GBI MS1525-2007 Seminar (LHP) Presentation

14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
2
MS 1525
Design
Architect
Mechanical Engineer
Electrical Engineer
14 February 2009

The MS1525 is a document which requires a multidisciplinary team of professional to ensure
compliance. This presentation will focus on the Electrical Engineer’s input/role in ensuring
compliance to MS1525.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
3
1 – A Review of Electrical Standards
2 – A Review of MS1525 - Electrical
3 – 7; Electrical Power & Distribution
4 – 6; Lighting
5 – 9; Energy Management System
6 – 10; Energy Modelling

14 February 2009

The content of this presentation is listed above. An understanding of laws and technical
standards relevant to the electrical engineer is necessary before a brief review of the
MS1525 is presented. A step by step explaination of the sections relevant to the electrical
engineer in ensuring compliance to MS1525 then proceed. A reference to other publication
concludes this presentation.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
4
A LIST OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS & CODE OF PRACTICE ESSENTIAL FOR THE ELECTRICAL

ENGINEER IN THE BUILDING TRADE:
Laws/Regulations covering electrical design/installation/operations:
Energy Commission Act (2001)
‘Electricity Supply Act’ (1990) Revised 2006
‘Electricity Regulations’ (1994) Latest Amendments 2003
‘Efficient Management of Electrical Energy Regulations’ (2008) operations on 15 Dec 2008
Mandatory* Standards & Code of Practice
MS1976 : 2007 ‘Electrical Installation of Building – Code of Practice’
MS/IEC 60364 : 2003 ‘Electrical Installation of Buildings’
* Mandatory by virtue of the Electricity Supply ACT.
Voluntary Standards & Code of Practice (Abridged list only)
MS1525 : 2007 ‘Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for Non‐
Residential Buildings’
“Energy Efficiency and Conservation Guidelines for Malaysian Industry’ published by Pusat
Tenaga Malaysia (2007).
14 February 2009

1 Laws & Regulations:
• ‘Energy Commission Act’ (2001) empowers the EC to advise the Minister on energy
supply activities (which is defined as electricity and piped gas). The remit of the Act
includes regulation on transmission, generation, safety and energy efficiency. The
promotion of renewable energy is also included as a function of the EC.
• ‘Electricity Supply Act’ (1990) to regulate the electricity industry from generation,
transmission, safety to electrical efficiency.
• ‘Electricity Regulations’ (1994) under the provisions of the Electricity Supply Act (ESA),
registers electrical installation, competent persons in the electrical industry, contractors,
and provide a list of electrical equipment which are safe and can be used in Malaysia.
Under this regulation, energy labeling of electrical equipment are also included.
• ‘Efficient Management of Electrical Energy Regulations’ (2008) becomes operation
on 15th December 2008 and make it mandatory of installation to appoint energy
managers and submit energy audits.
2 Mandatory Standards
Technical standards and Code of Practice are mandatory by virtue of the Electricity
Supply Act and Regulations spe
3. Voluntary Standards
Voluntary standards refers to standards published by SIRIM as Malaysian Standards.
Where they are referenced in particular Acts or Regulations, then they become mandatory.
Voluntary standards also become contractually mandatory if prescribed in specifications of
contract documents.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
5
First Edition – 2001
Second Edition – 2007
The practice of MS1525 for Electrical
Engineers can be categorised into the
following sub disciplines:
Lighting Design
Clause 6, Sub Clause 4.4 on daylighting
Power System & Distribution
Clause 7
Energy Management System
Clause 9
Energy Modelling
Clause 10
14 February 2009

For the electrical engineer, the use of MS1525 in reality is a multidisciplinary task involving
the specialist in the fields listed above.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
6
MAJOR REVISIONS TO THE 1ST EDITION (ELECTRICAL)
LIGHTING
Æ 4.4 Day lighting – day factor and distribution is included as a consideration in
designing using daylight (usually the province of the architect).
Æ 6.3 Max allowable power for lighting classification of areas for lighting designed is
simplified and the load factor is now listed as INCLUSIVE of ballast load.
ELECTRICAL POWER AND DISTRIBUTION
Æ 2. Normative reference – MSIEC60364 Is added as a reference.
Æ 7. First paragraph – the introduction to this section include statement on:
o Consideration of capital cost; and Maintain voltage to as near to design voltage
Æ 7.1.2 High Efficiency Motors; Adoption by EC of EU/CEMEP classification of HEM is included.
Æ 7.4 Transformers – Assessment of transformer by load & no‐load losses included, harmonics
Æ 7.6.1 Sub Metering is now a requirement and in 9.8 sub metering under EMS is extended to lighting and
water sub systems
Energy Monitoring System
Æ 9.8 Monitoring of water & lighting (tenant/landlord) sub systems is added.
Building Energy Simulation Method
Æ A whole new section 10 on Building Energy Simulation Method is added.
14 February 2009

