TSG Abstracts

Volume 1 Issue 1
Lightner, E.M.; Widergren, S.E.; , "An Orderly Transition to a Transformed Electricity

System," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.1, pp.3-10, June 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2045013
Abstract: In September 2001, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored a
workshop to develop a roadmap on communication and control technologies for
distributed energy resources. From this and subsequent activities with industry, academia,
and other research institutions, the concepts and vision of an interactive and adaptable
electricity system emerged; a vision that is now commonly referred to as smart grid.
Supported by significant federal investment announced in 2009, the DOE, its national
laboratories, and industry partners are now making significant strides in smart grid
deployments, demonstrations, and research. An imperative underlying these activities is
that they contribute to ensuring the steps taken in transitioning toward a smart grid retain
a system with dependable performance to the economy and society it services. This paper
summarizes the status of current smart grid related efforts, explains smart grid priorities,
and describes the direction of research and development activities supported by the DOE.
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?
tp=&arnumber=5452995&isnumber=5467281
Bose, A.; , "Smart Transmission Grid Applications and Their Supporting Infrastructure,"
Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.1, pp.11-19, June 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2044899
Abstract: In this paper we assume that time synchronized measurements will be
ubiquitously available at all high-voltage substations at very high rates. We examine how
this information can be utilized more effectively for real-time operation as well as for
subsequent decision making. This new information available in real time is different, both
in quality and in quantity, than the real-time measurements available today. The promise
of new and improved applications to operate the power system more reliably and
efficiently has been recognized but is still in conceptual stages. Also, the present system
to handle this real-time data has been recognized to be inadequate but even conceptual
designs of such infrastructure needed to store and communicate the data are in their
infancy. In this paper, we first suggest the requirements for an information infrastructure
to handle ubiquitous phasor measurements recognizing that the quantity and rate of data
would make it impossible to store all the data centrally as done today. Then we discuss
the new and improved applications, classified into two categories: one is the set of
automatic wide-area controls and the other is the set of control center (EMS) functions
with special attention to the state estimator. Finally, given that the availability of phasor
measurements will grow over time, the path for smooth transition from present-day
systems and applications to those discussed here is delineated.
De La Ree, J.; Centeno, V.; Thorp, J.S.; Phadke, A.G.; , "Synchronized Phasor
Measurement Applications in Power Systems," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on ,
vol.1, no.1, pp.20-27, June 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2044815
Abstract: Synchronized phasor measurements have become a mature technology with
several international manufacturers offering commercial phasor measurement units
(PMUs) which meet the prevailing industry standard for synchrophasors. With the
occurrence of major blackouts in many power systems around the world, the value of
data provided by PMUs has been recognized, and installation of PMUs on power
transmission networks of most major power systems has become an important current
activity. This paper provides a brief introduction to the PMU and wide-area measurement
system (WAMS) technology and discusses the uses of these measurements for improved
monitoring, protection, and control of power networks.
Zhifang Wang; Scaglione, A.; Thomas, R.J.; , "Generating Statistically Correct Random
Topologies for Testing Smart Grid Communication and Control Networks," Smart Grid,
IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.1, pp.28-39, June 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2044814
Abstract: In order to design an efficient communication scheme and examine the
efficiency of any networked control architecture in smart grid applications, we need to
characterize statistically its information source, namely the power grid itself.
Investigating the statistical properties of power grids has the immediate benefit of
providing a natural simulation platform, producing a large number of power grid test
cases with realistic topologies, with scalable network size, and with realistic electrical
parameter settings. The second benefit is that one can start analyzing the performance of
decentralized control algorithms over information networks whose topology matches that
of the underlying power network and use network scientific approaches to determine
analytically if these architectures would scale well. With these motivations, in this paper
we study both the topological and electrical characteristics of power grid networks based
on a number of synthetic and real-world power systems. The most interesting discoveries
include: the power grid is sparsely connected with obvious small-world properties; its
nodal degree distribution can be well fitted by a mixture distribution coming from the
sum of a truncated geometric random variable and an irregular discrete random variable;
the power grid has very distinctive graph spectral density and its algebraic connectivity
scales as a power function of the network size; the line impedance has a heavy-tailed
distribution, which can be captured quite accurately by a clipped double Pareto lognormal
distribution. Based on the discoveries mentioned above, we propose an algorithm that
generates random topology power grids featuring the same topology and electrical
characteristics found from the real data.
Rogers, K.M.; Klump, R.; Khurana, H.; Aquino-Lugo, A.A.; Overbye, T.J.; , "An
Authenticated Control Framework for Distributed Voltage Support on the Smart Grid,"
Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.1, pp.40-47, June 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2044816
Abstract: Existing and forthcoming devices at the residential level have the ability to
provide reactive power support. Inverters which connect distributed generation such as
solar panels and pluggable hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) to the grid are an example.
Such devices are not currently utilized by the power system. We investigate the
integration of these end-user reactive-power-capable devices to provide voltage support
to the grid via a secure communications infrastructure. We determine effective locations
in the transmission system and show how reactive power resources connected at those
buses can be controlled. Buses belong to reactive support groups which parallel the
regions of the secure communications architecture that is presented. Ultimately, our goal
is to present how the smart grid can enable the utilization of available end-user devices as
a resource to mitigate power system problems such as voltage collapse.
Russell, B.D.; Benner, C.L.; , "Intelligent Systems for Improved Reliability and Failure
Diagnosis in Distribution Systems," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.1,
pp.48-56, June 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2044898
Abstract: Certain smart grid technologies can reduce the number of customers affected by
prolonged outages, and thereby increase reliability through automated switching to
restore service. Such technologies are useful, but reactive in nature, performing their
function only after a fault occurs and an outage has been detected. They must presume
that nonfaulted feeder sections and alternative feeders are healthy and capable of carrying
increased power flow. Research at Texas A&M University has demonstrated that
sophisticated, automated real-time analysis of feeder electrical waveforms can be used to
predict failures and assess the health of distribution lines and line apparatus. Reliability
can be substantially improved by detecting, locating, and repairing incipient failures
before catastrophic failure, often before an outage occurs. Requirements for data and
computation are substantially greater than for devices like digital relays and power-
quality meters, but feasible with modern electronics. This paper provides selected
examples of failures that have been predicted by intelligent distribution fault anticipation
(DFA) algorithms. The data requirements and processing analysis to detect these failures
are discussed. The problems related to full-scale deployment of the proposed system in a
utility-wide application are presented. The authors use experience gained from their long-
term research to propose concepts for overcoming these impediments.
Moslehi, K.; Kumar, R.; , "A Reliability Perspective of the Smart Grid," Smart Grid,
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2046346
Abstract: Increasing complexity of power grids, growing demand, and requirement for
greater reliability, security and efficiency as well as environmental and energy
sustainability concerns continue to highlight the need for a quantum leap in harnessing
communication and information technologies. This leap toward a Â¿smarterÂ¿ grid is
widely referred to as Â¿smart grid.Â¿ A framework for cohesive integration of these
technologies facilitates convergence of acutely needed standards, and implementation of
necessary analytical capabilities. This paper critically reviews the reliability impacts of
major smart grid resources such as renewables, demand response, and storage. We
observe that an ideal mix of these resources leads to a flatter net demand that eventually
accentuates reliability challenges further. A gridwide IT architectural framework is
presented to meet these challenges while facilitating modern cybersecurity measures.
This architecture supports a multitude of geographically and temporally coordinated
hierarchical monitoring and control actions over time scales from milliseconds and up.
Sekyung Han; Soohee Han; Sezaki, K.; , "Development of an Optimal Vehicle-to-Grid

