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Persian self-taught
in Roman characters with
'CD English phonetic pronunciation
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 GOLD

SILVER?
Tooman t^jSRtk Tooman

COPPER
Sbabee Sbabee
PERSIAN COINS.
MARLBOROUQH'8 SELF-TAUGHT SERICS-NO. 22 PERSI AN.

<^jf<S.*

Persiaq Self-Taught
,
(IN ROMAN CHARACTERS) "

^ n
WITH ENGLISH

PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION.

CONTAINING

THE ALPHABET, TRANSLITERATION & PRONUNCIATION;

OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR ;

CLASSIFIED VOCABULARIES AND CONVERSATIONS;

TRAVEL TALK, TRADE AND COMMERCE ;

PERSIAN HANDWRITING ;

THE NUMERALS, MONEY, WEIGHTS & MEASURES;

&c., &c.

BY

SHAYK HASAN.

A O-
LONDON :

]
E. MARLBOROUGH^ & Co., 51, OLD BAILEY, E.G.

7y 1909.
[ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.]
 6235

LONDON :

MABLBOBOUGH, PEWTBESS & Co.,

2. OLD BAILEY, B.C.
 (tn *
PEEPACE.

volume is primarily intended to supply a working and

THIS
practical knowledge of the Persian language, for the benefit
of those who have not the time or the inclination to master
the grammar, and yet require to use the spoken tongue for

purposes of business or pleasure. With this object in view it

supplies many vocabularies of words carefully selected to suit the
needs of those holding communication with Persia and the
Persians, classified according to subject, and a large number
of colloquial phrases and sentences of a practical character,
Throughout these sections of the volume
s
imilarly classified.
the Persian words are given in the romanized form, and the
English phonetic pronunciation is added (in the third column)
in acccrdance with Marlborough's system of phonetics for which,
of course, the Publishers alone are responsible a system which
has grown out of long experience, and is of so simple a nature that,
by means of it, a stranger to the language, who knows English only,
can read off the words at a glance, and thus easily make himself
understood amongst Persian-speaking people. An outline of the
Grammar is added for the use of students of the language.
The work thus forms a useful and valuable handbook of Persian
for tourists and travellers, commercial men, naval and military
officers, students and others. We may add that the Persian
language is very sweet, and compared with other languages is
easy to master. It has a complete literature of its own. It is not
spoken in Persia alone, but in Afghanistan and many parts of
India, and is the official language of some of the courts of that
country. It is also used in Turkish Arabia (Baghdad), and by
educated people in Russian Turkestan.

The study of Persian is almost essential to one who wishes to

learn Hindustani and modern Turkish, as the former of these
contains about 40 per cent, and the latter about 25 per cent, of
Persian words.

SHAYKH HASAN.
Cambridge, 1909.
 CONTENTS.

THE ALPHABET AND PBONUNOIATION, Pages 7 to 11 .

"
The Alphabet ... 7
The Persi-Arabic Characters 8
Remarks on the Alphabet 10
The Romanized Characters, with Phonetic Pronunciation 11

PRELIMINARY NOTES 12

VOCABULARIES. Pages 13 to 52.

Animals, Vegetables, etc. ... .... 15 18
Animals, Birds and Fishes 15
Flowers, Fruits, Trees and Vegetables 17
Insects and Reptiles ... ... ... ... 16
Colours ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18
Commercial and Trading Terms ... ... ... ... 33
Correspondence ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 36
House and Furniture 28
Mankind; Relations ... ... ... 21
Human Body, The 22
Cooking and Eating Utensils 26
Dress and Dressing ... ... ... ... 26
Food, Drink and Smoking 24
Health 23
Numbers Cardinal
: 38
Collective and Fractional ... ... ... 40
Ordinal 39
Parts of Speech. Pages 41 to 52.
Adjectives ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 41
Adverbs, Conjunctions, and Prepositions ... ... ... 50
Verbs ... ... ... ... ... ... 44
Post-office,Telegraph and Telephone 37
Professions and Trades 30
Times and Seasons 18
The Persian Months 20
Town and Country 20
Travelling by Land 31
 CONTENTS.

Travelling by Sea 32
Washing List 28
World and its Elements, The ... 13
Land and Water 13
Minerals and Metals ... ... ... ... 14
OUTLINE OF GRAMMAR. Pages 53 to 64.
Adjectives 55
Adverbs ... 64
Conjunctions ... ... 64
Thelzafat 54
Noun 53
Prepositions ... ... ... 63
Pronouns Personal, Possessive, Relative, Interrogative
: 56 59
The Verb 59

CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES & SENTENCES. Pages 65 to 92.

Commercial and Trading ... ... 88 91
Correspondence, Post, Telegrams, etc. ... 82
Enquiries ... ... ... 70
Expressions, Useful and Necessary Idiomatic ... 65 69
Expressions of Emotion, etc 69
Health 80
In Town 84
Money-Changing 91
Notices ... 83
Post, Telegrams, etc 82
Shopping ... ... 86
Time, The 81
Travelling. Pages 71 to 80.
Arrival 74
Hotel, The 75
Meals 78
Railway, The 71
Steamboat, The 73
Useful and Necessary Idiomatic Expressions ... 65 69
PERSIAN HANDWRITING 93
Specimen of Persian Handwriting (The Lord's Prayer) ... 94
The Lord's Prayer in Romanized Persian, with literal
translation ... 95

MONEY: Persian Coins ... ... ... ... 95

Equivalent Values English, American and Persian ... 96

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES 96

POSTAL CHARGES ... 96

 PERSIAN SELF-TAUGHT.

THE ALPHABET.
THE Persi-Arabic letters at first sight appear very be-
wildering to Europeans, and are a frequent cause of
stumbling to many who would find a knowledge of
the language of immense importance to them. It is to
meet this difficulty that the Romanized characters have
been adopted in this work.

Students who to study the wonderful literature

desire
of the East at hand, must, however, overcome this
first

initial difficulty, and to do this the best plan is to copy

each letter repeatedly, and with care, until it is fixed in

the memory, only two or three being dealt with at a time,
and not the whole alphabet. In this way one is surprised
how soon the characters in their various positions become
familiarized to the mind.

Having mastered the alphabet, the words given in the

vocabularies should next
be learned, pronouncing the
phonetic aloud, and writing the word from memory in the
Persi-Arabic letters, which can then be corrected by
reference to the following tables. In this way the
rudiments of the language will be easily acquired.

The letters and sentences are written and read from

right to as in all the Semitic languages
left, the Persi-
Arabic being one of these although it should always bo
borne in mind that the Persian language proper is not of
Semitic origin, but is akin to the old Sanskrit.
 THE ALPHABET IN PERSI-ARABTC
WITH ROMAN CHARACTERS.
*
Letters marked with are Arabic characters, and the words in which they
occur are Arabic.

XAAO-

5
Name.
 1U

REMARKS ON THE ALPHABET.

The Persian alphabet contains no vowels, properly so called.
The short vowel-sounds are indicated by (') zabarr, (J) zeerr,
( ) jnsh. The
a short (a) as in at the second (zeerr)
first is ;

short (e) as in effort; the third (jnsh) gives the short (u) sound

something like the sound of ou in should, or of u in the French

plume pronounced short ex. I, * I, pronounced respectively ma,
:
,

meh, men. When the long vowel-sound a, as in art, occurs at the

beginning of a word it is indicated by the sign (~) madd, placed

over as in +*\ adam,
I 3
dmad, but elsewhere in a word it is
indicated simply by 1 as in .ili shad (glad). There is no sign in
Persian for the vowel (o) as in note, but (a) with (') zabarr,
followed by (v) is pronounced as (o) ex. .j.l oder (paternal uncle),
:

isJjjjl orang (thi'one).

t^ (y) following any letter with (,) zeerr, is pronounced as

long I, i. e. as double ee in sheep : ex. u\j>\ eeran (Persia), ^~>*
deeshab (last night). There are two other signs, namely ( )
-
djazm, and ( )
tashdeed. The
placed over any
first of these is

letter which is followed by no vowel-sound, as over in \

^^J.
raftan (to go) the second doubles the letter over which it is
;

placed, as over <J iu ^Iju pronounced naq-qdsh (artist). These

vowel-signs are in fact never used in Persian writing, but
their omission causes no ambiguity, as any doubtful word is
determined by the context.
 11

THE ROMANIZED CHARACTERS,

WITH PHONETIC PRONUNCIATION.

Phonetics
PRONUNCIATION. used.

Like the English a in at ... ... ...

As a long in art ... ... ... ...

Like ai in 'rain ... ... ... ...

As b in but ... ... ... ... ...

As ch in church ... ... ... ...

As in English ... ... ... ...

As e in egg ... ... ... ...

As fin friend ... ... ... ...

Like the y in ambiguity ... ... ...

Like the English g in good, very guttural ...

Aspirated, as in English ... ... ...

As i in bit ... ... ... ... ...

As ee in deed ... ... ... ... ...

As in jam ...
.;'
... ... ... ...

As z in azure... ... ... ... ...

As k in keep ... ... ... ...

A guttural aspirate like ch in the Scotch loch

As in English ... ... ... ...

As in English
As in English
As o in hope ... ... ... ... ...

As in English ... ... ... ...

A deep guttural
As in English very ; always to be pronounced
A sibilant, as in sister
As in shine ... ... ... ... ...

As in tutor ... ... ... .. ...

Short, as on in should, or u in French plume

As oo in moon ... ... ... ...

As in English
As in you ... ... ... ... ...

As in zodiac ... ... ... ... ...

"
*
Pronounce " eu as one sound, and short.
 12

PKELIMINARY NOTES.

