Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Wal-Mart
Type
[1]
Industry Retailing
Headquarters
36°21 51 N 094°12 59 W
[2]
Board)
Supercenters
Neighborhood Markets
Revenue
Operating income
[4]
Net income
[4]
Total assets
[5]
Total equity
[4]
Employees
[6]
Website
www.walmartstores.com
[7]
www.walmart.com
[8]
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (formerly branded as Wal-Mart, branded as Walmart since 2008) (NYSE: WMT
[1]
) is an
American public multinational corporation that runs a chain of large discount department stores and a
chain of
warehouse stores. In 2010 it was the world's largest public corporation by revenue, according to the
Forbes Global
[9]
The company was founded by Sam Walton in 1962, incorporated on October 31, 1969, and
publicly traded on the New York Stock Exchange in 1972. Wal-Mart, headquartered in Bentonville,
Arkansas, is the
[10]
and the largest grocery retailer in the United States. In 2009, it generated 51%
[11]
[12]
the United States, including the 50 states. It also operates under its own name in Puerto Rico. Wal-Mart
operates in
Mexico as Walmex, in the United Kingdom as Asda ("Asda Wal-Mart" in some branches), in Japan as
Seiyu, and in
India as Best Price. It has wholly owned operations in Argentina, Brazil, and Canada. Wal-Mart's
investmentsWal-Mart 2
outside North America have had mixed results: its operations in the United Kingdom, South America and
China are
highly successful, while it was forced to pull out of Germany and South Korea when ventures there were
unsuccessful.
History
Sam Walton's original Walton's Five and Dime
called Ben Franklin and that offered him one in Newport, Arkansas.
[13]
exceeding expectations.
[14]
[15]
On July 2, 1962, Walton opened the first Wal-Mart Discount City store located at 719 Walnut Ave. in
Rogers,
Arkansas. The building is now occupied by a hardware store and an antique mall. Within five years, the
company
[16]
[17]
The company was incorporated as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. on October 31, 1969. In 1970, it opened its
home office and
first distribution center in Bentonville, Arkansas. It had 38 stores operating with 1,500 employees and
sales of $44.2
million. It began trading stock as a publicly held company on October 1, 1970, and was soon listed on
the New York
Stock Exchange. The first stock split occurred in May 1971 at a market price of $47. By this time, Wal-
Mart was
operating in five states: Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and Oklahoma; it entered Tennessee in
1973 and
Kentucky and Mississippi in 1974. As it moved into Texas in 1975, there were 125 stores with 7,500
employees and
[17]
Wal-Mart opened its first Texas store in Mount Pleasant on November 11, 1975.
[18]
anniversary in 1987 there were 1,198 stores with sales of $15.9 billion
and 200,000 associates.
[17]
operating units of the company with its Bentonville office via two-way
time, it was the largest private satellite network, allowing the corporate
stores.
[19]
[20]
Walton remained as Chairman of the Board, and the company also rearranged other
Missouri
Missouri.
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
business.
[25]
In 2000, H. Lee Scott became President and CEO, and Walmart's sales
[26]
America's largest corporation on the Fortune 500 list, with revenues of $219.8 billion and profits of $6.7
billion. It
[27] [28]
In 2005, Walmart had $312.4 billion in sales, more than 6,200 facilities around the worldͶincluding
3,800 stores in
the United States and 2,800 elsewhere, employing more than 1.6 million "associates" worldwide. Its U.S.
presence
grew so rapidly that only small pockets of the country remained further than 60 miles (100 km) from the
nearest
Wal-Mart.
[29]
As Walmart grew rapidly into the world's largest corporation, many critics worried about the effect of its
stores on
local communities, particularly small towns with many "mom and pop" stores. There have been several
studies on
the economic impact of Walmart on small towns and local businesses, jobs, and taxpayers. In one,
Kenneth Stone, a
Professor of Economics at Iowa State University, found that some small towns can lose almost half of
their retail
[30]
small town shops had faced in the past Ͷ including the development of the railroads, the advent of the
Sears
Roebuck catalog, as well as the arrival of shopping malls Ͷ and concluded that shop owners who adapt
to changes
[30]
University showed that there are "both positive and negative impacts on existing stores in the area
where the new
supercenter locates."
[31]
In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in September 2005, Walmart was able to use its logistical
efficiency in
organizing a rapid response to the disaster, donating $20 million in cash, 1,500 truckloads of free
merchandise, food
for 100,000 meals, as well as the promise of a job for every one of its displaced workers.
[32]
An independent study
by Steven Horwitz of St. Lawrence University found that Walmart, The Home Depot and Lowe's made
use of their
local knowledge about supply chains, infrastructure, decision makers and other resources to provide
emergency
supplies and reopen stores well before FEMA began its response.
[33]
quick response ʹ amidst the criticisms of the Federal Emergency Management Agency ʹ several
critics were
nonetheless quick to point out that there still remain issues with the company's labor relations.
[34]
Recent initiatives
In October 2005, Wal-Mart announced it would implement several environmental measures to increase
energy
efficiency. The primary goals included spending $500 million a year to increase fuel efficiency in Wal-
Mart͛s truck
fleet by 25% over three years and double it within ten, reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% in
seven years,
reduce energy use at stores by 30%, and cut solid waste from U.S. stores and Sam͛s Clubs by 25% in
three years.
CEO Lee Scott said that Wal-Mart's goal was to be a "good steward for the environment" and ultimately
use only
[35]
McKinney, Texas, Aurora, Colorado, and Las Vegas, Nevada. with wind turbines, photovoltaic solar
panels,
[36]
the biggest seller of organic milk and the biggest buyer of organic cotton in the world, as well as
reducing packaging
[37]
Wal-Mart also spent nearly a year working with outside consultants to discover the company's
total environmental impact and find where they could improve. They discovered, for example, that by
eliminating
excess packaging on their toy line Kid Connection, they could not only save $2.4 million a year in
shipping costs but
[37]
Walmart has also recently created its own electric company in Texas,
Texas Retail Energy, and plans to supply its stores with cheap power purchased at wholesale prices.
Through this
new venture, the company expects to save $15 million annually and also lays the groundwork and
infrastructure to
[38]
In March 2006, Walmart sought to appeal to a more affluent demographic. The company launched a
new
Supercenter concept in Plano, Texas, intended to compete against stores seen as more upscale and
appealing, such as
Target.
[39] [40]
The new store has wood floors, wider aisles, a sushi bar, a coffee/sandwich shop with free Wi-Fi
Internet access, and more expensive beers, wines, electronics, and other goods. The exterior has a
hunter green
background behind the Wal-Mart letters, similar to Neighborhood Market by Walmarts, instead of the
blue
On September 12, 2007, Walmart introduced new advertising with the slogan, "Save Money Live
Better," replacing
the "Always Low Prices, Always" slogan, which it had used for the previous 19 years. Global Insight,
which
conducted the research that supported the ads, found that Walmart's price level reduction resulted in
savings for
consumers of $287 billion in 2006, which equated to $957 per person or $2,500 per household (up 7.3%
from the
[41]
On June 30, 2008, Walmart unveiled a new company logo, featuring the non-hyphenated name
"Walmart" and in
place of the star, a symbol that resembles a sunburst or flower. The new logo received mixed reviews
from some
design critics, who questioned whether the new logo was as bold as competitors, such as the Target
bullseye or as
instantly recognizable as the former company logo, which was used for 18 years.
[42]
the company's walmart.com website on July 1, 2008. Walmart's U.S. locations were to update store
logos in the fall
[43]
part time hourly worker of the company. An additional $788.8 million in profit sharing, 401(k)
contributions, and
hundreds of millions of dollars in merchandise discounts and contributions to the employees' stock
purchase plan is
also included in this plan. While the economy at large was in an ongoing recession, the largest retailer in
the U.S.
reported solid financial figures for the most recent fiscal year (ending January 31, 2009), with $401.2
billion in net
sales, a gain of 7.2% from the prior year. Income from continuing operations increased 3% to $13.3
billion, and
[44]
On July 16, 2009, Wal-Mart announced plans to develop a worldwide sustainable product index.
[45]
On February 22, 2010, the company confirming it was acquiring video streaming company Vudu, Inc.
for an
[46]
In January, 2011, at the urging of Michelle Obama and her staff, Wal-Mart announced a program to
improve the
nutritional values of its store brands over the next five years, gradually reducing the amount of salt and
sugar, and
eliminating trans fat. Wal-Mart also promised to negotiate with suppliers such as Kraft with respect to
nutritional
issues. Reductions in the prices of whole foods and vegetables were also promised as well as efforts to
open stores in
Operating divisions
Wal-Mart's operations are organized into three divisions: Wal-Mart Stores U.S., Sam's Club, and Wal-
Mart
International.
