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Abstract This paper proposes a new self-excited induction II. VAR GENERATORS
generator (SEIG) voltage regulation scheme. The proposed
SEIG scheme utilizes the concept of a continuously controlled A wide variety of VAR generators have been used with
capacitor and is called the controlled shunt capacitor SEIG. An SEIGS. One VAR generator category uses passive elements.
anti-parallel IGBT switches are used across the fixed excitation One scheme of this category uses additional capacitor in
capacitors to regulate the voltage across a 7.5 HP induction series with the load [2], or in series with the stator winding
generator. The experimental results and those obtained by [3]. These schemes have limited capability of a continuous
simulation are similar. The experimental results are proven that
voltage regulation over a range of load and/or speed.
the controlled shunt capacitor SEIG maintains a constant
terminal voltage over wide variety of loads and changes in The other category is the static VAR generator which uses
speed, and hence is a reliable and cost effective electric solid state power switches. Some of the schemes under this
generator controlled system. category utilize the concept of the thyristor switched
capacitor, or the inductively loaded AC/DC converters[4] or
I. INTRODUCTION the thyristor controlled reactor [5]. Most of these static VAR
generators are expensive and have complex control, beside
It is well known that a conventional induction motor can the need of bulky inductors and large excitation capacitors
work as a generator if a sufficient amount of capacitance is for those capable only of supplying lagging current.
connected across the machine terminals to sustain the
excitation requirement, while the rotor speed is maintained 111.PROPOSEDSCHEME
by some mechanical power [1].
The advantages of using standard three phase squirrel cage The proposed method for regulating the load voltage is
induction machine as a self-excited induction generator, called the controlled shunt capacitor SEIG, Its simplified
SEIG over synchronous alternator are the lower cost due to block diagram is illustrated in Fig. 1. Its per-phase equivalent
their simple construction, and the lower maintenance circuit is shown Fig. 2, where the power switches used are
requirements due to their ruggedness and to avoid using GTO switches. This scheme uses the concept of a
brushes. Also, one does not need a separate source for dc continuously controlled capacitor [6]. Where the controlled
excitation current which is required for synchronous capacitor consists of a fixed capacitor in parallel with anti-
alternator. The other advantage is the inherent over load parallel GTO switches. The apparent value of the fixed
protection. At the occurrence of fault, the current will be capacitor can be adjusted periodically by controlling the time
limited by the excitation, and the machine voltage will in which the capacitor is connected to the circuit. When the
collapse immediately. GTO switch is turned-off, the current will flow through the
However, the SEIG has a serious voltage regulation capacitor. At the instant the capacitor voltage reaches zero,
problem when load andJor speed changes. The remedy to this the switch is turned-on for a short period. Hence, a zero-
problem is associated with the need of a continuous supply of voltage switching operation is performed.
the necessary leading VARS instead of the existed fixed During the shorting period, the current bypasses the
excitation capacitor. The variable leading current is needed to capacitor and the voltage across the capacitor remains at zero.
balance the lagging currents of the magnetizing current and The longer the shorting period, the lower the fundamental
the given load currents at different power factor for a given component of the voltage across the capacitor and the higher
rotor speed. the effective capacitance independent of the current flowing
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Fig. 1. The schematic block diagram of the controlled shunt capacitor SEIG.
through it, Therefore, the minimum apparent capacitance is different types of load power factor. While Fig. 6, shows that
the actual value of the fixed capacitor while the upper limit is the machine current is the same for all the load power factors
infinity when the shorting time takes over the complete half and the machine can deliver its rated power without
cycle. exceeding its rated current.
SEIG at Speed=lpu and pf=l O
R. iFX,. iFX,. 14, I
1,, ,,, ,, I
~ ,,2 -- .-,--
~.
,,
,,, , : pf=o,9 ,
450 -, --- 7”--,--- // T ---, ---,--- ,--- p 1,, = (orA& - (~/ L,,).( h,, - h~q,J (3)
,,, pf=o.8 , , ,
__:___ :__pf=o.7 -;-- ,--- ;_.-:___ p&= - a), h,, - (RJ L,,).( L,, - 1~,,,,) (4)
400 ,,, -- ,,,
,,, ,,,
,, II!