Persian equivalents. It is necessary to point out that in the

third part of the book, "Conversational Phrases and Sentences,"
the Persian equivalents of the English phrases are given in the
second column, and not merely a translation of the English
words. How different the equivalent and the literal translation
may be is shown by the few instances where both are given.
(See p. 65.)
Pronunciation. The student will do well to master the
pronunciation at the outset. The use and value of each
phonetic sign adopted are shown on page 11, and should be
carefully noted.
Marlborough's system of phonetics is based on the principle
ofone sign, one sound, and conversely, one sound, one sign.
The particular use of each English letter in representing the
sounds of the Persian characters should be learnt, and each
must always be pronounced in the same manner (one sign, one
sound).
To facilitate the correct pronunciation of the short vowels,
the words in the vocabularies have, to a great extent, been
divided up by hyphens, but these divisions do not always
correspond with the "
true syllables e.g., sadum, pronunciation
;

written " sad-eum (properly

" sa-deum
") neyah, pronunciation
;
"
written " neg-ah (for
"
ne-gah ").
In such words as " daste man," where the letter e stands for
Izafat, it will be noticed that it is represented by i in the third
column (dast-i-man) to remind the reader that it is Izafat. Where
"
e does not stand for the Izafat it is denoted by " e in the
the third column also.
The conjunction va (and) in such words as dast va pa (hand
and foot), rooz va shah (day and night), is pronounced eu in
conversation, like the French u in plume (dasteu-pa, roozeu-
;

shah).
In all questions the interrogative (dya) is inserted. In
conversation, however, it is often omitted, the question being
inferred from the inflexion of the voice.
 VOCABULARIES.
The World and its Elements.
(Jelidn va andscr-i-oo.)

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

Air
 14

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

 15

Animals, Birds and Fishes.

(Hayvanat, murqhdn va malwyan.)

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

Animals
 16

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

17
 18

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

 19

English. Persian (romanizeil). Pronunciation.

 20

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

 21

English. Persian (roinanized). Pronunciation.

 22

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

 28

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation

 24

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

 25

English. 1'ersiau (romanized). Pronunciation.

 26

Cooking and Bating Utensils.

(Zcuroof-i-fabkh va team.)
(For Shopping, see p. 80.)

English. Persian (roinauized). Pronunciation.

Basin
 27

Kntflish. Persian (romaiiized). Pronunciation.

dress materials qeumash

cloth pdrchah, qumash parcha, qeumash
cotton <-lit'lrari, chit chel-varee, cheet
flannel, -ette fandlli/n/t fan-a-lee-ya
lace ghaitdn, bdftah [tdn ///taytiin, bafta
linen zlrjdmah, rakht, ka- zeerjama, raMt, kat-an
muslin walinal, tanzlb malnial, tanzeeb
silk abrlshuin, atlas abreesheum, atlas
velvet iiiii/c/nnal ma/c/i-mal
wool pax/mi pashm
dress (lady's) rakhte, zandnah ra/c/t-ti-zanana
dressing-gown sandilq- (or rakht-] sandooq-/c/jana, raMt-
khdnah /.-//ana

evening dress lebdse-shab leb-a-si-shab

gaiter pdtdbah pataba
garters banilc-jilrdb ban-di-joo-rab
gloves dastktuh dast-kash
hairpin glsband geess-band
hat kuldh, shdbqalt keu-l&h, shab-qa
jewellery javdher, -dldt jav-a-herr, -alat
bracelet dast-baml dast-band
brooch </it/, ijule-slnah geul, geuli-seena
ring angushtar an-geush-tarr
neck -tie t/ardan-band garr-dan-band
needle xtl:<tn, soozan
overcoat sai'ddi'l, aba sarr-daree, a-ba
parasol dftdb-yarddn aftab-garr dan
pins sanjdq sanjaq
pocket jib jeeb
purse kif keef
rain-coat (waterpr.) niushamma 1
bdrdnl meu-shani-ma', baranee
,

razor tlgh ieegh

sandals pdpush, sarpdl pa-poosh, sarr-paee
scissors meqrdz, qaic/tl nieq-raz, qay-chee
sewing cotton nakh, khaijdtah naA7/., 7.7m-yata
skirt ll (III Kill daman
soap sdbun saboon
spectacles ainalt aynak
tape bdftah baf-ta
thimble angitshtdnah angeush-tana
tooth-brush danddn-shur dan-dan-shoor
 28

English.

towel
trousers
umbrella
watch
 29

English. Persian (romaiiized). Prouunciatlon.

 80

English. Persian (romauized). Pronunciation.

 81

KiiKlish. Persian (romauized). Pronunciation.

 82

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

 88

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

 84

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

bearer
 85

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

 36

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

negotiable, saleable mdle-furush mal-i-feu-roosh

order (for goods) tahvil-ndmah tahveel-nama
packing bar bandi, bdrbastan bar bandee, bar bastan
partnership skardkat sbarakat
payable dddani, add-shuda- dadanee, ada-sheudanee
per cent., 10 sadl-dah [nl sadee-da
percentage dar-sad darr-sad
price qaimat, nerJch qaymat, nerr/c/t

,
net bi-tanzil bee-tanzeel
,
wholesale qaimate yekjd qaymat-i yek-ja
price-list fehreste-qaimat feh-rest-i-qaymat
property mulk, mdl, ddrdl meulk, mal, dara-ee
quotation (of price) zekre qaimat zekr-i qaymat
ready money piile-naqd pooli-naqd
receipt rasld, qabze-rasid rasseed, qab-zi-rasseed
rent kerdyah kerra-ya
representative vakil vak-eel
retail kliurdah-furush /i/teurr-da-feu-roosh
salesman, seller furuxhandah feu-roo-shanda
sell, to furush-kardan fen-roosh-karrdan
settling day riize-va'dah roozi-va'da
share sahm, qesm,a
liesdb, hessab, sahm, qessmat
shareholder sharlk, xahlm sharreek, saheem
ship, to hamle-kashti-kardar haml-i-kashtee-karrdan
shipping charges Jcerdyahe kashti kerra-ya-i kashtee
- house bdr-kanandah bav-keu-nanda [derr
solvent mu'tabar, muqtadei meu'tab-arr, meuq-ta-
stock sarmdycih, naqd sarr-ma-ya, naqd
stockbroker dalldle-bardt dallali-barat
trade (in general) ddd-va-setad, tejdra da-deu-set-ad, tej-arat
underwriter zdmen zamen
warehouse anbdr an -bar
wharf bandar bandarr
wharfage kharje-bandar Marr-ji-bandarr
wholesale yekja-furushi yek-ja-feu-rooshee

Correspondence.
Conversations see
(Meukhaberah.)
(For p. 82.)

Address envdn, adras [dan envan, ad-rass [dan

address, to neveshtan, ferestd- nev-esh-tan, ferresta-
blotting-paper kdf/haze-dbkash ka-gf/taz-i-abkash
date tarikh taree/c/i
 87

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

 38

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

 89

Persian (ronmnized). Persian (rom.) Pronunciation.

111 sad-va-i 190 sad-va-navad

112 sad-va-t 200 deuveest
120 sad-va-bixt 800 see-sad
121 sad-va-blst-va-yek 400 chehdrsad che-har-sad
122 sad-va-blst-ra-du 500 pdnxad pan sad
180 sad-va-sl GOO shesh-sad shesh-sad
140 sad-va-chcliel 700 haft-sad haft-sad
150 sad-va-panjdh 800 hasht-sad hasht-sad
160 sad-va-shast 900 nuh-sad neuh sad
170 sad-va-haftdd 1,000 7a*ar haz-ar
180 sad-va-hashtdd 10,000 dah-hazdi dah-haz-ar

100,000 xad-hazar sad-hazar

500,000 pdnsad-hazdr, kuriir pansad-hazar, keu-roor
1,000,000 melydn melyan
1908 A.B., hazdi'-i-a-nuksad-va- haz-ilr-eu-neuh-sad-eu-
hasht milddi, hasht meeladee,
corresponding to mutubeq b& meutobeq bft
1326 A.H. hazdr-va-slsad-va-blst- haz-ar-eu-see-sad-eu-beest-
va-sheshe hejrl eu-sheshi hej-ree

Ordinal Numbers. '

(A ddd-i-vasfee .
)

First j yekuni, avval yekeum, av-val

second duvvuin deuv-veum
third sevrum sev-veum
fourth chehdrum che-ha-reum
fifth panjuni pan-jeum
sixth ikethum shesheum
seventh haftitm haf-teum
eighth ktufitum hash-teum
ninth nuhum neu-heum
tenth dahum da-heum
eleventh ydzdahum yazda-heum
twelfth davdzdahum davaz-da-heum
thirteenth sizdalinm seez-da-heum
fourteenth chekdnlalium che-har-da-heum
fifteenth pdnzdahum panz-da-heum
sixteenth tltdnzdahnm shilnz-da-heum
seventeenth /ti t'l/dkllDI hef-da-heuin
eighteenth lujdahinii heej -da-heum
nineteenth nuzdahitin nooz-da-heum
twentieth blstum beesteum
 41

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

 42

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

43
English.
 45

English. Persian (roraanized). Pronunciation.

 46

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

 47

English. Persian (romauized). Pronunciation.

 48

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

 49

Persian (romaalzed). Pronunciation.

to stop, tr. iii't/i'tlt-ddshtan, negah-dashtan, ineu-

iiint(tttd-k<u-d(in attal-karnlau
, intr. vd istddan va eestadan
sweep jdnlb-kardan jiiroob-karrdan
swim shand-kardan shana-karrdan
take barddshtan, ijereftan barrdashtan, gerreft;tn
take care eteqqat-kardan deq-qat-karrdan
talk, speak harf-zadan Imn-f-zadan
,. tear darldan dareedan
tell, relate revdyat-kardan revayat-karrdan
thank tashalckur-karddii tashak-keurr-karrdan
think fekr-(klieijdl-) ka nla n fekrr- (A7<eyiil-) kan-dan
,, throw anddkhtan andaWt-tan
tie bastan bastan
,, touch dast-zadan dast-zadan
,, travel safar-kardan safarr-karrdan
>, try tajrubah taj-reuba-karrdan
turn, tr. (jarddndan garrdaudan
,
intr. yardldan garrdeedan
understand falunldan fahmeedan
,, use este'indl-kardan este'-raal-karrdan
,, wait sabr-kardan sabri'-karrdan
,, walk gardesh-kardan garrdesh-karrdan
,, want naddahtan nadashtan
,. warn khabar-dadan /.-/tabarr-dsidan
,, waste, tr. zdye'-kanlan za-ye'-karrdan
watch pdldan pa-eedan
,, wear, put on, tr. p&shitlan poosbeedan
., wear, intr. davdm-kardan dav-am-karrdan
weigh, tr. kashldan, vazn- kasheedan, vazn-karr-
wipe pdk-kardan [karda n pak-karrdan [dan
wish khdstan JrAftstan
work kdr-kanlan kar-karrdan
wrap plchdndan [dan poechandan
yawn khamydzali-kashi- /c/iam-yaza-kasbeedan

Persian S.T.
 50

Adverbs, Conjunctions, Prepositions, etc.