[48]
The company does business in nine different retail formats: supercenters, food and drugs, general
merchandise stores, bodegas (small markets), cash and carry stores, membership warehouse clubs,
apparel stores,
[48]
[48]
program was launched at stores in the Tampa, Florida area, and expanded to all stores in Florida by
January 2007.
While the average price of generics is $29 per prescription, compared to $102 for name-brand drugs,
Wal-Mart
maintains that it is not selling at a loss, or providing as an act of charity ʹ instead, they are using the
same
mechanisms of mass distribution that it uses to bring lower prices to other products.
[49]
outside of the drug industry, many of Walmart͛s low cost generics are imported from India and made by
drug makers
[50]
On February 6, 2007, the company launched a "beta" version of a movie download service, which sold
about 3,000
films and television episodes from all major studios and television networks.
[51]
[52]Wal-Mart 6
Laredo, Texas
2
) to 224000 square feet
(20810.3 m
(9476.1 m
.(
[48]
Tire & Lube Express, optical center, one-hour photo processing lab,
portrait studio, a bank branch, a cell phone store and a fast food outlet.
[53]
Bentonville. Bud's operated as a closeout store, much like Big Lots. Many locations were opened to fulfill
leases in
shopping centers as Wal-Mart stores left and moved into newly built Supercenters. All of the Bud's
Discount City
[16] [54]
As of October 2010, there were 750 Walmart Discount Stores in the United States. In 2006, the busiest
in the world
[55]
Walmart Supercenter
A picture of a remodeled Wal-Mart Supercenter
in Miami, Florida.
.(
[48]
frozen foods, dairy products, garden produce, and fresh seafood. Many
Tire & Lube Express, optical center, one-hour photo processing lab,
stores, hair and nail salons, video rental stores, local bank branches
McDonald's or Blimpie. Some also sell gasoline distributed by Murphy Oil Corporation (whose Wal-Mart
stations
are branded as "Murphy USA"), Sunoco, Inc. ("Optima"), or Tesoro Corporation ("Mirastar").
[53]
The first Supercenter opened in 1988 in Washington, Missouri. A similar concept, Hypermart USA,
opened in
Garland, Texas a year earlier. All of the Hypermart USA stores were later closed or converted into
Supercenters.
As of October 2010, there were 2,843 Wal-Mart Supercenters in the United States.
[55]
[56]
Since the introduction of the new Wal-Mart logo in 2008, the company has been phasing out the
"Supercenter"
portion of the name on these stores, simply referring to these stores as "Walmart."Wal-Mart 7
Neighborhood Markets by Walmart are grocery stores that average about 42000 square feet (3901.9 m
.(
[48]
They
are used to fill the gap between Discount Store and Supercenters, offering a variety of products, which
include full
lines of groceries, pharmaceuticals, health and beauty aids, photo developing services, and a limited
selection of
general merchandise.
The first Neighborhood Market opened in 1998 in Bentonville, Arkansas. As of October 2010, there were
181 of
Neighborhood Market by Walmart now has the same logo as Wal-Mart does. However, this change took
place a few
months after the new logo was introduced on June 30, 2008.
Supermercado de Wal-Mart
Houston
[57]
[58]
[59] [60]
Club.
[61]
Marketside
the stores are said to be less than half the size of a conventional
supermarket, as stated in the backgrounder found on Wal-Mart's official homepage. As of October 2010,
there were
[55]
Sam's Club
Missouri
purchase.
[62]
[53]
[62]
Wholesale Club".
businesses. All Sam's Club stores are open early hours exclusively for
business members and their old slogan was "We're in Business for
enter the electronic medical records business by offering a software package to physicians in small
practices for
$25,000. Wal-Mart is partnering with Dell and eClinicalWorks.com in this new venture.
[63]
Sam's Club's sales during 2010 were $47 billion, or 11.5% of Wal-Mart's total sales.
[48]
were 607 Sam's Clubs in the United States. Wal-Mart also operates more than 100 international Sam͛s
Clubs in
[64]Wal-Mart 8
Wal-Mart International
Wal-Mart's international operations currently comprise 4,263 stores and 660,000 workers in 15
countries outside the
United States.
[65]
There are wholly owned operations in Argentina, Brazil, Canada,and the UK. With 2.1 million
employees worldwide, the company is the largest private employer in the US and Mexico, and one of
the largest in
Canada.
[66]
In the financial year 2010, Wal-Mart's international division sales were $100 billion, or 24.7% of total
sales.
[48]
Wal-Mart has operated in Canada since its acquisition of 122 stores comprising the Woolco division of
Woolworth
Canada, Inc in 1994. As of July 2010, it operates over 300 locations (including 100 Supercentres) and
employs
[67]
(spelled as in Canadian English) opened on November 8, 2006, in Hamilton, London, and Aurora,
Ontario. The
supermarket chains other than Tesco. As of 2010, Asda had 345 stores,
[68]
In addition to its wholly owned international operations, Wal-Mart has joint ventures in China and
several
[69]
Additionally, Wal-Mart owns 51% of the Central American Retail Holding Company
(CARHCO), consisting of more than 360 supermarkets and other stores in Guatemala, El Salvador,
Honduras,
[70]
Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná states, respectively. None of these was
stores, 33 Hyper-Bompreço stores. It also runs 45 Wal-Mart Supercenters, 24 Sam's Club stores, and 101
Todo Dia
stores. With the acquisition of Bompreço and Sonae, Wal-Mart is currently the third largest supermarket
chain in
[71]
In June 2006, Wal-Mart was excluded from the investment portfolio of The Government Pension Fund of
Norway,
which held stock values of about US$ 430 million in the company, due to a social audit into alleged labor
rights
[72] [73]
questions from the fund's auditors, the company later claimed the decision "don't appear to be based
on complete
information".
[74]
In November 2006, Wal-Mart announced a joint venture with Bharti Enterprises to open retail stores in
India. As
foreign corporations are not allowed to directly enter the retail sector in India, Wal-Mart will operate
through
[75]
The partnership will involve two joint ventures; Bharti will manage the
front end involving opening of retail outlets, while Wal-Mart will take care of the back end, such as cold
chains andWal-Mart 9
logistics.
In 2008, Wal-Mart named German retailing veteran Stephan Fanderl as the president of Wal-Mart
Emerging
Markets-East in an effort to, "explore retail business opportunities in Russia and neighboring markets."
The market is
estimated to be worth more than US$140 billion per year in food sales alone.
[76]
In January 2009, the company acquired a controlling interest in the largest grocer in Chile, Distribucion y
Servicio
D&S SA.
[77]
In February 2010, the company agreed to buy Vudu, a Silicon Valley start-up whose three-year-old
online movie
service is being built into an increasing number of televisions and Blu-ray players. Terms of the
acquisition were not
disclosed, but a person briefed on the deal said the price for the company, which raised $60 million in
capital, was
[78]
On September 28, 2010, Wal-Mart announced it would buy Massmart Holdings Ltd. of Johannesburg,
South Africa
in a deal worth over $4 billion, giving the company its first stores in Africa.
[12]
Wal-Mart Canada launched its application for banking license in 2008 to compete with similar stores in
Canada such
as Loblaw.
[79]
On July 24, 2009, Wal-Mart Canada Bank was incorporated under the Bank Act in Canada.
[80]
On June 15, 2010, Wal-Mart officially launched into the banking sector under the name Wal-Mart
Canada Bank
[81]
[82]
[83]
About 40% of products sold in Wal-Mart are private label store brands, or products offered by Wal-Mart
and
produced through contracts with manufacturers. Wal-Mart began offering private label brands in 1991
with the
launch of Sam's Choice, a brand of drinks produced by Cott Beverages exclusively for Wal-Mart. Sam's
Choice
quickly became popular, and by 1993 was the third most popular beverage brand in the United States.
[84]
Other
Wal-Mart brands include Great Value and Equate in the US and Canada, and Smart Price in Britain. A
2006 study
talked of "the magnitude of mind-share Wal-Mart appears to hold in shoppers' minds when it comes to
awareness of
[85]
Entertainment
In 2010, Wal-Mart teamed with Procter & Gamble to produce Secrets of the Mountain and The Jensen
Project, 2
hour family movies which featured the characters using Wal-Mart and Procter & Gamble branded
products. The
Jensen Project also featured a preview of a product to be released in several months in Wal-Mart stores.
