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ABSTRACT :
The aims of this research are to describe the English adjective collocations, other word classes that
collocate with the English adjective, the most frequent combination of adjective collocations, and to
describe the meaning of adjective collocations. This research discussed the English adjective lexical
(medium-strength) collocation. In case of speaking and writing, there are some problems non-native
speakers may have with English vocabulary use in particular with the appropriate combinations of
words. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method, because all of the data are in the form of
words and sentences not numbers. Besides, this research is also a descriptive research, because it
involves the collecting of data is to answer research questions concerning the current status of the
subject of the study (David, Wilkinson. 2000:7). After finding 200 data, the writer classified two main
categories, namely adjective + noun (L3) and adverb + adjective (L6). The writer also classified six
subcategories, they are derivational adjective + noun, describing adjective + noun, intensifying
adjective + noun, adverb + derivational adjective, adverb + inherent quality, and adverb + physical
state. The most frequent combination of adjective lexical collocations is adverb + derivational
adjective; there are 94 data or 47% of the whole data. All of the collocations in this research have
common meaning.
GUNADARMA UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF LETTERS
Written By:
An Undergraduate Thesis
Submitted to the Faculty of Letters
As a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
S1 degree in English Department
JAKARTA
2009
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ABSTRACT
Siti Aisah. 2009. “The English Adjective Lexical Collocation”. Skripsi. English Department. Faculty of
Letters. Gunadarma University. Advisors: (1) Prof. Dr. Indiyah Imran; (2) Ni Luh Putu Setiarini, SS,
MHum.
Key Words: Linguistic, Collocation, Lexical Collocation.
The aims of this research are to describe the English adjective collocations, other word classes
that collocate with the English adjective, the most frequent combination of adjective collocations, and
to describe the meaning of adjective collocations. This research discussed the English adjective lexical
(medium-strength) collocation. In case of speaking and writing, there are some problems non-native
speakers may have with English vocabulary use in particular with the appropriate combinations of
words.
This research uses a qualitative descriptive method, because all of the data are in the form of
words and sentences not numbers. Besides, this research is also a descriptive research, because it
involves the collecting of data is to answer research questions concerning the current status of the
subject of the study (David, Wilkinson. 2000:7).
After finding 200 data, the writer classified two main categories, namely adjective + noun (L3)
and adverb + adjective (L6). The writer also classified six subcategories, they are derivational
adjective + noun, describing adjective + noun, intensifying adjective + noun, adverb + derivational
adjective, adverb + inherent quality, and adverb + physical state. The most frequent combination of
adjective lexical collocations is adverb + derivational adjective; there are 94 data or 47% of the whole
data. All of the collocations in this research have common meaning.
Introduction
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No. The Main and Sub-categories in Adjective Lexical Collocation Data Percentage
Adv + Adj
64%
Adj + Noun
36%
Figure 4.1 Word Classes that Collocate with the English Adjective.
After finding 200 data, the writer established two main categories, namely (L3) adjective +
noun and (L6) adverb + adjective. In the first pattern which is (L3) adjective + noun, the writer found
72 data (36%). Meanwhile, the second pattern which is (L6) adverb + adjective, the writer found 128
data (64%). Those two main categories are further subcategorized. The first main category (L3) is
subcategorized into three sub-categories. They are 1) derivational adjectives + noun, 2) describing
adjectives + noun, and 3) intensifying adjectives + noun. The most frequent combination is the sub-
category describing adjectives + noun consists of 40 data or 20 %. The second main category (L6) is
subcategorized into three sub-categories. They are 1) adverb + derivational adjective, 2) adverb +
inherent quality, and 3) adverb + physical state. The most frequent combination is the sub-category
adverb + derivational adjective consists of 94 data or 47 %.
So, based on the data the most frequent combination of adjective collocations is adverb +
derivational adjective.
Because all of the collocations in this research have common meaning, this research chose one
theory, that is the theory of common meaning.
The writer then will analyze the data into each sub-categories based on the patterns
characteristics. Figure 4.2 below consists of the main categories and the sub-categories of the data.
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1. (L3) Adjective + Noun 72 36 %
a. Derivational Adjectives + Noun 20 10 %
b. Describing Adjectives + Noun 40 20 %
c. Intensifying Adjectives + Noun 12 6%
2. (L6) Adverb + Adjective 128 64 %
a. Adverb + Derivational Adjective 94 47 %
b. Adverb + Inherent Quality 28 14 %
c. Adverb + Physical State 6 3%
Total 200 100 %
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Discussion:
The word severe in sentence (38), (39), (40), (41), and (42) is the focal word. Meanwhile, the
word winter, damage, pressure, penalties, and shortage of food are the collocates. The highlighted
words in those five sentences are collocations because the collocates determine the meaning.
The word severe in those sentences above can not be replaced by the word cruel, although both
severe and cruel have the same meaning. Because cruel winter, cruel damage, cruel pressure, cruel
penalties, and cruel shortage of food are unnatural English.
Data:
Strong
~ influence, views, support, case, chance, accent, subject, criticism, denial,
drug, feeling, opinion (about something), opposition, safety, sales, sense (of), showing, smell,
taste, tea
(43) Martina Hingis has always exerted a strong influence on the way I play tennis.
(44) Although I have strong views on this, I had the strong support of everybody in the room.
(45) He has a strong case and there is a strong chance that his appeal will be successful.