A list of major revision to the MS1525, 2007 edition is listed above.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

7
Electrical Power Distribution

Electrical system comprising components (cables,
transformers, switch boards, fuses etc.) put together in a
prescribed manner into a functioning system.
Section 7 can be summarised to contain the following prescriptions:

Standard Reference to MS/IEC 60364 (Malaysian Wiring Code) & voltages
standard
High Efficiency Motors (HEM) motors recommended. Suruhanjaya Tenaga
classification of HEM using EU/CEMEP is adopted.
Cables – to comply with MSIEC 60364 & optimal sizing.
Transformers - recommendation on min. losses and prescription for design to
promote E.E. is included.
Inverters – Recommendations on use at least 12-pulse type VSD.
Power Factor Correction Capacitors – Low loss capacitors are recommended.
Sub Metering – sub metering to facilitate monitoring of energy consumption is
recommended at every load centres (including
14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
8
ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION

Cables, Clause 7.2
Malaysian Wiring Standards

Every electrical engineer should be well-versed in the following technical
standards:
MS/IEC 60364 (Electrical Installation of Building) is the de facto wiring standard
referenced NOT IEE 16th Edition (UK).
MS1979 (Electrical Installation of Buildings – Code of Practice) is made
mandatory by the Suruhanjaya Tenaga.
MS1936 (Guide to MSIEC60364) companion to MSIEC 60364 specifically in the
Malaysian context.
Contact SIRIM for a copies of the above http://www.sirim.my.
Unfortunately many practitioners (including electrical engineers) are still

unaware of the above.
14 February 2009

The standards listed above, are Malaysian wiring standards which by virtue of its publication
by SIRIM as a national standard, confers on said standard more locus-standii than British
Standard IEE 16th edition (also known as BS7671). Unfortunately, to-date many industry
practitioners are still referencing the old British IEE 16th Edition.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

9

Cables, Clause 7.2
Malaysian Standard Voltages

It is a misconception that Malaysia Standard Voltage is at 415V/240V !
As of 1st January 2008, Malaysia Standard Voltage is declared at 400V/230V

Refer ST link http://www.st.gov.my/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2941&Itemid=1238
for the official notification.
Rationalisation of voltage is to bring Malaysia in line with other member
countries of the IEC. Singapore and the UK has already converted to
400V/230V from the old 415V/240V.
Other IEC member countries which have yet to convert is Germany and China
(380V/220V) and India (415V/240V).
Practitioners must therefore design power distribution system to 400V/230V.
14 February 2009

IEC = International Electrotechnical Commission (an international organisation responsible
for compiling and mantaining technical standards for the electrical power (‘electrotechnical’)
industry. More than 90% of nations in the world’s are member of IEC.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
10

Electrical system comprising components (cables, transformers, switch boards,
fuses etc.) put together in a prescribed manner into a functioning system.
Malaysian Standard Voltages at 400V/230V +10%, -6%

MS1525; 7 para 3 requires that supply voltage should be maintained as close as
possible to design/optimum voltage.
Electrical power distribution system should be designed to 400V/230V !
Æ Change all reference in specifications to 400V/230V.
Æ Specify transformers at nominal 11kV/420V (not 11kV/433V).
Æ Check cable sizing as 400V/230V incur about 4% higher current.
Major reasons for rationalising to 400V/230V
Standardisation among IEC countries. Multiple certification due to different
voltage levels is avoided or minimised.
Most motors and fluorescent light fittings works most efficiently within the
voltage band of 210V to 220V. Thus reducing to 220V will
Æ Save energy
Æ Prolong life-span of electrical equipment.
14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
11

7.1 – Motors
Typical Energy Use (kWh)
14 February 2009

In a typical office cum, commercial with residential complex, the energy usage profile is
shown above.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

12

7.1 – Motors
Induction Motors
constitute up to
20% of total load.
14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

13

7.1 – Motors
Section 7.1 prescribes High Efficiency Motors (HEM)
HEM should be specified for all induction motors.