(Zarrf, harrfe-atf, zameer, va ghayreh.)
(For Grammar see pp. 0861.)

English. Persian (rornanized). Pronunciation.

About (nearly)
 English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

during
 52

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

 OUTLINE OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR.
THE NOUN.
All nouns in Persian are of one gender. They form their
pluralby adding ^\ tin or U
ha, the former for persons, the
latter for things.

EXAMPLES.

*j* mard, man. u\ij* nwrddn, men.

^1^3 ketdb, book. U i_jL3 ketdb-hd, books.

But U ha is now generally used for both classes.

The accusative is formed by adding I. rd to the singular or

plural.
EXAMPLES.
Js qalam, pen. I,
Jji qalam rd, pen.

U JS qalam hd, pens. \. U J3 qalam IM rd, pens.

This termination has also the force of the definite article.

EXAMPLES.
.,jjj I. cb bdgh rd dldam, I saw the garden.

cb 6a^/t dldam, I saw a garden.

^JJ3
In the singular the indefinite article is indicated by the

ending ^, pronounced e.

EXAMPLES.
.~~"\ asbl, a horse.

^-j-jl j^j sefid asbl, a white horse.

But when the adjective follows the noun (j is attached to it also.

i

EXAMPLE.
^,| asb-i-sefldl, a white horse.
 54

THE IZAFAT (denotes possession).

The izafat signifies possession ;

it is denoted by the sign (^) zir

and is used in the following three ways :

1 . The genitive is formed by adding the izafat to the governing

noun, which usually precedes the governed noun.

EXAMPLES.

j*
A$ kctlid-i-dar, the key of the door.
the tree of the date.
U^> oi.,o derakht-i-fchurma,
1
But when the word ends in a vowel or ^ v semi- vowel, it

takes the form u pronounced yi.

EXAMPLES.

ij^a. (jljj*. fJiudd-yi-jehan, the God of the world.

U 3 (_. roo-yi-daryd, the surface of the sea.

2. When several adjectives form attributes to the same noun

va.
they are connected by the izafat or by the conjunction J

EXAMPLES.
^.j^ J.T o^..^ derakht-i-gul-i-surkh-i-khoobi, a good red
rose tree.

^-, J.J o^,^ derakht-i-gul-i-surkh va khoobl, a good

red rose tree.

3. Personal pronouns are connected with nouns by the izafat,

thus forming possessive pronouns.

EXAMPLES.
..w* I^A-O dast-i-man, my hand.

Ui ^b pay-i-shuma, your foot.

1
When () pish is followed by j c, it is pronounced as oo in good.
 55

ADJECTIVES.

Adjectives usually follow nouns, and in this case are connected

with them by the izafat.
EXAMPLES.
._;\,s. k_>b.j ketdb-i-arabl, the Arabic book.

Jco kaghctz-i-engelisi, the English paper.

(J-.JI&
The termination 1. ra for the accusative is added to the
adjective only.

EXAMPLE.
*j. ;... I. cjbj ketdb-i-arabl ra kharldam, I bought an
[C-^-c
Arabic book.
But if there are several adjectives U ra is only added to the
last.

EXAMPLE.

i_>Loj
*>J*- Ij ic^ Jfl'g^yfc j7p. Jcetdb-i-buznrg-i-khusltkhatt-i-
arabl ra kJiuridam, I bought
a large well-written Arabic
book.

A few adjectives sometimes precede the noun, to which is then

generally added the indefinite article <j (y], and the izafat is

mostly omitted.
EXAMPLES.

y*-
khoob mardi, a good man.

i Jo bad shahri, a bad town.

Adjectives often precede nouns, forming compounds.

EXAMPLES.

jjli. A) bad khulq, of bad temper.

C$5. (j*y>* khush rang, of fine colour.

 56

The degrees of comparison are formed by adding the termina-

tion tar for the and
s^J comparative, ^,5 tarln for the superlative.
EXAMPLES.
^j.\ buzurg, large. J ^j buzurytar, larger.

c ^/ 0->.
bu-urgtarm, largest. tfJW. behiarln, hest.

Than is
expressed by jl az.

EXAMPLE.
***
j' J c'l>^ djcvantar
az Jiama, younger than all.

The superlative construction, as in English, is with the

genitive.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
^* man, I. U ma, we.
y tu, thou. Ui shuma,, you.

^1 w, he, she, it.

cA~?.' wftan, they.
is used when
^J speaking to inferiors in rank or age, other-
wise Ui,, as ?/OM in English.
The personal pronouns are declined as nouns except that the
accusative of
^
man (I) is Le mard instead of I. nza?i ra.
^*

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
These are either the same as the personal pronouns or the
following shorter forms can be used, us also for the accusative of
the personal pronouns :

ist pers. .J am, my, me. ^U man, our, us.

2nd yyl at, thy, thee, U\J t n y ur vou

> >
-

3rd ,, t_pl ash, his, hers, its, him. ^ll shdn, their, them.
EXAMPLE.
* o-^ dast-i-man,}
rmy hand.
aasiam,
 57

The short form of possessive pronoun added to the word

preceding the verb has the foice of the accusative of the

corresponding personal pronoun.

BXAMFLBS.
vil-ash kim,
l_^J.
f
him go.
cr Jj \y ii-ravil kun,}
Q:>J ,

C>
.,
mlbinain-at,
MT
}
see you.
^;,j ^ y 1
; tu-rd-m'tl'mam,)

The accusative of possessive pronouns is formed as in nouns

by the addition I. rd.

EXAMPLE.
I. ..v* o~o dast-i-man rd,]
^my hand.
\j ^ dast-am-rd, )

To form the plunvl (A Jtd is added to the nouns.

EXAMPLE.

^ (j\Jt r?.~+~< sliamsliir-hd-yi man,

nay swords.
-IA j~-+Z> shamshlr-Jid-m,

The possessive case is often denoted by JL mdl (property).

EXAMPLES.
-1
^ JU s.il.
^l z?t khdna mdl-i-man ast, this house is mine.

e*-U^. JU cU ,jl
a bdyhmdl-i-slmmdst, that garden is yours.

The six reflexive pronouns are :

A jy*. Jchudam, myself. ,jlj-. khudimdn, ourselves.

^-*. khudat, thyself. ^tay- khuditdn, yourselves.

khudash, himself, her- ^l^^j* khudin/ian, themselves.

self, itself.

N. B. Personal and possessive pronouns must be replaced by

reflexive when they refer to the same subject.
 58

EXAMPLES.
-^ ]>-oy ,
man khudamrd iriishuyam, I wash myself
(not ^y^ \j* c ^o).

.,jij.
U^y> A* c^*
wcm padar-i-khudamrd dldam, I saw my
father (not +&*\ ~e .jj
..^e).

The following are demonstrative pronouns, declined as nouns :

^il m, this.

(Jl a, that.

^A hamin, this same one.

^UA human, that same one.

churnn. hamchunm, such a one as this.

c ^ Mn w hamchundn, such
)
a one as that.

hamchu, so, such.

chandm, chandan, so much.

RELATIVE PRONOUN8.
S Art, who, that, accusative l.jl
. . . .
*$; & chi, which, ki . . . .

a, or (jil
. . . . & lei . . . . ash.

EXAMPLES.
1.
(_r>j~t
w j - mard ki sarashrd shikasta budand,
the man whose head they had
broken.
&>>* v 5CJo kdliska ki charkliaslira sdkhtand,
the carriage, the wheel of which

they made.
The relative pronouns & ki and &. chi are often connected

with the demonstrative pronouns.

EXAMPLES.
j.ta Jy s>
^il
In ki pdl ddrad, this one who has money,
o '
j^i v ^ol
an ki faqlrast, that one who is poor.
 59

When a noun ia followed by a relative sentence defining it,

R <J yi is added to the noun.

EXAMPLES.
& ijij*
murdl ki, the man who .....
iS 1.
(j^-j piaarl ra ki, the boy who .... (accusative).

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
These are the same as the relative pronouns : ki, who ;

i chi, what.
EXAMPLES.
jjf sj ki dmad, who came 1
jjj . ta. &.. chi khurdld, what did you eat ?

THE VERB.
is only one conjugation.
In the Persian verb there
All verbs are formed from two principal parts, the infinitive
and imperative. To these the same terminations are added for
all verbs.

1. The auxiliary verb ^y. budan, to be, has infinitive ^ly*

budan imperative ^U bash but some tenses are derived
;
from ;

the radical Z~A hastan, and in this respect are slightly irregular.
.
J (

INFINITIVE ^.jjj liidan, TO BE.

Indicative (weaker form}.
Present.
J am, I am. *>\ Im, we are.

^ I, thou art. Jjl Id, you are.

oJ nst, he, she. it is. Ail and, they arc.

Present (stronger fonn}.

~~A hastam, I am. hastlm, we are.
1^*
Aa<J, thou art. J-=~A hastld, you are.

/<o<, he, she, it is. .ux~a hastand, they are.

Present negative.

Z-^j riistam, I am not.

(J -^^ ww<t,
1 thou art not, &c.
 60

Preterite.

budam, I was. we were.

.
ojjj budlm,
. budl, thou wast. joj.j budld, you were.
7d, he, she, it was.
jj^y budand, they were.

* imbudam, I used to be, &c.

*1
jy budaam, I have been. ol jt) 6wc?a tm, we have been.
thou hast been, jj buda you have been.
,
^j Id,

,
he has been. j6l
sjjj 6(aat/,they have been.
Pluperfect.

budam, I had been, &c.

Future formed with the auxiliary verb and

^ly* kJiastan,
the shortened infinitive jo 6i7c?.

kJidham bud, I shall kMhlm bud, we shall

j*\j. jy ^*A^
be. be.

,
thou wilfc khahld bud, you will
JjJ s*\f>~
be. be.

jj jjkl^i.
khahad biid, he will jy jj^l^. khdhand bud, they
be. will be.

Infinitive

\j*\ budan, ]
Uo be.
hastan,)

Past Participle.

, been.

) 6s7i / be !
(thou), for the other persons subjunctive
is used, so for all verbs.
 fil

Subjunc tii >

/'/'
.-> i/t.

jA) bat/lam, I may be. *~!^. bdshlm, we may be.

l)
bduhl, thou niuyest be. .x-Jllj bdshld, you may be.

bashad, he may be. jji'j luxlumd, they may be

A-i.L-A.0 nribiisJiam, I might be, &c.

