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Abstract—A load-commutated inverter (LCI) fed synchronous The ideal load for the LCI is a SM operating at a leading PF [17
motor (SM) is operated as an adjustable speed drive (ASD) in ], [18]. Therefore, the load commutation makes the drive system
high-power applications. These drives are known as commuta- simple and reliable. However, the LCI-fed overexcited SM has
torless motor (CLM) drives and posses many promising features
like high efficiency, economic operation, and flexibility of control problems at low speeds and at starting due to low back electro-
in high-power ratings. The CLM drives are used in compressors, motive force (EMF) across stator terminals. One of the simplest
blowers, fans, pumps, and mill drives for a range of industries as methods is pulsed starting in which LCI thyristors are commu-
mining, water treatment plants, chemical, paper, textile, cement, tated by interrupting the dc link current [18 ].
rolling mills, and petrochemical plants. However, the power quality The PQ concerns are more prominent in LCI-fed SM drives
(PQ) problems at ac mains have been the concerns in these drives
as the LCI has front-end thyristor converter injecting harmonics because of their high-power ratings. The passive wave shaping
in the supply. This paper investigates various topologies for the techniques are normally used, which are based on magnetics in
mitigation of PQ problems in LCI-fed SM drives using multipulse three-phase ac–dc converters and one of such systems is known
ac–dc converters. A set of hybrid topologies is proposed, which as multipulse or multiphase converters [19]–[24]. There are
use a combination of a passive filter with a multipulse converter many configurations of multipulse ac–dc converters (MPCs) in
to feed CLM. A basis for selection of a suitable ac–dc converter is
presented for PQ improvement at the input mains of the LCI-fed 12 to large number of pulses [25]–[29].
SM drives. Recently, many MPCs are reported for PQ improvement. It
uses multiwinding transformers [30]–[34] at the input of the rec-
Index Terms—AC–DC power conversion, adjustable speed
drives, load-commutated inverter (LCI), multipulse converters, tifier, which results in higher pulses in the dc output, thereby re-
power quality (PQ) , synchronous motors (SMs). duction in the ripple. This ac–dc converter draws a current from
ac mains having a number of steps with its waveform close to
a sinusoidal. The higher pulses eliminate the need of filtering
I. INTRODUCTION at the rectifier end, and reduces the problems at the inverter
end, namely a high inverter commutation angle and additional
ANY regulatory standards [1]–[4] regarding the power rotor-heating and pulsating electric torque in the motor [30 ],
M quality (PQ) problems have been developed due to in-
creased use of power electronic equipment, and especially ac
[33].
This paper deals with various solutions for mitigation of
motor drives in many industrial applications. These drives use power quality problems in LCI-fed SM drive and provides a
converter–inverter sets consisting of thyristor converters at front basis for selection of a suitable solution for an application.
end. These converters are a common source of voltage and/or
current harmonics, and create many problems for power utilities II. STATE-OF-THE-ART
[5]–[10] . Therefore, suitable measures are required for mitiga-
tion of these harmonics. One of very popular methods is to use The LCI is one of the earliest inverters developed for ad-
passive or active filters. Some standards [11], [12] have recom- justable speed drives [35 ]–[38]. It mainly consists of a con-
mended the use of filters and transformers. trolled rectifier, which feeds an adjustable dc current , via
Synchronous motors (SMs) with speed control are very pop- a dc inductor to a LCI. Since the thyristor does not have
ular in high-power and variable speed applications as they are self-extinguishing capability, it can be commutated by the load
voltage with a leading PF [36]. Fig. 1(a) shows a basic control
economic alternative at high-power levels [13]–[15]. A load-
commutated inverter (LCI) uses the load voltage with a leading schematic of LCI-fed SM drive operating at a leading PF. The
power factor (PF) for natural commutation of thyristors [16]. inverter output current is a quasi-square wave. However, the
motor voltage waveform is close to sinusoidal superim-
posed with voltage spikes caused by thyristor commutations.