[86] [87]
third movie, A Walk in My Shoes, will air later in 2010 and a fourth is in production.
[88]
Wal-Mart's director of
brand marketing also serves as co-chair of the Association of National Advertisers's Alliance for Family
Entertainment.
[89]Wal-Mart 10
Corporate affairs
Bentonville, Arkansas.
[90]
[48]
store entrance.
[91]
In June, 2007. Wal-Mart announced it was retiring the blue vest its 1.5
million associates wear, and replacing it with khakis and polos. The
Unlike many other retailers, Wal-Mart does not charge a slotting fee to suppliers for their products to
appear in the
store.
[92]
Instead, it focuses on selling more popular products and provides incentives for store managers to drop
[92]
On September 14, 2006, the company announced that it would phase out its layaway program, citing
declining use
[93]
Layaway ceased to be offered on November 19, 2006, and required merchandise pickup by
December 8, 2006. Wal-Mart now focuses on other payment options, such as increased use of six- and
twelve-month, zero-interest financing. The layaway location in most stores is now used for Wal-Mart's
Site-To-Store
program, which was introduced in March 2007. This enables walmart.com customers to buy goods
online with a free
shipping option, and have goods shipped to the nearest store for pickup.
[94]
Financial
For the fiscal year ending January 31, 2009, Wal-Mart reported a net income of $13.6 billion
[6]
on $404 billion of
revenue
[3]
(3.4% profit margin). For the fiscal year ending January 31, 2006, Wal-Mart's international operations
[48]
Governance
Walton, the eldest son of founder Sam Walton, serves as Chairman of the Board. Michael T. Duke serves
as Chief
Executive Officer (CEO), and Lee Scott, formerly CEO, serves as Chairman of the Executive Committee
of the
Board. Other members of the board include Aída Álvarez, Jim Breyer, M. Michele Burns, James Cash,
Roger
Corbett, Douglas Daft, David Glass, Gregory B. Penner, Allen Questrom, Arne M. Sorenson, Jim Walton,
[95]
Chief Operating Officer and Senior Vice Chairman, became known as the "Keeper of the Culture."
[96] [97]
[98]
latter having served as Vice Chairman. Clinton left the board before the 1992 U.S. Presidential Election,
and
Coughlin left in December 2005 after pleading guilty to wire fraud and tax evasion for stealing hundreds
of
[99]
[100]Wal-Mart 11
Competition
In North America, Wal-Mart's primary competition includes department stores like Kmart, Target,
ShopKo and
Meijer, Canada's Zellers, Hart the Real Canadian Superstore and Giant Tiger, and Mexico's Comercial
Mexicana and
Soriana. Competitors of Wal-Mart's Sam's Club division are Costco, and the smaller BJ's Wholesale Club
chain
operating mainly in the eastern US. Wal-Mart's move into the grocery business in the late 1990s also set
it against
major supermarket chains in both the United States and Canada. Several smaller retailers, primarily
dollar stores,
such as Family Dollar and Dollar General, have been able to find a small niche market and compete
successfully
[101]
[102]
Wal-Mart also had to face fierce competition in some foreign markets. For example, in Germany it had
captured just
2% of German food market following its entry into the market in 1997 and remained "a secondary
player" behind
[103]
In July 2006, Wal-Mart announced its withdrawal from Germany. Its stores were sold to
[104]
Wal-Mart continues to do well in the UK, and its Asda subsidiary is the second largest
[105]
In May 2006, after entering the South Korean market in 1998, Wal-Mart withdrew and sold all 16 of its
South
Korean outlets to Shinsegae, a local retailer, for $882 million. Shinsegae re-branded the Wal-Marts as
E-mart
stores.
[106]
Wal-Mart struggled to export its brand elsewhere as it rigidly tried to reproduce its model overseas. In
China,
Wal-Mart hopes to succeed by adapting and doing things preferable to Chinese citizens. For example, it
found that
Chinese consumers preferred to select their own live fish and seafood; stores began displaying the meat
uncovered
[107]
Customer base
Pennsylvania
stores.
[108]
[109]
The average US
national rate.
[110]
[111]
A poll indicated
John Kerry.
[112]
[113]
stores from a "one-size-fits-all" merchandising strategy to one designed to "reflect each of six
demographic groups ʹ
[114]
later, it unveiled a new slogan: "Saving people money so they can live better lives". This reflects the
three main
groups into which Wal-Mart categorizes its 200 million customers: "brand aspirationals" (people with
low incomes
who are obsessed with names like KitchenAid), "price-sensitive affluents" (wealthier shoppers who love
deals), and
"value-price shoppers" (people who like low prices and cannot afford much more).
[109]
steps to appeal to more liberal customers, for example, by rejecting the American Family Association's
recommendations and carrying the DVD Brokeback Mountain, a love story between two gay cowboys
in
Wyoming.
[115]
Economic impact
[27]
Kenneth Stone, Professor of Economics at Iowa State University, in a paper published in Farm
Foundation in 1997,
found that some small towns can lose almost half of their retail trade within ten years of a Wal-Mart
store
opening.
[30]
However, he compared the changes to previous competitors small town shops have faced in the
pastͶfrom the development of the railroads and the Sears Roebuck catalog to shopping malls. He
concludes that
shop owners who adapt to the ever changing retail market can thrive after Wal-Mart comes to their
community.
[30]
subsequent study in collaboration with Mississippi State University indicated that there are "both
positive and
negative impacts on existing stores in the area where the new supercenter locates."
[31]
A June 2006 article published by the libertarian Ludwig von Mises Institute suggested that Wal-Mart has
a positive
[116]
It argued that while Wal-Mart's low prices caused some existing businesses to close,
the chain also created new opportunities for other small business, and so "the process of creative
destruction
unleashed by Wal-Mart has no statistically significant impact on the overall size of the small business
sector in the
United States."
[117]
A Loyola University Chicago study which suggested that impact a Wal-Mart store has on a local
business is
correlated to its distance from that store. The leader of that study admits that this factor is stronger in
smaller towns
and doesn't apply to more urban areas saying "It'd be so tough to nail down what's up with Wal-Mart".
[118]
Another
study found Wal-Mart's entry into a new market has a profound impact on its retail competition. When
a Wal-Mart
opens in a new market, median sales drop 40% at similar high-volume stores, 17% at supermarkets and
6% at
drugstores, according to a June 2009 study by researchers at several universities and led by the Tuck
School of
[119]
For the concern of jobs, a study commissioned by Wal-Mart with consulting firm Global Insight, found
that its
stores' presence saves working families more than US$2,500 per year, while creating more than 210,000
jobs in the
U.S.
[120] [121]
Alternately the Economic Policy Institute estimates that 196,000 jobs were lost between
2001ʹ2006,
[122]
and 68% of jobs lost were manufacturing jobs. Another study by Global Insight has found that
Wal-Mart's growth between 1985 and 2004 resulted in food-at-home prices that were 9.1% lower and
overall prices
(as measured by the Consumer Price Index) that were 3.1% lower than they would otherwise have been.
[123]
Another study at the University of Missouri found that a new store increases net retail employment in
the county by
100 jobs in the short term, half of which disappear over five years as other retail establishments close.
[124]
Studies of Wal-Mart show consumers benefit from lower costs. A 2005 Washington Post story reported
that
"Wal-Mart's discounting on food alone boosts the welfare of American shoppers by at least $50 billion
per year."
[125]
A study in 2005 at Massachusetts Institute of Technology measured the effect on consumer welfare and
found that
the poorest segment of the population benefits the most from the existence of discount retailers.
[126]
A 2004 paper by
two professors at Pennsylvania State University found that U.S. counties with Wal-Mart stores suffered
increased
[127]
due to the displacement of workers from higher-paid jobs in the retailers customers no longer choose to
patronize,Wal-Mart 13
Wal-Mart providing less local charity than the replaced businesses, or a shrinking pool of local leadership
and
reduced social capital due to a reduced number of local independent businesses.
[127]
and Starved: Markets, Power and the Hidden Battle for the World Food System, said in a lecture at the
University of
Melbourne on 18 September 2007, that a study in Nebraska looked at two different Wal-Marts, the first
of which had
just arrived and ͞was in the process of driving everyone else out of business but, to do that, they cut
their prices to
the bone, very, very low prices͟. In the other Wal-Mart, ͞they had successfully destroyed the local
economy, there
was a sort of economic crater with Wal-Mart in the middle; and, in that community, the prices were 17
per cent
higher͟.