Aggregator for Frequency Regulation," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.1,
pp.65-72, June 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2045163
Abstract: For vehicle-to-grid (V2G) frequency regulation services, we propose an
aggregator that makes efficient use of the distributed power of electric vehicles to
produce the desired grid-scale power. The cost arising from the battery charging and the
revenue obtained by providing the regulation are investigated and represented
mathematically. Some design considerations of the aggregator are also discussed together
with practical constraints such as the energy restriction of the batteries. The cost function
with constraints enables us to construct an optimization problem. Based on the developed
optimization problem, we apply the dynamic programming algorithm to compute the
optimal charging control for each vehicle. Finally, simulations are provided to illustrate
the optimality of the proposed charging control strategy with variations of parameters.
Armenia, A.; Chow, J.H.; , "A Flexible Phasor Data Concentrator Design Leveraging
Existing Software Technologies," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.1, pp.73-
81, June 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2046509
Abstract: Recently, many utility companies have been adding synchrophasor
measurement capability to their systems. Synchrophasors can provide operators with
additional information about current system state, and can be used to improve the
accuracy of state estimation. Currently, many transmission operators do not have the
ability to process, store, and utilize the data from their own phasor measurement units
(PMUs) locally; instead, they rely on larger data concentrators located elsewhere. We
present a design for a phasor system, called the flexible integrated phasor system (FIPS),
to provide a more flexible, lower cost alternative to provide independent system operators
and transmission owners ready access to their phasor data. This provides a robust
foundation for a variety of smart applications.
Rahimi, F.; Ipakchi, A.; , "Demand Response as a Market Resource Under the Smart Grid
Paradigm," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.1, pp.82-88, June 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2045906
Abstract: Demand response (DR), distributed generation (DG), and distributed energy
storage (DES) are important ingredients of the emerging smart grid paradigm. For ease of
reference we refer to these resources collectively as distributed energy resources (DER).
Although much of the DER emerging under smart grid are targeted at the distribution
level, DER, and more specifically DR resources, are considered important elements for
reliable and economic operation of the transmission system and the wholesale markets. In
fact, viewed from transmission and wholesale operations, sometimes the term ??virtual
power plant?? is used to refer to these resources. In the context of energy and ancillary
service markets facilitated by the independent system operators (ISOs)/regional
transmission organizations (RTOs), the market products DER/DR can offer may include
energy, ancillary services, and/or capacity, depending on the ISO/RTO market design and
applicable operational standards. In this paper we first explore the main industry drivers
of smart grid and the different facets of DER under the smart grid paradigm. We then
concentrate on DR and summarize the existing and evolving programs at different
ISOs/RTOs and the product markets they can participate in. We conclude by addressing
some of the challenges and potential solutions for implementation of DR under smart grid
and market paradigms.
Parvania, M.; Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M.; , "Demand Response Scheduling by Stochastic

SCUC," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.1, pp.89-98, June 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2046430
Abstract: Considerable developments in the real-time telemetry of demand-side systems
allow independent system operators (ISOs) to use reserves provided by demand response
(DR) in ancillary service markets. Currently, many ISOs have designed programs to
utilize the reserve provided by DR in electricity markets. This paper presents a stochastic
model to schedule reserves provided by DR in the wholesale electricity markets.
Demand-side reserve is supplied by demand response providers (DRPs), which have the
responsibility of aggregating and managing customer responses. A mixed-integer
representation of reserve provided by DRPs and its associated cost function are used in
the proposed stochastic model. The proposed stochastic model is formulated as a two-
stage stochastic mixed-integer programming (SMIP) problem. The first-stage involves
network-constrained unit commitment in the base case and the second-stage investigates
security assurance in system scenarios. The proposed model would schedule reserves
provided by DRPs and determine commitment states of generating units and their
scheduled energy and spinning reserves in the scheduling horizon. The proposed
approach is applied to two test systems to illustrate the benefits of implementing demand-
side reserve in electricity markets.
Metke, A.R.; Ekl, R.L.; , "Security Technology for Smart Grid Networks," Smart Grid,
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2046347
Abstract: There is virtually universal agreement that it is necessary to upgrade the electric
grid to increase overall system efficiency and reliability. Much of the technology
currently in use by the grid is outdated and in many cases unreliable. There have been
three major blackouts in the past ten years. The reliance on old technology leads to
inefficient systems, costing unnecessary money to the utilities, consumers, and taxpayers.
To upgrade the grid, and to operate an improved grid, will require significant dependence
on distributed intelligence and broadband communication capabilities. The access and
communications capabilities require the latest in proven security technology for
extremely large, wide-area communications networks. This paper discusses key security
technologies for a smart grid system, including public key infrastructures and trusted
computing.
Volume 1 Issue 2
Molderink, A.; Bakker, V.; Bosman, M.G.C.; Hurink, J.L.; Smit, G.J.M.; , "Management
and Control of Domestic Smart Grid Technology," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on ,
vol.1, no.2, pp.109-119, Sept. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2055904
Abstract: Emerging new technologies like distributed generation, distributed storage, and
demand-side load management will change the way we consume and produce energy.
These techniques enable the possibility to reduce the greenhouse effect and improve grid
stability by optimizing energy streams. By smartly applying future energy production,
consumption, and storage techniques, a more energy-efficient electricity supply chain can
be achieved. In this paper a three-step control methodology is proposed to manage the
cooperation between these technologies, focused on domestic energy streams. In this
approach, (global) objectives like peak shaving or forming a virtual power plant can be
achieved without harming the comfort of residents. As shown in this work, using good
predictions, in advance planning and real-time control of domestic appliances, a better
matching of demand and supply can be achieved.
Mohsenian-Rad, A.-H.; Leon-Garcia, A.; , "Optimal Residential Load Control With Price
Prediction in Real-Time Electricity Pricing Environments," Smart Grid, IEEE
Transactions on , vol.1, no.2, pp.120-133, Sept. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2055903
Abstract: Real-time electricity pricing models can potentially lead to economic and
environmental advantages compared to the current common flat rates. In particular, they
can provide end users with the opportunity to reduce their electricity expenditures by
responding to pricing that varies with different times of the day. However, recent studies
have revealed that the lack of knowledge among users about how to respond to time-
varying prices as well as the lack of effective building automation systems are two major
barriers for fully utilizing the potential benefits of real-time pricing tariffs. We tackle
these problems by proposing an optimal and automatic residential energy consumption
scheduling framework which attempts to achieve a desired trade-off between minimizing
the electricity payment and minimizing the waiting time for the operation of each
appliance in household in presence of a real-time pricing tariff combined with inclining
block rates. Our design requires minimum effort from the users and is based on simple
linear programming computations. Moreover, we argue that any residential load control
strategy in real-time electricity pricing environments requires price prediction
capabilities. This is particularly true if the utility companies provide price information
only one or two hours ahead of time. By applying a simple and efficient weighted
average price prediction filter to the actual hourly-based price values used by the Illinois
Power Company from January 2007 to December 2009, we obtain the optimal choices of
the coefficients for each day of the week to be used by the price predictor filter.
Simulation results show that the combination of the proposed energy consumption
scheduling design and the price predictor filter leads to significant reduction not only in
users' payments but also in the resulting peak-to-average ratio in load demand for various
load scenarios. Therefore, th- - e deployment of the proposed optimal energy
consumption scheduling schemes is beneficial for both end users and utility companies.
Pedrasa, M.A.A.; Spooner, T.D.; MacGill, I.F.; , "Coordinated Scheduling of Residential