Manuscript received June 02, 2009; revised August 16, 2009 and August 16,
Hence, the motor current contains low-order harmonics, such
2009; accepted November 24, 2009. Date of publication February 08, 2010; date as the 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th, etc. These harmonic currents cause
of current version May 21, 2010. Paper no. TEC-00220-2009. torque pulsations as well as additional power losses in the motor
B. Singh and S. Singh are with the Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India (e-mail: bhim-
and associated system [17], [18].
singhr@gmail.com; sschauhan.sdl@gmail.com). The LCI-fed SM drive features low cost and high efficiency
S. P. Hemanth Chander is with the Delta Energy Systems (India) Pvt. Ltd., due to the use of low-cost thyristors. The LCI is suitable for large
Gurgaon, Haryana 122001, India (e-mail: hemanthsp2010@gmail.com). drives with a power rating in megawatts, where the initial invest-
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. ment and operating efficiency are of great importance. However,
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TEC.2009.2038369 the input PF of the drive changes with its operating conditions.
0885-8969/$26.00 © 2010 IEEE
370 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 25, NO. 2, JUNE 2010
zigzag winding. The detailed design is given in Appendix B [see a vital part of the drive modeling, and thereby, the response of
Figs. 1 (c) and 2(c)]. the drive system.
To achieve 20 phase shift required for an 18-pulse con- The speed controller is a proportional and integral (PI) con-
verter with a nonisolated topology, the autotransformer may troller. Thus, the speed error – is transformed into
have various connections for e.g. polygon, delta-polygon, current reference through transfer function
zigzag, and T-connected transformers [31]–[33]. The
delta-polygon connected autotransformer (detailed design
has been given in Appendix D) is used in this investigation. (1)
Fig. 4. Supply current waveforms and harmonic spectra of isolated converter- Fig. 5. Supply current waveform and harmonic spectra of nonisolated con-
based LCI-fed SM running at rated speed and rated torque. (a) Six-pulse con- verter-based LCI-fed SM running at rated speed and rated torque. (a) Six-pulse
verter [see Fig. 1(a)]. (b) 12-pulse converter [see Fig. 1(b)]. (c) 18-pulse con- converter [see Fig. 2(a)]. (b) 12-pulse converter [see Fig. 2(b)]. (c) 18-pulse con-
verter [see Fig. 1 (c)]. (d) 24-pulse converter [see Fig. 1(d)]. verter [see Fig. 2 (c)]. (d) 24-pulse converter [see Fig. 2(d)].
Fig. 6 shows current waveforms at ac mains and its harmonic Fig. 7 shows the variation of the current THD and PF with
spectra for 12-pulse converters (isolated and nonisolated load at ac mains for isolated 12-pulse converter topology with
topologies) with shunt passive filter feeding LCI-SM drive and without shunt passive filters. The detailed power quality pa-
operating at full load and half load. Amongst, different isolated rameters with load variation (rated torque and variable speed)
and nonisolated MPCs, the 12-pulse converter is able to achieve are also given in Tables III and IV for a 12-pulse converter with
the power quality within limits of international standards and without passive filters, respectively. It is observed that the
[1]–[4] with a passive filter only. However, the 18 and 24-pulse current THD at ac mains of a 12-pulse converter with shunt
converters have resulted in lower current harmonic distortion at passive filter remains below 8% in the 20%–100% load range.
ac mains. But the PF of ac mains during fractional speeds still The PF variation of the 12-pulse converter with shunt passive
remains poor. The performance of these converter topologies filter shows consistent improvement as compared to results of
is summarized in Tables I and II in terms of PQ indices for the same topology without filter and it remains in the range of
rated and half the rated load. The performance evaluation of 0.85–0.94 from light-load to full-load condition. The voltage
the proposed converter topologies show consistent results in THD is also reduced to less than 1% with the 12-pulse converter
the wide range of speed and meet the desired PQ specifications. topology using passive filters. The rms current at ac mains is also
However, the results have been recorded at rated and half reduced drastically at light load, however, the reduction is ob-
the rated speeds with rated torque just for the performance served in the wide load range, i.e., 36.5–136.5 A from light-load
comparison of various converter topologies at some common to full-load condition against very high values (122–143 A from
reference. light load to full load) for the same topology without filter as
To achieve improved power quality in LCI-SM drive, the shown in Tables III and IV . Therefore, a 12-pulse converter
12-pulse converter topology has been simulated at rated load topology with passive shunt filter is considered a good option
with passive tuned filters and it is observed that this topology for constant torque loads operating in variable speed range.
