1 ρ⋅ π
⋅ ⎛ V ⋅ D1 − V2 ⋅ D2 ⋅ sin( θ) ⎞
2 2 2 2
Ry = p 1⋅ + W + ρ⋅ Vol ⋅ g +
4 4 ⎝ 1 ⎠
2
m N⋅ s 3
where W = 4.5⋅ kg × 9.81⋅ × W = 44.1 N Vol = 0.002 ⋅ m
2 kg⋅ m
s

2 2
3 N π⋅ ( 0.075 ⋅ m) kg 3 m N⋅ s
Hence Ry = 125 × 10 ⋅ × + 44.1⋅ N + 1000⋅ × 0.002 ⋅ m × 9.81⋅ × ...
2 4 3 2 kg⋅ m
m m s
⎡⎛ m ⎞ 2 ⎛ 18⋅ m ⎞ × ( 0.025 ⋅ m) 2 × sin( 30⋅ deg)⎥⎤ × N⋅ s
2 2
kg π
+ 1000⋅ × × ⎢⎜ 2 ⋅ 2
× ( 0.075 ⋅ m) − ⎜
m
3 4 ⎣⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ s⎠ ⎦ kg⋅ m

Ry = 554 ⋅ N
Problem *4.91
Problem *4.110 [Difficulty: 4]
 Problem *4.111 [Difficulty: 4]

CS

Given: Air jet striking disk

Find: Manometer deflection; Force to hold disk

Solution:
Basic equations: Hydrostatic pressure, Bernoulli, and momentum flux in x direction
2
p V
+ + g ⋅ z = constant
ρ 2

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible 3) No friction 4) Flow along streamline 5) Uniform flow 6) Horizontal flow (g x = 0)
Applying Bernoulli between jet exit and stagnation point
2 p0
p V 1 2
+ = +0 p0 − p = ⋅ ρair⋅ V
ρair 2 ρair 2

1 2
⋅ ρair⋅ V 2
ρair⋅ V
2
But from hydrostatics p 0 − p = SG⋅ ρ⋅ g ⋅ ∆h so ∆h = =
SG ⋅ ρ⋅ g 2 ⋅ SG ⋅ ρ⋅ g

2 3 2
× ⎛⎜ 225 ⋅ ⎞ ×
slug
ft 1 ft s
∆h = 0.002377⋅ × × ∆h = 0.55⋅ ft ∆h = 6.6⋅ in
ft
3 ⎝ s⎠ 2 ⋅ 1.75 1.94⋅ slug 32.2⋅ ft

2
2 π⋅ D
For x momentum (
Rx = V⋅ −ρair⋅ A⋅ V = −ρair⋅ V ⋅
4
)
2
π⋅ ⎛⎜ ⋅ ft⎞
0.5
2 2
Rx = −0.002377⋅
slug
× ⎛⎜ 225 ⋅
ft ⎞
×
⎝ 12 ⎠ × lbf ⋅ s Rx = −0.164 ⋅ lbf
ft
3 ⎝ s⎠ 4 slug⋅ ft

The force of the jet on the plate is then F = −Rx F = 0.164 ⋅ lbf
 Problem *4.114 [Difficulty: 3]

CS

c d

Given: Water jet striking disk

Find: Expression for speed of jet as function of height; Height for stationary disk

Solution:
Basic equations: Bernoulli; Momentum flux in z direction
2
p V
+ + g ⋅ z = constant
ρ 2

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure in jet 4) Uniform flow
2 2
V0 V 2 2 2
The Bernoulli equation becomes + g⋅ 0 = + g⋅ h V = V0 − 2 ⋅ g ⋅ h V= V0 − 2 ⋅ g ⋅ h
2 2

Hence (
−M ⋅ g = w1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ w1 ⋅ A1 = −ρ⋅ V ⋅ A) 2

But from continuity ρ⋅ V0 ⋅ A0 = ρ⋅ V⋅ A so V⋅ A = V0 ⋅ A0

2
Hence we get M ⋅ g = ρ⋅ V⋅ V⋅ A = ρ⋅ V0 ⋅ A0 ⋅ V0 − 2 ⋅ g ⋅ h

⎡⎢ 2⎤
⎥
h=
1
⋅ V −
2 ⎛ M⋅ g ⎞
Solving for h
2⋅ g ⎢ 0 ⎜ ρ⋅ V ⋅ A ⎥
⎣ ⎝ 0 0⎠ ⎦

⎡⎢ 2⎤
⎥
2 2 ⎡ 3 ⎤
h = ×
1
× ⎢⎛⎜ 10⋅ ⎞ −
s m ⎢2⋅ kg × 9.81⋅ m × m ×
s
×
4 ⎥ ⎥
2 9.81⋅ m ⎢⎝ s⎠ ⎢ 2 1000⋅ kg 10⋅ m 2⎥ ⎥
π⋅ ⎛⎜ ⋅ m⎞ ⎥
s 25
⎢⎣ ⎢ ⎥⎦
⎣ ⎝ 1000 ⎠ ⎦
h = 4.28 m
 Problem *4.127 [Difficulty: 3]