Motors with low load diversity e.g. fire pumps which are run only during emergency
and testing (monthly/biannual etc.) may be exempted from this ruling.
Suruhanjaya Tenaga adopts
EU/CEMEP classification of HEM.
EFF 1 (high-efficiency motors)
EFF 2 (improved-efficiency motors)
EFF 3 (standard motors)
14 February 2009

The payback due to additional cost of HEM for motors which are not frequently operational
(e.g. fire pumps) may not justify the use of HEM in such case.
EU = European Commission
CEMEP = (EU) Comité Européen de Constructeurs de Machines Electriques (European
Sector Committee of Manufacturers of Electric Machines).
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

14
14 February 2009

Look for energy efficient labels on the motors.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
15

Energy Star Labelling
Consumer Equipment – Energy Star Labelling
Star Label; Suruhanjaya Tenaga Star Label; Singapore Enviromental Council
14 February 2009

Unfortunately, the initiative on energy labelling for electrical equipment is currently is at a
standstill in Malaysia. Practitioners who wish to pursue energy efficient product may include
in their specifications energy labelling by other countries.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

16

7.4 Inverters
Inverters in most commercial building application would be mainly in:

(a) Pumps where pumping loads fluctuates e.g. chilled water system for
ACMV, water pumping scheme etc.
(b) Lifts where load fluctuates and speed control is important.
(c) Large ventilation fans which requires response to varying ventilation
load.
Using inverters and Variable Speed Drives (VSD) in motor application is a
major design initiative in electrical energy efficiency.
However MS1525 prescription on inverters is inadequately formulated
with only a general recommendation of using 12-pulse inverter as a
minimum requirement.
Note: Given the audience and short time span allotted, discussions of inverters and VSD as measures for E.E.
can only be brief.
14 February 2009

Inverters are power electronic device which converts the normal AC (alternating current)
electricity from the public network to DC (direct current) electricity. Inverters which converts
AC mains to DC and then reconverts the DC back to AC current (but with varying frequency)
are common application for motors. Such inverters are known as Variable Speed Drive
(VSD).
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

17

7.4 Inverters
Chapter 4 of this document has an

excellent prescription on motors and VSD.
Contact Pusat Tenaga Malaysia for a copy

of this document:
http://www.ptm.org.my/mieeip/index.html
14 February 2009

Inverters are power electronic device which converts the normal AC (alternating current)
electricity from the public network to DC (direct current) electricity. Inverters which converts
AC mains to DC and then reconverts the DC back to AC current (but with varying frequency)
are common application for motors. Such inverters are known as Variable Speed Drive
(VSD).
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

18

7.3 – Transformers
Prescriptions for transformers in design:
Transformers efficiencies should be (at full load):
Æ Tx < 1,000kVA; eff. not less than 98%
Æ Tx > 1,000kVA; eff. not less than 99%
Average p.f. should not be less than 0.85.
Transformer capacity should not normally exceed
150% of full load.
14 February 2009

Transformers are equipment which transforms the high voltage (11 KV or 11,000 V) brought
into the building by the utility company, to low voltage (400V 3 phase, 230V single phase)
suitable for distribution within a building.
Transformers are typically mounted in a substation. The specification and sizing of
transformer (or sizing of substation capacity) is therefore a fundamental task of the electrical
engineer which can affect system performance and energy loss.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
19
BEYOND THE SIMPLE ‘2-LEVEL’ PRESCRIPTION

OFFERED BY MS1525, OTHER GUIDES SHOULD
ALSO BE CONSULTED.
14 February 2009

‘Energy Efficiency and Conservation Guidelines for Malaysia Industries’ published by PTM
should be consulted. Contact Pusat Tenaga Malaysia at
http://www.ptm.org.my/mieeip/index.html for a copy of this Guidelines.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

20

7.6 – Sub Metering
Clause 7.6 - prescription on Sub Metering requires that metering of load centres
be included in the design. Cross-referenced to 9.8, monitoring should be linked to
‘EMS’ (Energy Monitoring System)
Fire Water Small

Pumps AHU Pumps Lighting Power
Chiller Plant
Sub Metering
to Energy
Monitoring
System (EMS)
Sub Metering to Energy Sub Metering to
Monitoring System (EMS) Energy Monitoring
System (EMS)
Install Meters at Load Centres

14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
21
Section 6 – Lighting
MS ISO 8994 (supersede MS603)

Standards for Interior Lighting.
E.E. Strategy in MS1525 can be summarised as follows:
Design strategy Æ design optimisation
Æ day lighting (5.4)
Equipment efficiency (ballast, lamp etc.)
Lighting control (zone control, switching control).
Operation & Maintenance (As-Built & manual, maintenance,
monitoring)
14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

22
Design strategy
Æ Understanding of design parameters (colour rendering)
Æ Understand photometric diagram
Æ Understand beam spread
Light at different wavelength (or

energy) when refracted in glass
travels at (slightly) different
speed. Due to this a beam of
white light refracted in a glass
prism is split up into its
compound colours.
White light is composed of
different colours.
14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