shows consistent improved power quality in wide range of op-
eration. The design of the shunt passive filter has been aimed to VIII. APPLICATION POTENTIAL
supplement the reactive power requirement of the drive during The multipulse ac–dc converter-fed LCI-SM drive has a
wide speed range. The variation of reactive power from light vast application potential in various large rating adjustable
load to full load is reasonably large and a 12-pulse converter speed drives. The major applications include roller mills, large
with a passive filter shows consistently improved PQ in the compressors, crushers, conveyors, industrial fans and pumps
total load range. in cement, steel, pulp and paper, petrochemicals, mining,
SINGH et al.: HARMONICS MITIGATION IN LCI-FED SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVES 375
Fig. 7. Variation of PF and current THD with load for isolated 12-pulse con-
verter-fed LCI-SM drive at rated torque and 1000 r/min speed.
TABLE III
POWER QUALITY INDEXES WITH LOAD VARIATION (VARIABLE SPEED AND
RATED TORQUE) FOR A 12-PULSE CONVERTER-FED LCI-SM DRIVE WITH
PASSIVE FILTER
TABLE I TABLE IV
POWER QUALITY INDEXES OF VARIOUS MPC-BASED LCI-SM DRIVE AT POWER QUALITY INDEXES WITH LOAD VARIATION (VARIABLE SPEED AND
RATED SPEED (1500 r/min) AND RATED TORQUE RATED TORQUE) FOR A 12-PULSE CONVERTER-FED LCI-SM DRIVE WITHOUT
PASSIVE FILTER
TABLE II
POWER QUALITY INDEXES OF VARIOUS MPC-BASED LCI-SM DRIVE AT HALF
THE RATED SPEED (750 r/min) AND RATED TORQUE
IX. CONCLUSION
The detailed design of converter topologies for power quality
improvement in LCI-SM drives has been presented to provide
a clear perspective on various aspects of these drives to the re-
searchers and engineers working in this field. Multipulse con-
trolled converters with isolated and nonisolated topologies have
been found capable of providing the desired power quality for
large rating industrial loads. A combination of passive filters and
12-pulse converter has been proposed for the LCI-SM drive,
which shows improved performance with reduced THD and
magnitude of ac mains current. The 12-pulse converter with
shunt passive filter has added advantages of simple control and
consistently improved PF in the wide operating speed range of
the drive. These converter topologies may be a good candidate
for many applications in near future with cost-effective solution.
It is hoped that this investigation on various PQ improvement
topologies for LCI-SM drives is a useful reference to the users
and manufacturers.
APPENDIX I
APPENDIX
for (3)
and
(4)
(5)
Fig. 8. Schematic and phasor diagrams of various components of MPCs. (a)
Similarly, the following relation can be derived using 6
Y/Z – 1 topology. (b) Y/Z – 2 topology. (c) Delta-polygon ( 15 ) auto-
6
transformer topology. (d) Delta-polygon ( 20 ) autotransformer topology. (e)
Hexagon autotransformer topology. (f) IPT for pulse doubling. (g) Passive fil-
ters.
SINGH et al.: HARMONICS MITIGATION IN LCI-FED SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR DRIVES 377
TABLE V where , ,
TURN RATIOS OF STAR/ZIGZAG TRANSFORMERS FOR VARIOUS PHASE-SHIFT – , , , V is rms value of
ANGLES
phase voltage and 2K K K 1. These equations result
in , , and .