[128]
[129] [130]
and environmental
groups
[131]
[132] [133]
[134]
the (United Food and Commercial Workers) launched Wake Up Wal-Mart and The Center for
Community and
[135] [136]
Wal-Mart, an operation managed by Wal-Mart to tell the company's side of the story. Additional efforts
to counter
[137]
as well as several
television commercials. The company retained the PR firm Edelman to respond to negative media
attention,
[138]
and
started interacting directly with bloggers by sending them news, suggesting topics for postings, and
sometimes
[139]
The Saint Consulting Group to support grass-roots campaigns against Wal-Mart. The most notable of
these include
grocery chains such as Safeway Inc., SuperValu, and Ahold, concerned that the presence of Wal-Mart
will add more
competition to their operations.
[140]
In the past, Wal-mart has been accused of locking night-shift workers in at night,
[141]
[73]
document extensive problems of this kind among the company's "directly-sourced" factories.
[142]
Full-time
Wal-Mart employees earn an average of $10.78 per hour, but critics point out that the starting pay can
be far
lower Ͷ placing some employees with children below the poverty line Ͷ and that payrates do not rise
as quickly as
[143]
Others decry low levels of health coverage or overpriced health insurance, though the
company reports that it offers rates as low as $5 per month in some areas ($9 per month nationwide)
and that 92% of
[144]
conditions, unfavorable employer-employee relationships, and anti-union policies. Many suggest that
Wal-Mart's
high annual turnover-rate of ~70% shows that workers are dissatisfied and maltreated.
[143]
In response, Jay Nordlinger of National Review argues that Wal-Mart is attacked simply because it is a
leader of the
Fortune 500 list or the largest employer in America, and a "free-market success story".
[145]
episode of Bullshit! to an analysis of Wal-Mart criticism as a social movement. They theorized that
despite the noble
rhetoric, the real motivation of "Wal-Mart haters" was rooted in human psychology. They suggested
that hating
Wal-Mart permits a person "to feel better about themselves" for three main reasons: They "don't run a
greedy
international conglomerate", they aren't Wal-Mart workers, widely considered "low-skilled, minimum
wage drones",Wal-Mart 14
[146]
[147]
Wal-Mart has opposed the Employee Free Choice Act (EFCA), which would make it easier for workers to
unionize
by removing the employer's ability to demand a secret ballot in union elections, and which would
require mandatory
arbitration of labor disputes. In mid-2008, the company required store managers and department heads
to attend
meetings at which opposition to the EFCA was used as a fulcrum for criticism of Democratic candidates
in the
elections for the United States Senate and the House of Representatives, as well as of the presumptive
Democratic
Presidential nominee, Senator Barack Obama. At these meetings, Wal-Mart human resources managers
warned that
Democratic victories might result in passage of the EFCA and hence more unionization. At one meeting,
a Wal-Mart
customer service supervisor from Missouri stated, "I am not telling you how to vote, but if the
Democrats win, this
bill will pass and you won't have a vote on whether you want a union.
[148]
acknowledging that the meetings were taking place nationwide, said, "If anyone representing Wal-Mart
gave the
impression we were telling associates how to vote, they were wrong and acting without approval."
[148]
Several
labor-rights groups including the AFL-CIO have asked the Federal Election Commission to investigate
whether
Wal-Mart broke federal election rules by advocating against Democratic candidate Barack Obama in
meetings with
employees.
[149]
According to a Newsweek article, Wal-Mart, after years of fierce fighting, accepted organized labor in
China. Labor
unions in China do not negotiate contracts, but rather they are an arm of the state "to secure the social
order" and
[150]
Wal-Mart is currently facing a gender discrimination lawsuit, Dukes v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., which
alleges that
female employees were discriminated against in matters regarding pay and promotions. If the class
action is
certified, it would be the largest such lawsuit in history, covering 1.5 million women according to the
plaintiffs.
[151]
A December 2007 United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit 2ʹ1 ruling
[152]
[153] [154]
part and remanded in part the district court's order regarding class certification.
[155]
States Supreme Court granted certiorari with regard to whether the case may proceed as a class action.
[156] [157]
The
courts have not yet reached the merits of the underlying dispute.
[155]
a sex discrimination lawsuit, in 2001, Wal-Mart's EEOC filings showed that female employees made up
65% of
[158] [159]
[159]
[159]
Others have criticized the lawsuit as without basis in the law and as an abuse of
[163]
Wal-Mart's rating on the Human Rights Campaign's Corporate Equality Index, a measure of how
companies treat
LGBT employees and customers, has fluctuated widely during the past decade, from a low of 14% (2002)
to 65%
(2006). They were praised for expanding their antidiscrimination policy protecting gay and lesbian
employees,
[164]
[165] [166]
criticized in other areas, such as not renewing its membership in the National Gay and Lesbian Chamber
of
Commerce, which is reflected in their 2008 rating of 40% (compared to Target at 80% and Kmart at
100%).
[167]
In January 2006, Wal-Mart announced that "diversity efforts include new groups of minority, female and
gay
employees that meet at Wal-Mart headquarters in Bentonville to advise the company on marketing and
internal
promotion. There are seven Business Resource Groups: women, African-Americans, Hispanics, Asians,
Native
[168]Wal-Mart 15
References
[1] http://www.nyse.com/about/listed/quickquote.html?ticker=wmt
[2]
http://walmartstores.com/FactsNews/NewsRoom/9663.aspxhttp://walmartstores.com/FactsNews/New
sRoom/9663.aspx
December 9, 2007.
[7] http://www.walmartstores.com/
[8] http://www.walmart.com/
cfm)." United Food and Commercial Workers International Union. Retrieved on June 28, 2010.
[11] Ann Zimmerman (2010-06-07). "Rival Chains Secretly Fund Opposition to Wal-Mart"
(http://online.wsj.com/article/
SB10001424052748704875604575280414218878150.html?). The Wall Street Journal. . Retrieved 2010-
06-08.
[12] Daniel, Fran (2010-09-29). "Head of Wal-Mart tells WFU audience of plans for growth over next 20
years" (http://www2.journalnow.
com/news/2010/sep/29/head-of-wal-mart-tells-wfu-audience-of-plans-for-g-ar-425152/). Winston-
Salem Journal. . Retrieved 2010-09-29.
[13] Walton, Sam; Huey, John. Sam Walton: Made in America: My Story. New York: Bantam, 1993. ISBN
978-0-553-56283-5.
[14] Sam Walton: Great From the Start Ͷ HBS Working Knowledge
(http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/2375.html)
[18] Halkias, Maria. " Living with Wal-Mart 30 years later, Texas both cheers and fears discount
behemoth Lone Star State has been changed, as
p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=10D9531DE09EB928&p_field_direct-
0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&
s_trackval=GooglePM)." The Dallas Morning News. October 30, 2005. Business 1D. Retrieved on
February 22, 2011.
Hindu Business Line. July 17, 2005. Retrieved on July 24, 2006].
[20] Longo, Donald. " Wal-Mart Hands CEO Crown to Glass - David Glass
(http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3092/is_n4_v27/
ai_6348147)." Discount Store News. February 15, 1988. Retrieved on April 1, 2008.
[21] Staff Writer. " Wal-Mart Tests Similar Hypermarkets - Hypermart USA, Wal-Mart SuperCenter
(http://findarticles.com/p/articles/
mi_m3092/is_n7_v27/ai_6524175)." Discount Store News. March 28, 1988. Retrieved on April 19, 2007.
[22] Byrnes, Nanette; Eidam, Michael. " Toys 'R' Us: Beaten at Its Own Game
(http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/04_13/
[23] Buerkle, Tom. " $10 Billion Gamble in U.K. Doubles Its International Business: Wal-Mart Takes Big
Leap into Europe (http://www.iht.
World: The World's Biggest Corporation in the Global Economy. Routledge. pp. 15ʹ25. ISBN 978-0-415-
95137-1.
[30] Stone, Kenneth E. (1997). " Impact of the Wal-Mart Phenomenon on Rural Communities
(http://www.econ.iastate.edu/faculty/stone/
[31] Stone, Kenneth E.; Georgeanne Artz, Albert Myles (2003). " The Economic Impact of Wal-Mart
Supercenters on Existing Businesses in
[32] Barbaro, Michael; Gillis, Justin (September 6, 2005). "Wal-Mart at Forefront of Hurricane Relief"
(http://www.washingtonpost.com/
[33] Huffman, Mark (April 2, 2008). "Real Katrina hero? Wal-Mart, study says"
(http://articles.moneycentral.msn.com/Insurance/
[34] Bhatnagar, Parija (September 9, 2005). "Wal-Mart redeems itself, but what's next"
(http://money.cnn.com/2005/09/09/news/
November 8, 2007.
