EQUATIONS

Pharm

T ½ = 0.693/k

K = Cl/V

I = C(infinity) x Cl

VD = ke x Vd
VD = 0.693 x Vd/t ½

Uptake = [ (λ) × (Q) × (PA − PV) ] / Barometric pressure

Where lambda is solubility

Nephro/Metabolic

Creatinine clearance mL/min = (140-age) x kg (x 0.85 for women)

72 x serum Cr (mg/dL)

TBW deficit = % body water x [(plasma Na/140) - 1]

Body water = 50% for adult females, 60% for adult males

OR

Current Na x current body water = desired Na (140) x desired body water

Resp acidosis acute ↑HCO3 = 0.1 ↑CO2

Chronic ↑HCO3 = 0.4 ↑CO2

Resp alkalosis acute ↓HCO3 = 0.2↓CO2

Chronic ↓HCO3 = 0.4↓CO2

Metabolic acidosis ↓CO2 = 1.2↓HCO3

Metabolic alkalosis ↑CO2 = 0.7↑HCO3

Serum Osmolality: 2(Na + K) + glucose + urea

Resp

Alveolar gas equation = FiO2 (Patm – PH2O) x CO2/0.8

Approximate A-a gradient = 0.21 (age in years + 2.5)

Poiseuille: resistance = 8 l η/r4
Where l is length, r is radius, and n is gas viscosity.

Normocapnia: 60 ml/kg/min alveolar ventilation, plus 30 ml/kg/min dead space (about

1/3 of normal TV @ rest).

Boyle’s law: P1V1 = P2V2

Henry’s Law: [dissolved gas] = partial pressure of gas x solubility coefficient

Universal gas law: PV = nRT

Vd/Vt = (PaCO2 – PeCO2)/PaCO2

CO2 production in apnea: 6mmHg rise in the first minute, then 3-4mmHg/minute
thereafter

Cardiac

HR = 118 – (0.57 x age)

V = IR or
MAP – CVP α CO x SVR

Cardiac perfusion pressure = DP – LVEDP

Coronary flow = 250 mL/min at rest (80ml/100g tissue)
O2 consumption = 8mL/100g/min at rest

Myocardial wall tension = [pressure][radius]/2 [wall thickness]

MPAP = mean PAP

LVSW = P (LVEDV – LVESV)

LVSWI = 0.3 x SI (MAP – PCWP)

CO = VO2/CaO2-CvO2 x 100 (Fick)

Blood
CaO2 = 1.39 (O2 sat) x Hb ml/dL + 0.003 (PaO2)

DO2 = CaO2 x Q where Q = CO

VO2 = (SaO2 – SvO2)(1.39)(Q)(Hb)

SvO2 = SaO2 – VO2/ (1.39)(Hb)(Q)

Equipment

X1 = x (Patm/Patm1) where x is delivery of volatile

Variation of P1V1 = P2V2
Arterial-Venous Oxygen Content Difference (extraction) –
The difference between arterial oxygen content and mixed
venous oxygen content.
Normal Value: 4-6 vol%
A-VO2 diff = CaO2 - CvO2
= 1.38 x Hb x (SaO2 - SvO2)
Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation (SvO2) – The percentage
of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen in the venous blood as
measured in the pulmonary artery. This represents the
oxygen “reserve” – that amount of oxygen that can be
utilized in periods of increased demand.
Normal Value: 60-80%
Oxygen Consumption (VO2) – The amount of oxygen used
by the tissues per minute. It is determined by subtracting the
amount of oxygen returning to the heart from the amount of
oxygen delivered to the tissues.
Normal Value: 230 m1 O2/min
VO2 = Arterial O2 transport – venous O2 transport
= CO x A-VO2 diff
= CO x Hb x 13.8 x (SaO2 - SvO2)
Oxygen Content (CO2) – The amount of oxygen carried by
100 ml of blood.
Arterial Oxygen Content (CaO2) – The total amount
of oxygen in 100 ml of arterial blood equal to the sum
of the amount combined with hemoglobin and the
amount dissolved in plasma.
Normal Value: 20.1 vol% (ml/dl)
CaO2 = (1.38 x Hb x SaO2) + (.0031 x PaO2)
Venous Oxygen Content (CvO2) – The total amount of
oxygen in 100 ml of venous blood equal to the sum of
the amount combined with hemoglobin and the
amount dissolved in plasma.
Normal Value: 15.5 vol% (ml/dl)
CvO2 = (1.38 x Hb xSv O2) + (0031 x PvO2)
O2 Saturation – The amount of hemoglobin bound with
oxygen. It is determined by dividing the amount of oxygen
carried by hemoglobin over the amount of oxygen that could
be carried by hemoglobin.
Oxygen Transport (DO2) – The quantity of oxygen carried
by the blood per minute. It is determined by multiplying
cardiac output and oxygen content of blood.
Arterial Oxygen Transport (Delivery) – The volume of
oxygen delivered each minute to the tissues. It is the
product of the cardiac output and the arterial oxygen
content.
Normal Value: 1005 ml O2/min
DO2 = CO x CaO2 x 10
Venous Oxygen Transport – The volume of oxygen
returned to the heart from the tissues each minute. It
is the product of the cardiac output and the venous
oxygen content.
Normal Value: 775 ml O2/min
Venous Oxygen Transport = CO x CvO2
Partial Pressure of Oxygen (PO2) – The pressure exerted by
oxygen when oxygen is in a mixture of gases. This pressure
is proportional to the percentage of oxygen in the mixture.
Normal Values: PaO2 = 80-100 mm Hg
PvO2 = 35-45 mm