Distributed Energy Resources to Optimize Smart Home Energy Services," Smart Grid,
IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.2, pp.134-143, Sept. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2053053
Abstract: We describe algorithmic enhancements to a decision-support tool that
residential consumers can utilize to optimize their acquisition of electrical energy
services. The decision-support tool optimizes energy services provision by enabling end
users to first assign values to desired energy services, and then scheduling their available
distributed energy resources (DER) to maximize net benefits. We chose particle swarm
optimization (PSO) to solve the corresponding optimization problem because of its
straightforward implementation and demonstrated ability to generate near-optimal
schedules within manageable computation times. We improve the basic formulation of
cooperative PSO by introducing stochastic repulsion among the particles. The improved
DER schedules are then used to investigate the potential consumer value added by
coordinated DER scheduling. This is computed by comparing the end-user costs obtained
with the enhanced algorithm simultaneously scheduling all DER, against the costs when
each DER schedule is solved separately. This comparison enables the end users to
determine whether their mix of energy service needs, available DER and electricity tariff
arrangements might warrant solving the more complex coordinated scheduling problem,
or instead, decomposing the problem into multiple simpler optimizations.
Kamwa, I.; Samantaray, S.R.; Joos, G.; , "Catastrophe Predictors From Ensemble
Decision-Tree Learning of Wide-Area Severity Indices," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions
on , vol.1, no.2, pp.144-158, Sept. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2052935
Abstract: Catastrophe precursors are essential prerequisites for response-based remedial
action schemes, at both the protective and the operator levels. In this paper, wide-area-
severity indices (WASI) derived from PMU measurements serve as the basis for building
fast catastrophe predictors using random-forest (RF) learning. Given the randomness in
the ensemble of decision trees (DTs) stacked in the RF model, it can provide at the recall
stage not only an early assessment of the stable/unstable status of an ongoing contingency
but also a probability outcome which quantifies the confidence level of the decision. This
methodology, which to the best of our knowledge is new to the dynamic security
assessment (DSA) of power systems, is also very effective in evaluating the importance
of and interaction among the various WASI input features. Our research unexpectedly
showed that the ensemble of trees in the RF is very robust in the presence of small
changes in the training data and generalize across widely different network dynamics.
Thus, the same RF performed very well on a large database with more than 60 000
instances from a test system (10%) and an actual (90%) system combined. One such a
general RF (with 210 trees) boosted the reliability of a 9-cycle catastrophe predictor to
99.9%, compared to only 70% when a single conventionally trained DT is used.
Yingchen Zhang; Markham, P.; Tao Xia; Lang Chen; Yanzhu Ye; Zhongyu Wu; Zhiyong
Yuan; Lei Wang; Bank, J.; Burgett, J.; Conners, R.W.; Yilu Liu; , "Wide-Area Frequency
Monitoring Network (FNET) Architecture and Applications," Smart Grid, IEEE
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2050345
Abstract: Recent developments in smart grid technology have spawned interest in the use
of phasor measurement units to help create a reliable power system transmission and
distribution infrastructure. Wide-area monitoring systems (WAMSs) utilizing
synchrophasor measurements can help with understanding, forecasting, or even
controlling the status of power grid stability in real-time. A power system frequency
monitoring network (FNET) was first proposed in 2001 and was established in 2004. As
a pioneering WAMS, it serves the entire North American power grid through advanced
situational awareness techniques, such as real-time event alerts, accurate event location
estimation, animated event visualization, and post event analysis. Several papers
published in the past several years discussed the FNET structure and its functionality.
This paper presents some of the latest implementations of FNET's applications, which
add significant capacities to this system for observing power system problems.
Fangxing Li; Wei Qiao; Hongbin Sun; Hui Wan; Jianhui Wang; Yan Xia; Zhao Xu; Pei
Zhang; , "Smart Transmission Grid: Vision and Framework," Smart Grid, IEEE
transactions on , vol.1, no.2, pp.168-177, Sept. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2053726
Abstract: A modern power grid needs to become smarter in order to provide an
affordable, reliable, and sustainable supply of electricity. For these reasons, considerable
activity has been carried out in the United States and Europe to formulate and promote a
vision for the development of future smart power grids. However, the majority of these
activities emphasized only the distribution grid and demand side leaving the big picture
of the transmission grid in the context of smart grids unclear. This paper presents a
unique vision for the future of smart transmission grids in which their major features are
identified. In this vision, each smart transmission grid is regarded as an integrated system
that functionally consists of three interactive, smart components, i.e., smart control
centers, smart transmission networks, and smart substations. The features and functions
of each of the three functional components, as well as the enabling technologies to
achieve these features and functions, are discussed in detail in the paper.
Ginot, N.; Mannah, M.A.; Batard, C.; Machmoum, M.; , "Application of Power Line
Communication for Data Transmission Over PWM Network," Smart Grid, IEEE
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2053225
Abstract: In industrial applications, a feedback loop is used in order to transmit control
and diagnostic informations from the motor back to the inverter. The implementation of
such feedback loop requires the use of extra cabling between both sides and that may
have length exceeding few hundred meters. In this paper, the motor feeder cable is used
for data transmission instead of the separated extra cable by using the power line
communication (PLC) technology. However, beside the fact that feeder cables are not
designed for data transmission, they are also polluted by the inverter's outcome.
Therefore, PLC modems developed for domestic applications may not be suitable. The
aim of this study is to underline the possibility of communicating in such an environment.
Limitations and difficulties that obstruct transmission are revealed. Also, possible
solutions are discussed such as the use of a pulsewidth modulation filter in mean to
overcome those limitations.
Pei Zhang; Fangxing Li; Bhatt, N.; , "Next-Generation Monitoring, Analysis, and Control
for the Future Smart Control Center," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.2,
pp.186-192, Sept. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2053855
Abstract: This paper proposes a vision of next-generation monitoring, analysis, and
control functions for tomorrow's smart power system control centers. The paper first
reviews the present control center technology and then presents the vision of the next-
generation monitoring, analysis, and control functions. The paper also identifies the
technology and infrastructure gaps that must be filled, and develops a roadmap to realize
the proposed vision. This smart control center vision is expected to be a critical part of
the future smart transmission grid.
Medina, J.; Muller, N.; Roytelman, I.; , "Demand Response and Distribution Grid
Operations: Opportunities and Challenges," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1,
o.2, pp.193-198, Sept. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2050156
Abstract: Demand response (DR) is becoming an integral part of power system and
market operations. Smart grid technologies will further increase the use of DR in
everyday operations. Once the volume of the DR reaches a certain threshold, the effect of
the DR events on the distribution and transmission system operations will be hard to
ignore. This paper proposes changing the business process of DR scheduling and
implementation by integrating DR with distribution grid topology. Study cases using
OATI webDistribute show the potential DR effect on distribution grid operations and the
distribution grid changing the effectiveness of the DR. These examples illustrate the need
of integrating demand response with the distribution grid.
Kurohane, K.; Senjyu, T.; Yona, A.; Urasaki, N.; Goya, T.; Funabashi, T.; , "A Hybrid
Smart AC/DC Power System," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.2, pp.199-
204, Sept. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2053392
Abstract: Recently, smart grids are attracting attention. Already, a smart grid based on an
AC grid is proposed. However, no study on research is presented or published on a smart
grid based on a dc grid. This paper presents an ac/dc hybrid smart power system. The
proposed system has advantages of both dc and ac grids. The proposed power system
consists of a wind generator and several controllable loads. The controllable loads have
different capacities. Therefore, by applying power consumption control with the droop
characteristic, the dc bus voltage is maintained within the acceptable range. As
controllable loads, electric water heater and electric vehicle are assumed. Effectiveness of
the proposed method is verified by numerical simulation results.
Podmore, R.; Robinson, M.R.; , "The Role of Simulators for Smart Grid Development,"
Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.2, pp.205-212, Sept. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2055905
Abstract: The implementation of highly realistic real-time, massive, online, multi-time
frame simulations is proposed as a means for building a common vision of smart grid
functions among politicians, regulators, managers, operators, engineers, and technicians.
These massive simulations will include hundreds of participants that play roles of
reliability coordinators, transmission operators, distribution operators, power plant
operators, and substation operators. These highly visible drills can demonstrate how the
new smart grid systems, people, and processes can all work together economically and
reliably. The industry, especially smart grid system designers, can get feedback from low
cost, safe, and easily configurable simulations instead of waiting for expensive and
hardwired deployments. Direct load control of millions of customer appliances is
identified as a silver bullet to build self-healing and maximal flow smart grids that can
accommodate large penetrations of intermittent wind and solar generation and rapid load
growth due to plug-in electric vehicles. The paper recommends that up to 50% of load be
controlled with minimal inconvenience to customers to potentially enhance angle,
voltage, frequency, and thermal stability. An expert operator decision model is described
with a view to helping system developers build operator-centered and friendly smart grid
control systems.
Jiyi Chen; Wenyuan Li; Lau, A.; Jiguo Cao; Ke Wang; , "Automated Load Curve Data
Cleansing in Power Systems," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.2, pp.213-
221, Sept. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2053052
Abstract: Load curve data refers to the electric energy consumption recorded by meters at
certain time intervals at delivery points or end user points, and contains vital information
for day-to-day operations, system analysis, system visualization, system reliability
performance, energy saving and adequacy in system planning. Unfortunately, it is
unavoidable that load curves contain corrupted data and missing data due to various
random failure factors in meters and transfer processes. This paper presents the B-Spline
smoothing and Kernel smoothing based techniques to automatically cleanse corrupted
and missing data. In implementation, a man-machine dialogue procedure is proposed to
enhance the performance. The experiment results on the real British Columbia
Transmission Corporation (BCTC) load curve data demonstrated the effectiveness of the
presented solution.
Volume 1 Issue 3
Heydt, G.T.; , "The Next Generation of Power Distribution Systems," Smart Grid, IEEE
Transactions on , vol.1, no.3, pp.225-235, Dec. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2080328
Abstract: This paper summarizes diverse concepts for the next generation of power
distribution system. The objective is to bring distribution engineering more closely
aligned to smart grid philosophy. Issues of design, operation, and control are discussed
with regard to new system theoretic as well as component/materials advances. In
particular, two transmission engineering techniques are modified for use in distribution
engineering: state estimation, and locational marginal pricing. The impact of electronic
control in distribution systems is discussed. Because education and training have a great
impact on distribution engineering, these topics are discussed as well.
Conejo, A.J.; Morales, J.M.; Baringo, L.; , "Real-Time Demand Response Model," Smart
Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.3, pp.236-242, Dec. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2078843
Abstract: This paper describes an optimization model to adjust the hourly load level of a
given consumer in response to hourly electricity prices. The objective of the model is to
maximize the utility of the consumer subject to a minimum daily energy-consumption
level, maximum and minimum hourly load levels, and ramping limits on such load levels.
Price uncertainty is modeled through robust optimization techniques. The model
materializes into a simple linear programming algorithm that can be easily integrated in
the Energy Management System of a household or a small business. A simple
bidirectional communication device between the power supplier and the consumer
enables the implementation of the proposed model. Numerical simulations illustrating the
interest of the proposed model are provided.
Xiaohong Guan; Zhanbo Xu; Qing-Shan Jia; , "Energy-Efficient Buildings Facilitated by