[38] Souder, Elizabeth. " Will Wal-Mart Sell Electricity One Day?
(http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/817594/
2008.
[39] Koenig, David. "Wal-Mart Targeting Upscale Shoppers." ABC News. March 22, 2006.
[41] Staff Writer. " Wal-Mart Rolling out New Company Slogan
(http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/business/business-walmart-advertising.
html?_r=1&oref=slogin)." Reuters via The New York Times. September 12, 2007. Retrieved on
September 26, 2007.
[42] Armin (30 June 2008). "Less Hyphen, More Burst for Walmart"
(http://www.underconsideration.com/brandnew/archives/
[44] Talley, Karen (March 20, 2009). "UPDATE: Wal-Mart Giving US Employees $2B In Yearly Award Pgm"
(http://online.wsj.com/article/
[46] Wal-Mart Re-Enters Digital Downloading of Movies With Purchase of Vudu - The Wall Street Journal
- February 22, 2010 (http://online.
wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704454304575082010734950440.html?mod=WSJ_Markets_LEFTTo
pNews)
[47] Sheryl Gay Stolberg (January 20, 2011). "Wal-Mart Shifts Strategy to Promote Healthy Foods"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/20/
[49] Silberner, Joanne (September 21, 2006). "Wal-Mart to Sell Generic Drugs for $4"
(http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.
[50] Business Standard, Pharma Firms boost walmart revenues, 16 June 2008 (http://www.business-
standard.com/india/storypage.
php?autono=326184)
[51] Staff Writer. " Wal-Mart Launches Online Movie Download Service
(http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,250417,00.html)." Fox
[52] Matt Richtel and Brad Stone. " Wal-Mart's Movie Download Service Passes into Ignominy
(http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/01/01/
2007.
[54] Wal-Mart shuttering 7-year old Bud's chain - Bud's Discount City | Discount Store News | Find
Articles at BNET.com (http://findarticles.
com/p/articles/mi_m3092/is_n15_v36/ai_19662401)
[59] Wollam, Allison. " Wal-Mart chooses Houston as test market for Supermercado de Walmart
(http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/
stories/2009/03/23/story1.html)." Houston Business Journal. Friday March 20, 2009. Retrieved on June
28, 2010.
[61] Moreno, Jenalia. " Wal-Mart gives its Supermercado concept a tryout
(http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/business/6400294.
html)." Houston Chronicle. April 30, 2009. Retrieved on June 29, 2010.Wal-Mart 17
[63] Lohr, Steve (March 10, 2009). "Wal-Mart Plans to Market Digital Health Records System"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/
[72] Norwegian Ministry of Finance (2006-06-06). "Two companies - Wal-Mart and Freeport - are being
excluded from the Norwegian
Two-companies---Wal-Mart-and-Freeport---.html?id=104396&epslanguage=EN-GB). .
[73] The Ethical Council of the Government Pension Fund of Norway (15 November 2005).
"Recommendation of 15 November 2005" (http://
www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/fin/Selected-topics/The-Government-Pension-Fund/
Ethical-Guidelines-for-the-Government-Pension-Fund---Global-/Recommendations-and-Letters-from-
the-Advisory-Council-on-Ethics/
[74] Vivienne Walt, Fortune Magazine (2006-07-24). "Norway to Wal-Mart: We don't want your shares"
(http://money.cnn.com/2006/07/24/
magazines/fortune/NorwaytoWMT.fortune/index.htm). CNN. .
[77] Attwood, James (January 23, 2009). "Wal-Mart Completes Takeover of Chilean Grocer D&S
(Update4)" (http://www.bloomberg.com/
[78] Stone, Brad (22 February 2010). "Wal-Mart Buying Vudu Movie Service"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/23/technology/23video.
html?id=6f8b9feb-8d59-463e-bdd8-06985f4f5a9b)
sid=aVAFXXvF5vJQ&refer=canada)
823669--wal-mart-canada-issues-rewards-based-mastercard)
[84] Staff Writer. " Sam's Choice Climbs Beverage Brand List - Wal-Mart's Sam's American Choice
Beverage Brand (http://findarticles.com/
[85] Reyes, Sonia. " Study: Wal-Mart Private Brands Are Catching On
(http://brandweek.com/bw/news/spotlight/article_display.
[87] McNamara, Mary (July 16, 2010). "Television review: 'The Jensen Project'"
(http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jul/16/entertainment/
[88] Kiesewette, John. "Second P&G Family Friendly Movie Airs July 16 On NBC"
(http://cincinnati.com/blogs/tv/2010/07/09/
[89] Stanley, T.L. (June 22, 2010). "Advertisers earmark $10 million for family-friendly TV"
(http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/showtracker/
Bentonville, Arkansas"
[92] Nelson, Emily. " Too Many Choices Ͷ Nine Kinds of Kleenex Tissue, Eggo Waffles in 16 Flavors:
Blame Brand Managers (http://www.
[93] Staff Writer. " Wal-Mart Will Phase Out Layaway Program
(http://www.walmartfacts.com/articles/4438.aspx)." Wal-Mart. September
[94] McCarthy, Caroline. " Free Shipping from Walmart.com...with Store Pickup
(http://www.news.com/2110-1030_3-6164619.html)."
16, 2009.
[97] Donald Soderquist (April 19, 2005). The Wal-mart Way: The Inside Story of the Success of the
World's Largest Company (2nd ed.). :
[99] Boulden, Jennifer. " Wal-Mart Former Vice Chairman Coughlin Admits Fraud
(http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000087&
[105] Fairlamb, David with Laura Cohn " A Bumpy Ride in Europe
(http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/03_40/
[106] Sang-Hun, Choe. " Wal-Mart Selling Stores and Leaving South Korea
(http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/23/business/worldbusiness/
23shop.html?ex=1306036800&en=af8236900d13fd8d&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss)." The
New York Times. May 23, 2006.
[109] Barbaro, Michael. " It͛s Not Only about Price at Wal-Mart
(http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/02/business/02walmart.
April 3, 2007.
[110] Weston, Liz Pulliam. " The Basics: National Bank of Wal-Mart?
(http://moneycentral.msn.com/content/Banking/Betterbanking/
[111] Schumacher, Carol; Tureman, Pauline; Clark, Sarah. " Wal-Mart Reports Second Quarter Sales and
Earnings (http://investor.
[113] Birchall, Jonathan; Yeager, Holly. "A Purchase on Psephology." Financial Times. August 17, 2006.
Page 9, US edition.
2007.
[116] Kirklin, Paul. (June 28, 2006). " The Ultimate pro-WalMart Article
(http://www.mises.org/story/2219/)". Ludwig von Mises Institute.
[117] Sobel, Russell S.; Andrea M. Dean. " Has Wal-Mart Buried Mom and Pop?: The Impact of Wal-Mart
on Self Employment and Small
[118] Mui, Ylan Q. (June 23, 2008). "When Wal-Mart Moves In, Neighborhood Businesses Suffer. Right?"
(http://www.washingtonpost.com/
[119] Chicago Tribune, Wal-Mart Impact: Pop Price War Warns of Wal-Mart Impact for Chicago, July 4,
2010, Julie Wernau, http://www.
chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-0704-soda-wars-20100703,0,5230113.story
[120] Clark, Sarah. (November 4, 2005). " Wal-Mart Saves Working Families $2,329 Per Year; Has Net
Positive Impact on Real Wages and Job
[122] Clark, Robert E. (June 26, 2007). " The Wal-Mart effect: Its Chinese imports have displaced nearly
200,000 U.S. jobs (http://www.epi.
[124] Basker, Emek. (2002). " Job Creation or Destruction? Labor-Market Effects of Wal-Mart Expansion
(http://econwpa.wustl.edu/eps/lab/
[125] Mallaby, Sebastian. (November 28, 2005). " Progressive Wal-Mart. Really
(http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/
[126] Hausman, Jerry; Ephraim Leibtag. (October 2005). " Consumer Benefits from Increased
Competition in Shopping Outlets: Measuring the
[127] Goetz, Stephan J.; Hema Swaminathan. (October 18, 2004). " Wal-Mart and County-Wide Poverty
(http://cecd.aers.psu.edu/pubs/
[128] Patel, R., (18 September 2007). " Food Glorious Food
(http://www.abc.net.au/rn/bigideas/stories/2009/2534576.htm)". Radio
[131] Kabel, Marcus. " Wal-Mart, Critics Slam Each Other on Web
(http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/18/
AR2006071800981.html)." The Washington Post. July 18, 2006. Retrieved on July 31, 2006.