For the pluperfect ...so bildam, *J*--^ tnlbudam, ^U J>

bdtham, may be used.
jb &a<Z, may he, she, or it be, is used as optative to express
a wish : ex. jb
jl.j i^-^c
umrat diraz bad, may your l.fe be long.

2. The auxiliary verb ,jj-i. ahudan, to become, is regular,

and therefore forms its present indicative and subjunctive from
the imperative ^i, sho, but the other tenses from shortened
infinitive jJL xhud. The final
^
v in yi.
Ao is pronounced as
v before a vowel : ex. shavam.
^^i
INDICATIVE.
/*ren<.

..yu* mlffiaram, I become, &c.

Pre<erz<e.

..jj: shudam, I became, &c.

ImpwfuA.
^AA** mlshudam,
I became, &c.

P^r/eci.

^1
.xi. shuda am, I have become, c.

PZp/^cf.
..jji
sjui shuda bildam, I had become, &c.

Aifiwv.
j^. ..Ahi*. khaham shud, I shall become, &c.
INFINITIVE.
j^i* shitdan, to become.
 62

Present Participle.

sjjyt. shavanda, becoming (very seldom used).

Piist Participle.

s.xl shuda, become.

GERUND.
(jA-i* shudanl, what ought to become.

Subjunctive present.
+jZ shavam. I may become, &c.
Imperfect and pluperfect the same as in the indicative, and so
for all verbs.

3. THE REGULAR VERB.

All infinitives end in
^ dan, ^ or tan.

To conjugate a verb we must know its infinitive and impera-

tive. The imperative of verb whose infinitives end in Idan ^jj
are formed by cutting off this termination
u A~i
J
: ex. .
bakhsh-
Idan, io present ; imperative \j&*. ba/chsh, present.
From the imperative are formed :

(1) The present indicative by prefixing ^ ml and adding

the termination
^ am, I, ad, &c. ^ x :

^1 ^ mi-bakhsh-am.
(2) The present subjunctive by prefixing w bi, as
^^i-^.
bi-bakhsh-am.
All other tenses are formed from the shortened infinitive

A^JLi^. bakhshld.

PARADIGM OF THE REGULAR VERB

Active voice.

Infinitive \j^j
>
gin/tan, to take, to seize.
1
Imperative ,J glr ! take !

1
In colloquial Persian it is usual to prefix t_> b before the impera-

tive, c.
as^^AJ biglr,
 63

Indicative present.

vngiram, I take, &c.

Preterite.

giriftam, I took, &c.

Imperfect.
^ miyiriftam, I took or I used to take, &c.

Perfect.
J izijTgirifta-am,
I have taken, &c.

Pluperfect.

*j> izjJT girifta bildam, I had taken, &c.

Future.

AJ^f (*!?
khaham girift, I shall take, &c.

Infinitive.

^ZJ/ giriftan, to take.

Present Participle.

Jj^J glranda, one who is taking.

Past Participle.
izjj girifta, taken.

GERUND.
^^Lij-f giriftanl,
what must be taken.

PREPOSITIONS.

Space will not allow us to give in detail this part of Persian

grammar, but the following list gives a few of the most
important :

..* dar, at. U-JS .^ dar killsd, at the church.

y tu, in. jlljl <jjj tuylutdq, in(into)theroom.

u bi, to. ^jS 5^4) bi hama kas, to everybody.

j
?-w, on. L~ (j.i, r7/? ml:, on (at) the table.
 - sar, on. sar i dtash, on the fire.
(_$[?"
t> ba, with. LJ ^ b bd man biyd, come with me.

^j 61, without. o^a-J .p. 6* zaJitnat, without trouble,

a, from. r2 tabrlz dmadam, I came

jl ^jJV jj^jl
from Tabriz.
to td, to. oi. U ^1 A jl a-: tehrdn td rasht dur ast,

o*J ,^j it is far from Teheran

to Easht.

j IS td bi, up to. M^-^. k' fdbiblnwi, until we may see.

i, bottom. k^y r^-^. point kncha, at the bottom
of the street.

upon. e**y u% bdldyidir(tlht,upon the tree.

blrun, outside. ^* r " n * outside the
^,5
,.*j
^4- ui/^J - shahr,
town.

(jl^j bardyi, foi-.

.,oli-...9jo <_l^> bardyi tu ferestddam, I sent
for you.

CONJUNCTIONS.
For these, see Vocabulary, pp. 50 to 52.

ADVERBS.
There are no adverbs properly so called in Persian. Their
is taken by nouns, with or without
place prepositions, or by
adjectives.
EXAMPLES.
v_^-< bl sabab, without reason.
^j
bi khubl, well.
,c*js?- L/5^*"' dsudagl, safely.

Arabic adverbs with terminations I

an, are also used.

EXAMPLES.
Lus^ takhmlnan, approximately.
LJu yaq'nan, ceitainly. UU ghdliban, mostly.
 CONVERSATIONAL PHRASES AND
SENTENCES.

Useful and Necessary Idiomatic Expressions.

(Kalemdt va jeumlahay-i-meustalah meufeed va laeem.)
English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

Good morning
 English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

It is lucky that... asbdbe khush bakh- asbabi Meush lo&kh-

tlat keh... teest ke..,
As you know chendnclieh mlddnld chenan-che meedaneed
It must be done bdyad beshavad ba-yad beshavad
What are you ( cheli mlknnl? [To inf.] che rueekeunee ? j

cheh inlkunld/ [Sup.] che meekeuneed ?

1

doing? I

Please come back lutfan zud bargard leutfan zood barrgarrd i

Come here [soon beyd Injd bey a eenja

I have come on man bardye kdr man bara-yi kar ama-
business [come? dmadain darn
When will you kai khdhid dmad? kay /c/mheed amad ?
Will you come ? di/d khdhid dmad? a-ya Maheed amad ?
Where are you kujd mlravldf keuja meeraveed ?
Go and look [going? bero ner/dli keun bero negah keun
What is the mat- cheh khabarast ? che Mabarast ? che
ter? cheh shud / sheud?
As soon as possible har qadr zud keh harr qadr zood ke
/ mumkenast meumken-ast
Oh no! thatisnotso nah! chenln nlst na ! chen-een neest
If possible ayar mumkenast agarr meumkenast
What does this In ya'nl cheh? een ya'-nee che ?
don't know [mean?
I man namlddnam man nameedanam
/ I don't quite under- man durust nami- man deureust namee-
'stand f ah mam
fahmam
^ I haven't the man hlch namifah- man beech nameefah-
slightest idea mam [dam mam [dam
I have never seen it man ilrd hlch nadi- man oora heech nadee-
I haven't seen you mnddatlst shumdrd meuddateest sheumara
for a long time nadldam nadeedam
Who said so ? kl f/uft / kee geuft ?
1 will speak to him man bd ft dar khnsii- man ba oo darr Meu-
about it se u harj khdham soosi oo harrf AV/a-
zad [kard ham zad [karrd
He won't hear of it u qabill nakhdJuid oo qabool na-Ma-had
He cannot be relied beh u khdter jam 1
be oo /i/taterr jam'-
en naniitovdn shutl nameetavan sheud
He is honest and u bd namus va kdr oo ba namoos va kar
hard-working kuna*t keun-ast
You must not do naktm, shumd nabd- nakeun, sheurna naba-
that yad in kdr ra yad een kar ra be-
bekunid keuneed
 67

English. uii (roinanliedj. Pronunciation.

Do not tell anyone bekasi marjii bek-assee magoo

1 will do niy best /tar c/if/i mnmkenast harr che meumke'ii-ast
khdham hard A7m-ham karrd
I can do without it bi ft intunkenant bee oo meumkenast
It will do after- ba'd bekdr mlkhurad ba'd bekar mee-/Jteu-
wards rad
It will do at
your har vaqt bekhdhld harr vaqt beWm-heed
leisure in isha vad mee-shavad
Be careful deqqat knn, deq-qat keun,
mutarajjeh bash meuta-vaj-jeh bash
I will bring it for man urd haraye x/tn- man oora bara-yi sheu-
you md khdham dritrd ma A7m-ham aveurrd
Do you want tbis ?
(dyd) inrd mlkdhldf (a-ya) eenra mee/t/i-heed
I don't want that
(man) dnrd nainl- (man) anra namee-A-Aa-
khdham ham
I want an answer (man) yek javdb (man) yek ja-vab mee-
[answer ? mlklidliam A7ui-liam
What is your jardbe sluundchist- javab-i sheuma cheest?
Wait a minute yek daqlqah sabrknn yek daqeeqa sabrr keun
Do you like this ? Inrd mi/iasandld ? eenra meepasandeed ?
I like it
very much man urd bestjdr ml- man oora bes-yar mee-
pasanilam pasandam
How do you like dyd Inrd (lira) ml- a-ya eenra (oora) mee-
it ?
[at once pasandld? [bedeh pasandeed ? [bedeh
Kindly let me know fan zud k/tahar leutfan zood Mabarr
litt

You are very for- shuind khaill khush- sheurna /r/taylee AVteush-
tunate [anxious ba klit Id baAVtteed
You need not be mnziareb naba*hld meuz-tareb nabasheed
It is too difficult In bcKydr miuliffelaxt een bes-yar meusbgelast
It is well done In (fi) bcsi/dr kliubast een (oo) bes-yar AVioob-
[address ? ast
What is your adraw shiimd chUt ? ad-rassi sheuma cheest?
My address is... In adra<e wanast... een ad-rass-i man-ast...
Give me his address ad rase Ufa bede/t ad-rass-i oora bedeh
He lives in... u dar...eqdiat mi- oo darr...eqamat inee-
le nn ad
[sharad keunad [shavad
So it seems haindie wa'liliii ml- ham -die ma'loom mee-
Yes, I suppose so dn, ball, yni/d aree, balee, goo-ya
,\/ Do you speak (dyd) eiKjellsl harf (a-ya) engeleesee harrf
En-lish ? wlzanid ? meezaneed ?
I am English man engellsam man ensrel-eesam
 68

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

 69

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

Please wait lut/ an sabr kiin'nl leutfan sabrr keuneed

You come as well shumd ham bei/dld sheurna ham beya-eed
I am told he re- man shanldam u man shanee-dam oo
turned yesterday dirilz bary as/it deerooz barrgasht
That is the impor- In nuqtali muhem- een neuqta meuhem-
tant point mast mast
In that case it is dar In siirat kar darr een soorat ki*r
all right [it khubast /c/ioobast
There is no help for chdralt n7xt chara neest
It is extremely in- in bcai/tli- i Kir cihat- een bes-yni- nanl-hat-
convenient [ful att ast
You must be care- /dyad deggat knn'nl bii-yad deqqat keuneed
1 did not bfeak it wan ura nash<'l;<i- oora nashekas-
tani taui
Under what cir- becheh shart
'
dar be-che sharrt? darr-
cumstances '? cheh khum* I che /i7ieu-soos?
What is the reason? becheh sabab 1 ja/iat be-che sabab ? ja-hat
cldst ? cheest ?
There is no mistake dar u hlch shiwltalt darr oo heech sheub-
about it nlst ha neest
You were certainly slutnid sezdvdi't' x<tr- sheuma sezavari sarr-
to blame [ion? zanesh bildld zanesh boodeed
What is your opin- fi'kre sliumd cltlxt fek-ri sheuma cheest ? .'