Microgrid," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.3, pp.243-252, Dec. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2083705
Abstract: Recent research shows that 20%-30% of building energy consumption can be
saved through optimized operation and management without changing the building
structure and the hardware configuration of the energy supply system. Therefore, there is
a huge potential for building energy savings through efficient operation. Microgrid
technology provides an opportunity and a desirable infrastructure for improving the
efficiency of energy consumption in buildings. The key to improve building energy
efficiency in operation is to coordinate and optimize the operation of various energy
sources and loads. In this paper, the scheduling problem of building energy supplies is
considered with the practical background of a low energy building. The objective
function is to minimize the overall cost of electricity and natural gas for a building
operation over a time horizon while satisfying the energy balance and complicated
operating constraints of individual energy supply equipment and devices. The
uncertainties are captured and their impact is analyzed by the scenario tree method.
Numerical testing is performed with the data of the pilot low energy building. The testing
results show that significant energy cost savings can be achieved through integrated
scheduling and control of various building energy supply sources. It is very important to
fully utilize solar energy and optimize the operation of electrical storage. It is also shown
that precooling is a simple way to achieve energy savings.
Wei Li; Ju Tang; Jing Ma; Yilu Liu; , "Online Detection of Start Time and Location for
Hypocenter in North America Power Grid," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1,
no.3, pp.253-260, Dec. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2052934
Abstract: The power grid dynamics in North America is online detected by the North
American power grid frequency monitoring network, and the measured frequency signals
by frequency disturbance recorders (FDRs) contain the white noise and spikes that affect
the analysis to those signals. In this paper, an interference model is built to depict the
FDR frequency signals. Since those contaminated and complicated FDR frequency
signals cannot be denoised satisfactorily by a conventional median filter with fixed
window size, it is necessary that an adaptive median filter is designed and employed to
eliminate noise and spikes. Furthermore, the accurate event start time (EST) is very
important to analyze the dynamic process of a power grid and to locate the hypocenter of
both the load trip event and the generation trip event, and hence a simple and useful
algorithm also is presented to estimate the EST. Two event cases from North American
power grids are employed to validate our idea.
Juan Li; Chen-Ching Liu; Schneider, K.P.; , "Controlled Partitioning of a Power Network
Considering Real and Reactive Power Balance," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on ,
vol.1, no.3, pp.261-269, Dec. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2082577
Abstract: In response to disturbances, a self-healing system reconfiguration that splits a
power network into self-sufficient islands can stop the propagation of disturbances and
avoid cascading events. This paper proposes an area partitioning algorithm that
minimizes both real and reactive power imbalance between generation and load within
islands. The proposed algorithm is a smart grid technology that applies a highly efficient
multilevel multi-objective graph partitioning technique. Thus, it is applicable to very
large power grids. The proposed algorithm has been simulated on a 200- and a 22,000-
bus test systems. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm improves the voltage
profile of an island after the system reconfiguration compared with the algorithm that
only considers real power balance. In doing so, the algorithm maintains the
computational efficiency.
Crider, J.M.; Sudhoff, S.D.; , "Reducing Impact of Pulsed Power Loads on Microgrid
Power Systems," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.3, pp.270-277, Dec. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2080329
Abstract: Microgrid power systems are becoming increasingly common in a host of
applications. In this work, the mitigation of the adverse affects of pulsed-power loads on
these systems is considered. In microgrid power systems, pulsed loads are particularly
problematic since the total system inertia is finite. Examples include ships and aircraft
with high-power radars, pulsed weapons, and electromagnetic launch and recovery
systems. In these systems, energy is collected from the system over a finite time period,
locally stored, and then rapidly utilized. Herein, a new strategy to accommodate these
loads is presented. This strategy is based on identifying the optimal charging profile.
Using simulation and experiment, it is shown the proposed strategy is highly effective in
reducing the adverse impact of pulsed-power loads.
Bouhouras, A.S.; Andreou, G.T.; Labridis, D.P.; Bakirtzis, A.G.; , "Selective Automation
Upgrade in Distribution Networks Towards a Smarter Grid," Smart Grid, IEEE
Transactions on , vol.1, no.3, pp.278-285, Dec. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2080294
Abstract: Research on smart grid technologies has been advancing over the last years,
producing novel practices concerning mainly the power distribution networks. However,
in many countries these networks still operate in their traditional form, without offering
the real-time operational characteristics which are essential for the utilization of the
aforementioned practices. On the other hand, due to the extent of urban power
distribution networks, as well as the substantial cost of medium voltage equipment, the
full upgrade of these networks is in most cases not a feasible option. In this work,
alternative options of selective automation upgrade in power distribution networks are
offered, corresponding to the desired operational status of these networks. More
specifically, the essential upgrades are analyzed for the implementation of reliability
improvement and loss reduction techniques on such a network.
Amjady, N.; Keynia, F.; Zareipour, H.; , "Short-Term Load Forecast of Microgrids by a
New Bilevel Prediction Strategy," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.3,
pp.286-294, Dec. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2078842
Abstract: Microgrids are a rapidly growing sector of smart grids, which will be an
essential component in the trend toward distributed electricity generation. In the
operation of a microgrid, forecasting the short-term load is an important task. With a
more accurate short-term loaf forecast (STLF), the microgrid can enhance the
management of its renewable and conventional resources and improve the economics of
energy trade with electricity markets. However, STLF for microgrids is a complex
forecast process, mainly because of the highly nonsmooth and nonlinear behavior of the
load time series. In this paper, characteristics of the load time series of a typical
microgrid are discussed and the differences with the load time series of traditional power
systems are described. In addition, a new bilevel prediction strategy is proposed for STLF
of microgrids. The proposed strategy is composed of a feature selection technique and a
forecast engine (including neural network and evolutionary algorithm) in the lower level
as the forecaster and an enhanced differential evolution algorithm in the upper level for
optimizing the performance of the forecaster. The effectiveness of the proposed
prediction strategy is evaluated by the real-life data of a university campus in Canada.
Ortega-Vazquez, M.A.; Kirschen, D.S.; , "Assessing the Impact of Wind Power
Generation on Operating Costs," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.3, pp.295-
301, Dec. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2081386
Abstract: Wind power generation is taking an increasing share of the overall energy
production in many power systems. While its low marginal operating cost reduces the
overall cost of meeting the demand for electrical energy, the stochastic and intermittent
nature of wind generation increases the uncertainty that the system operators face and
obliges them to procure additional reserve capacity. This paper presents a methodology
for quantifying fully the effect of wind power generation on the various components of
the cost of operating the system.
Tongdan Jin; Mechehoul, M.; , "Ordering Electricity via Internet and its Potentials for
Smart Grid Systems," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.3, pp.302-310, Dec.
2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2072995
Abstract: The Internet has evolved into a ubiquitous communication medium for
information exchanges, services requests, and commodity purchasing. This paper
proposes the concept, architecture, and the customer incentives for implementing a new
demand-side management system called Online Purchase Electricity Now (OPEN). The
new system allows customers to directly order the electricity via the Internet as if
purchasing a book online. Utility companies, after consolidating the customers' orders,
decide an optimal generation and distribution scheme to satisfy customers' demands. The
time epoch between the customers' order and the actual generation acts as the lead time
during which virtual energy will be scheduled for production. Such a virtual energy
provisioning system can improve the reliability and stability of the electric grid which is