(13)
In a balanced system , so the relation becomes
(14)
(15)
(9) (16)
Table V summarizes the turn ratios for a given value of . The F. Design of Pulse-Multiplication Circuit
ratio ( ) has been taken as two, three, and four for 12-,
18-, and 24-pulse transformers, respectively, in this paper. Fig. 8(f) shows the schematic diagrams of pulse-doubling
circuit for thyristor converters using an IPT connected to two
C. Design of Delta-Polygon Connected Autotransformer for thyristors [33].
12-pulse Converter Operation The voltage appearing across the reactor winding is an
ac voltage ripple of six times the source frequency, resulting
Fig. 8(c) shows connection and phasor diagrams of a delta- in smaller size weight and volume of the IPT [30], [31], [33].
polygon connected autotransformer for producing desired phase When , the thyristor is forward biased and can be
shifts. The number of turns (shown in Fig. 8(c) as , and fired. In this mode, the current and MMF relationship are given
) required for achieving these phase shifts among different by following equations:
phases can be calculated by considering the voltages of phase
“a ” given by two sets of equations as follows:
(17)
(11) (18)
(12) (19)
378 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 25, NO. 2, JUNE 2010
where is the total number of turns in the IPT, whereas [4] Limits for Harmonic Current Emissions (Equipment Input Current
, and are the number of turns as shown in 16 A per phase) International Standard IEC 61000-3-2, 2000.
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[57] J. N. Poole and W. J. Frey, “Retrofit of a recovery boiler ID fan with a Bhim Singh (SM’99–F’10) was born in Rahamapur,
dual channel high reliability LCI drive,” in Proc. IEEE Pulp Paper Ind. India, in 1956. He received the B.E. degree in elec-
Tech. Conf., 1988, pp. 23–37. trical from the University of Roorkee, Roorkee, India,
[58] E. B. Turner and C. P. Lemone, “Adjustable-speed drive applications in 1977, and the M.Tech. and Ph.D. degrees from In-
in the oil and gas pipeline industry,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-25, dian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi,
no. 1, pp. 30 –35, Jan./Feb. 1989. India, in 1979 and 1983, respectively.
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[60] W. J. Frey, “Retrofit experience of an 8000 HP pipeline compressor joined the Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT
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[61] B. M. Wood, W. T. Oberle, J. H. Dulas, and F. Steuri, “Application an Associate Professor, in 1994 and a Professor, in 1997. His current research
of a 15000-hp, 6000-dmin adjustable-speed drive in a petrochemical interests include power electronics, electrical machines and drives, active
facility,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 31, no. 6, pp. 1027–1036, Nov./ filters, flexible AC transmission system (FACTS), high voltage DC (HVDC),
Dec. 1995. and power quality.
380 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ENERGY CONVERSION, VOL. 25, NO. 2, JUNE 2010
Dr. Singh is a Fellow of the Indian National Academy of Engineering, the Mr. Singh is a Life Member of the Indian Society for Technical Education
National Academy of Science, India, the Institution of Engineers, India, and the and the System Society of India.
Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, a Life Member of
the Indian Society for Technical Education, the System Society of India, and the
National Institution of Quality and Reliability.
S. P. Hemanth Chender (M’10) was born in My-
laram, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India, in 1985.
He received the B.Tech. degree in electrical and
Sanjeev Singh (S’09) was born in Deoria, India, in electronics from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
1972. He received the B.E. degree in electrical from University, Hyderabad, India, in 2006 and the
Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, Rewa, India, in M.Tech. degree from Indian Institute of Technology
1993 and the M.Tech. degree from Devi Ahilya Vish- (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi, India, in 2008.
wavidyalaya, Indore, India, in 1997. In 2008, he joined as an R&D Engineer, Delta
In 1997, he joined as a Project Officer with the Energy Systems (India) Pvt. Ltd., Gurgaon, India.
North India Technical Consultancy Organisation, His current research interests include power elec-
Chandigarh, India, in 1997. In 2000, he joined as a tronics, electrical machines and drives, as well as
Lecturer with the Department of Electrical and In- switch-mode power supply design for custom design, telecom, network, server
strumentation Engineering, Sant Longowal Institute and storage power supplies.
of Engineering and Technology, Sangrur, Punjab,
India. His current research interests include power electronics, electrical
machines and drives, energy efficiency, and power quality.