Please make a note I nt ifdddafht knn leutfan yad-dasht keun

/'it ii

I say Mr.... [of it

!
aqa...beb-een che rnee-
Without ceremony In taldli' nii</rii/iini bee takleef [goo-yam
Speak louder, lutfan lji<l<ui<itni- leutfan beulandtarr
please harf bezan harrf bezan
Look !
nec/dli Icun !
uegah keun !

Is it not beautiful? (d;/d) qashank nlxt ? (aya) qashank neest ?

It is indeed grand besydr haqee-qatan bes-y.n-
/c/ioob-ast

Expressions of Emotion, etc.

(Baydndt-i-nu'iihayyej va ghayreh.)
What ? cheh / che?
Indeed !
haqee-qatan va-qe-an
! !

Stuff nonsense
1 ! b'l/ttldah '. blina'iu I bee-hooda! bee-rna'inv!
What a statement! C/K'/I
liarfe ajlb! che harrf -i-ajeeb!
That is impossible In ndmnmken axt een na-meumken ast
That cannot be In wwtf&havad een na-meeshaviwl
 70

English. Persian (romanizedj. Pronunciation.

You surprise me shumd ward mitta- sheuma, mara meuta-

ajjcb mllfitnid meekeuneed
aj-jeb
Take care !
deqfjat kun! bepd !
deqqat keun bepa ! !

x My fault taijHire wan taq-seer-i-man

Oil 1 it is
nothing chin nixt checzee noest
I am sorry man tinttaassefam man meuta-assefam
(asking pardon) bebalchs/dd bebaM-sheed
What a pity ! half, afxfi* '.
hayf af-soos ! !

It is a sad thing In axbdbe taaxsufast eel! asbab-i-ta-asseufast

What a shame ! aib ant aib nist !
.'
ayb ast ayb neest ! !

I am very glad man besydr k/iusli- man bes-yar Ar/ieush-

Jidlain halam
Bravo well done
1 I dfann! bdrakalldh! afareen bara-kallah ! !

How fortunate ! cheh Icltitsltbalc/tt ! che /r/teush-ba/.7it !

How excellent 1 eke It qadr a'ld! che qadrr a'lii !

I am kJiaahmndk- bes-yar Mashm-nakam

very angry besydr
Hold your tongue hain harf bczan [am kam harrf be/an
-
Don't answer jardb nadeh javab nadeh
All right Unlh ; bexyar khub Moob ; bes-yar 7r/toob
Oh dear ! oh dear ! ailc/nidd! aikhudd! ay /iVteuda !
ay AVteuda!
i.e. Oh God!

Be off! jaltannain geum sho

(/HIII slto ! ja-hannam !

It is no good In hhiib nlst [xho ! een /r/ioob neest [sho !

Get out hero gum sho ! bero berro geum sho berro !

My dear azlze man [blnln azeez-i-man [beeroon

Help !
mercy ! rmddd ! amdn ! emdad aman ! !

Enquiries.
What do you say ?
'

cheh mifarmdld- che meefarrma-eed ?

[To superior]
[To inferior] cheh mlf/ill ? che meegoo-ee '?

Do you hear me ? !

dyd tnlshenavld '/

fi-ya meeshenaveed ?

Will you kindly \ Intfan leutfan

Do you understand dyd mifahmld / a-ya meefahmeed ?
me ? [mean ?
What does that In ya'ni cheh? een ya'nee che ?
What is that ? in cheh chiz ast ? een che cheez ast ?
Can you speak enyelisl mitavdnld en-gelee-see meetavu-
English ? harf bezanld ? need harrf bezaneed?
Do you know dqd...rd mlshena- aqa...ra mee-shena-
Mr....? sld ? seed ?

Where is the...? ...kujdst? ...keu-jast?

 71

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

What do they call Inra dar fdi'sl cheh' eenra darr far-see cho
that in Persian ? mlgftyand 1 mee-gooyand ?
What is that good In bur aye cheh khilb een bara-yi che Ar/ioob
Who is that? [for? u klxt / [ast / oo keest ? [ast ?
Who are you? shnnid lastid ? sheuma keesteed?
Who is there ? dnjd /ast? last dnjd? anja keest? keest anja?
What do you want? chi'hmlkhdhid ? che mee-/r/*a-heed?
What have you got? cheh (jereftul / che gerefteed ?
What is the matter? cheh khaharaxt- cheh che A7tabarr-ast ? chu
shnd ? [if
Hid /| sheud ? [begoo-eed ?
Can you tell me? mitavlnidbeman be- ineetavaueed beman
Why isthat ? cherd? [tad? chera ? [tad ?
Who sent you ? shuindrd kl funts-\ sheumara kee feu-reus-
What isyour name? name shuind chlst- I nanii sheuma cheest ?
Why did you go? die rd raftld ? chera rafteed ?

Railway (Rah-i-ahan, or Shamandafeir.)

(For Vocabulary see page 81.)

To the station be ffdr; be estdseyon be gar ;

be estaseyon
Here is my luggage in a*hyde in an ast een ash-ya-i man-ast
Take it to the cloak- inrd be'>ar be-utdqe eenra bebarr be-eutaqi
room axhyd' ash-ya'
I wish to regis- man ini/clidJiam ash- man mee-/i:/ia-ham ash-
ter my luggnge yde khadrd sefdre- ya-i A7teudra sefaresh-
for... [weight shl befei'estant be... ee beferestarn be...
The luggage is over
1
ashyd sanr/inast ash-ya' san-geen-ast
Get my luggage axhyde mard beydr ash-ya-i mavra beyar
Here is the ticket (/M<.'t hfJlt
itlflvt (/t M
[ eeu-ast beleet
How many pack- asbdlhd chand pdr- assbab-ha chand par-
ages are there ? chah ast ? cha ast ?
Where is the wait- utdqe entezdr kit- eutaqi entezar keu-
ing-room ? jdst [hanil'f [hand?
jast'?
booking-office? belitrd kujd mlda- beleet-ra keuja meeda-
refreshment- utdqe mashrubdt eutaqi mashroobat keu-
room? knjdst? jast ?
lavatory ? khald kujd^t 1 khala keujast ?

train for... ? qatdre...kujdst/ qatari...keajast?

Are you going by dyd ha qatdre surat aya ba qatari seurat
the express ? miravid meeraveed ?
Show me a time- yek fehreste fjadva- yek fehresti (jadval-i)
table le) raqt bedeh vaqt bedeh
 72

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation

When does the thamandafef kai shamandaferr kay mee-

train start ? mlravad 1 ravad ?
Can I book through ay a mltavanatn yek- aya rneetavanam yek-
to...? sarah be ... belli sarrah be ... beleot
bi'ti'iram ? begeeram ?
A first- (second-) yek bellte darajahe yek beleeti darra-ja-hi
class single ticket an-al (ihivviun) av-val (deuv-veum)
to...? be... be...
Return ticket belite dusarah beleeti deu-sarrah
How much is it ? r a ml ast? li chand ast ?
We want a sleeping ma i/fk tttdq mlkhd- ma yek eutaq rnee-Ma-
carriage him keh jdye khdb heem ke ja-yi Mab
dd^htah bashad dashta bashad
A corridor carriage yek ntdqe rdhroddr yek eutaqi rahro-dar
A corridor carriage yd; ntdqe rdhroddre yek eutaqi rahro-dari
for ladies zandnah zanana
A non-smoking yek utdq keh slydr yek eutaq keh seegar
compartment namlkashand nameekashand
Is this the train for... In qatdre . . .ast ? een qatari...ast?
Do change any-
I
dyd dar baine raw aya darr bayni rah ba-
where? bay ad avaz knnam? yad avaz keunam ?

\\hcre must I da r kujd bay ad ha rd- darr keuja ba-yad bara-

change for...? ye...avaz kunam? yi...avaz keunam?
Is this seat en- dyd in jd gereftah aya een ja gerrefta
gaged ? xhndah ast? sheuda ast?
There is no room Injd jd nlst [kun eenja ja neest
Call the guard ma'mur rd sadd ma'nioor ra sadii keun
The train is just qatdr aldn harakat qatar alan harakat mee
going to start inllcunad keunad
Open the door darrd bdz (vd) kun darr-ra baz (va) keun
Open the window panjamh rd bay kun panjarah ra, baz keun
Here is the station In astestdseyon (gar) een ast estaseyon (gar)
Do we stop here ? dyd Injd khdhlm Is- aya eenja /c/ta-heem ees-
tad? tad?
Do we alight here? dyd Injd pain khd-\ aya eenja pa-een kh&-
film dmad? heem amad ?
Do we change dyd injd utdqrd aya eenja eutaq ra avaz
carriages here ? avaz khdhim kard? /c/<a-heem karrd ?
How long do we cheh qadr Injd che qadrr eenja A'Aa-

stop here? khdhlm Istdd ? heem eestad ?

Five minutes panj daqlqah panj daqeeqa
 78

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

My luggage is lost
 74

English. Persian (romanized).

 75

Hotel* (Hotel, Mehmdnkhanah.)

(For Vocabularies see page 28 ).)

English. Persian (romanlzed). Pronunciation.