23
23
Colour Temperature refers to:

.. the variation in the amount of colours within a light mixture
affects the appearance of the light in terms of its relative
warmness’ and ‘coolness’ or the colour of light sources.
Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) which is more commonly
used, apply to sources with a continuous spectrum (such as
incandescent lamps and natural light). However for light
sources with non-continuous spectral distribution (such as
fluorescent lamps and discharge lamps where the spectrum
consist of peaks of energy), CCT is sued mainly on an empirical
sense (i.e. in a very ‘near approximate’ sense) to describe the
degree of ‘whiteness’ of the said light source.
14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

24
Colour Rendering
A more common method of characterising light sources by its colour is
the Colour Rendering Index (CRI). The CRI compares the spectral
energy content of a light source to that of a standard reference source
with full spectrum. The CRI value is a numerical value and is 100 for full
spectrum natural white light. Incandescent lights are considered nearly
white and has CRI close to 100. Most lights have CRI typically in the
range 20 to 80.
The CRI model is not a perfect model and should only be used to
compare light source with the same colour temperature. For example
(about) 6000K daylight fluorescent and clear mercury has CRI of 76 and
22 respectively. The daylight fluorescent will therefore render colours
better than clear mercury. The difference between a 3400K tungsten
halogen with CRI 99 and ordinary 2800K incandescent with CRI 92 can
usually also be differentiated by most observers. Despite the small
difference in CRI values, the tungsten halogen will render colours more
vividly compared to the ordinary incandescent.
14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

25
Colour Temperature (in ºKelvin) and
Colour Rendering Index (CRI) in brackets.
14 February 2009

The Colour Temperature of light is correlated to the temperature of a laboratory ‘black body’
and its corresponding colour as it is heated through the various stages of incandescent from
red to blue-white. The Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT) is in Kelvin. The colour
rendering index (CRI) for each source is shown in brackets.
The concept of Colour Temperature and Colour Rendering Index is important in interior and
landscape lighting design as visual acuity include colour rendering of objects.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
26
Contrast in colour rendering between white SON & orange SON
White SON
Orange
SON
14 February 2009

The example above shows contrast in colour rendering between two different type of lights.
The ‘White SON’ (on the left) with a ‘whiter’ light (CRI about 60-70 or colour temperature
about 3000ºK ) brings out the colour of its surrounding more vividly compared to the normal
‘orange SON’ (on the right). The normal ‘orange SON’ with a CRI about 20 and colour
temperature of about 2000ºK essentially emits light in the yellow to red spectrum. In this case
(on the right), the colour of the trees (which is green) cannot be seen.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
27
Overzealous application of lights and the use of wrong type of

lights in landscape applications.
14 February 2009

Common mistakes by Malaysian designers, overzealous use of SON lamps, creating
a ‘yellow haze’ without any colour rendering.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
28
Correct Application of lights to achieve good colour

rendering in a street scene.
14 February 2009

Note the contrast from the previous slide. Using ‘white SON’ to bring out the colours in a
street scene.
Colour rendering has important consequence on façade lighting and interior lighting. Colour
rendering is important if the task requires visual
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
29
Colour rendering of an object from light source with CRI 85 (on

left) and CRI 70 (on right).
14 February 2009

This slide illustrates, the difference in colour rendering on interior objects using light source
of CRI 85 (on the left) and CRI 70 (on the right). Designers should pay attention to the CRI of
light source selected. In retail application, a CRI of not less than 80 would be required.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
30
Typical Lamp Type, Colour Temperature & CRI
LIGHT SOURCE CCT (K) CRI

Low Pressure Sodium (LPS/SOX) 1800 ~5
Clear Mercury‐vapor 6410 17
High Pressure Sodium (HPS/SON) 2100 24
Coated Mercury‐vapor 3600 49
Halophosphate Warm White Fluorescent 2940 51
Halophosphate Cool White fluorescent 4230 64
Tri‐phosphor Warm White Fluorescent 2940 73
Halophosphate Cool Daylight Fluorescent 6430 76
"White" SON 2700 82
Quartz Metal Halide 4200 85
Tri‐phosphor Cool White fluorescent 4080 89
Ceramic Metal Halide 5400 96
Incandescent/Halogen Light Bulb 3200 100
14 February 2009

