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Anischan Gani
Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi
Pesan kunci :
Pendahuluan
Skala warna, yang tersusun dari suatu seri warna hijau, dari hijau
kekuningan sampai hijau tua, sesuai dengan warna-warna daun di
lapang, dapat digunakan untuk mengukur warna daun. Bila suatu
nilai warna daun lebih rendah dari batas kritis tertentu, maka
tanaman memerlukan pupuk N tambahan. Bagan Warna Daun
(BWD) yang didistribusikan oleh CREMNET-IRRI untuk tanaman
padi, adalah suatu alat yang sederhana, mudah digunakan dan
tidak mahal, untuk menentukan waktu pemupukan N pada
tanaman padi. Alat ini cocok untuk mengoptimalkan penggunaan
N, untuk berbagai sumber pupuk N yang diberikan. Alat ini terdiri
dari empat warna hijau, dari hijau kekuningan sampai hijau tua.
BWD ini lah yang ingin kita kenalkan secara luas pada komunitas
pertanian di NAD, termasuk para penyuluh dan petani. Lebih jauh,
tulisan ini juga dimaksudkan untuk memberikan pengertian
tentang pentingnya pemupukan N pada tanaman padi dan dasar
pengertian tentang penggunaan BWD.
BWD terdiri dari empat warna hijau, dari hijau kekuningan (No. 2
pada kartu) sampai hijau tua (No. 5 pada kartu). BWD tak dapat
menunjukkan perbedaan warna hijau daun yang terlalu kecil
sebagaimana pada khlorofil meter (SPAD). Namun BWD bisa
dibandingkan dengan SPAD untuk menentukan ketepatan
relatifnya dalam menentukan status N tanaman padi.
Pilih daun termuda yang telah kembang sempurna dan sehat dari
suatu tanaman untuk pengukuran warna daun. Warna daun ini
sangat berhubungan dengan status N tanaman padi. Dari tiap
lahan, pilih 10 daun dari 10 tanaman yang dipilih secara random
(lebih banyak lebih baik) dan mewakili daerah penanaman.
Pastikan memilih tanaman dalam suatu area dimana populasi
tanaman seragam
Ukur warna dari tiap daun yang terpilih dengan memegang BWD
dan menempatkan bagian tengah daun di atas standar warna
untuk dibandingkan (Gambar 1). Selama pengukuran, tutupi daun
yang sedang diukur dengan badan karena pembacaan warna daun
dipengaruhi oleh sudut matahari dan intensitas cahaya matahari.
Jangan memotong ataupun merusak daun, dan bila mungkin
sebaiknya pengukuran dilakukan oleh orang yang sama pada
waktu yang sama di hari-hari pengamatan.
Sumber: BB Padi (2006) * Untuk hasil harapan diasumsikan unsur hara lain
seperti P dan K tidak merupakan faktor pembatas.
Bila rata-rata nilai BWD antara 3,5 dan 4,0; berikan 50 kg Urea/ha
pada hasil harapan sebesar 5 t/ha. Tambahkan lagi 25 kg Urea/ha
untuk setiap ton/ha lebih tingginya hasil harapan.
Bila rata-rata nilai BWD antara 4,0 dan 4,5; tak perlu memberikan
pupuk N bila hasil harapan hanya 5-6 t/ha. Tambahkan 50 kg
Urea/ha bila hasil harapan lebih dari 6 t/ha (Tabel 3).
Tabel 3. Takaran pemberian Urea (kg/ha) setelah pembacaan BWD lebih
rendah dari 4 berdasarkan kebutuhan riel tanaman, pada beberapa hasil
gabah yang diharapkan.*
Pembacaan Respons terhadap pemupukan N, dengan hasil harapan
BWD (t/ha)
Rendah (5) Sedang (6) Tinggi (7) Sangat tinggi
(8)
3.0 or less 75 100 125 150
3.5 – 4.0 50 75 100 125
4.0 – 4.5 0 0-50 50 50
Sumber: BB Padi (2006) * Untuk hasil harapan diasumsikan unsur hara lain
seperti P dan K tidak merupakan faktor pembatas.