350 -- l---+--- 1--.---1- -- .---(--
The calculation of saturated magnetizing flux linkages
along the q-axis k~~,lt and the d-axis L~&,t are performed
300 using the model presented in [9].
250 - H
-;-i-~:m=f B. D, Q-Model of The Load Side
,,,
,,, ,,
200 The d,q-model of the load side that consists of the
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1,4 1.6
Output Power, Pout (pu) excitation capacitors C,~ in parallel with an inductive load,
Fig. 5. Required leading VAR for constant voltage SEIG.
P Qqsh = - Iqs - IqL (5)
SEIG for VL=I pu at Speed=l pu pQ&h=- I&-I& (6)
1.51 ii iii ;;
I
P lqL = ( Vqs - RL lqL )~ (7)
1,4 1---, “’’’’(/<
--- i ---, ----,- --,----, ---i
pI&=(V&-R~I&)/L (8)
0.51
l-.-.+’
0.6---$- -T---I--->---.---I- --+-
I
d~, / dt = (P/2J).( TL + T. ) (9)
o 0,2 0.4 0,6 0,8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6
Output Power, Pout (PU)
where
Fig. 6. Corresponding machine current for constant voltage SEIG.
T,= (3/2) .(P/2).( & 1~,- Lq, Id ) (lo)
V. CONTROLLEDSHfJNTCAPACITORSEIGMODEL T~ = TO+ k,.(2/P).(o, (11)
The Quasi-Rotating Reference Frame (QRF) [8] analytical T, is the induction generator electromechanical torque and
approach is used to predict the transient behavior and the TL is the mechanical load torque that is represented by the
steady state performance of the controlled shunt capacitor linear torque/speed relationship. P is the induction generator
SEIG. The QRF takes into account the sequential short- number of poles, J is the total inertia of the induction
circuiting of the phase capacitors with its discrete jumps at generator and the prime mover, TOis the stall torque and Iq is
every zero crossing. This approach reduces the complexity of slope, Note that the sign notation of all the state equations are
finding the steady state solution to only three states. based on the passive-sign convention.
Both q-axis and d-axis controlled capacitor voltages are
non-zero, or only the q-axis controlled capacitor voltage is VI. HARDWAREIMPLEMENTATION
zero, or both q-axis and d-axis controlled capacitor voltages
are zero. A simplified block diagram of the experiment hardware
The d,q model referred to the stationary reference frame setup of the controlled shunt capacitor SEIG is shown in Fig.
of a controlled shunt capacitor SEIG that is supplying an 1. The variable dc power supply excites the armature winding
inductive load consists of three parts. of the shunt dc motor, while its field current is maintained
constant.
A. D, Q-Model of The Induction Machine The dc motor drives the three-phase induction generator at
its synchronous speed. Through the circuit breakers the
The SEIG depends solely on its non-linear characteristic of induction generator is connected to a three-phase delta-
its magnetizing inductance to sustain excitation. Thus, the connected capacitor bank. An anti-parallel switches (S1-Sb) is
induction machine d,q-model must include the variable connected across each capacitor. Each switch can be GTO or
saturated magnetizing inductance instead of the linear a combination of an IGBT in series with a diode for blocking
magnetizing inductance, The d,q-model of the induction the reverse voltage. The switches used in the experiment are
generator in flux linkage state variables, the IGBT with the series diode as illustrated in Fig. 1,.Finally
VII. SIMULATIONANDEXPERIMENTALRESULTS 5
g
The simulation has been carried out using the digital o
~
between the experimental and simulation results. Fig. 9, (b) Simulation result
displays, (a) the load line-line voltage V~ that is equal to the Fig. 7. Load line-line voltage and current for the open/closed-loop
voltage VC across the excitation capacitor, (b) the phase control.
current Ic through the capacitor and (c) the total switch
current I~Wthrough both anti-paralleled IGBT switches. The
capacitor current Ic goes to zero when the IGBT switch turns- 200
VIII. CONCLUSION
.15~~
.~oo ~ -15
o 0,005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0 0,005 0.01 0.015 0,02 o 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02
Time (see) Time (see) Time (see)
5 ------’- - - - - ’- - - - --’------
~ ~
~o : : :
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