d
CS (moves
at speed U)

y
x c
Rx
Ry

Given: Water jet striking moving vane

Find: Force needed to hold vane to speed U = 5 m/s

Solution:
Basic equations: Momentum flux in x and y directions

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure in jet 4) Uniform flow 5) Jet relative velocity is
constant

Then ( ) ( )
Rx = u 1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + u 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 = −( V − U) ⋅ [ ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A] + ( V − U) ⋅ cos( θ) ⋅ [ ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A]

2
⋅ ⎛⎜ ⋅ m⎞
2 π 40 −3 2
Rx = ρ( V − U) ⋅ A⋅ ( cos( θ) − 1 ) A = A = 1.26 × 10 m
4 ⎝ 1000 ⎠

Using given data

2 2
⎡
kg m⎤ −3 2 N⋅ s
Rx = 1000⋅ × ⎢( 25 − 5 ) ⋅ ⎥ × 1.26 × 10 ⋅ m × ( cos( 150 ⋅ deg) − 1 ) × Rx = −940 N
3 ⎣ s⎦ kg⋅ m
m

Then ( ) ( )
Ry = v 1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + v 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 = −0 + ( V − U) ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ [ ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A]

2 2
N⋅ s
× ⎡⎢( 25 − 5 ) ⋅
2 kg m⎤ −3 2
Ry = ρ( V − U) ⋅ A⋅ sin( θ) Ry = 1000⋅ ⎥ × 1.26 × 10 ⋅ m × sin( 150 ⋅ deg) × R = 252 N
3 ⎣ s⎦ kg⋅ m y
m

Hence the force required is 940 N to the left and 252 N upwards to maintain motion at 5 m/s
 Problem 4.128 [Difficulty: 3]

CS (moves
at speed U)

c
y
Rx x
Ry

Given: Water jet striking moving vane

Find: Force needed to hold vane to speed U = 10 m/s

Solution:
Basic equations: Momentum flux in x and y directions

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure in jet 4) Uniform flow 5) Jet relative velocity is
constant

Then ( ) ( )
Rx = u 1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + u 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 = −( V − U) ⋅ [ ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A] + ( V − U) ⋅ cos( θ) ⋅ [ ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A]

2
Rx = ρ( V − U) ⋅ A⋅ ( cos( θ) − 1 )

Using given data

2 2
N⋅ s
× ⎡⎢( 30 − 10) ⋅
kg m⎤ 2
Rx = 1000⋅ ⎥ × 0.004 ⋅ m × ( cos( 120 ⋅ deg) − 1) × Rx = −2400 N
m
3 ⎣ s⎦ kg⋅ m

Then ( ) ( )
Ry = v 1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + v 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 = −0 + ( V − U) ⋅ sin( θ) ⋅ [ ρ⋅ ( V − U) ⋅ A]

2 2
N⋅ s
× ⎡⎢( 30 − 10) ⋅
2 kg m⎤ 2
Ry = ρ( V − U) ⋅ A⋅ sin( θ) Ry = 1000⋅ ⎥ × 0.004 ⋅ m × sin( 120 ⋅ deg) × Ry = 1386 N
m
3 ⎣ s⎦ kg⋅ m

Hence the force required is 2400 N to the left and 1390 N upwards to maintain motion at 10 m/s
Problem 4.129 [Difficulty: 2]
 Problem 4.134 [Difficulty: 3]

CS (moves to Vj + Vc
left at speed Vc) d

Vj + Vc

c
R

y Rx
x
t

Given: Water jet striking moving cone

Find: Thickness of jet sheet; Force needed to move cone

Solution:
Basic equations: Mass conservation; Momentum flux in x direction

Assumptions: 1) Steady flow 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure in jet 4) Uniform flow 5) Jet relative velocity is
constant
2
π⋅ Dj
Then −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 = 0 (
−ρ⋅ Vj + Vc ⋅ ) 4
( )
+ ρ⋅ Vj + Vc ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ R⋅ t = 0 (Refer to sketch)