References
Kim, K.S., G.A. Giacomelii, S. Sase, J.E. Son, S.W. Nam and F.
Nakazama. 2006. Optimization of Growth Environment in a Plant
Production Facility Using a Chlorophyll Fluorescence Method.
JARQ 40 (2): 149-156.
KONICA MINOLTA. 1989. Chlorophyll Meter SPAD-502 Manual.
Konica Minolta Sensing, Inc. Japan
Key Messages:
Introduction
Leaf colour is a useful indicator of the rice crop’s need for nitrogen
fertiliser. Pale or yellowish green of the leaf is the best indicator of
nitrogen deficiency in rice crop. Measuring leaf colour in the field
can be done with machines or simple tools. Some measurement
methods have disadvantages including damage to plants, need for
expensive equipment, and difficulty in taking measurements.
The standard rice leaf colour scale was developed to measure leaf
colour of a single leaf or a plant community. In the applications of
the colour scale, many studies showed that single leaf colour
measurement showed significant correlations with the average
nitrogen contents and yield components in many rice varieties. It
was clear from various studies that nitrogen top dressing increased
crop values. Moreover, this colour scale has been used in several
crops in judging plant nitrogen levels.
Now the Leaf Colour Chart has been developed using a series of
green colours that correspond to leaf colours in the field to assess
leaf greenness and plant nitrogen needs. The number on the chart
is read as the colour value (or LCC value) of the leaf. If the leaf
colour falls below a certain critical value it means that the crop
needs additional nitrogen fertiliser.
The first leaf colour chart (LCC) was developed in Japan, and later
Chinese researchers at Zhejiang Agricultural University developed a
much improved LCC and calibrated it for indica, japonica, and
hybrid rice. This chart later became a model for the LCC currently
distributed by IRRI’s Crop Resources and Management Network
(CREMNET) for rice crop; a simple, easy-to-use, and inexpensive
tool to determine the time of N topdressing for rice crops. It is an
ideal tool to optimize N use, irrespective of the source of N applied;
organic-, bio- or chemical-fertilizer.
The LCC consists of four green colour shades, from yellowish green
(No. 2 on the chart) to dark green (No. 5 on the chart). LCC cannot
indicate smaller differences in leaf greenness as the chlorophyll
meter or SPAD meter do. However, LCC can be compared with the
chlorophyll meter to determine their relative accuracy in assessing
the leaf N status of rice plants.
Select the youngest fully expanded and healthy leaf of a single plant
for leaf colour measurement. The colour of this leaf is highly related
to the N status of rice plants. From each field, select 10 leaves from
10 randomly selected plants (the more the better) which represent
the planted area. Be sure to select plants in an area where the
plant population is uniform.
Measure the colour of each selected leaf by holding the LCC and
placing the middle part of the leaf on top of a colour strip for
comparison (Figure 1). During measurement, shield the leaf being
measured from the sun with your body because leaf colour reading
is affected by the sun’s angle and sunlight intensity. Do not detach
or destroy the leaf and, if possible, the same person should take
leaf colour measurements at the same time of the day every time.
If the colour of the leaf seems to fall between two colour shades,
take the mean of the two values as the reading. For example, if the
colour of a rice leaf lies between number 3 and number 4, the
reading to be noted is 3.5.
50 75 100 125
* Expected yields assume other nutrients such as P and K are not limiting.
In rice crop, one of the most important growth factors limiting plant
response to applied N is water. Responses to N application are
limited when water availability is restricted, and certain seasons
tend to give higher yields in a year. The same is also applied to the
differences in efficiency of rice cultivars to N fertilizer. For these
reasons, the expected yield of a rice cultivar in difference seasons is
varied. So, N rates for other cultivar groups have to be worked out
locally.
Conclusion
References
Kim, K.S., G.A. Giacomelii, S. Sase, J.E. Son, S.W. Nam and F.
Nakazama. 2006. Optimization of Growth Environment in a Plant
Production Facility Using a Chlorophyll Fluorescence Method.
JARQ 40 (2): 149-156.