2006-03-15-young-walmart-usat_x.htm)." USA Today. March 13, 2006. Retrieved on July 31, 2006.
[133] Rodino Associates. " Final Report on Research for Big Box Retail/Superstore Ordinance
(http://www.lacity.org/council/cd13/
[134] Smith, Hedrick." Who Calls the Shots in the Global Economy?
(http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/walmart/secrets/
cfm?pressReleaseID=134). United Food and Comercial Workers. 5 April 2005. . Retrieved 13 January
2011.
2011.
[138] Barnaro, Michael. " A New Weapon for Wal-Mart: A War Room
(http://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/01/business/01walmart.ready.
August 1, 2006.
[139] Barbaro, Michael. " Wal-Mart Enlists Bloggers in P.R. Campaign
(http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/07/technology/07blog.
[140] Zimmerman, Ann (June 7, 2010). "Rival Chains Secretly Fund Opposition to Wal-Mart."
(http://online.wsj.com/article/
[141] Steven Greenhouse (January 18, 2004). "Workers Assail Night Lock-Ins By Wal-Mart"
(http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/18/us/
2007.
[147] Lichtenstein, Nelson. 2006. Wal-Mart: The Face of Twenty-First Century Capitalism. New Press.
[148] Zimmerman, Ann; Maher, Kris (August 1, 2008). "Wal-Mart Warns of Democratic Win"
(http://online.wsj.com/article/
[153] Karen Gullo & Margaret Cronin Fisk, Wal-Mart Wins Request in Bias Case
(http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/
[156] "High Court to Look at Huge Bias Suit Against Wal-Mart" (http://www.aolnews.com/nation/article/
supreme-court-to-look-at-huge-sex-bias-suit-against-wal-
mart/19748037?icid=main|netscape|dl1|sec4_lnk1|188484). .
Retrieved 2009-02-23.
[161] Moller, Mark (Summer 2007). "The Anti- Constitutional Culture of Class Action Law"
(http://www.cato.org/pubs/regulation/
[163] Journal Publishing, Inc. (April 9, 2007). "Wal-Mart Stores Inc. has been named one of the "2007
Top 35 Companies for Executive
[164] Kershaw, Sarah. " Wal-Mart Sets a New Policy That Protects Gay Workers
(http://www.hrc.org/Content/ContentGroups/News3/
2006.
[167] DiGuglielmo, Joey. " Wal-Mart Sets Record with HRC Ratings Plunge
(http://washblade.com/thelatest/thelatest.cfm?blog_id=15438)."
Further reading
ͻ Charles Fishman. The Wal-Mart Effect: How the World's Most Powerful Company Really Works--and
How It's
by Wal-Mart, 1998ʹ2007," American Journal of Sociology July 2010, Vol. 116, No. 1: pp 53ʹ92.
ͻ Nelson Lichtenstein. The Retail Revolution: How Wal-Mart Created a Brave New World of Business
(2009)
ͻ Sandra Stringer Vance and Roy V. Scott. Wal-Mart: A History of Sam Walton's Retail Phenomenon
(Twayne's
External links
AKMask, AMD, ARC Gritt, ASchmoo, Aaga21, Aandr, Aaron Brenneman, Aaron Ray, Aaron Rotenberg,
Aaron Schulz, AaronSw, Abby 82, Abc-mn-xyz, Abdullais4u, Abe.Froman, Abecedare,
claire 333, Alienus, Alison, Alison9, Allixpeeke, Allore, Alpha11110, AlphaPikachu578, Alterego, Althepal,
Alx 91, Amadscientist, Amcaja, Amcl, American Brit, Americasroof, Anderssl,
AxG, AxelBoldt, Azizasif, B, BAMP, BabuBhatt, BakerBaker, Bal3d, Bam-Bam the Maid, Barkeep49,
Barnej, Basketball35, Bawolff, Beaverbeliever, BeavisSanchez, Behun, Beland,
cool!), Bill the Duck, Bill37212, BillWSmithJr, Bkahvedzic, Bkwillwm, Blackoutbill, Blackpeople+jews,
Blaireaux, BlakFlak, Blanchardb, Blaze33541, Blimpie's Clamshell, Bobak,
Boshstrikesback, BostonRed, Bovineone, Boys Next Door Guy, Boywiz, Bpage, BradBeattie, Brain40,
Bran01, Brancron, BrenDJ, Brewcrewer, Brian0918, Brianchi, Brim, Brimba,
BrokenSegue, BronzeAddy, Brusegadi, Bubba hotep, Bubble Players, Buchanan-Hermit, Buck O'Nollege,
Buddha24, Bugo, Bull-Doser, Bumm13, Bun39, Burner0718, Burnwelk, Bus stop,
Bwrs, Byronsharp, C.Fred, CART fan, CBM, CHRISTismyROCK83, CJGB, CJLindsay, CMBJ, CNN 5,
COMPFUNK2, CWY2190, CZAR1er, Cabiria, Cafemusique, Cahk, Caknuck, Calair,
Caldorwards2, Caldorwards4, Calwatch, Calwiki, CambridgeBayWeather, Can't sleep, clown will eat me,
Capnez, Captain Peanuts, Captainktainer, Carina22, Carleas, Carlocarlo, Casper2k3,
Cassavau, Cassivs, CastAStone, Cat Whisperer, Catdude, CatherineMunro, Catmoongirl, Catskul, Ccrrccrr,
Cdc, Century0, Chadwickisvegan, Chairboy, Chambertree, Checkerfly, Cheezerman,
Claming, Classic Fan, Claviola, Clcheatw, Cleanandclear, Clemson88tigers, CliffC, Clipmode, Clipper471,
Clngre, CloudNine, Cmdrjameson, Co-Incidental Guy, Coasterlover1994, Cocoaguy,
Culture Shock Guy, Curps, Cwolfsheep, Cyde, Cymru.lass, Cyrus701, Czolgolz, D 2 da a, DAMurphy,
DCEdwards1966, DCL7429, DDerby, DHT, DIEXEL, DJ Cheese, DJ HEAVEN, DMCer,
DO'Neil, DRCarroll, DUBJAY04, DagnyB, DaiTengu, Dale Arnett, Dan1558, Danhash, Daniel Christensen,
Daniel5127, Danny, Danski14, Dar-Ape, Dariob, Dark ixion, DarkSaber2k, Darren
Den fjättrade ankan, DenyRage, DerHexer, Derek Ross, Derek.cashman, Descent, Deskana, Detour Guy,
Dexter000, Dflav1138, Dhp1080, Diefenbaker, Difluoroethene, Digiphi, Digit2600,
Dream Boat Guy, Dreamer Guy, Drewkopp, Drifter Days, Drmies, Drue, Drunkenmonkey, Dsg 430,
Dt10135, Dubba-Dubba Burger, Dudesleeper, Duffman, Dulcipher, Dunlough, Dureo, Durin,
Dwilso, Dycedarg, Dysepsion, Dysprosia, EDUCA33E, EEPROM Eagle, EOBeav, ERoss, ESkog, Earth,
EarthPerson, Ed Poor, EdX20, Edgar Makiwara, Edivorce, Edward, Edwardmking,
Edwin2345, Eggishorn, EgraS, EinB567, Eisnel, Ekai, ElKevbo, Elevatorboy617, ElinorD, Elkman, Elliskev,
Emdx, EngineerScotty, Enriquecornejo, EnsRedShirt, Enzo Aquarius, Epborn,
Ereid01, Eric outdoors, Eric2, Ericlewis91, Erik16, Eross8, Es330td, EscapingLife, Esprit15d, Esrever, Estoy
Aquí, Ethan lowter, Euanofscotland, Euler33333, Euphrosyne, Evanoff, Everyking,
Evice, Evil Deep Blue, Evil Elkin, Evil saltine, EvocativeIntrigue, Extremebandman, Ezradf, FF2010, FPAtl,
Fabiform, Facarroll, Faithful Guy, Falcon8765, Faptain Calcon, Fat Cat Guy, Feco,