(46) She speaks English quite well but with a strong French accent.
(47) The social sciences and psychology is perhaps my strong subject.
Discussion:
The word strong in sentence (43), (44), (45), (46), and (47) is the focal word. Meanwhile, the
word influence, views, case, accent, and subject are the collocates. The highlighted words in those five
sentences are collocations because the collocates determine the meaning.
The word strong in those sentences above can not be replaced by the word powerful, although
both strong and powerful have the same meaning. Because powerful influence, powerful views,
powerful case, powerful accent, and powerful subject are unnatural English.
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Discussion:
The word terrible in sentence (68), (69), (70), (71), and (72) is the focal word. Meanwhile, the
word shock, pain, news!, thought, and memory are the collocates. The highlighted words in those five
sentences are collocations because the collocates determine the meaning.
The word terrible in those sentences above can not be replaced by the word horrible, although
both terrible and horrible have the same meaning. Because horrible shock, horrible pain, horrible
news, horrible thought, and horrible memory are unnatural English.
Data:
Questionable
highly, very, rather, somewhat ~
(81) Their motives for undertaking this study are highly questionable.
(82) The conclusion that they come to are very questionable.
(83) It is rather questionable whether this is a good way of solving the problem.
(84) Her motives for helping are somewhat questionable.
Discussion:
The word questionable in sentence (81), (82), (83), and (84) is the focal word. Meanwhile, the
word highly, very, rather, and somewhat are the collocates. The highlighted words in those four
sentences are collocations because the collocates determine the meaning.
Data:
Refreshing
extremely, highly, really, very, wonderfully, quite ~
(85) The breeze was cool and extremely refreshing.
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(86) It made a really refreshing change to be taken seriously for once.
(87) It is very refreshing to meet someone who is so dedicated to their work.
(88) The water was cold and wonderfully refreshing.
(89) I took a quite refreshing shower.
Discussion:
The word refreshing in sentence (85), (86), (87), (88), and (89) is the focal word. Meanwhile,
the word extremely, really, very, wonderfully, and quite are the collocates. The highlighted words in
those five sentences are collocations because the collocates determine the meaning.
Data:
Separable
easily, readily, completely ~
(90) Church and State were not easily separable in this period.
(91) They were not readily separable.
(92) The moral question is not completely separable from the financial one.
Discussion:
The word separable in sentence (90), (91), and (92) is the focal word. Meanwhile, the word
easily, readily, and completely are the collocates. The highlighted words in those three sentences are
collocations because the collocates determine the meaning.
Discussion:
The word wise in sentence (132), (133), and (134) is the focal word. Meanwhile, the word
extremely, very, and always are the collocates. The highlighted words in those three sentences are
collocations because the collocates determine the meaning.
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Conclusion and Suggestion
5.1 Conclusion
The research problems are: What adjective collocations are in English?, What other word
classes collocate with the English adjectives?, What combination is the most frequent of adjective
collocations?, What is the meaning of adjective collocations in English? The subjects of the analysis
are adjective lexical collocations in English medium-strength collocation. The data are taken from an
English novel entitled The Listerdale Mistery by Agatha Christie, Oxford collocation dictionary, and
the internet.
The conclusions of this research are as follows: after finding 200 data, the data is classified into
two main categories, namely (L3) adjective + noun and (L6) adverb + adjective. In the first pattern
which is (L3) adjective + noun, the writer divided adjective into three kinds. They are derivational
adjectives, describing adjectives, and intensifying adjectives. The adjective in the second pattern is
adverb + adjective, it is divided into three kinds. They are derivational adjective, inherent quality, and
physical state. The most frequent combination of adjective lexical collocations is adverb + derivational
adjective, there are 94 data or 47%.
Because all of the collocations in this research have common meaning, this research chose one
theory, that is the theory of common meaning.
As it can be seen, this research still has its weaknesses. This research only discusses adjective
lexical collocation. This research does not discuss grammatical collocation and other lexical
collocations such as nominal collocation and verb lexical collocation.
5.2. Suggestion
The researcher suggests for the students of Gunadarma University especially students from
Faculty of Letters, this research may be used as a reference in writing English adjective lexical
collocations. And for next researchers, the writer suggests to analyze other kinds of English lexical
collocations such as English nominal lexical collocations and English verb lexical collocations which
do not discuss in this research.
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References
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Greenbaum, Sidhey. 1992. An Intriduction to English Grammar. Hongkong: Longman Group (FE)
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Haspelmath, Martin. 2002. Understanding Morphology. London: Hodder Headline Group.
Leech, Geoffrey., Cruischank, Benita., Ivanick, Roz. 2005. An A-Z of English Grammar and Usage.
London.
Spenser, Andrew, and Zwicky, M. Arnold. 1998. The Handbook of Morphology. Oxford: Blackwell
Publishers.
Viktoria Fromkin & Robert Rodman, An Introduction to Language sixth edition, Harcourt Brace
College Publishers: Florida, 1998.
Wilkinson, David. 2000. The Researcher’s Toolkit; the Complete Guide to Practitioner Research.
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esl.about.com/od/ vocabularyreference/a/cl_.htm
http://www.winfieldcollege.com/tesl_collocation1.html
http://www.disal.com.br/ nroutes/nr6/pgnr6_03.htm
http://www.eli. ubc.ca/teachers/resources/
www.answers. com/topic/collocation
www.englishclub.com
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