The choice of lamp type is important in interior and landscape lightings. In road lighting,
where visual discrimination of shapes is sufficient and colour rendering is not important, HPS
can be acceptable.
However in case where colour rendering is important, e.g. effect lighting, building façade
lighting, interior work area which require fairly good colour rendering then higher CRI is
required, e.g.
o In area where reading activity is encountered, CRI of at least 75 would be required
(daylight or at least warm white fluorescent).
o In effect lighting e.g. feature highlight, wall washing etc., a CRI of at least 85 may be
required, in this case metal halide or halogen may be required.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
31
Typical Lamp Type & Factors
High Pressure Low Pressure
Incandescent Fluorescent Metal Halide
Na Na
Wattage 25 ‐ 150 18 ‐ 95 50 ‐ 400 50 ‐ 400 18 – 180
Output (lumens) 210 ‐ 2700 1000 – 7500 1900 – 30000 3600 – 4600 1800 – 33000
Efficiency (lm/watt) 8 ‐ 18 55 – 79 38 – 75 72 – 115 100 – 183
Lumen Maintenance 90% (85%) 85% (80%) 75% (65%) 90% (70%) 100% (100%)
Lamp Life (hours) 750 – 2000 10000 – 20000 10000 ‐ 20000 18000 ‐ 24000 16000
CRI 90 – 95 30 – 90 80 – 90 20 – 39 < 20
Notes Wattage and output refers to the common available lamp rating for outdoor lightings.

Efficiency refers to luminous efficiency taken at 50% mean lifetime and do not include ballast loss.
Lumen Maintenance refers to percent of initial lamp output at 50% of mean lifetime and at end of
lifetime (parenthesis).
Lamp life refers to the approximate mean lifetime of lamp.
14 February 2009

From the table we can see that the Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) is the most efficient lamp in
terms of wattage of light (lumens) output. However LPS suffers from a relatively short lamp
life. The next most efficient lamp is the high pressure sodium (HPS). HPS has a 50% more
lamp life than LPS. Due to this HPS (or sometimes referred to as ‘SON’ lamps are the most
popular lamp type for street lightings. However both HPS & LPS has very low colour
rendering index. case white SON,
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
32
Section 6 – Lighting Design
Power Rate
Working Area E Level (Lux)
(W/m²)
Restaurants 200 lux 15 W/m²
Offices 300 – 400 lux 15 W/m²
Classrooms/lecture theatres 300 – 500 lux 15 W/m²
Auditoriums/Concert Halls Refer MS8993 (200lux) 15 W/m²
Hotel/Motel/Guest Rooms Refer MS 8993 15 W/m²
Lobbies/Atrium/Concourse 100 lux 20 W/m²
Supermarkets/Dept Store/Shops 200 – 750 lux 25 W/m²
Store/Warehouse/Corridors/Toilets 100 lux 10 W/m²
Car Parks 100 lux 6 W/m²
14 February 2009

Practitioner should note other requirement prescribed by other laws on lighting level, e.g.
lighting level for car parks in shopping complex is now required at minimum of 150 lux (for
reasons of safety and security).
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
33
Calculation of Lighting
Level – illuminance (lux)
The Room Index Method is the

traditional method used by design
engineers for lighting calculations.
It is a manual form of calculation.
It has more than 50 years of history
Many design engineers are STILL
using this method.
Simple software program also
utilises this method.
In most cases this method is
adequate and may not be sufficient
to accurately gauge lighting level
on a micro design basis.
This method IS NOT suitable in
effect lighting.
14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
34
Lighting Software
Lighting software (for interior lighting) make calculations by using the

geometry of space and the mathematics of optical flux in 3-D space.
More accurate/optimal design,
Micro effect on space planning possible
Isolux diagram plot.
Free Software http://www.dialux.com
Free Software http://www.visuallightingsoftware.com
14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

35

The following 2 slides illustrate a case study of an office space by using software design tool.
This slide shows target lighting level for office at 200 – 300 lux.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

36
14 February 2009

This slide shows lighting design with an average of about 480 lux for office space.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

37
Case 1 Case 2
Area of office 672 m² 672 m²
Average illuminance 220 lux 480 lux
Eave/Emin 4.4 3.6
Typical spacing of 2’x4’; 2x32W T8 4.8m row 4.8m row
troffer light box 4.8m 2.4m
No of light troffer 23 45
W/m² with 6W ballast 2.6 W/m² 5 W/m²
W/m² with 4W ballast 2.5 W/m² 4.9 W/m²
W/m² with electronic ballast 2.2 W/m² 4.3 W/m²
14 February 2009

A summary of the calculation shows that doubling the lux level will double the number of light
fittings.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

38
Types of Ballast
Magnetic Ballast:
Standard Loss = 10 – 12 W
Low Loss = 8 – 6 W
Super low loss = 4 W
Electronic Ballast:
Standard Loss ~ 1W
14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