FinanceMan1, Finding Neverland Guy, Fireaxe888, Fireplace, Firsfron, Fishnet37222, Flamurai, Flapper's
Flippers, Flatterworld, Fleaman, Floaterfluss, Flockmeal, Florentino floro, Fluence,
Footloose Guy, FotoPhest, Foul Play Guy, Fowlman, Francis Ocoma, FrancisTyers, Frank Lofaro Jr.,
FrankCostanza, Freakofnurture, Frecklefoot, Fred Bauder, Fredbauder, FreeKresge,
FreplySpang, Friday, Frozencat, Fruggo, Fruit Bully, Frymaster, Fsiler, Fudoreaper, FuelWagon, FullMetal
Falcon, Funandtrvl, Funkybassmannick, Furrykef, Fuzheado, FyreWulff, G worroll,
G27, GCarty, GHe, GLGerman, GT, Gadfium, Gaius Cornelius, Galena11, Galindes, Galoubet, Gam3,
GangstaEB, Garbage Patch Guy, Gareth Owen, Garethfoot, Gargantuan Cat, Gary D
GlassCobra, Glow-in-the-Dark Guy, Gmdgp40, Gnew18, Gnu1742, Gobfromnz, Gogo Dodo, Golbez,
GoldDragon, Googleyed, Gorgonzilla, Gpohara, Gprince007, Gr1st, Graaaaargh!,
Gracenotes, GraemeL, Graham87, Grazon, Green Sheet, Greenshed, Greg L, GregorB, Grey Wanderer,
Griffin5, Ground Breakers, Grunt, Gscshoyru, Gtg007w, Gurch, Gurps npc, Guru Larry,
Guspaz, Gwernol, H2O, Hadal, Haemo, Hak-kâ-ngìn, Hall Monitor, HallwayGiant, HannahMiley, Happy
Feet Guy, Happyhourforyomom, Harmony Melody Guy, Harobikes34, Harriman,
Harro5, Harryboyles, Harthacnut, Hblackhawks, Hdt83, Heartful Guy, Hehehe111, Heimstern, Helicoptor,
Hello32020, Henry W. Schmitt, Hephaestos, Hetar, HeteroZellous, Heycraisins,
Hi5590, Hicksm22, Hiimcool, Hillbilly Guy, Himasaram, History Hearts, Hobophobe, Hodiedodie, Hollow
are the Ori, Homologeo, Honduran72, Hook-Off Guy, Hooperbloob, Horhay Sanchez,
Howardchu, Howdy123456, Howdy5590, Howrealisreal, Htanna, Htruc, Hu12, HughMor, Husond, Hut
8.5, Hypernick1980, INaNimAtE, IRP, ITOMIC, Ialsoagree, Ian13, Icedraqun, Iffy, Ikip,
Imaginary heroes, Imaginaryoctopus, Imagine That Guy, Imalildebbie, Imerson, Iminaufo, Improv, Imroy,
In My Life Guy, IndyLawSteve, Infinitysnake, Ioeth, Iridescent, Irish the Great,
IronGargoyle, Islander, Isotope23, Italian111, Ithizar, Izanbardprince, J, J Di, J-beda, J.reed, J.smith,
J2rome, JFreeman, JJGlendenning, JJLESDUDE, JTFryman, JYi, JYolkowski, JabberWok,
Jaberwocky6669, Jack Cox, Jackiekhan, Jackohare, Jake b, Jakes18, Jamcib, JamesMLane, Jameshadley,
Jaranda, Jayrod422, Jazacarias, Jbamb, Jblake, Jeannie's Glowball, Jebba, Jeff G., Jeff
Silvers, Jeffcrow1, Jengod, Jenny Wong, Jeremy Butler, Jeremy Visser, JeremyA, Jerryseinfeld, Jersyko,
Jewsrkool, Jfairbanks, Jfm335, Jgera5, Jiang, Jiddisch, Jihad cowboy, Jimduchek,
JimmyCAN, Jizef, Jj98, Jklin, Jleon, Jmeden2000, Jnc, Jni, Jo7hs2, JoanneB, JodyB, Joe2832, JoeBlogsDord,
Joelloughead, Joelr31, Joelvanatta, Joewithajay, John, John Fader, John K, John
Quincy Adding Machine, Johnfos, Johnny the third, Jojhutton, Jon Backenstose, Jon Stockton, Jon513,
JonathanDP81, Jonathanleblang, Jongleur100, Jons63, Jordan353, Jordan68, JoshuaZ,
Joshuapaquin, Josiph, Jossi, Joyous!, Jp3z, Jpatokal, Jpgordon, Jpp42, Jreferee, Jshgoodwin, Jtmendes,
Jumping cheese, Just James, Justme89, Jvandyke, Jvcdude, Jwas65, K, KCMraz,
Clef, Kidd13, Kigali1, Kiljoy, Killjoy966, Kilyle, Kimiko, King of Hearts, Kingturtle, Kirjtc2, Kirrages, Kitch,
Kiyusoma, Kkm010, Klparrot, KnowledgeOfSelf, Knuckle50, Kollision, Kooky
World Guy, Korath, Koyaanis Qatsi, Krawunsel, Kribbeh, Krovisser, KsprayDad, Kst447, Kukini,
Kumorikage, Kurieeto, Kuru, Kurykh, Kuyabribri, KyNephi, Kylejsut, Kylethegreat, Kznf, L
Leef5, LegCircus, Legokid, Leo-Roy, Leofan7, Lepercaun, Leranedo, Les woodland, Let4time, Leuqarte,
Levineps, Lexor, Lhakthong, Li'l Ace Bear, Li'l Blue Idol, Li'l Master Fleetwood,
LibLord, Libertas, Lifer00, Lightblade, Lightmouse, Lights, Lightvision, Ligulem, LilMane, Lindmere,
Linnell, Linuxbeak, Linuxguy716, Lisamh, LittleBrotherIsAmo, LittleOldMe, Lmcelhiney,
Lmkanalyst, Lmurray2, Loadmaster, Locke Cole, Logan.aggregate, Lord Voldemort, LordBleen, Lost
tourist, Lrldcs, Lubix, Luboogers25, Lucidwave, Luigi30, Luk, Luna Santin, Lunasock,
MER-C, MONGO, MPD01605, Mac, MacGyverMagic, Mack the Giant, Madchester, Madcoverboy,
Magister Mathematicae, Magog the Ogre, Mailer diablo, Majorly, Mal4mac, Malverian,
Mangostar, Manop, Maoririder, Maplecelt, Mapsax, Marinangelov, Mark Antony666, Mark Foskey,
Markaci, Markisgreen, Marmusek, Martial75, Marudubshinki, Maryland Pride, Master Jack,
Mayflower Guy, Mb1000, Mbrowne, Mcfly85, Mediagirl19, Medude24, Meelar, Meeve, Mehdi 21,
Menchi, Menelaos, Mentalhead, Mentisock, Merkin77, Meshach, Mexicanflamingo, Mfigroid,
Mfwills, Mgdz, Mhking, Michael Hardy, Mickeymousechen, MiguelTremblay, Mike Halterman, Mike
Rosoft, Mike Serfas, Mikeconry, Milissa Kish, Mind Ripper, Mindlessnessss, Mindmatrix,
Minesweeper, Mirror Vax, Mirv, MisterHand, Misza13, Mjb, Mlaffs, Mlg55, Mmace, Mmdoogie,
Mminc10, Mobius623, Momo san, Monkeyman, Monopolyisgreat, Moocowsrock,
Morenoodles, Moreschi, Moriori, Moscow Craters, MosheA, Motha Fatha Fink, Mr Stephen, Mr. Billion,
Mr. Frecklefly, Mr. Galgrief, Mr. Gripfall, Mr. Hall de la Fame, Mr. Hi-Hi de Lo-Lo,
Mr. Incarnation, Mr. Lefty, Mr. Lordman, Mr. Rhapsody's Radio & Television, Mr. Tootsie de Wootsie,
Mr. Trix, Mr. Worldster, Mr.man75, MrCEO, MrFish, MrFix3, MrLeo, MrRadioGuy,
Mrbobmac, Mrfridays, Mschel, Mschilz25, Mtaylor848, Mudpuddle Guy, Mumble45, Munboy, Muse
Gram, Mwanner, Mxn, Myk60640, Mynameissamdelgado, NB-NB, NHRHS2010, NJGW,
NTK, Nakon, Naohiro19 revertvandal, NapoliRoma, Natalie Erin, Nathew, Natl1, Natureguy1980,
Naturenet, Navex, Navy Blue, NawlinWiki, Nbauman, Nberardi, Nemo's Agency 5000,
Neo-Kamek, NerdyScienceDude, Netguyvikas, Neutrality, New World Man, Newkai, Nicholas Weiner,
Nickelodeonfan2007, Nicolas1981, Night Gyr, Nihila, NihilisticMystic, Nikodemos,
Opelio, Option Guy, Orannis, Osomec, OtherPerson, Outnow, Over-the-Clef Guy, Oxymoron83,