Is the proprietor sdhebe hotel kujdst sa-hebi ho-tel keujast

anywhere about? (injdst) : (eenjast)?
Have you a room utdqe khdll (herd- eutaqi Malee (kerra-y.i-
vacant ? yahi) ddrid? ee) dareed?
This room is too in utdq besydr een eutaq bes-yar koo-
small [room? kuchek ast chek ast [reed ?
Have you a large utdqe buznrg ddridf eutaqi beuzeurrg dti-
Show me a bed- yek utdqe khdb ne- yek eutaqi Mab neshau
room shdn bedeli bedeh ?
I will take this one man Inrd mlkhdham man eenra mee-/c/ta-hum
Have you no better utdye behtar nadd- eutaqi beh-tarr nada-
rooms ? rld? reed?
Have you not a yek utdqe khunuk- yek eutaqi /.7<euneuktnri'
cooler room ? tar naddrld? nadareed ?
I want a large one man yek utdqe bu- man yek eutaqi beu-

zurg nii/chdham zeurrg mee-AVm-ham

Show me some nice yek utdqe khubl ne- yek eutaqi /.-Aoobee
rooms s/idn bedeh neshan bedeh
Are you the land- dyd sdhebe hotel aya saheb-i ho-tel sheu-
lord? shumdld ? ma-eed ?
How much do you ruzl chand miglrid't roozee chand mee-gee- -

charge per day ? reed?

Has my luggage dyd ashyde (asbdbe)\ aya ash-ya-i (asbabi)
come ? mara, dvurdahand/[ marra aveurrdah-and?
Send the luggage asbdbe ward beferest asbabi marra beferest
upstairs bald bala [een)
Put it down here biif/zdr mjd (zamiri) beug-zar eenja (zam-
Do you intend to khalll khdhld A7/aylee A7ta-heed mand?
stay long ? mdnd ?
I shall stay a few du seh ruz klidham deu seh rooz A-/ta-ham
days mdnd mand
I want to have a man mee-/.-/ui-hain
man mikhdhaiu
wash shiisteshu kunatn sheusteshoo keunam
I want something man gnrusnah am, man geureus-nah am,
to eat kh nnlamcht'h ddrld Meurr-danee cheh da-
Anything will do har cheh bdshad havr cheh bashad [reed
zarar naddrad zarrarr na-darad
Give me the key of kalide utdqe mard kaleedi eutaqi marra
my room bedeh bedeh
 76

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

A decanter of water yek tunk db yek teunk ab

What are the hours injd cheh vaqt shdm- eenja che vaqt sham-eu-
of meals here ? va-nekdr midahld? ne-har meeda-heed?
Lunch is at... and nehdr darsdate...va ne-har darr sa-at-i...eu
dinner at... sham dar sdate... sham darr sa-at-i...
There is no fixed vaqte muaiyan vaqti meu-ay-yan nad-
time naddrlm a-reem
And breakfast ? va clidlc siibli, :'< eu cha-ee-i seubh, zee-
qal-ydni? ri qal-yanee ?
You can suit your liar rdi/t heh bard ye harr vaqt ke barra-yi
own convenience sliiuiid rdhat a sheuma va-hat ast
Can I dine in my dyd mltavdnam dar aya meetavanam darr
room ? iitdqe khudatn eutaqi Meudam sham
sham belc/niram? be-Meuram ?
Is the bed well <iyd rakhtkhdb beha- aya ra/f/tt-/c/<ab be-hava
aired ? vd dad ah shndah da-dah sheudah ast?
Where is the w.c.? lilmld kujdxt- [ast/i /c/iala keujast ?

I suppose you have dtjd In/d hammam aya eenja hanmmm da-
baths here ? ddi'ld ? reed ?
i want a warm iiutn yek hammdme man yek ham -in ami
bath garni mlkhdhutn garrm mee-Ma-ham
Give nit- a piece of yek pdi'chah (qdleb) yek par-chah (qaleb)
soap sdbun beydr saboon beyar
Give me a towel i/i'L- /toll
(qatifuh) yek holee (qateet'ah)
beydr \

bey-ar
Where is the bell? zany kujdst ? zang keu-jast?
Can you lend me iff/i juft yek jeuft papoosh
some slippers ? be'deh! bedeh ?
I want a candle man yek ,s/<am' -1111- man yek sham' mee-
khdliam /c/(R-hain
I think of leaving man kheydl ddram\ man A-/teyal daram
to-morrow fardd beravam i'arrdaberrav-am
Call me early in mard subhe zud niarra seubh -i zood
the morning biddr kun beedar keun
It is chilly to-night emshab khitnuk ant emshab Meuneuk ast
Put on more bed- lelidfe dlgar bugzdr le-hafi deegari* beugzar
clothes
Send "boots "to me nokar rd beferest nokarr ra beferrest
Call my servant no/care mard sadd nokarri marra sada
kun keun
Bring me a light yek charayli beydr yek charra^/t beyar
 77

English. Persian (roraanized). I'roiiiinciation.

Make a fire dtash roshan kun atash ro-shan keun

Put that outside inrd l/ugzdr blrun eenra beugzar beeroon
Light the lamp lanipdrd roslian kun lampara ro-shan keun
Fetch my gloves dastkaahe mard dast-kashi marra beyar
beydr [kun
Mend my stockings jurdbe mard rafo joorabi marra rafo keun
Get me a mosquito yek pashshahddn yek pash-shah-dan
curtain beydr beyar
Why are you so cherd dlr kardid? cherra deerr karrdeed?
late ?
Bring me a cushion yek bdlesh beydr yek balesh beyar
What do you re- dqd cheh imkhdhid? aqa che mee-Wia-heed ?

quire, sir?
Give me some hot qadrl dbe qadree abi garrm beyar
gann
water beydr [kun [keuu
Clean my shoes kafslthaye mard pdk kafsh-ha-yi marra pak
I want a shave man rishamrd ml- man reeshamia mee-
khdham betardsliam Ma-ham be-tarrasham
Is there a barber dyd dar In nazdiki aya darr een nazdeekee
about here ? dukkdne dalldki deuk-kani dallakee
hast.' hast ?
Send my boots to kafslie mard beferest kaf-shi marra beferrest
be repaired ta'mlr kitnand ta'meerr keunand
Let this linen go In rakhtrd berakht- een rafr/*t-ra beraAVjt-
to the laundry shur beferest \aml shoorr beferrest
My clothes are wet lakhthaye man tar- raA7tt-ha-yi man tarand
[

Please dry them I ut fan dnhdrd leut-fan aiihara Meushk

k/ius/tk kun
[kun,
keun [keun
Brush my clothes rakhthdye mard pdki raA-/it-ha-yi marra pak
Are you tuning to dqd lebdse kliutlf- aqa lebasi Ar/ieu-det-

change your tdnrd avaz an-ra avaz A7<a-heed

klid-
clothes, sir? hlil hard? karrd ?
Let us have the bill liesdbrd beyirlm he-sabra be-geereem
Is the luggage dyd ashyd hdzer aya ash-ya' hazerr ast?
1

ready ? ast?
Send the luggage to rd 1
ash-ya' ra beferrest
ashyd beferestl
the station be gar be gar
Take me to the mard bebar be gdr marra beb-arr be gar
station (be estdneyon) (be esta-sey-on)
I am pressed for vaqt naddram vaqt nadaram
time i.e. I have iiot time
 78

Meals. (Kheurak.)
(For Vocabularies see page* 31 to 26.'

English. Persian (romanized). Pronuneiat'on.

Show rne the bill-

 79

English. IVrsUn (roinanized). Pronunciation.

Tell the cook to bedshpaz ber/it qadrl be-ash-paz begoo qad-

make chicken dbe munjh durnst ree abi meurr^/t deu-
broth [cook kunad reuat keunad
He is not a good dshpaze khiibi nist ashpazi Moobee neest
I have nothing to man hich khurdani man heech /c/teurr-dan-
eat (yhazd') naddram ee (^r/taz-a) nad-aram
Is the soup ready ? dyd ash (dbyusht) aya ash (ab-goosht)
[served) hater ast f ha-zerr ast ?
Dinner is ready (or sham hdzer ast sham ha-zerr ast
Do you like...? dyd...mail ddnd? aya...mayl dareed ?
I must have them agar tdzah ast agarr tazah ast
fresh i.e. If it is fresh

Give me a little, Intfan qadrl eltefdt leutfan qadree eltef-at

please knn (bedeli) keun (bed-eh)
Will you pass the lutfan khardalrd leutf m /f/iarrdalra el-
mustard ? eltefdt keuneed? [keun
kunld? tefat
Pass me the sauce chdshnlrdeltefdtkun chash-neera el-tefat
Waiter, some bread nokar, qadrl nan no-karr, qadree nan
beydr beyar
What wine will you cheh shardbl mail che sharabee mayl
take, sir? ddrld? dareed ?
Show me the wine fehreste shardbrd feh-resti sharabra be-
list beydr yar
Have you English dyd dbe joye (hiralie) aya abi joy-i (beerah-i)
beer? enryells ddnd? en-gelees dareed?
Open the bottle and shiskahrd vd kun sheesha-ra va keun
bring here
it beydr Injd beyar eenja
Is this water fil- dyd in db tasfeyah aya een ab tas-feya
tered ? shudah axt? sheudah ast ?
Is it good for dyd In db bardye aya een ab bara-yi
drinking ? khnrdan khilb ast? /c/ieurrdan /c/toob ast?
What meat is there? cheh t/ushtl ddnd/ che gooshtee dareed?
Give me a slice of yek jidrchah yushte yek parclia gooshti
ham khuk bedeh A'Aook bedeh
Have you any roast dyd kabdbe gtifshte aya kab-abi gooshti gav
beef? fjdt- ddnd.' dareed ?
Do you prefer well- kuddnird mailddrldl keudainra mayl dareed
done or under- pnklitali yd nlm- peu/r/ttah ya neem-
done? pnltht/ peu/rAo ?
What will you take hdld cheh mail dd- hala che mayl dareed?
now ? rtd*
 80

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

English.
82
 83

English. Persian (romiuii/nl). Pronunciation.