increasingly integrated with distributed energy resources. Bayesian theory, hypothesis
testing, and dynamic pricing are employed to justify the feasibility and applicability of
the OPEN system.
Leon, A.E.; Mauricio, J.M.; Solsona, J.A.; Gómez-Expósito, A.; , "Adaptive Control
Strategy for VSC-Based Systems Under Unbalanced Network Conditions," Smart Grid,
IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.3, pp.311-319, Dec. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2076840
Abstract: A new adaptive control strategy, intended to improve the ride-through
capability of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) systems under unbalanced network
conditions and parameter uncertainties, is introduced. The proposed strategy resorts to a
model reference adaptive control plus a resonant filter. The resonant filter scheme is
based on a unique synchronous reference frame that prevents the use of the customary
sequence component detector, increasing the controller bandwidth accordingly. Several
tests are conducted to compare the proposed scheme against existing HVDC controllers,
showing an improved performance regarding: 1) elimination of the 2ω ripple on the dc
voltage arising during ac-side imbalances; 2) accurate and decoupled active and reactive
power tracking when converter parameters are not perfectly known.
Mohsenian-Rad, A.; Wong, V.W.S.; Jatskevich, J.; Schober, R.; Leon-Garcia, A.; ,
"Autonomous Demand-Side Management Based on Game-Theoretic Energy
Consumption Scheduling for the Future Smart Grid," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on ,
vol.1, no.3, pp.320-331, Dec. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2089069
Abstract: Most of the existing demand-side management programs focus primarily on the
interactions between a utility company and its customers/users. In this paper, we present
an autonomous and distributed demand-side energy management system among users
that takes advantage of a two-way digital communication infrastructure which is
envisioned in the future smart grid. We use game theory and formulate an energy
consumption scheduling game, where the players are the users and their strategies are the
daily schedules of their household appliances and loads. It is assumed that the utility
company can adopt adequate pricing tariffs that differentiate the energy usage in time and
level. We show that for a common scenario, with a single utility company serving
multiple customers, the global optimal performance in terms of minimizing the energy
costs is achieved at the Nash equilibrium of the formulated energy consumption
scheduling game. The proposed distributed demand-side energy management strategy
requires each user to simply apply its best response strategy to the current total load and
tariffs in the power distribution system. The users can maintain privacy and do not need
to reveal the details on their energy consumption schedules to other users. We also show
that users will have the incentives to participate in the energy consumption scheduling
game and subscribing to such services. Simulation results confirm that the proposed
approach can reduce the peak-to-average ratio of the total energy demand, the total
energy costs, as well as each user's individual daily electricity charges.
Xu, W.; Wencong Wang; , "Power Electronic Signaling Technology—A New Class of
Power Electronics Applications," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.3,
pp.332-339, Dec. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2066293
Abstract: The application of power electronics to facilitate the transmission or conversion
of electric energy has been well known. This paper presents a different class of power
electronic applications-the power electronic circuits are deployed to create small but
discernible signals online. The signals are utilized for monitoring, power line
communication and other information-oriented purposes. We use the term “power
electronic (PE) signaling technology” to designate the technologies involved in these
applications. The objective of this paper is to survey and review the developments in this
fascinating field. Several highly successful PE signaling technologies and their
applications are illustrated. It is believed that signaling-oriented power electronic
techniques will have many potential applications in power systems and can be a major
source of innovation for the smart grid initiative.
Jin Ma; Pu Zhang; Hong-jun Fu; Bo Bo; Zhao-yang Dong; , "Application of Phasor
Measurement Unit on Locating Disturbance Source for Low-Frequency Oscillation,"
Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.3, pp.340-346, Dec. 2010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2071889
Abstract: A smart power grid is an integration of the advanced measurement,
communication, computer, and control techniques. Among all the state-of-the-art
technologies in building a smart power grid, the phasor measurement unit (PMU) is an
important and promising one. Nowadays in China, most ultrahigh- and high-voltage
buses are all equipped with PMUs. This paper reports an application of PMU data on
locating the disturbance source for the low-frequency oscillation that has happened
several times in the interconnected big power grids in China recently. The posterior
analysis by the Electric Power System Research Institute of China (CEPRI) has
confirmed that these low-frequency oscillations are caused by the resonance phenomena.
It is urgent to find the disturbance source in case it happens again. However, there have
been no systematic and effective methods to locate the disturbance in a very large power
system. The trial and error method has been implemented via the digital simulations, but
in vain. To overcome this problem, a novel method is developed in this paper to locate
the disturbance source with the help of PMUs. The method takes advantage of the PMU
measurements to reduce the searching area for locating the disturbance source. Case
studies show the efficiency of the proposed method.
Xian Liu; , "Economic Load Dispatch Constrained by Wind Power Availability: A Wait-
and-See Approach," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.1, no.3, pp.347-355, Dec.
010
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2057458
Abstract: In this paper a load dispatch model for the system consisting of both thermal
generators and wind turbines is developed. The stochastic wind power is included in the
model as a constraint. It is shown that, under certain conditions, the presented model has
a set of closed-form solutions. The availability of closed-form solutions is helpful to gain
more fundamental insights, such as the impact of a particular parameter on the optimal
solution. Moreover, the feasible ranges of optimal solutions are given in the case that the
output power of thermal turbines is restricted. Furthermore, the probability distribution
and the average of solutions are derived. This is called the wait-and-see approach in the
discipline of stochastic programming. The present work shows that the effects of random
wind speed on the generated power can be readily assessed.
Early Access
Zeng, B.; Teng, Z.; Cai, Y.; Guo, S.; Qing, B.; , "Harmonic Phasor Analysis Based on
Improved FFT Algorithm," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1, 0
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2078841
Abstract: An approach for power system harmonic phasor analysis under asynchronous
sampling is proposed in this paper. It is based on smoothing sampled data by windowing
the signal with the four-term fifth derivative Nuttall (FFDN) window, and then
calculating harmonic phasors in the frequency domain with an improved fast Fourier
transform (IFFT) algorithm. The applicable rectification formulas of the IFFT are
obtained by using the polynomial curve fitting, dramatically reducing the computation
load. The FFDN window can effectively inhibit the spectral leakage and the picket fence
effect can be modified by the IFFT algorithm under asynchronous sampling, and the
overall algorithm can easily be implemented in embedded systems. The effectiveness of
the proposed method was analyzed by means of simulations and practical experiments for
multifrequency signals with the fluctuation of the fundamental frequency and with the
presence of white noise and interharmonics.
Chertkov, M.; Pan, F.; Stepanov, M. G.; , "Predicting Failures in Power Grids: The Case
of Static Overloads," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1, 0
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2090912
Abstract: Here we develop an approach to predict power grid weak points, and
specifically to efficiently identify the most probable failure modes in static load
distribution for a given power network. This approach is applied to two examples:
Guam's power system and also the IEEE RTS-96 system, both modeled within the static
dc power flow model. Our algorithm is a power network adaption of the worst
configuration heuristics, originally developed to study low probability events in physics
and failures in error-correction. One finding is that, if the normal operational mode of the
grid is sufficiently healthy, the failure modes, also called instantons, are sufficiently
sparse, i.e., the failures are caused by load fluctuations at only a few buses. The technique
is useful for discovering weak links which are saturated at the instantons. It can also
identify generators working at the capacity and generators under capacity, thus providing
predictive capability for improving the reliability of any power network.
Sortomme, E.; El-Sharkawi, M. A.; , "Optimal Charging Strategies for Unidirectional