2
Dj 1 2 1
Hence t= t = × ( 4 ⋅ in) × t = 0.222 ⋅ in
8⋅ R 8 9 ⋅ in

Using relative velocities, x momentum is

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
Rx = u 1 ⋅ −ρ⋅ V1 ⋅ A1 + u 2 ⋅ ρ⋅ V2 ⋅ A2 = − Vj + Vc ⋅ ⎡ρ⋅ Vj + Vc ⋅ Aj⎤ + Vj + Vc ⋅ cos( θ) ⋅ ⎡ρ⋅ Vj + Vc ⋅ Aj⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ( ) ( )
( )2
Rx = ρ Vj + Vc ⋅ Aj⋅ ( cos( θ) − 1 )

Using given data

2
π⋅ ⎛⎜ ⋅ ft⎞
4
2 2
slug
× ⎡⎢( 100 + 45) ⋅
ft⎤ ⎝ 12 ⎠ × ( cos( 60⋅ deg) − 1 ) × lbf ⋅ s
Rx = 1.94⋅ ⎥ × Rx = −1780⋅ lbf
ft
3 ⎣ s⎦ 4 slug⋅ ft

Hence the force is 1780 lbf to the left; the upwards equals the weight
Problem 4.138 [Difficulty: 2]
Problem 4.142 [Difficulty: 3]
 Problem 4.156 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on system

Find: Jet speed to stop cart after 1 s; plot speed & position; maximum x; time to return to origin

Solution: Apply x momentum

Assumptions: 1) All changes wrt CV 2) Incompressible flow 3) Atmospheric pressure in jet 4) Uniform flow 5) Constant jet area

kg 2 m
The given data is ρ = 999 ⋅ M = 100⋅ kg A = 0.01⋅ m U0 = 5⋅
3 s
m

Then −arf ⋅ M = u 1⋅ [ −ρ⋅ ( V + U) ⋅ A ] + u 2⋅ m2 + u 3⋅ m3

dU
where arf = u 1 = −( V + U) and u2 = u3 = 0
dt

2
ρ⋅ ( V + U) ⋅ A d ( V + U) ρ⋅ A
= −⎛⎜ ⋅ dt⎞
dU 2 dU
Hence − ⋅ M = ρ⋅ ( V + U) ⋅ A or =− which leads to
dt dt M
( V + U)
2 ⎝ M ⎠

V + U0
Integrating and using the IC U = U0 at t = 0 U = −V +
1+
(
ρ⋅ A⋅ V + U0 ) ⋅t
M
To find the jet speed V to stop the cart after 1 s, solve the above equation for V, with U = 0 and t = 1 s. (The equation becomes a
quadratic in V). Instead we use Excel's Goal Seek in the associated workbook
m
From Excel V = 5⋅
s
dx V + U0
For the position x we need to integrate = U = −V +
dt
1+
(
ρ⋅ A⋅ V + U0 ) ⋅t
M

M⎡ (
ρ⋅ A⋅ V + U0 ) ⎤
The result is x = −V⋅ t + ⋅ ln⎢1 + ⋅ t⎥
ρ⋅ A ⎣ M ⎦
This equation (or the one for U with U = 0) can be easily used to find the maximum value of x by differentiating, as well as the time for x
to be zero again. Instead we use Excel's Goal Seek and Solver in the associated workbook
From Excel x max = 1.93⋅ m t( x = 0 ) = 2.51⋅ s
V + U0 M ⎡ (
ρ⋅ A⋅ V + U0 ) ⎤
The complete set of equations is U = −V + x = −V⋅ t + ⋅ ln⎢1 + ⋅ t⎥
1+
ρ⋅ A⋅ V + U0
⋅t
( ) ρ⋅ A ⎣ M ⎦
M
The plots are presented in the Excel workbook:

t (s) x (m) U (m/s) To find V for U = 0 in 1 s, use Goal Seek

0.0 0.00 5.00
0.2 0.82 3.33 t (s) U (m/s) V (m/s)
0.4 1.36 2.14 1.0 0.00 5.00
0.6 1.70 1.25
0.8 1.88 0.56 To find the maximum x , use Solver
1.0 1.93 0.00
1.2 1.88 -0.45 t (s) x (m)
1.4 1.75 -0.83 1.0 1.93
1.6 1.56 -1.15
1.8 1.30 -1.43 To find the time at which x = 0 use Goal Seek
2.0 0.99 -1.67
2.2 0.63 -1.88 t (s) x (m)
2.4 0.24 -2.06 2.51 0.00
2.6 -0.19 -2.22
2.8 -0.65 -2.37
3.0 -1.14 -2.50

Cart Position x vs Time

2.5

2.0

1.5
x (m)

1.0

0.5

0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

t (s)

Cart Speed U vs Time

6

4
U (m/s)

0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
-1

-2

-3

t (s)