I want some note- man qadrl kayhaze man qadree kfW/7iazi

paper [lope chdpdrl mlkhdham chaparee mee-A/ja-ham
Give me an enve- yek pdkdt bedeh yek pakat bedeh
Where is the ink ? mil ra Ideal) kujdst?
'

meurak-kab keujast ?
Lend me a piece of I
yek />drchah kdghaze yek parchah ka///mz-i
blotting-paper \
dblcash beinanbedeh abkash beman bedeh
Get me some :
cltand tamre pust chand tamri peust
stamps bardye man beylr barra-yi man begeerr
Tell him to wait beyii sabr hunad begoo sabrr keunad
I will send a reply wan javdb lihdham man jav-ab A-Aa-liam
later ferextdd ferrestad
Can I send a tele- dyd mltavdnain yek aya meeta-vanam yek
gram ? telijerdf beferestam? telgerraf beferrostam?
I have received a man yek telijerdf az man yek tel-gerraf az...
telegram from... ...f/ereftaw gerreftam
Please send this hitfan in telijerdfrd leutfah een tel-gerraf-ra
telegram beferext beferrest
Has a telegram dyd hardye aya tel-gerrafee barra-
telijerdf I
come for me? man dniadali ast- yi man amadah ast?
I want a postal man yek bardie jmst man yek barrati peust
order mlkhdhain, inee-/c/ia-ham
The payee's name ndm ra adrase gl- nam va ad-rassi gee-
and address are... randah...ast ran-dah...ast
The sender's name ndm va adrase fe- nam va ad-rassi ferres-
and address are... restandah...ast tanda...ast
I amthe sender manam ferestandah manam ferrestanda
I amthe payee man am glrandah manam geeranda
Please cash this I tit fan in askendsrd leutfan een asken-as-ra
money order (hardte pimt-ra) (barrati peust-r<a)
(postal order) kliiird kun /f/teurrd keun
This letter to be In kdfi/iaz bay ad een ka-///taz ba-yad sef-
registered sofdrexhi beshavad areshee beshavad
Registered letter kdr/haze sefdreslri ka-.v/taz-i sefareshee
Receipt for do. qabze sefdreshi qab-zi sefareshee

Notices. (E-e'landt.)

Apartment manzel, manzel, ft/tana

Entrance madkhal mad -Mai
Exit makliraj ma/r/t-raj
Furnished room iltaqi'farsk shitdah eutaqi fa ITS h sheuda
Keep off the grass ruije aabzak maro roo-yi sabza marro
G*
 84

English. I'prsian (romauizod). Pronunciation.

 85

EiiKlish. Persian (romanized). Pronuucldtlon.

to the left it: <laxt,'

(tarafe)chaji a/,dasti (tarrati) chap
Cross the road kin-halt id Inii/tar koocha ra bengzarr
In what stive t is...? ...dar ImddHi. ktl- . .darr keudiim koocliah
.

i-hah ast? ast '?

1'irase tell me the /at fan na:dlktarin leutfan nazdeek-tarreeu

nearest way to...'? rdhc...rd be man rah-i...ra beman
neslian bedeh
Is this the way to... V nlln'... in axt.' ;i\,-i i-;lh-i...een ast ?
Do you know <~H~t....rd mlshend- aqa...ra meeshenaseed?
Mr. ...? td. .'

I do not know any- kaslm brln nam kaseera be-een nfun

one of that name lUtlltlxlli'lKlxdiii namee-shen-asam
i know him very man urn k/tilh mi- man oora /.7toob mee-
well shen-asam
What is his name'? name u chi*t/ uanii oo cheest?
Who ishe '? ll Ictxt.' oo keest ?
He is an old friend oo yek doosti cjadee-
mine
of man axt mee-i man ast
Where does he live'? kttjd keuja meenesh-eenad ?
Quite near besydr nazdlk bes-yar ra/deek
Are Mr. ...and Mrs. (dyd> dqd..va madam (iiya aqa va madam . )
. . . . .

...at home? ...lihdnalt hastaiid.' A7/ana hastand ?

Have you a card ? dya kdrd ddrld? iiya ktlrd dareed ?
Give him my card lid rdc mard bedehbe u kardi marra bedeh be oo

I will call again wan dubdrah (&<<-) man deubara (baz) /c/a-
dmad ham amad
.Does he expect dyd u ay a oo m< un-ta/en-i
you? shumdat? sheumast ?
He expecting me
is a vnnita :<'<v ///// <t*t oo meun-tazerri man ast
I have an engage- man bd ll i/ek '- man ba oo yek va'dah
ment with him dah ddram darani
Good morning saldmun salameun alaykeiin
How do you do ? ahrdlc ahvali sharreef ?
Very well ;
I am (tl/tamdn Idlalt, al-hamdeu lellah,
very well bcsydi' khftli bes-yar /.-/toob

I'must go bay ad be meant b'a-yad burravam

Good-bye, farewell.
Good morning -/./i n dd liat'et A7ieu-da ha- fez
(evening, night)
Sat Idle my horse mum zni 1,-ini aslii niiirrft /een keuu
Call the dog sa<ji'd sadd Imn baurra tada keun
 86

English. Persian (romanized). Pronunciation.

Do not forget to alafe asbe kuchek ra alafi asbi koochek ra

feed the pony fardmiish makim faramoosh makeun
You haven't fed shtund be-u khnrdk sheuma be-oo AVieurak
him (alaf) nadddJ'l (alaf) nadadeed
Can you take me dydm'ttardmd mard fiya meetavaneed murra,
to a good hotel ?
beyek mehmdnhlxl
-
beyek meh-man-/c/tanah-
Hit In'- h-lllllilln lull-ill! i /c/ioobee bebarreed ?

Is there an inn d yd ilar nt iia-.'lil.-i

uya darr een nazdeekee
about here?
'

kdrednsard liaxt karvansara hast ?

\Vli;it is the name In deh chlst- \
nami een deh cheest ?
of that village ?
What sort of a road vheli jur rdhist? che joorr ni-heest ?
is it?
Which way am I n z Icuddm rdhbdi/ad az keudam nib bfi-yad
to go ? [way beracam? berravam ?
You are in the right hain't n rdlt rant ast hameen rah rast ast
You are quite out x/iitmd rdhrd <jnni sheuma riihm giiiim
of the way kardahld karrdaheed
1want to be off man bdyad ln-rar<im\ man ba-yad berravam
When do you start?' kai nnraold' kai lui- kay meerav-eed? kay
ha rrakat meekeuneed?
Have you hired n di/d aya sheuma kuleskah-i
conveyance ? ln- l;lindrd /c/teudra kerra-ya
karrdah-eud ?
I shall go by cart man bd delijdnl.-lut- man ba delee-jan /://,-

haui raft ham raft

Shopping. (Khareed.)
For Vocabularies Bee pages 15 tois, & 21 to S

1 want some silk man qadrl abrlshum man qadree abreesheum

nn/chdhum mee-/c/*a-ham
This silk is very in abrlshnin khaill een abreesheum Mayiee
dear gerdn out gerran ast
This material wears In jtdrcJiah khaill een parchah AVtaylee
well davdm mlkunad <1 avari! meekeunad
I will guarantee it man zamdnat miku- man zamanat meekeu-
nam \namlkunam nam [meekeunam
I don't guarantee it man Inrd .-.amcinal, man eenra zarnanat na-
Please show me littfan ckand jiift leutfan chand jeuft
some gloves dastkask be man dastkash beman
neshdn bedeh neshan bedeh
 87

English. Persian (ronmnizcd). Pronunciation.

How much is this In saniliiif cliandaxt't een saudooq chandast?

cabinet ?

May I see it ? (bty&r) bebinam / (beyar) bebee-nam ?

I want to see that man nrikhiham In man
mee-Ar/tii-ham een
screen pardah rd bebln<un parrda ra beb-eenam
I should think it giiyd kamln khubaxi goo-ya hameen /c/toob-
would do ast
What is the lowest qaimate dkher c/iand qaymat-i a-/r//errcband-
price ? [sive ? axt? [oat?''
ast?
Is this vase expen- dyd m
zarf yer tin- aya een zarrf gerranast.'
I will select the man az liainah bch- man az hau:;i. beh-tar-
best from among t-arraazmeyaneinha ra az meyani een-ha
these seed khdham hard seva /Jta-ham karrd
I want to see some man mlkhdham ba'- man inee/rM-ham ba'zet:
curios zlantikhd bebinam an tee k- ha bebeenam
Are they really dyd Inhd haqiqatan aya een-ha haqee-qat-
genuine ? a*land? an as-land ?
I don't think it is man gumdn nami- man geuman namuo-
genuine kunam kehlnaxl a*t keunam keh een asl ast
How old is this dyd in :arf chc/i aya een zarrf che qadrr
vase? qadr knhnah ast- keuhnah ast?
May I choose for !

dydmltavdnamklnt- aya meetavanam kheu-

myself ? dain sevd knnani: dam seva keunam ?

May I show it to dyd mail ddrld fird aya mayl dareed oora
you? beshurnd nesltdn besheu-ma neshiln
bedeham ? be-de-ham ?
Please give me Intfan beqadre dak leutfan beqadri da ta
about ten td bedeh bedeh
This suits me, but Inbekdreman nnklni- een bekari man met--
the price is too rad amind qaima- A7teurad am ma qay-
high tash kltaill yeran matash A7i.aylee ger-
ast ran ast
\jlddam "dam
I have ordered it man urd sef&resh man oora sefaresh da-
It is not new [more In tdzali nut een taza neest
I don't want any diyar namikhdliaiii deegarr namee-A:/iaham
It is dearer than I In (jerantarast az een gerran-tarrast a/
thought dncheh man klie- ancheh man kheyal
[made ydl kardam karrdam
This is native- In male ddkhelah ast een mali da-A/tel-ah ast
This is cheaper In arzdntarast een arrzantarr-ast
That is imported an male kkdrejah ast an mali /,7/a-rej-ah ast
 88

Persian (romauized). Pronunciation.

This is a still better ///

qadn bchtaraxt een qadre.t beh-tarr-ast
one [kkurad [ee-A7<eurad
It won't do at all In Inch bi'kdr nann- een heech bekar nam-
I must have it IIKUI lira bay ad be- uian oora ba-yad be-
kliaram AVmrram
Uo\v much do you In fit dm ltd chand meegoo-
inlguid? eenra
a^k for it? eed?
I can't let you have iidni'itdfiniani. kam- namee-tava-nam kam-
them for less tar Ix'ili'/idin tarr bed-e-ham
llo\v much do you i:luintl in ilc/id luil chand mee-Mii-heed ?
require ? [bekhdi'din [be-^/mrrani
I will
buy this lint n In fd m'tkhdlidin man eenra mee-A7ia-ham
How do you like this in I'd mlpasandld? oenra nieepas-andeed?
1 don't like any of </: 'inlidrd heech-yek az een-hara
these namee-pas-andam
Do you want any- dyd chizi d'uiar ini- aya cheezee deegarr
thing else ? IchdhW mee-/i//a-heed ?
Nothing else to- null rnirttz chili dl- nah enirooz cheezee dee-
1

day [worth :' f/<ir inunlkhdliain gari namee-/r/(ri-li;[in

Ilow much is this in dtuiiil nriarzad? een chand mee-arr-/ad?
Send the things to in hum be.ferest man- een-hara beferest inan-
my hotel zele man xel-i man
What name, sir ? iiijtl, bcndme keh? aqa, ben-ami keh ?
address, madam? bekeuju, madam?