P.Marlow, PMDrive1061, PS2pcGAMER, Pablo-flores, Paco8191, Pafcool2, Paintballparrot,
Pair O' Dimes, Pak21, Pakaran, Paliku, Paranoid, Parent Hoods Guy, Pathoschild, Patmatt123, Patrick,
PatrickFisher, Patricknoddy, Patstuart, Paul August, Paul E Ester, Pauliefred, Pburka,
Pcpcpc, Pedant, Pedro the second, People Week Guy, Peregrine981, PeregrineAY, Peripitus, Persian Poet
Gal, Peter Horn, Peter Isotalo, Pgan002, Phil-hong, PhilKnight, Philip Trueman,
Phoenix2, Piccadilly, Pickle chick, Pig de Wig, Pilotguy, Pinethicket, Pizza12456, Pj.de.bruin,
Pleasedonttellme, Pleasetaketicket, Plefno, Plynthe, Pmsyyz, Pollinator, Polyhymnia, Populus,
Porqin, Portillo, Prk166, ProJester82, Prodego, Prospero11, ProveIt, Pruneau, Pruzman, PseudoSudo,
Pseudomonas, Pspboy7, Psxmoe, Pulse Guy, Purgatory Fubar, Pursey, Pwt898, Pwu2005,
Pyrospirit, Qdoba Soldier, Qualtaat, Quarterbooth, Queenfan13, QuiTeVexat, Quintote, Qwyrxian, Qxz,
R'n'B, R. C. Mongler, R. fiend, R3m0t, RBBrittain, REDyellowGreenBLUE, RHaworth,
RJII, RJN, RLipstock, RWR8189, RZ heretic, Rabbit92, Radicalsubversiv, RadioActive, RadioFan, RadioKirk,
Raidfibre, RandomTREES, Randy Johnston, Ranger1991, Rattigan9012,
Refrainin' Diamonds, Renrenren, Requisite, Resolute, Retiono Virginian, Retired username, Rettetast,
Revalry Lightning, Revue Guy, RexNL, Reyesbrbnk, Rgheadrick, Rhetoricity, Rhobite,
Riana, Ribonucleic, Rich Farmbrough, Rich257, Richiep, Rick DeLong, RickK, Ricky81682, Right vs. Wrong,
Rikker04, RingtailedFox, Risker, Rjensen, Rjwilmsi, Rlbarton, Rlove, Rmcclen,Article Sources and
Contributors 22
Robguru, Rock Steady Guy, Rocket32, Rodhullandemu, Rodney Bischoff, Roll Call Guy, Rollback Guy,
Ronniie, RoseParks, Ross Uber, Rossami, Rouge2, Rouier, Rowan Moore, RoyBoy,
RoySmith, Rsm99833, Rsvpair, Rugxulo, Rumble Guy, RussBlau, Rustavizauri, RxS, Ry Rivard, Ryan.Singer,
Ryan987410, RyanGerbil10, RyanTMulligan, Ryandodd, Ryanw14, Rybioko,
Ryguasu, Ryulong, SCEhardt, SDC, SFC9394, SJP, SNIyer12, SWAdair, Saaga, Sadlisalisa, SaintGimbles,
Salamurai, Sam Korn, Samadam, Samanello, SamanthaPr, Samaritan, Samboy,
Shawnc, Shereth, Sherool, Shlomke, Shmeedogg, Shoaler, Shoanoak, Shoplifter, Shorah, Shotgun Guy,
Sidasta, Siddiqui, Sifaka, Sigint74, Signalhead, Silver Tone Guy, Silvergoat, Simon12,
Simonkoldyk, Simpsonsfan, Singularity, Sinslayer, SiobhanHansa, Sir Intellegence, Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-
Porpington, SirGrant, Sirmob, Sjakkalle, Skizzik, Slickshooter001, Slippery Mudhills,
Smartse, Smash, SmashTheState, Smeeee, SmilesALot, Snarius, Snowolf, Snoyes, SoWhy, Soadaw, Soar,
Sohailstyle, Soms, Sotonohito, Soumyasch, Soupnyc807, South Bay, Sox99,
Squids and Chips, Squirepants101, Stagefrog2, Starfly314, StaticGull, Stephen Bain, Stephenb,
Stephenchou0722, Stepheng3, Stevvvv4444, Stickguy, Stifle, Stlcardfan06, Stoffels, Stormie,
Symon, TAS, TCPWIKI, THEunique, THF, TJDay, TUF-KAT, TWilliams9, Ta bu shi da yu, TaerkastUA,
Tagerton, Taggard, Tagishsimon, Tangotango, Tanuki Z, Tanweer Morshed, Taroaldo,
Tatsh, Tatterfly, Taxman, Tbhotch, Techdawg667, Techtonic's Techno Metro-Funk 5000, Tedius
Zanarukando, Tedneeman, Teh hax0r XD, TenPoundHammer, TexasAndroid, TexasDex,
Texaswebscout, That Guy, From That Show!, The "OK vs. OK" Guy, The Epopt, The Land, The Man in
Question, The Random Editor, The Random Editore, The Rogue Penguin, The Ugly One,
The Wild World of All-Time, The Wizard Guy, The idiot, The lorax, The wub, TheCatalyst31, TheDoober,
TheEditrix2, TheKMan, TheNewPhobia, TheOtherJesse, TheQuaker, TheQuandry,
Timvasquez, Tinton5, Tiptoety, Titoxd, Tiwido, Tjwood, Tkaizan, Tlmclain, Tlonca, Tokek, Tom, Tomst,
Tomtom9041, Tony Fox, Tony Myers, Tony1, Tony360X, Tony4moroney, Tooza,
Tough Hoods, Tphanich, Tragik, Tran77, Travelbird, Travis1979, TravisTX, Tree Biting Conspiracy,
Treemother199, Tregoweth, Trevor MacInnis, Trevorloflin, Treymcneil, Treyt021, Tricky
Victoria, Tril123, Triptych, Triskaideka, Troophead, Troyac, Trumpeteers, Tswet4, Tualha, Turnstep,
Tuxide, Twilight Secret Star Guy, Twilight Zone Guy, Twintone, Twrist, Txredcoat, Tye,
Tyguy101a, Tysto, USA300million, Ucanlookitup, UhluhtC, Ukulele, Ultrahead, Uncle Milty, Uncle.bungle,
Unfocused, Uni4life, Unintentional Guy, UnitedStatesian, Unregistered.coward,
Vedek Dukat, Veemonkamiya, Vegaswikian, Veinor, Vera Cruz, VerruckteDan, Versageek, VeryVerily,
Viakenny, Vicarious, Victoria2007, Vikingstad, Viriditas, Virtual Cowboy, Vitaleyes,
What!?Why?Who?, WhisperToMe, White Wolf, Who, Whoisjohngalt, Whomp, Whosasking, Whpq, Wik,
Wiki alf, Wiki.Tango.Foxtrot, Wikidash, Wikidudeman, Wikipedianinthehouse,
Wikipediarules2221, Wikiwriter706, Wild West Case Guy, Wild, Wild West Guy, WillMcC, Willewings,
Wimt, Winbuyer, Windbear Chime Guy, Wjmcqueen, Wkdewey, Wknight94,
Xris0, Xylit, Yachtsman1, Yafai jordan, Yahoolian, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yamla, Yanksox, Yansa, Ybbob321, Ye
Olde de la Man, Yintan, Yo lenin, Yobmod, Yorn, Yourcelf, Yoyo97, Yumikokao,
YxTay, Z.E.R.O., ZV1998, ZachPruckowski, Zachary, Zajacsafag, Zanimum, Zaphod9977, Zayre's Killers,
Zereshk, Zetawoof, ZippyGoogle, Zmiller923, Zoe Buchanan, Zoicon5, Zpb52, Zsinj,
File:InsideWalmartWestPlains.JPG Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:InsideWalmartWestPlains.JPG License: Creative
Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0
Contributors: User:7OA
the Ogre
File:SupermercadodeWalmartHouston.JPG Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SupermercadodeWalmartHouston.JPG License: Public
Domain Contributors:
User:WhisperToMe
en.wikipedia
File:WalmartHQBentonvilleAR.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:WalmartHQBentonvilleAR.jpg License: Creative
Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: I Food
User:Daniel Christensen
License
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/