Chapter 38

Biographical Terms
Robert F. Kennedy: was an American politician, a Democratic Senator from New York,
and a noted civil rights activist.
Robert S. McNamara: was an American business executive and the eighth Secretary of
Defense
George Wallace: was the 45th Governor of Alabama, serving four terms
Malcolm X: was an African-American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights
activist.
Mayor Richard Daley: is a United States politician, member of the national and local
Democratic Party and currently the Mayor of Chicago, Illinois
Jack Kerouac: was an American novelist and poet
Hubert Humphrey: served under President Lyndon B. Johnson as the 38th Vice President
of the United States.
Eugene McCarthy: was an American politician, poet, and a long-time member of the
United States Congress from Minnesota
Barry Goldwater: was a five-term United States Senator from Arizona
James Meredith: is an American civil rights movement figure.
Stokely Carmichael: was a Trinidadian-American black activist active in the 1960s
American Civil Rights Movement.
Allen Ginsberg: was an American poet.

General Terms
U.S. moon project: was an American spaceflight endeavor that landed the first humans on
Earth's Moon.
The Berlin Wall: was a concrete barrier built by the German Democratic Republic (GDR,
East Germany) that completely enclosed the city of West Berlin, separating it from East
Germany, including East Berlin
"Great Society": The Great Society was a set of domestic programs proposed or enacted
in the United States on the initiative of President Lyndon B. Johnson
Voting Rights Act of 1965: outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been
responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the United
States
Bay of Pigs invasion: was an unsuccessful attempt by a CIA -trained force of Cuban exiles
to invade southern Cuba, with support from US government armed forces, to overthrow
the Cuban government of Fidel Castro.
Tonkin Gulf Resolution: was a joint resolution of the United States Congress passed on
August 7, 1964 in response to a sea battle between the North Vietnamese Navy's Torpedo
Squadron 135[1] and the destroyer USS Maddox on 02 August 1964, and an alleged
second naval engagement between North Vietnamese torpedo boats and the US
destroyers USS Maddox and USS Turner Joy on 04 August 1964
Cuban Missile Crisis: was a confrontation between the United States, the Soviet Union, and
Cuba in October 1962, during the Cold War
Tet Offensive: was a military campaign during the Vietnam War that began on January 31,
1968.
March on Washington: was a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on
August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech
1963 Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty: is a treaty prohibiting all test detonations of nuclear
weapons except underground
Freedom Riders: Civil Rights activists rode interstate buses into the segregated southern
United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia
Watts riots: refers to a large-scale riot which lasted 6 days in the Watts neighborhood of
Los Angeles, California, in August 1965
Free Speech Movement: was a student protest which took place during the 1964–1965
academic year
Voter Education Project: raised and distributed foundation funds to civil rights
organizations for voter education and registration work in the American South.
Anti-war Movement: s a social movement that seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of
a particular war
“hawks” and “doves”: are the names used by a number of DC Comics superheroes who
fight crime together as duos, despite their sharply differing methods and attitudes about
violence
Medicare: is a social insurance program administered by the United States government,
providing health insurance coverage to people who are aged 65 and over, or who meet
other special criteria.
"Black Power": Most prominent in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the movement
emphasized racial pride and the creation of black political and cultural institutions to
nurture and promote black collective interests, advance black values,

Chapter 39
Biographical Terms
Gerald R. Ford: was the 38th President of the United States
George McGovern: is a historian, former United States Representative, Senator, and
Democratic presidential nominee
Ho Chi Minh: was a Vietnamese Communist revolutionary and statesman who was prime
minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
Jimmy Carter: served as the 39th President of the United States
Dr. Henry A. Kissinger: is a German-born American political scientist, diplomat, and
recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize

General Terms

OPEC: The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries is a cartel of twelve

countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.
Silent Spring: is a book written by Rachel Carson and published by Houghton Mifflin in
September 1962
SALT: The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks refers to two rounds of bilateral talks and
corresponding international treaties involving the United States and the Soviet Union-the
Cold War superpowers on the issue of armament control.
Inflation: inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services in an
economy over a period of time.
Kent State: is a public research university located in Kent, Ohio, United States
Roe v Wade: a landmark case decided by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of
abortion, is one of the most controversial and politically significant cases in U.S.
Supreme Court history.
Nixon's resignation: Nixon resigned from office from the Watergate Scandal
Saturday Night Massacre: was the term given by political commentators to U.S. President
Richard Nixon's executive dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox,
and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General
William Ruckelshaus on October 20, 1973 during the Watergate scandal.
Cambodian invasion: was a series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia
during mid-1970 by the United States (U.S.) and the Republic of Vietnam (South
Vietnam) during the Vietnam War.
Gideon v Wainwright: the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required
under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for
defendants who are unable to afford their own attorneys.
1974 Oil Embargo: when the members of Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting
Countries or the OAPEC proclaimed an oil embargo "in response to the U.S. decision to
re-supply the Israeli military" during the Yom Kippur war
Watergate scandal: was a political scandal in the United States in the 1970s
Vietnamization: was a policy of the Richard M. Nixon administration, as a result of Tet,
to expand, equip, and train South Vietnam's forces and assign to them an ever-increasing
combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops
Nixon Doctrine: He stated that the United States henceforth expected its allies to take
care of their own military defense, but that the U.S. would aid in defense as requested
My Lai massacre: was the mass murder conducted by a unit of the U.S. Army on March
16, 1968 of 347 to 504 unarmed citizens in South Vietnam
Pentagon Papers: was a top-secret United States Department of Defense history of the
United States' political-military involvement in Vietnam
Miranda decision: the defendant was informed of the right to consult with an attorney
before and during questioning and of the right against self-incrimination prior to
questioning by police, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but
voluntarily waived them
Engel v Vitale: determined that it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an
official school prayer and require its recitation in public schools.

Chapter 40
Biographical Terms
Sen. Edward Kennedy: was a United States Senator from Massachusetts and a member of
the Democratic Party
Sandra Day O'Connor: is an American jurist who was the first female member of the
Supreme Court of the United States
Geraldine Ferraro: is an American attorney, a Democratic Party politician and a former
member of the United States House of Representatives
Jesse Jackson: is an American civil rights activist and Baptist minister
Ronald Reagan: was the 40th President of the United States
George Bush: was the 41st President of the United States
Bill Clinton: was the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001
Clarence Thomas: is an American jurist who has served as an Associate Justice of the
Supreme Court of the United States since 1991

General Terms
Moral Majority: was a political organization of the United States which had an agenda of
evangelical Christian-oriented political lobbying
Proposition 13: was an amendment of the Constitution of California enacted in 1978, by
means of the initiative process
Reaganomics: refers to the economic policies promoted by the U.S. President Ronald
Reagan during the 1980s
GATT: The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
Sandinistas: is a socialist political party in Nicaragua. Its members are called Sandinistas
in both English and Spanish.
NAFTA: The North American Free Trade Agreement
Desert Storm: was the final conflict, which was initiated with United Nations
authorization, by a coalition force from 34 nations against Iraq, with the expressed
purpose of expelling Iraqi forces from Kuwait after its invasion and annexation
Reagan Revolution: also known as the Reagan Administration, was a Republican
administration headed by Ronald Reagan from January 20, 1981 to January 20, 1989
“supply side” economics: is a school of macroeconomic thought that argues that
economic growth can be most effectively created by lowering barriers for people to
produce (supply) goods and services, such as adjusting income tax and capital gains tax
rates, and by allowing greater flexibility by reducing regulation.
Iran-Contra scandal: was a political scandal in the United States which came to light in
November 1986, during the Reagan administration
fall of Communism: are the revolutions which overthrew Soviet-style communist states
in Eastern-bloc European countries.
affirmative action: refers to policies that take race, ethnicity, physical disabilities, military
career, gender, or a person's parents' social class into consideration
“Contract with America”: was a document released by the United States Republican
Party during the 1994 Congressional election campaign.
Strategic Defense Initiative: was created by U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 23,
1983 to use ground and space-based systems to protect the United States from attack by
strategic nuclear ballistic missiles