Updates and Facts

ENE816
Supporting information to
Lecture 1
Sina Rezvani Dipl.-Ing., MRes, PhD, CEng, MIEE, MIE
 Wind turbine installations in 2009

2009 installations in GW
Vestas (DK)
GE Wind (US)

4.766 Sinovel (China)

7.03
Enercon (GER)

1.3 4.74 Goldwin (China)

Gamesa (Esp.)
2.27
Dongfang (China)
3.51
2.42 Suzlon (India)
2.48 3.22 Siemens (DK)
2.55 2.73 Repower (GER)
Other

Source: BTM Consult APS March 2010

 Total installed capacity in 2009
Total: 168.65GW

Total installed capacity in GW (2009)

Vestas (DK)

26.44
GE Wind (US)
39.71 Sinovel (China)
Enercon (GER)

4.9
Goldwin (China)
11.21
Gamesa (Esp.)

9.67
Dongfang (China)
3.77
22.96 Suzlon (India)
5.66
5.32 Siemens (DK)
19.23 Repower (GER)
19.8 Other

Source: BTM Consult APS March 2010

 Installed capacities in
some EU countries
25

2000
20
2010

15

GW

10

0
Danmark France Germany Ireland Italy Netherlands Portugal Spain UK

Values for 2010 are based on predictions

Source: EWEA 2008,
 Population specific capacity

800
2000
700
2010
600
kW / 1000 people

500

400

300

200

100

0
Danmark France Germany Ireland Italy Netherlans Portugal Spain UK
 Wind Energy in OECD countries

§ 0.6% of primary energy production in 2009

Installed capacity in Germany: 20 GW (~45 TWh/a) electricity from wind for
domestic use in 2007, prediction for 2020: 40 GW (~100 TWh) 2050: over
70GW (~200 TWh) a penetration of over 40%, source BMU 2008)

§ Wind electricity growth: 23.6% per year between 1990 – 2009

§ 3.85 TWh Wind towards total primary energy supply in 1990
0.78 TWh TPES in Europe
All the energy used to generate electricity
§ 215.67 TWh towards TPES in 2009
All used for electricity
131.082 TWh TPES in Europe

Source: OECD Report 2010

 Technical performance
§ P = cp ½ρairAv3
ρair = p/R.T (1.225 kg/m3 at atm. Pressure and 15 oC)
v= wind speed, A = Rotor area covered the wind turbine
Power coefficient: cp<cpmax , cpmax=0.59 (Betz number),
cpHAWT≈0.48, cpDarrieus≈0.35, cpSavonius≈0.20
§ Challenges
§ Wind speed prediction and power performance forecasting
§ According to the above equation => P ∝ v3
§ Improved reliability and international standards
§ Energy storage integration
§ Advanced large-scale systems
§ Electric load flow control and adaptive loads
§ Better power quality.
 Wind Energy and Environment

§ IEA report on Energy perspectives (2006): 1.3 GT CO2 saving

per year by 2050

§ Challenges
§ Use of land, landscape compatibility and integration
§ Noise reduction
§ visual impact and effect minimisations
§ Interaction between wind turbines and wildlife
§ Public attitude
 Grid connection

§ Connections to high (>35 kV), medium (<35 kV) and low voltage systems (<1
kV)
§ Conversion: Rotor => Generator/inverter => electrical energy
§ Main components: Transformer, substation, circuit breaker, electricity meter
§ Fixed speed WT: nrotor = fgrid/ p. r (p= pole pairs, r= transmission Ratio)
Advantage: no synchronisation device requirements, simple and cheap,
less wearing parts
Disadvantage: Higher reactive power demand, Thyristor controllers for
smoothing starting current
§ Variable speed generators: Grid connection through an electronic inverter
system
synchronous and induction generators
without slip rings : power production through inverter
Induction generators with slip rings: Direct grid connection to the stator of
the generator + indirect grid connection over the rotor of the generator
and an inverter
Advantage: Lower nominal power requirement through the inverter,
control of active power, reduction of harmonics
Disadvantage: More complex, higher level of mechanical stress
 Grid connection issues

§ Harmonics: Interferences and distortions within the sine waves of the grid
voltages (it can be filtered out)
§ Reactive power: Energy, which is stored in capacitive and inductive
components of a power system (reactive power compensation).
§ Network stability: System’s ability to deal with small disturbances within
the network and to stay synchronous
§ Voltage variations and flicker effects caused by fluctuating loads
§ Short Circuit power level assessment: A parameter showing the ability of
the grid to absorb disturbances
§ Fault-ride-through: The ability of the system to continue generation in case
of grid faults
§ Frequency control: Maintaining equilibrium between power consumption
and generation
§ Further protection mechanisms: Thermal overload, earth fault, over-
voltages, short circuits, lightening protection
 Economics

§ Specific investment for onshore wind farms ~ $1000/kWe

§ Electricity cost depends on factors such as wind condition
It can vary between $30/MWh – over $200/MWh
§ Challenges
§ Better site assessment
§ Better models for aerodynamics and aeroelasticity.
§ New intelligent structures/materials and recycling
§ More efficient generators and converters
§ Demand side management to cancel out intermittency
§ Techno-economic optimisation of deep water offshore wind farms
 Key parameters for a successful
Wind energy implementation
§ Wind resource assessment (statistically significant data analysis)
§ Environmental aspects: Visual impact, wild life, archaeology,
visual effects, noise
§ Legal aspects and planning: environmental impact assessment,
planning permission (good communication channels with public
and authorities), land owner agreement, energy regulator’s
consent,
§ Site specific issues: Site layout, WT in the vicinity of an existing
development, grid connection access, road access, proximity to
a load centre
§ Economic considerations: Financial parameters (e.g. interest
rates, taxes, inflation etc.) market requirement, financial
incentives such as Feed-in tariffs, legal requirements, power
purchase agreements, O&M agreements…
§ Political conditions: Legal support, national targets, carbon
credit
§ Technology: Wind turbine selection, monitoring