Commercial and Trading. (Tcjamt

i For Vocabulary .-
;

May I show you dyd mail ddrld ayA. mayl dareed neiu-
be-
my samples ? nemunahdyainrd oona-ha-yam-ra
beshumd neshdn sheuma neshan be-
bedeham? de-haui ?
1 can sell at... man be...meeta-vanaui
bej'ui'i~(sha>tt
befeurooshaiu
1 can't come down numitavdnaiii ktun- nam-eeta-vanam kam-
in price tar in'ili'lniiii tarr be-de-ham
It is impossible to beln (jainiat furukh- be-een qayrnat feuroo/c/t-
that figure
sell at tdii niiunkett >ii*t tan meumken neest
I will consult my bd khnd ba
sharlke sharree-ki /c/teud

partner and let mashvarat mlku- rnashvarrat rneekeu-

vou know nam va beshumd uaui va besheuma
khabar mulaham Wtabarr meeda-hani
89
 90

English. Persian (ronianlzed). Pronunciation.

 01

English. Persian (roumnized). Pronunciation.

Here is a cheque In bljaki' talabe een bee-jak-i tal-ab-i

foryour account sheumast
Will you accept a ilt/i'i burnt (jab id ini- aya barrat qab-ool mee-
bffl? kunld.' keuneed ?
These goods must In mdlhd bay ad een mal-ha ba-yad ba-
be carefully packed bd deqqat bantali deq-qat bastah shav-
nhavand and
Put this mark on in iii'xhanrd butjzdr een neshan-ra beug-zar
the boxes nlye sanduqhd roo-yi sandooq-ha
The boxes must be In sanduqhd bdyad een sandooq-ha ba-yad
iron-bound dhan - bandl be- a-han bandee besh-
shavaml av-and
The boxes must be in sanduqhd bay ad een sandooq-ha ba-yad
tin -bound be halabl gereftah be hallabee gerref-
shavand tah shav-and
Trade is good bazar ramjaxt ba-ziir ravaj-ast
Trade is dull bazar kasdtlaxt ba-zar kassad-ast
He has become u varshekastah xhnd oo varr-shek-asta
bankrupt ahead
The firm is in liqui- In tejdratlchdnah een tej-arat-A;/mna bas-
dation ba stah khdhadshud tah A;Aa-had sheud
[lit., will be closed]
Are these notes dyd In askendshd aya een as-kenas-hii
good? khuband? AViOoband ?

Money-Changing.
(For Tables of Money see pp. 5 & 1)0.)

Where is tfcere a dukkdne xarrdfi deuk-kani sarrafee keu-

money-changer ? kujdxt? jast ?
Can you give me dyd pid khurd aya pool fc/ieurrd mee-
inl-

change ? kunld! keuneed ?

Yes, sir what ; balidqd! chehsekkah bal-ee aqa! che sek-
change do you (pul) mlkhdhid? ka (pool) mee-Ma-
want? heed ?
Will you give me pule Iran bedekld! pooli eeran bed-e-heed ?

Persian money ?
Please give me lutfan uskendse- leutfan as-ken-asi-bank
bank-notes [in... bdnk bedehld bed-e-heed
Give me the amouu t pule bedehld
. .
pooli. ..bed-e-heed
.

Please change this lutfan Inrd pule leutfan eenra pooli

into small money khurdah bedehld? /r/ieurrda bed-e-heed
 92

Kiik'lish. Persian (romauized). Pronunciation.

Will you cash this aya In bi/akrd aya een beej akra Me urrd
cheque for me ? khurd mlkunld? meekeuneed ?
What exchange on mazannahe. . .
maz-an-nah-i....en-gel-
English money? chand ast? ees chandast ?
Please change me I nt fa n- Jn een yek as-ken-
yt,k axkc- leutfan
an English bank- ndse hdnke banki eu-gel-ees-
enijd'is- asi
note rd khurd Innutl ra Meurrd keuneed
I want change for hi dxkrndxrd khurd een askenasra ArAeurrd
this note [it ? keuneed
How will you take full i >irikhdlil<it che poolee mee/iAaheed?
Can you give it me agar diirid ti'/Ti lif<lt>~
agarr dareed tela
in gold? hid 1 [j n gold)
bedeheed ?
(i.e. If you have, give me
I will take it in gold trla lllJk/ld/lUIII tela mee/iVmham
Can you change me (<~< >/<'()
in i tn rii nl i
(aya) meeta-vaneed yek
a sovereign ? lira li/ntnl 1,-iuttil/ leera ArAeurrd keuneed?
I am sorry I i
,
naml- meuta-assefam, namee-
cannot tavanam, na nada-
ram
I haven't enough f>ult- klntnlalt dn- pool-i A;Aeurrda anqadr
change by me nadaram
I have no more diyar pule khnnln/i deegarr pool-i ///eurrda
change ntnlt'i nun nadaram
Where is the nearest deuk-kan-i sar-rafee
bank ? (bank] kujdst ? (bank) keujast ?
Give it me in bank- axl;<-ndse bank askenas-i bank bed-
notes bedehld eheed
This is a Bank of In ask&ndxt: Ixl /ike een askenas-i bauk-i
England note engells-ast engelees-ast
 96

THE LORD'S PRAYER. [TRANSLITERATION.]

[The following is the romanized form of the words of the Prayer, as given on the
preceding page, with the literal English translation interlined.]

Ay pedar-i- m& keh dar asemanl muqaddas bad nam-i tu.

l''athei of ns who in sky Thou art, sacral let-be name of Thee.

Beyayad malakut-i- tu. Ejra-shavad eradat-i- tu dar

Let-come ylory of Thee. Let be carried out ivish of Thee on
zamln chenancheh dar aseman-ast. Emruz ruzey-i- mara
the earth ecen as in the xlcy it is.
To-day daily-bread of us

bema berasan va gunahan-i- mara bebakhsh chenancheh ma

to us send and sins of us fonjirc even as in:

gunahan-i- anhara keh bema takhattl mikunand

the S/H.S of those ivho ayainst us trespass do
rnibakhshlm. Mara bemaqam-i- emtehiln niayar va mara
forgive. Us to a place of trial briny -not and ns
<iz sharlr khalasl bedeh. Chera keh turast malakut
from tlie Evil-one release give. Because that Thine is Sovereignty

va jabarut va jalal ela abad-el abad. Amm.

and Power and Greatness to ail eternity. Amen.

MONEY, WEIGHTS & MEASURES.

MONEY. (Pool.)
Shahee, a COPPER coin ... ... ... ... = about a farthing
qerdu (20 sJidJice), a SILVER coin ... = about 4|d.
manat (the Russian rouble), SILVKK ... ... . = about 2 schillings
tooinan (10 qerdn), SILVKE ... ... =- about 4s.
(ixhrafee, a GOLD coin ... ... ... ... = about 8s.
Jecid (about 50 qerdn), the English sovereign, GOLD = 1

einjteridl (the Russian imperial), GOLD .. ... = abou^t 1

Copper coins are known as pool-i-seydh, i.e., black money, and silver
coins as pool-i-sefeed, white money.
Bank-notes are in circulation, of the value of 1, 5, 10, 25 toorian, etc.
The standard is silver and fluctuates considerably.
'J 3 y I /ii OF EXCHANGE. TheEngliFh sovereign is usually exchanged
for about 50 qerdn or 5 tonntan. It is on this basis that the table on page
96 is calculated.
 English & American Money, with Persian Equivalents.
ENGLISH. AMERICAN-. I'KRSIAN. AMERICAN, PERSIAN-.
B d. dols. c. t q. d. dols. c.
50 250 00 250 50 5
500 25 00 25 2 10
1 5 00 5 8 1 5
10 2 50 250 3 19

1
1 25

toomdn
C.2* =65
=
(t.)
1 2 10

10 ijiti'mn (<|.)
1
0$
^ 04
=
200 shdhee
2
1
(a.)
4
2

|Thp above equivalents nrv Mibject to fluctuations in the rate of exc-liiinge.]

MEASURES OF LENGTH. (.'\ft'</i/rtfs-i-t0ol.)

/.'/(/ (i'j uf a ~<irr<") ... i
14; inch
j/eraft (Ai of a 2rt//. -i ... 2 inches
chdryek or dulruk (
ol = 10*
neem zarre' (J zarre')... 20j
zarre' ... 1-1377 yard
fan-sang or fai / ut 3J miles
is
" the distance a mule can walk comfortably in an hour."
\farrsang
WEIGHTS. (V,i.rn.)
<i<ut<1<'iim (a wlioat corn) ... ... ... rain
ni-iikhfiid (a >niall eliirk ntM ; 1
i/mnli'inn) ,\, ounce
mesqal (21 nenkli,-nii) r.
(nearly ,\ ox.)
... 2-'.)44 02.
I si 11,. (llb.iaox.7dr.)
II Ib.s
-f>40 7 3Glb. (71b. r,,,/. 12 dr. i

3hah
1,280 tTWJi J4 lb. lloz. 8Jdr.
khiiri ran- (100 Shirax in/nn. 78C, lb.

The inesqdl is the standard of weight throughout Persia. The Saqat

NMN is tho Treaty ;.
CAPACITY. There is no measure of capacity in Persia, everything
being sold by weight or number.

POSTAL CHARGES.
LETTERS.
For INTERNAL Letters :

About 8 mesqal (or about \ oz.) costs 5 shdhee (about

For INTERNAL Post-cards, the postage is 3 shdhee (about
For FOREIGN Letters:
About 3 mesqal (about ^-oz.) costs 13 shdhee (about
For FOREIGN Post-cards ... 6 ,, (about
TELEGRAMS (INTERNAL).
For 10 words, including address, 2 qerdn (about Is.)
For ever} additional 10 words or less than 10, 2 qerdn (about 9<1.)
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BRITISH AND FOREIGN BIBLE SOCIETY,

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 r f Jo-bo*- 7

#7-
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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY

Hasan, Shaikh
6235 Persian self-taught
in Roman characters with
English phonetic pronunciation