39
Fluorescent tube diameter designation comparison
Tube diameter
Tube diameter Extra
designations
Imperial Metric Inches Ø (") mm Ø Socket Notes
T4 N/A 4/
8" Ø 12 mm Ø G5 bipin Slim lamps, tube lengths may vary
5/ Supersedes T8, introduced in the
T5 T16 8" Ø 15.875 mm Ø G5 bipin
1990s
8/ From the 1930s. More common
T8 T26 8" Ø 1" Ø 25.4 mm Ø G13 bipin
since the 1980s
T9 T29 9/ 11/8" Ø 28.575 mm Ø
8" Ø Circular fluorescent tubes only.
T12 T38 12/ " Ø 11/ " Ø 38.1 mm Ø G13 bipin From the 1930s.
8 2
14 February 2009

Fluorescent tubes designation T12, T8, T5 etc. are listed in 1/8 of an inch diameter. Thus the
old T12 lamps (20W, 40W) have1 ½” diameter, whilst the current T8 lamps have 1” diameter.
T5 lamps are the most current for energy efficiency (5/8” diameter) and are especially
designed for electronic ballast.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
40
Clause 6.5 prescribes lighting control:

Automatic lighting controls for lighting loads exceeding 100kW.
Lighting zone control to take into account:
Æ Day light
Æ 1 switch for max. 1kW of lighting load.
Æ 1 switch for each task or group of task within an area less than 30m².
Automatic switch/timer for external lights.
O & M manual for lighting system.
Zone switching concept may be integrated into Building Management System
(BMS) with multi-level switching scenario:
Security lighting (after 10 pm) – 10% on
Late night/after office hours – 40% on
Normal operation – 90% on
‘Alternate’ connection of light fittings to circuits is a simple, cost-effective
concept for implementing multi –scenario zone switching.
14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

41
General ambient lights are minimised and localised task

lightings are provided.
General
ambient Localised
lighting task
minimised lighting.
to 200lux
instead of
300lux or
400lux.
14 February 2009

The above illustrates a shift in thinking for open office concept. Open offices are designed
with minimal future retrofitting (irrespective of future tenant). The above concept can only
proceed with acceptance by the client and space planning by the architect.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
42
Use of day lighting; Lighting zone control of areas with day lighting.
14 February 2009

Innovative /creative measures (chiefly involving the architect with input from the lighting
engineer) include channeling day light into the inner recesses of a ‘deep’ building. Where
daylighting is use, glare control is an important consideration to include in the design. The
use of light diffusers and/or channeling the direct sunlight to diffusing reflectors are some
examples.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
43
14 February 2009

Energy Management Systems area normally a sub set of the building management system
and comprise ‘PLC’ (programmable logic controllers) and/or computers automatically
monitoring and actively controlling the functions of a building M&E systems. The maturity of
the industry is currently such that the designer can choose from a multitude of technologies
which suit his need. The above diagram illustrates the 3 major technologies:
(1) Conventional data cable (twisted pair) connection.
(2) Power line cable connection (connection using existing power circuits).
(3) Wireless radio frequency or infrared connections.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
44
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Section 9 on EMS can be summarised as follows:

EMS should be considered for building with aircond. area 4,000m² and more.
EMS, a sub set of building automation or building management system
(BMS) for purpose of energy efficiency:
Æ Active control of equipment
Æ Monitoring of system (especially energy use by sector).
Æ Integration with other BMS sub system.
EMS for ACMV is prescribed
Load scheduling,
CO/CO2 monitoring for IAQ (internal air quality),
Lighting control
Application of EMS to energy audit is also prescribed.
Note: The last item has very imperative reasons for implementation in light of the NEW
‘Efficient Management of Electrical Energy Regulations’ (2008).
14 February 2009

The ‘Efficient Management of Electrical Energy Regulations’ (2008) comes into force on 15
December 2008. It makes energy efficiency a mandatory requirement for building managers.
The regulations apply to all following installations/buildings which consume or generate
electricity of 3,000,000 kWh within a 6 months period. Installation/building covered under this
regulations will be required to conduct energy audits, employ/appoint energy
managers/facilitators and
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
45
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Some pit falls in implementing BMS/EMS:

