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Infant
Infant A. Physical tasks
A. Physical tasks 3. 5 - 6 months
2. 1 - 4 months e. Sensory development
a. Head growth:
growth: posterior fontanel 1) hearing: can localize sounds above
closes and below ear
b. Motor development 2) vision: smiles at own mirror image
1) reflexes begin to fade (e.g., Moro, and responds to facial expressions of
tonic neck) others
2) gains head control;
control; balances 3) taste: sucking needs have decreased
head in sitting position and cup weaning can begin; chewing,
chewing,
3) rolls from back to side biting,
biting, and taste preferences begin to
4) begins voluntary hand-to-mouth develop
activity Infant
Infant A. Physical tasks
A. Physical tasks 4. 7 - 9 months
2. 1 - 4 months a. Teething continues
c. Sensory development 1) 7 months: upper central incisors
1) begins to be able to coordinate stimuli 2) 9 months: upper lateral incisors
from various sense organs b. Motor development
2) hearing: locates sounds by turning 1) crawls;
crawls; may go backwards initially
head and visually searching 2) pulls self to standing position
3) vision: follows objects 180°
180° 3) develops finger-thumb opposition
(pincer grasp)
Infant Infant
A. Physical tasks A. Physical tasks
3. 5 - 6 months 5. 10-12 months
a. Weight:
Weight: birth weight doubles;
doubles; gains 3- a. Weight:
Weight: birth weight tripled
5 oz (84-140 g) weekly for next 6 b. Length:
Length: 50% increase over birth
months length
b. Length:
Length: gains 1/2 inch (1.25 cm) for c. Head and chest circumference equal
next 6 months d. Teething
1) lower lateral incisors erupt
2) average of eight deciduous teeth
Infant Infant
A. Physical tasks A. Physical tasks
5. 10-12 months 2) exhibits aggressiveness by biting
e. Motor development at times
1) walks with help or cruises 3) understands the word “no
“no””
2) may attempt to stand alone
Infant Infant
B. Psychosocial tasks B. Psychosocial tasks
1. Neonatal period 5. 10 - 12 months
a. Cries to express displeasure a. Vocalization: imitates animal sounds,
b. Smiles indiscriminately can say only 4 - 5 words but
c. Receives gratification through sucking understands many more (ma, da)
d. Makes throaty sounds b. Socialization
1) begins to explore surroundings
Infant 2) plays games such as pat-a-cake,
pat-a-cake,
B. Psychosocial tasks peek-a-boo
2. 1 - 4 months 3) shows emotions such as
a. Crying becomes differentiated at 1 jealousy, affection, anger, fear
month (especially in new situations)
1) decreases during awake periods Infant
2) ceases when parent in view C. Cognitive tasks
b. Vocalization distinct from crying at 1 1. Neonatal period:
period: reflexive behavior only
month 2. 1 - 4 months
1) coos,
coos, babbles,
babbles, laughs;
laughs; vocalizes a. Recognizes familiar faces
when smiling b. Is interested in surroundings
c. Discovers own body parts
Infant
B. Psychosocial tasks Infant
2. 1 - 4 months C. Cognitive tasks
c. Socialization 3. 5 - 6 months
1) stares at parents’
parents’ faces when a. Begins to imitate
talking at 1 month b. Can find partially hidden objects
2) smiles socially at 2 months 4. 7 - 9 months
3) shows excitement when happy at a. Begins to understand object
4 months permanence;
permanence; searches for dropped
4) demands attention, enjoys social objects
interaction with people at 4 b. Reacts to adult anger; cries when
months scolded
c. Imitates simple acts and noises
Infant d. Responds to simple commands
B. Psychosocial tasks
3. 5 - 6 months Infant
a. Vocalization: begins to imitate sounds C. Cognitive tasks
b. Socialization: recognizes parents, 5. 10-12 months
stranger anxiety begins to develop; a. Recognizes objects by name
comfort habits begin b. Looks at and follow pictures in book
c. Shows more goal-directed actions
Infant
B. Psychosocial tasks Infant
4. 7 - 9 months D. Nutrition
a. Vocalization: verbalizes all vowels 1. Birth to 6 months
and most consonants a. Breast milk is a complete and
b. Socialization healthful diet; supplementation may
1) shows increased stranger anxiety include 0.25 mg fluoride, 400 IU
and anxiety over separation from vitamin D, and iron after 4 months.
months.
parent b. Commercial iron-fortified formula is
acceptable alternative;
supplementation may include 0.25 mg a. Provide toys with movable parts and
fluoride if water supply is not noisemakers;
noisemakers; stack toys, blocks; pots,
fluoridated. pans, drums to bang on; walker and
c. Juices may be introduced at 5-6 push-pull toys.
toys.
months, diluted 1:1 and preferably b. Plays games: hide and seek,
seek, pat-a-
given by cup. cake.
cake.
Infant Infant
D. Nutrition F. Fears
2. 6 - 12 months 1. Separation from parents
a. Breast milk or formula continues to be a. Searches for parents with eyes.
primary source of nutrition. b. Shows preference for parents.
b. Introduction of solid foods starts with c. Develops stranger anxiety around 6
cereal (usually rice cereal), which is months (peaks at 8 months).
continued until 18 months. 2. Pain
The nurse discusses Lucy’s motor skill Mrs. Sara tells the nurse that her 4-year-old
development with her mother. The nurse son, Charles does not seem to know the
explains to Lucy’s mother that at about 7 difference between right and wrong. She
months of age, Lucy will most likely to be explains that he knows he should not
able to push other children, but the only reason
Walk with support for not pushing them is that he avoids
Feed herself with a spoon trouble. Mrs. Sara is describing typical
Stand holding onto furniture behavior of a child who has reached with
Sit alone using her hand with support level of moral development as described
by Kohlberg?
A mother of an infant asks the nurse when Autonomous
she can expect her baby to sit up. The Conventional
nurse informs the mother that an infant Preconventional
can generally sit up without support at: Principles
4 months
6 months A mother brings her 5-year-old son to the
8 months pediatrician’s office for a complete health
10 months appraisal before he enters kindergarten
next moth. The nurse should focus part of
the assessment on the child’s
A mother of a 10-month-old baby asks a achievement of psychosocial tasks. At
clinic nurse about appropriate and safe this age, he should be trying to
toys for the baby. The nurse tells the accomplish a sense of
mother that the most appropriate toys for Autonomy
a 10-month-old is which of the following? Identity
cradle gym Mastery
Teddy bears Initiative
Low rocking horses
Blocks
The mother of a 10-year-old student is
Which is the best way to deal with a toddler concerned about her daughter’s
who is having a temper tantrum? compulsion for collecting things. The
Reason with the child nurse explains that this behavior is
Threaten the child related to the cognitive ability to perform:
Spank the child Concrete operations
Ignore the child’s outburst Formal operations
Coordination of secondary schemas
The nurse observes a group of 2-year-old Tertiary circular reactions
children at play in the beach. The nurse
would expect to see:
Four children playing soft ball
Three children playing tag