Vehicle-to-Grid," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1, 0
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2090910
Abstract: Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) has been proposed as a way to increase the adoption rate
of electric vehicles (EVs). Unidirectional V2G is especially attractive because it requires
little if any additional infrastructure other than communication between the EV and an
aggregator. The aggregator in turn combines the capacity of many EVs to bid into energy
markets. In this work an algorithm for unidirectional regulation is developed for use by
an aggregator. Several smart charging algorithms are used to set the point about which
the rate of charge varies while performing regulation. An aggregator profit maximization
algorithm is formulated with optional system load and price constraints analogous to the
smart charging algorithms. Simulations on a hypothetical group of 10 000 commuter EVs
in the Pacific Northwest verify that the optimal algorithms increase aggregator profits
while reducing system load impacts and customer costs.
Vandoorn, T. L.; Renders, B.; Degroote, L.; Meersman, B.; Vandevelde, L.; , "Active
Load Control in Islanded Microgrids Based on the Grid Voltage," Smart Grid, IEEE
Transactions on , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1, 0
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2090911
Abstract: In the islanded operating condition, the microgrid has to maintain the power
balance independently of a main grid. Because of the specific characteristics of the
microgrid, such as the resistive lines and the high degree of power-electronically
interfaced generators, new power control methods for the generators have been
introduced. For the active power control in this paper, a variant of the conventional $P/f$
droop control strategy is used, namely the voltage-droop controller. However, because of
the small size of the microgrid and the high share of renewables with an intermittent
character, new means of flexibility in power balancing are required to ensure stable
operation. Therefore, a novel active load control strategy is presented in this paper. The
aim is to render a proof of concept for this control strategy in an islanded microgrid. The
active load control is triggered by the microgrid voltage level. The latter is enabled by
using the voltage-droop control strategy and its specific properties. It is concluded that
the combination of the voltage-droop control strategy with the presented demand dispatch
allows reliable power supply without interunit communication for the primary control,
leads to a more efficient usage of the renewable energy and can even lead to an increased
share of renewables in the islanded microgrid.
Sortomme, E.; Hindi, M. M.; MacPherson, S. D. J.; Venkata, S. S.; , "Coordinated

Charging of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles to Minimize Distribution System Losses,"
Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1, 0
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2090913
Abstract: As the number of plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) increases, so might the
impacts on the power system performance, such as overloading, reduced efficiency,
power quality, and voltage regulation particularly at the distribution level. Coordinated
charging of PHEVs is a possible solution to these problems. In this work, the relationship
between feeder losses, load factor, and load variance is explored in the context of
coordinated PHEV charging. From these relationships, three optimal charging algorithms
are developed which minimize the impacts of PHEV charging on the connected
distribution system. The application of the algorithms to two test systems verifies these
relationships approximately hold independent of system topology. They also show the
additional benefits of reduced computation time and problem convexity when using load
factor or load variance as the objective function rather than system losses. This is
important for real-time dispatching of PHEVs.
Ning, J.; Wang, J.; Gao, W.; Liu, C.; , "A Wavelet-Based Data Compression Technique
for Smart Grid," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1, 0
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2091291
Abstract: This paper proposes a wavelet-based data compression approach for the smart
grid (SG). In particular, wavelet transform (WT)-based multiresolution analysis (MRA),
as well as its properties, are studied for its data compression and denoising capabilities
for power system signals in SG. Selection of the Order 2 Daubechies wavelet and scale 5
as the best wavelet function and the optimal decomposition scale, respectively, for
disturbance signals is demonstrated according to the criterion of the maximum wavelet
energy of wavelet coefficients (WCs). To justify the proposed method, phasor data are
simulated under disturbance circumstances in the IEEE New England 39-bus system. The
results indicate that WT-based MRA can not only compress disturbance signals but also
depress the sinusoidal and white noise contained in the signals.
Shahraeini, M.; Javidi, M. H.; Ghazizadeh, M. S.; , "Comparison Between

Communication Infrastructures of Centralized and Decentralized Wide Area
Measurement Systems," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1, 0
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2091431
Abstract: Restructuring in power systems has introduced new complexities and
difficulties in controlling of these systems. Therefore, new control strategies should be
investigated in operation of power systems. On the other hand, communication
infrastructure (CI) is responsible for establishing any control strategy. The purposes of
this study are twofold: firstly, to design a communication infrastructure for any given
power network with determined measurements; secondly, to compare communication
infrastructures for centralized and decentralized control strategies in power grids. The
comparison criteria are communication network cost, delay (latency), and reliability. In
this study, hybrid state estimation (HSE), as one of the most important wide area
measurement systems (WAMS), is opted. Communication infrastructures are designed
for two different control strategies; centralized and decentralized (multi-area) HSE. These
strategies have been investigated in IEEE 118-bus test network. Some new concepts, that
help us to compare any two given communication infrastructures with each other, are
introduced. Finally, two designed communication infrastructures for these two strategies
are compared with each other. The results show that, although communication
infrastructure investments are almost the same in both cases, decentralizing, as a cause of
decentralized control strategy, results in improvement of latency and reliability of CI.
Yi, P.; Iwayemi, A.; Zhou, C.; , "Developing ZigBee Deployment Guideline Under WiFi
Interference for Smart Grid Applications," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.PP,
no.99, pp.1, 0
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2091655
Abstract: Smart grid is an intelligent power generation, distribution, and control system.
ZigBee, as a wireless mesh networking scheme low in cost, power, data rate, and
complexity, is ideal for smart grid applications, e.g., real-time system monitoring, load
control, and building automation. Unfortunately, almost all ZigBee channels overlap with
wireless local area network (WLAN) channels, resulting in severe performance
degradation due to interference. In this paper, we aim to develop practical ZigBee
deployment guideline under the interference of WLAN. We identify the “Safe Distance”
and “Safe Offset Frequency” using a comprehensive approach including theoretical
analysis, software simulation, and empirical measurement. In addition, we propose a
frequency agility-based interference avoidance algorithm. The proposed algorithm can
detect interference and adaptively switch nodes to “safe” channel to dynamically avoid
WLAN interference with small latency and small energy consumption. Our proposed
scheme is implemented with a Meshnetics ZigBit Development Kit and its performance
is empirically evaluated in terms of the packet error rate (PER) using a ZigBee and Wi-Fi
coexistence test bed. It is shown that the empirical results agree with our analytical
results. The measurements demonstrate that our design guideline can efficiently mitigate
the effect of WiFi interference and enhance the performance of ZigBee networks.
Chakrabortty, A.; Chow, J. H.; Salazar, A.; , "A Measurement-Based Framework for
Dynamic Equivalencing of Large Power Systems Using Wide-Area Phasor
Measurements," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1, 0
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2093586
Abstract: Wide-area analysis and control of large-scale electric power systems are highly
dependent on the idea of aggregation. For example, one often hears power system
operators mentioning how northern Washington oscillates against southern California in
response to various disturbance events. The main question here is whether we can
analytically construct dynamic electromechanical models for these conceptual,
aggregated generators representing Washington and California, which in reality are some
hypothetical combinations of thousands of actual generators. In this paper we address this
problem, and present a concise overview of several new results on how to construct
simplified interarea models of large power networks by using dynamic measurements
available from phasor measurement units (PMUs) installed at specific points on the
transmission line. Our examples of study are motivated by widely encountered power
transfer paths in the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC), namely, a two-
area radial system representing the WA-MT flow, and a star-connected three-area system
resembling the Pacific AC Intertie.
Aquino-Lugo, A. A.; Klump, R.; Overbye, T. J.; , "A Control Framework for the Smart
Grid for Voltage Support Using Agent-Based Technologies," Smart Grid, IEEE
Transactions on , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1, 0
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2096238
Abstract: The introduction of remotely controlled network devices is transforming the
way the power system is operated and studied. The ability to provide real and reactive
power support can be achieved at the end-user level. In this paper, a framework and
algorithm to coordinate this type of end-user control is presented. The algorithm is based
on a layered architecture that would follow a chain of command from the top layer
(transmission grid) to the bottom layer (distribution grid). At the distribution grid layer,
certain local problems can be solved without the intervention of the top layers. A reactive
load control optimization algorithm to improve the voltage profile in distribution grid is
presented. The framework presented in this paper integrates agent-based technologies to
manage the data and control actions required to operate this type of architecture.
Borghetti, A.; Nucci, C. A.; Paolone, M.; Ciappi, G.; Solari, A.; , "Synchronized Phasors
Monitoring During the Islanding Maneuver of an Active Distribution Network," Smart
Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1, 0
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2094213
Abstract: The paper describes the performances of a phasor measurement unit (PMU)
prototype based on a synchrophasor estimation algorithm conceived for the monitoring of
active distribution networks, as well as its experimental application during some
intentional islanding and reconnection tests of an urban medium voltage power network.
With respect to typical applications in transmission networks, the use of PMUs in
distribution networks requires very low values of total vector error (TVE), which
involves particular low values of phase errors of the synchrophasor estimates. These
requirements are met by a specifically developed PMU, the characteristics and
experimental characterization of which are illustrated in the paper. Three of these PMUs
have been then used to monitor experimental tests carried out to assess the capability of a
urban distribution network to operate autonomously when fed by a local 80 MW
combined-cycle power plant. The information provided by the installed PMUs
significantly facilitate the operator maneuvers and appear to be useful for the
development of an improved control and management system of the active distribution
network.
Li, Y.; Li, Y. W.; , "Power Management of Inverter Interfaced Autonomous Microgrid
Based on Virtual Frequency-Voltage Frame," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on ,
vol.PP, no.99, pp.1, 0
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2095046
Abstract: This paper presents the power management scheme for a power electronics
based low voltage microgrid in islanding operation. The proposed real and reactive power
control is based on the virtual frequency and voltage $(omega^{prime}-E^{prime})$
frame, which can effectively decouple the real and reactive power flows and improve the
system transient and stability performance. Detailed analysis of the virtual frame
operation range is presented, and a control strategy to guarantee that the microgrid can be
operated within the predetermined voltage and frequency variation limits is also
proposed. Moreover, a reactive power control with adaptive voltage droop method is
proposed, which automatically updates the maximum reactive power limit of a DG unit
based on its current rating and actual real power output and features enlarged power
output range and further improved system stability. Both simulation and experimental
results are provided in this paper.
Rieken, D. W.; Walker II, M. R.; , "Ultra Low Frequency Power-Line Communications
Using a Resonator Circuit," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.PP, no.99, pp.1, 0
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2099674
Abstract: A novel device for the transmission of digital information over power lines is
introduced. The transmission circuit is passive, using a resonator circuit to create a
narrowband disturbance in the system. This disturbance can be detected over great
distances and, in many cases, through distribution transformers. This makes it a
promising solution to power-line communication problems in distribution systems that
are sparsely populated over large geographical expanses. Modulation algorithms are
introduced. We discuss results obtained using a prototype to transmit signals on a real
distribution system.
Barmada, S.; Musolino, A.; Raugi, M.; Rizzo, R.; Tucci, M.; , "A Wavelet Based Method
for the Analysis of Impulsive Noise Due to Switch Commutations in Power Line
Communication (PLC) Systems," Smart Grid, IEEE Transactions on , vol.PP, no.99,
pp.1, 0
doi: 10.1109/TSG.2010.2099135
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study the problem of load-time variation in power
line communication (PLC) systems and to analyze asynchronous impulsive noise and
related channel variations due to switch commutations. A numerical model of the time-
varying communication channel is developed by using scattering parameters in the
wavelet domain. The proposed method uses the N-port description of the elements that
constitute a time-varying PLC system in terms of real matrices with constant elements.
This represents a valid alternative to the time domain description usually adopted for
analyzing time-varying networks. The comparison with results obtained from other
numerical models and with experimental data has confirmed the accuracy and the
efficiency of the proposed method.

TSG Abstracts

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

TSG Abstracts

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Volume 1 Issue 1

Lightner, E.M.; Widergren, S.E.; , "An Orderly Transition to a Transformed Electricity

Sekyung Han; Soohee Han; Sezaki, K.; , "Development of an Optimal Vehicle-to-Grid

Parvania, M.; Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M.; , "Demand Response Scheduling by Stochastic

Pedrasa, M.A.A.; Spooner, T.D.; MacGill, I.F.; , "Coordinated Scheduling of Residential

Xiaohong Guan; Zhanbo Xu; Qing-Shan Jia; , "Energy-Efficient Buildings Facilitated by

Sortomme, E.; El-Sharkawi, M. A.; , "Optimal Charging Strategies for Unidirectional

Sortomme, E.; Hindi, M. M.; MacPherson, S. D. J.; Venkata, S. S.; , "Coordinated

Shahraeini, M.; Javidi, M. H.; Ghazizadeh, M. S.; , "Comparison Between

You might also like