Information Overload Designers tend to be overzealous in implementing
BMS. Monitor points and/or control equipment should only be included
where essential. The designer in this case must also have some idea of the
operation and maintenance procedure of the installation to gauge the extent
of monitoring and controls.
Adopt Open System where possible . Proprietary system traps a system
operator into a supply/maintenance relationship with a vendor.
Simplicity in design is the best option. In many cases, technology over-hype
drives a designer (or client) to over complicated or sophisticated solution,
when the level of sophistication may not be required.
Scalability System must be scalable i.e. easy for future upgrades, and
amenable to future modifications, which can be easily implemented without
expensive referrals to ‘experts’ from overseas.
14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
46
A SIMPLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Demand Main AHU Lighting

Chiller
Switch Sub Sw. Sub Sw.
Controller Plant
Board Board Board
kW/kWh
Logger
Unitary
Interface Chiller
Controller
BMS Lighting Lighting Lighting
Data Water Sub Sub Sub
Flow Switch Switch Switch
Logger Metering Board Board Board
Lighting
controller
Fire
Interface Fighting
14 February 2009

The above EMS system shows a simple EMS system. The numbers beside each sub system
indicates the priority level of the system to be implemented. Thus the simplest system may
only implement logging of electric energy (kW and kWh). Many small buildings/installation
may fall under this category. Depending on the size of the project, being implemented, chiller
controllers (typically separate and supplied by the chiller vendor may be included.
Notice that lighting controls using BMS falls at level 4 priority. Due to the complexity of
switching of lights, it more be more practical to implement simple timer-controlled
switching of lighting circuit.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
47
47
ENERGY MODELLING; SECTION 10
Section 10 is a whole new section devoted to energy modelling as an

alternative method to assess compliance with MS1525.
Energy Modelling is a performance-based criteria.
Time stepped energy consumption pattern is modelled taking into
account:
ACMV performance with consideration for OTTV /RTTV, thermal
zones, climatic data etc.
Lighting with day lighting
Other M&E sub systems
Is performed for a base-building and for a designed building.
Compliance is confirmed if the designed building do not exceed the
base-building in energy consumption rate.
Exception is granted in case renewable energy is also included (e.g.
photovoltaic.
14 February 2009

Performance-based standards refers to standards which specify performance criteria for
compliance, e.g. ‘the system must achieve performance rate of 5W/m² etc.
In contrast, prescriptive-based standards (which most current standard would be classified)
relies on clear rule-based statements, e.g. chilled water system MUST be used where air
cond space is more than 3000m².
Performance-based criteria allows for more creativity on the part of the designer. However,
the designer must be more proficient in understanding the theory and practice behind design.
In contrast, prescriptive-base criteria is more restrictive on designers. However designers
need not be highly knowledgeable on the theory and practice of the system specified.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
48
48
ENERGY MODELLING; FREE SOFTWARE
http://doe2.com/DOE2/index.html
http://www.trnsys.com/
http://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/
http://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys/downloads/download.htm
ESP-r http://doe2.com/DOE2/index.html
http://www.iesve.com/content/default.asp?page=s130
http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/cfm/reg_form.cfm
14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

49
49
Notwithstanding the availability of software, the usage of such software

must be executed by a practitioner who understands energy
consumption pattern and usage.
Understanding energy demand and profile is fundamental in planning
for energy modelling and designing or planning for E.E. measure s
14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

50
50
Simulating energy use within a building requires an under-

standing of load profiles and energy consumption pattern.
An example of energy use profile is shown in the next slide
as an illustration. The energy
profile is based on the case
study of:
COMMERCIAL COMPLEX
COMPRISING:
3 Storey Podium
18 Storey Apartment
26 Storey Office
1.3million ft²
14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

51
51
ENERGY MODELLING; LOAD PROFILES
22%
41%
2%
Lighting Commercial
11% Lighting Residential
General SSO‐Comm
3% General SSO‐Resid
4% AC‐Residential
2% 4%
4% 7% Ventilation Fan
AHU
Lifts & Escalators
Pumps+SwPool
Chillers
ENERGY DEMAND (Electricity) kW
14 February 2009

This chart shows electricity demand for the case study building. The figures are typical for
commercial building in Malaysia.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
52
52

21%
1%
47%
Lighting
6%
Commercial
Lighting Residential
4%
General SSO‐Comm
8% General SSO‐Resid
6% AC‐Residential
2% 4% 1%
Ventilation Fan
AHU
ENERGY USAGE (Electricity) kWh

14 February 2009

This chart shows electricity usage (which is a more useful indicator.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
53
53
Assoc. Prof. Wong Yew

Wah, NTU, Singapore, BCA
Seminar on E.E. In Building
Design
14 February 2009

As a comparison, this chart is typical of commercial building in Singapore. A major
difference is the lower chiller plant load (29% compared 40% for a typical building in
Malaysia.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
54
54
ENERGY MODELLING; LOAD PROFILES (TEMPERATE CLIMATE)
14 February 2009

This chart shows energy use in a typical building in temperature climate. Note the substantial
portion for heating.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
55
55
ENERGY MODELLING; ENERGY DEMAND PROFILE
Demand Diversity Cd Max. Demand (kW) = Connected Load (kW) x Cd
Load Diversity CL Total kWh = MD (kW) x Hour Run (hr) x CL
Connected Load
Transformer capacity
Max. Demand
Average
kW Demand
Energy consumed =
Area under curve =
kWh
Hour run/day
14 February 2009 Time

o CONNECTED LOAD = Total load (kW) connected to the system.
o Maximum Demand = Actual maximum demand (kW) logged during a ‘billing’ month.
o Transformer capacity = rated capacity of the transformer (kW or kVA). Transformer
capacity usually must be at 15%-25% above maximum demand.
o The electrical energy consumed is a summed of the area under the demand curve.
o The average demand over a period where the [Actual kWh] = [average demand] x hour in
the period
Energy and load demand estimation is fundamental to sound and economical system design
and is a basis for identifying strategy for E.E.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
56
56 BCA
Assoc. Prof. Wong Yew Wah,

Singapore,
Design
NTU,
14 February 2009Typical weekday consumption profile of an office building

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

57
57
weekly consumption profile of an office building

BCA
Assoc. Prof. Wong Yew Wah,

Singapore,
Design
NTU,
14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

58
58
14 February 2009

Complementing the MS1525 are 2 publications dealing with detail measures for fulfilling E.E.
targets.
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
59
59
Published by JKR
Strong sections on:

Building envelope
Shading & building fenestration
Lighting
This publication signal strong

commitment from the Government
sector in implementing E.E. for
federal government buildings.
14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

60
60
Published by PTM
Practice Guides for

Transformers
Motors
Chillers
Cooling Towers
Fans and Blowers
Pumps
Air Compressors
Lighting
14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

14 February 2009

....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................

GBI MS1525-2007 Seminar (LHP) Presentation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

GBI MS1525-2007 Seminar (LHP) Presentation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

14 February 2009

1 – A Review of Electrical Standards

2 – A Review of MS1525 - Electrical

3 – 7; Electrical Power & Distribution

5 – 9; Energy Management System

6 – 10; Energy Modelling

A LIST OF TECHNICAL STANDARDS & CODE OF PRACTICE ESSENTIAL FOR THE ELECTRICAL

MAJOR REVISIONS TO THE 1ST EDITION (ELECTRICAL)

Electrical Power Distribution

Section 7 can be summarised to contain the following prescriptions:

ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION

Malaysian Wiring Standards

Unfortunately many practitioners (including electrical engineers) are still

ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION

Malaysian Standard Voltages

As of 1st January 2008, Malaysia Standard Voltage is declared at 400V/230V

ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION

Malaysian Standard Voltages at 400V/230V +10%, -6%

ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION

Typical Energy Use (kWh)

ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION

ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION

Section 7.1 prescribes High Efficiency Motors (HEM)

HEM should be specified for all induction motors.

EFF 1 (high-efficiency motors)

EFF 2 (improved-efficiency motors)

EFF 3 (standard motors)

ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION

Consumer Equipment – Energy Star Labelling

Star Label; Suruhanjaya Tenaga Star Label; Singapore Enviromental Council

ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION

Inverters in most commercial building application would be mainly in:

ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION

Chapter 4 of this document has an

Contact Pusat Tenaga Malaysia for a copy

ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION

BEYOND THE SIMPLE ‘2-LEVEL’ PRESCRIPTION

ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION

Fire Water Small

Install Meters at Load Centres

MS ISO 8994 (supersede MS603)

Light at different wavelength (or

Colour Temperature refers to:

Contrast in colour rendering between white SON & orange SON

Overzealous application of lights and the use of wrong type of

Correct Application of lights to achieve good colour

Colour rendering of an object from light source with CRI 85 (on

Typical Lamp Type, Colour Temperature & CRI

LIGHT SOURCE CCT (K) CRI

Typical Lamp Type & Factors

Notes Wattage and output refers to the common available lamp rating for outdoor lightings.

Section 6 – Lighting Design

The Room Index Method is the

Lighting software (for interior lighting) make calculations by using the

Free Software http://www.dialux.com

Free Software http://www.visuallightingsoftware.com

Clause 6.5 prescribes lighting control:

General ambient lights are minimised and localised task

ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Section 9 on EMS can be summarised as follows:

ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

Some pit falls in implementing BMS/EMS:

A SIMPLE ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM