Scilab Code for Fox and McDonald's Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Scilab Code for
Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

by Fox and McDonald1
Created by
Eswar Prasad
4th Year Student
B.E. (Mech. Engg.)
National Institute of Technology, Trichy
College Teacher and Reviewer

Shivraj Deshmukh
Ph.D student
IIT Bombay
29 June 2010
1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook companion and scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the website www.scilab.in
Book Details
Authors: Robert W. Fox and Alan T. McDonald
Title: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Edition: 5th
Year: 2001
Place: New Delhi
ISBN: 9971-51-355-2
1
Contents
List of Scilab Code 4
1 Introduction 10
1.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 Fundamental Concepts 12
2.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3 Fluid Statics 14
3.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4 Basic Equations in Integral form for a Control Volume 23

4.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5 Introducton to Differential Analysis of Fluid Motion 38

5.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
6 Incompressible Inviscid Flow 42

6.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7 Dimensional Analysis and Simlitude 49

7.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2
8 Internal Incompressible Viscous Flow 55
8.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
8.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
9 External Incompressible Viscous Flow 66

9.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
9.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
10 Fluid Machinery 75
10.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
10.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
11 Introduction to Compressible Flow 95

11.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
11.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
12 Steady One-Dimensional Compressible Flow 100

12.1 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
12.2 Scilab Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3
List of Scilab Code
1.01 1.01.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.01d 1.01-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.02 1.02.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.02d 1.02-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.02 2.02.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.02d 2.02-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.01 3.01.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.01d 3.01-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.03 3.03.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.03d 3.03-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.04 3.04.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.04d 3.04-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.05 3.05.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.05d 3.05-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.06 3.06.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.06d 3.06-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.07 3.07.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.07d 3.07-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.01 4.01.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.01d 4.01-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.02 4.02.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.02d 4.02-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.03 4.03.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.03d 4.03-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.04 4.04.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.04d 4.04-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.05 4.05.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.05d 4.05-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4
4.06 4.06.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.06d 4.06-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.07 4.07.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.07d 4.07-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.08 4.08.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.08d 4.08-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.09 4.09.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.09d 4.09-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.10 4.10.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.10d 4.10-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.11 4.11.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.11d 4.11-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.12 4.12.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.12d 4.12-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.14 This is some example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.14d 4.14-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.16 4.16.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.16d 4.16-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.17 4.17.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.17d 4.17-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.02 5.02.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.02d 5.02-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.07 5.07.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.07d 5.07d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.08 5.08.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.08d 5.08-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5.09 5.09.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
5.09d 5.09-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
6.01 6.01.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.01d 6.01-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.02 6.02.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.02d 6.02-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.03 6.03.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.03d 6.03-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.04 6.04.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.04d 6.04-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
6.05 6.05.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
6.05d 6.05-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5
6.06 6.06.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
6.06d 6.06-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.08 6.08.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
6.08d 6.08-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.09 6.09.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
6.09d 6.09-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
7.04 7.04.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
7.04d 7.04-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
7.05 7.05.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
7.05d 7.05-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
7.06 7.06.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
7.06d 7.06-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
8.01 8.01.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
8.01d 8.01-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
8.02 8.02.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
8.02d 8.02-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
8.04 8.04.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
8.04d 8.04-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
8.05 8.05.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
8.05d 8.05-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
8.06 8.06.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
8.06d 8.06-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
8.07 8.07.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
8.07d 8.07-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
8.08 8.08.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
8.08d 8.08-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
8.09 8.09.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8.09d 8.09-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
8.10 8.10.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
8.10d 8.10-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
8.11 8.11.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
8.11d 8.11-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
9.01 9.01.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
9.01d 9.01-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
9.04 9.04.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
9.04d 9.04-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
9.05 9.05.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
9.05d 9.05-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
6
9.06 9.06.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
9.06d 9.06-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
9.07 9.07.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
9.07d 9.07-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
9.08 9.08.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
9.08d 9.08-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
9.09 9.09.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
9.09d 9.09-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
10.01 10.01.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
10.01d 10.01-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
10.02 10.02.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
10.02d 10.02-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
10.03 10.03.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
10.03d 10.03-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
10.06 10.06.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
10.06d 10.06-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
10.07 10.07.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
10.07d 10.07-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
10.08 10.08.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
10.08d 10.08-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
10.11 10.11.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
10.11d 10.11-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
10.12 10.12.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
10.12d 10.12-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
10.14 10.14.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
10.14d 10.14-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
10.16 10.16.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
10.16d 10.16-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
11.01 11.01.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
11.01d 11.01-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
11.03 11.03.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
11.03d 11.03-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
11.04 11.04.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
11.04d 11.04-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
12.01 12.01.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
12.01d 12.01-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
12.02 12.02.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
12.02d 12.02-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7
12.03 12.03.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
12.03d 12.03-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
12.04 12.04.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
12.04d 12.04-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
12.05 12.05.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
12.05d 12.05-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
12.06 12.06.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
12.06d 12.06-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
12.07 12.07.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
12.07d 12.07-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
12.08 12.08.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
12.08d 12.08-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
12.09 12.09.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
12.09d 12.09-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
12.10 12.10.sce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
12.10d 12.10-data.sci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
8
List of Figures
3.1 Output graph of S 3.01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
4.1 Output graph of S 4.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
7.1 Output graph of S 7.05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
9.1 Output graph of S 9.08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
10.1 Output graph of S 10.03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

10.2 Output graph of S 10.07 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
10.3 Output graph-1 of S 10.08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
10.4 Output graph-2 of S 10.08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
10.5 Output graph-1 of S 10.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
10.6 Output graph-2 of S 10.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
10.7 Output graph-3 of S 10.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
11.1 Output graph of S 11.03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
9
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Discussion
When executing the code from the editor, use the ’Execute File into Scilab’tab
and not the ’Load in Scilab’tab
The .sci files of the respective problems contain the input parameters of
the question
1.2 Scilab Code

Example 1.01 1.01.sce
1 pathname=g e t a b s o l u t e f i l e p a t h ( ’ 1 . 0 1 . s c e ’ )
2 f i l e n a m e=pathname+f i l e s e p ( )+ ’ 1.01 − data . s c i ’
3 exec ( f i l e n a m e )
4 // Heat added during the process ( in kJ ) :
5 Q12=m∗ cp ∗(T2−T1)
6 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nRESULTS\n\n” )
7 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nHeat added d u r i n g t h e p r o c e s s : %f kJ\n\n” ,
Q12 /1000)
Example 1.01d 1.01-data.sci
1 // Mass of oxygen present ( in kg ) :

2 m= 0 . 9 5 ;
10
3 // I n i t i a l temperatur ( in K) :
4 T1=300;
5 // F i n a l temperature of oxygen ( in K) :
6 T2=900;
7 // P r e s s u r e of oxygen ( in kPa ) :
8 p=150;
9 // S p e c i f i c heat at constant pressure ( in J / k g −K ) :
10 cp = 9 0 9 . 4 ;
4 // Speed at which the ball hits the ground ( in m/ s e c ) :
5 V=sqrt (m∗g/k∗(1−%eˆ(2∗ k/m∗(−y0 ) ) ) )
6 // T e r m i n a l speed ( in m/ s e c ) :
7 Vt=sqrt (m∗g/k )
8 // R a t i o of actual speed to the terminal speed :
9 r=V/Vt ;
11 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nSpeed a t which t he b a l l h i t s he ground : %f
m/ s e c \n\n” ,V)
12 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nRatio o f a c t u a l speed t o t he t e r m i n a l speed
: %f\n\n” , r )
1 // Mass of ball ( in kg ) :
2 m= 0 . 2 ;
3 // H e i g h t fom which ball is dropped ( in m) :
4 y0 =500;
5 // Value of k :
6 k=2∗10ˆ−4;
7 // A c c l e r a t i o n due to gravity ( in m/ s e c ˆ 2 ) :
8 g =9.81;
11
Chapter 2
Fundamental Concepts
2.1 Discussion
the question
2.2 Scilab Code

4
5 // V i s c o s i t y in units of lbf −s / f t ˆ2:

6 u1=u / 1 0 0 / 4 5 4 / 3 2 . 2 ∗ 3 0 . 5
7 // K i n e m a t i c viscosity ( in m/ s e c ˆ 2 ) :
8 v=u1/SG/d ∗ ( 0 . 3 0 5 ) ˆ2
9 // Shear stress on the upper plate ( lbf / ft ˆ2) :
10 tu=u1∗U/D∗1000
11 // Shear stress on the lower plate ( in Pa )
12 t l=tu ∗ 4 . 4 5 / 0 . 3 0 5 ˆ 2
12
14 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n V i s c o s i t y i n u n i t s o f l b f −s / f t ˆ 2 : %1. 8 f
$ l b f −s / f t ˆ2\n\n” , u1 )
15 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nKinematic v i s c o s i t y : %1. 8 f m/ s e c ˆ2\n\n” , v )
16 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nShear s t r e s on t h e upeer p l a t e : %f l b f / f t
ˆ2\n\n” , tu )
17 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nSear s t r e s s on t h e l o w e r p l a t e : %f Pa\n\n” ,
tl )
1 // Mass of oxygen present ( in kg ) :

2 m= 0 . 9 5 ;
3 // I n i t i a l temperatur ( in K) :
4 T1=300;
5 // F i n a l temperature of oxygen ( in K) :
6 T2=900;
7 // P r e s s u r e of oxygen ( in kPa ) :
8 p=150;
9 // S p e c i f i c heat at constant pressure ( in J / k g −K ) :
10 cp = 9 0 9 . 4 ;
13
Chapter 3
Fluid Statics
3.1 Discussion
the question
When we execute S 3.01, we get Fig. 3.1.
3.2 Scilab Code

4 // Tube diameter ( in mm ) :
5 D= 1 : 2 5 ;
6 D1=D/1000
7 [m n]= s i z e (D1)
8 for i =1:n
9 // Change in liquid level for water ( in mm ) :
10 dhw( i ) =4∗STw∗ cosd ( thetaw ) /dw/g/D1( i ) ;
11 // Change in liquid level for mercury ( in mm ) :
12 dhm( i ) =4∗STm∗ cosd ( thetam ) /dm/g/D1( i ) ;
14
13 end ;
14
15 // P l o t t i n g tube daimeter and water level :

16 plot (D1∗1000 ,dhw , ’−o ’ )
17 // P l o t t i n g tube daimeter and mercury level :
18 plot (D1∗1000 ,dhm , ’−∗ ’ )
19 l e g e n d ( [ ’ Water ’ ; ’ Mercury ’ ] ) ;
20 x t i t l e ( ’ L i q u i d l e v e l vs Tube d i a m e t e r ’ , ’ L i q u i d l e v e l ( i n
mm) ’ , ’ Tube d i a m e t e r ( i n mm) ’ )
1 // S u r f a c e tension of water ( in mN / m ) :
2 STw=72.8∗10ˆ −3;
3 // S u r f a c e Tension of mercury ( in mN / m ) :
4 STm=375∗10ˆ −3;
5 // C o n t a c t angle for water :
6 thetaw =0;
7 // COntact angle for mercury :
8 thetam =140;
9 // D e n s i t y of water ( in kg /m ˆ 3 ) :
10 dw=1;
11 // D e n s i t y of mercury ( in kg /m ˆ 3 ) :
12 dm= 1 3 . 6 ;
13 // A c c e l e r a t i o n de to gravity ( in m/ s e c ) :
14 g =9.81;
4 // P r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e ( in lbf / in ˆ2) :
5 dp=g∗d∗(−d1+SGm∗d2−SGo∗d3+SGm∗d4+d5 ) /12/144
7 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n P r e s s u r e d i f f e r e n c e between A and B : %f l b f
/ i n ˆ2\n\n” , dp )
15
Figure 3.1: Output graph of S 3.01
16
1 // A c c e l e r a t i o n due to gravity ( in ft / sec ˆ2) :

2 g =32.2;
3 // S p e c i f i c gravity of mercury :
4 SGm= 1 3 . 6 ;
5 // S p e c i f i c gravity of oil :
6 SGo= 0 . 8 8 ;
7 // S p e c i f i c gravity of water :
8 SGw=1;
9 // D e n s i t y of water ( in slug / ft ˆ3) :
10 d=1.94;
11 // H e i g h t s of liquid in various tubes ( in inches ) :
12 d1 =10;
13 d2 =3;
14 d3 =4;
15 d4 =5;
16 d5 =8;
Example 3.04 3.04.sci
4 // Assuming temperature varies li ne ar ly with altitude :
5 // T e m p e r a t u r e gradient ( in F/ ft ) :
6 m=(T1−T2) / ( z2−z1 )
7 // Value of g / ( m∗R ) :
8 v=g/m/R/ 3 2 . 2
9 // P r e s s u r e at Vail Pass ( in inches of Hg ) :
10 p12=p1 ∗ ( ( T2+460) / (T1+460) ) ˆv
11 // P e r c e n t a g e change in density :
12 pc1=(p12 /p1 ∗(T1+460) / (T2+460) −1)∗100
13 // Assuming density is constant :
15 p22=p1 ∗(1 −( g ∗( z2−z1 ) / (R∗ 3 2 . 2 ) / (T1+460) ) )
17
17 pc2 =0;
18 // Assuming temperature is constant :
20 p32=p1∗%eˆ(−g ∗( z2−z1 ) / (R∗ 3 2 . 2 ) / (T2+460) )
22 pc3=(p32 /p1 ∗(T1+460) / (T1+460) −1)∗100
23 // For an adiabatic atmosphere :
24 p42=p1 ∗((62+460) /(80+460) ) ˆ ( k / ( k−1) )
26 pc4=(p42 /p1 ∗(T1+460) / (T2+460) −1)∗100
28 p r i n t f ( ”\n\n1 ) I f t e m p e r a t u r e v a r i e s l i n e a r l y with
a l t i t u d e \n\n” )
29 p r i n t f ( ”\n\n\ tAtmospheric p r e s s u r e a t V a i l Pass : %f
i n c h e s o f Hg\n\n” , p12 )
30 p r i n t f ( ”\n\n\ t P e r c e n t a g e change i n d e n s i t y wrt Denver :
%f p e r c e n t \n\n” , pc1 )
31 p r i n t f ( ”\n\n2 ) I f d e n s i t y i s c o n s t a n t \n\n” )
34 p r i n t f ( ”\n\n3 ) I f t e m p e r a t u r e i s c o n s t a n t \n\n” )
37 p r i n t f ( ”\n\n4 ) For an a d i a b a t i c atmosphere \n\n” )
1 // E l e v a t i o n of Denver ( in ft ) :
2 z1 =5280;
18
3 // P r e s s u r e at Denver ( in mm of Hg ) :
4 p1 = 2 4 . 8 ;
5 // T e m p e r a t u r e at Denver ( in F) :
6 T1=80;
7 // E l e v a t i o n at Vail Pass ( in ft ) :
8 z2 =10600;
9 // T e m p e r a t u r e at Vsil Pass ( in F) :
10 T2=62;
11 // Value of R in f t − l b f / l b m −R ) :
12 R= 5 3 . 3 ;
13 // A c c e l e r a t i o n due togravity ( in ft / sec ˆ2) :
14 g =32.2;
15 // Value of adiabatic constant :
16 k =1.4;
4 // Net force on the gate ( in kN ) :
5 Fr=d∗g∗w∗(D∗L+Lˆ2/2∗ s i n d ( t h e t a ) )
6 // C e n t r e of pressure :
7 // C a l c u l a t i o n for y coordinate :
8 yc=D/ s i n d ( t h e t a )+L/2
9 // Area ( in mˆ2) :
10 A=L∗w
11 // Moment of inertia of rectangular gate ( in mˆ4) :
12 Ixx=w∗Lˆ3/12
13 // y coordinate ( in m) :
14 y=yc+Ixx /A/ yc
15 // C a l c u l a t i o n for x coordinate :
16 Ixy=0
17 xc=w/2
18 // x coordinate ( in m) :
19 x=xc+Ixy /A/ xc
21 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nNet f o r c e on th e g a t e : %f kN\n\n” , Fr /1000)
19
22 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nCoordinate o f c e n t r e o f p r e s s u r e : ( %0. 1 f , %0
. 1 f ) \n\n” , x , y )
1 // Length of gate ( in m) :
2 L=4;
3 // Width of gate ( in m) :
4 w=5;
5 // Depth of gate under water ( in m) :
6 D=2;
7 // D e n s i t y of water ( in kg /m ˆ 3 :
8 d=999;
9 // A c c e l e r a t i o n due to gravity ( in m/ s e c ˆ 2 ) :
10 g =9.81;
11 // Angle of gate with horizontal :
12 t h e t a =30;
4 // F o r c e required to keep the door shut ( in lbf ) :
5 function y=f ( z ) , y=b/L∗p0∗ z+d∗b/L∗(L∗z−z ˆ2 ) , endfunction
6 Ft=intg ( 0 , L , f )
8 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nForce r e q u i r e d t o kep th e door shut : %. 1 f
l b f \n\n” , Ft )
1 // P r e s s u r e apllied on the door ( in psfg ) :

2 p0 =100;
3 // Length of door ( in feet ) :
4 L=3;
5 // Breadth of the door ( in feet ) :
20
6 b=2;
7 // D e n s i t y of l i q i u i d ( in lbf / ft ˆ3) :
8 d=100;
4 // H o r i z o n t a l component of resultant force ( in kN ) :
5 Frh =0.5∗d∗g∗w∗Dˆ2
6 // Line of action of Frh ( in m) :
7 y1 =0.5∗D+w∗Dˆ 3 / 1 2 / ( 0 . 5 ∗D) / (w∗D)
8 // V e r t i c a l component of resultant force ( in kN ) :
9 function y=q ( x ) , y=d∗g∗w∗(D−sqrt ( a∗x ) ) , endfunction
10 Frv=intg ( 0 ,Dˆ2/ a , q )
11 // Line of acion of Frv ( in m) :
12 function k=f ( x ) , k=d∗g∗w/ Frv ∗x ∗(D−sqrt ( a∗x ) ) ,
endfunction
13 xa=intg ( 0 ,Dˆ2/ a , f )
14 // F o r c e required to keep the gate in equilibrium ( in kN )
:
15 Fa=1/ l ∗( xa ∗ Frv+(D−y1 ) ∗Frh )
17 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nForce r e q u i r e d t o keep t h e g a t e a t
e q u i l i b r i u m : %f kN\n\n” , Fa /1000)
1 // Width of gate ( in m) :
2 w=5;
3 // Depth of water ( in m) :
4 D=4;
5 // D e n s i t y of water ( in kg /m ˆ 3 ) ;
6 d=999;
7 // A c c e l r a t i o n deto gravity ( in m/ s e c ˆ 2 ) :
8 g =9.81;
9 // Value of a ( in m) :
21
10 a =4;
11 // P o i n t where force acts ( in m) :
12 l =5;
22
Chapter 4
Basic Equations in Integral

form for a Control Volume
4.1 Discussion
the question
4.2 Scilab Code

4 // I f I= i n t e g r a l o f ( pV . dA ) :
5 // For system : I c s =IA1+IA2+IA3+IA4 .
6 // For area 1
7 IA1=−d∗V1∗A1
8 // For area 3: I A 2 = d ∗ V3 ∗ A3 =m3
9 IA3=m3
10 // For area 4: I A 4 =− d ∗ V 4 ∗ A 4 =− d ∗ Q 4
23
11 IA4=−d∗Q4
12 // For area 2:
13 IA2=−IA1−IA3−IA4
14 // V e l o c i t y at section 2( in ft / sec ) :
15 V2=IA2/d/A2
16 / / V2 is in the negative y direction
18 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n V e l o c i t y a t s e c t i o n 2 : −%. 0 f j f t / s e c \n\n” ,
V2)
1 // Area of 1 ( in ft ˆ2) :
2 A1= 0 . 2 ;
3 // Area of 2 ( in ft ˆ2) :
4 A2= 0 . 5 ;
5 // Area of 3 ( in ft ˆ2) :
6 A3= 0 . 4 ;
7 // Area of 4 ( in ft ˆ2) :
8 A4= 0 . 4 ;
10 d=1.94;
11 // Mass flow rate out of section 3( in slug / sec ) :
12 m3= 3 . 8 8 ;
13 // Volme flow rate in section 4 ( in f t ˆ3/ sec ) :
14 Q4=1;
15 // V e l o c i t y at 1( in ft / sec ) :
16 V1=10;
4 // I f I= i n t e g r a l o f ( pV . dA ) :
5 // For system : ICS= Iab + I b c + I c d + Ida
6 // But I C S =0
7
24
8 // For Aab :
9 function p=f ( y ) , p=−d∗U∗w∗y ˆ 0 , endfunction
10 IAab=intg ( 0 , t , f )
11
12 // For Acd :
13 function q=g ( y ) , q=d∗U∗w∗(2∗ y/ t −(y/ t ) ˆ 2) , endfunction
14 IAcd=intg ( 0 , t , g )
15
16 // Mass flow rate across surface bc ( in kg / s e c ) :

17 mbc=(−IAab−IAcd ) /1000
19 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nMass f l o w r a t e a c r o s s s u r f a c e bc : %. 4 f kg /
s e c \n\n” ,mbc)
1 // Flow velocity ahead of the plate ( in m/ s e c ) :

2 U=30;
3 // Boundary layer tckness at location d( in mm ) :
4 t =5;
5 // D e n s i t y of fluid air ( in k /m ˆ 3 ) :
6 d=1.24;
7 // P l a t e wdth perpendicular to the plate ( in m) :
8 w= 0 . 6 ;
4 // Rate of change of air density in tank ( in ( kg /m ˆ 3 ) / s ) :
5 r=−d∗v∗A/V/10ˆ6
7 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nRate o f change o f a i r d e n s i t y i n tank : %. 3 f
kg /mˆ3\n\n” , r )
8 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nThe d e n s i t y d e c r e a s e s as i s i n d i c a t e d by
t he n e g a t i v e s i g n \n\n” )
25
1 // Volume of tank ( in mˆ3) :

2 V= 0 . 0 5 ;
3 // P r e s s u r e of a i r ( In kPa ) :
4 p=800;
5 // T e m p e r a t u r e of tank ( in C) :
6 T=15;
7 // V e l o c i t y of leavig air ( in m/ s e c ) :
8 v =311;
9 // D e n s i t y of air ( in kg /m ˆ 3 ) :
10 d=6.13;
11 // Area ofvalve exit ( in mm ˆ 2 ) :
12 A=65;
4 // 1) Control Volume selected so that area of l e f t
surface is equal to the area of the right surface
5 u1 =15;
6 // F o r c e of support on control volum ( in kN ) :
7 function y=f (A) , y=−u1∗d∗V, endfunction
8 Rx1=intg ( 0 , 0 . 0 1 , f )
9 // H o r i z o n t a l force on support ( in kN ) :
10 Kx=−Rx1
11 // 2) Control volumes are selected do that the area of
the l e f t and right surfaces are equial to the area
of the plate
12
13 function z=g (A) , z=−u1∗d∗V, endfunction

14 Fsx=intg ( 0 , 0 . 0 1 , g )
15 // Net force on p l a t e : F x =0= − B x − p a ∗ A p + R x
16 // Rx = p a ∗ Ap+ Bx
17 // From the above , it is obtained that :
18 Rx2=−2.25
26
19 // H o r i z o n t a l force on support ( in kN ) :
20 Kx2=−Rx2
22 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n H o r i z o n t a l f o r c e on s u p p o r t : %. 3 f kN\n\n” ,
Kx/1000)
1 // V e l o c i t y of water leaving the nozle ( in m/ s e c ) :

2 V=15;
3 // Area of nozzle ( in mˆ2) :
4 A= 0 . 0 1 ;
6 d=999;
4 // Weight of water in the tank ( in lbf ) :
5 d1 = 6 2 . 4 ;
6 WH2O=d1∗A∗h
7 v=−5;
8 // T o t a l body force in negative y direction ( lbf ) :
9 function y=f (A) , y=−v∗d2∗V1 , endfunction
10 F=intg ( 0 , A1 , f )
11 // F o r c e of scale on control volume ( in kN ) :
12 Ry=W+WH2O−F
14 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n S c a l e Reading : %. 3 f l b f \n\n” ,Ry)
1 // H e i g h t of the container ( in ft ) :
2 l =2;
3 // Area of cross section ( in ft ˆ2) :
27
4 A=1;
5 // Weight of container ( in lbf ) :
6 W=5;
7 // Water depth ( in ft ) :
8 h=1.9;
9 // Area of opening 1( in ft ˆ2) :
10 A1= 0 . 1 ;
11 // V e l o c i t y at opening 1( in ft / sec ) :
12 V1=−5;
14 A2= 0 . 1 ;
16 A3= 0 . 1 ;
17 // D e n s i t y of water ( in slug / f ˆ3) :
18 d2 = 1 . 9 4 ;
4 / / X− c o m p o n e n t of reaction force per unit width of the
gate ( in N/m ) :
5 Rxw=(d ∗(V2ˆ2∗D2−V1ˆ2∗D1) ) −(d∗g /2∗(D1ˆ2−D2ˆ 2) )
6 // H o r i z o n t a l force exerted per unt width on the gate ( in
N/m ) :
7 Kxw=−Rxw
9 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n H o r i z o n t a l f o r c e e x e r t e d pe r unt width on
t he g a t e : %. 3 f kN/m\n\n” ,Kxw/1000)
1 // D i a m e t e r of channel ( in m) :
2 D1= 1 . 5 ;
3 // V e l c i t y of flow in channel ( in m/ s e c ) :
4 V1= 0 . 2 ;
5 // D i a m e t e r at section 2( in m) :
28
6 D2= 0 . 0 5 6 3 ;
7 // V e l o c i t y a section 2( in m/ s e c ) :
8 V2= 5 . 3 3 ;
10 d=999;
11 // A c c e l e r a t i o n due to gravity ( in m/ s e c 2 ) :
12 g =9.81;
4 // V e l o c i t y at section 1( in m/ s e c ) :
5 V1=V2∗A2/A1
6 // Gauge pressure ( in kPa ) :
7 p1g=p1−patm
8 u1=V1 ; u2=−V2 ;
9 // R e a c t i o n force component in the x d i r e c t i o n ( in N) :
10 Rx=−p1g ∗A1−u1∗d∗V1∗A1
11 // R e a c t i o n force component in the y d i r e c t i o n ( in N) :
12 Ry=u2∗d∗V2∗A2
14 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nForce t o hold elbow a c t i n g t o th e l e f t : %. 3
f kN\n\n” ,Rx/1000)
15 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nForce t o hold elbow a c t i n g downwards : %. 3 f
N\n\n” ,Ry)
1 // P r e s s u r e at inlet tothe elbow ( in N/m ˆ 2 ) :

2 p1 = 2 . 2 1 ∗ 1 0 ˆ 5 ;
3 // Area of c r o s s s e c t i o n ( in mˆ2) :
4 A1= 0 . 0 1 ;
5 // V e l o c i t y at secton 2( in m/ s e c ) :
6 V2=16;
7 // Area of cross section of section 2( in mˆ2) :
8 A2= 0 . 0 0 2 5 ;
29
9 // A t m o s p h e r i c pressure ( in kPa ) :
10 patm = 1 . 0 1 2 ∗ 1 0 ˆ 5 ;
4 // T e n s i o n required to pull the belt ( in lbf ) :
5 T=Vbelt ∗m/ 3 2 . 2
7 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nTension r e q u i r e d t o p u l l th e b e l t : %. 3 f l b f
\n\n” ,T)
1 // V e l o c i t y of conveyor belt ( in ft / sec ) :

2 Vbelt =3;
3 // V e l o c i t y of sand alling onto belt ( in ft / sec ) :
4 Vsand=5;
5 // Flow rate ( in lbm / s e c ) :
6 m=500;
4 // Minimum gauge pressure required ( in lbf / in ˆ2) :
5 pg=8/%pi ˆ2∗d/D1ˆ4∗Qˆ 2 ∗ ( (D1/D2) ˆ4−1) ∗144
7 p r i n t f ( ”Minimum gauge p r e s s u r e r e q u i r e d : %. 3 f l b f / i n ˆ2 ”
, pg )
1 // N o z z l e inlet diameter ( in inchess ) :
30
2 D1=3;
3 // N o z z l e exit diameter ( in inches ) :
4 D2=1;
5 // D e s i r e d volume flow rate ( in f t ˆ3/ sec ) :
6 Q= 0 . 7 ;
8 d=1.94;
4 u1=V−U
5 u2=(V−U) ∗ cosd ( t h e t a )
6 v2=(V−U) ∗ s i n d ( t h e t a )
7 V1=V−U
8 V2=V1
9 //X component of moment equation ( in N) :
10 function y=f (A) , y=u1∗−(d∗V1) , endfunction
11 function z=g (A) , z=u2∗d∗V2 , endfunction
12 Rx=intg ( 0 ,A, f )+intg ( 0 ,A, g )
13
14 //Y component of moment equation ( in N) :

15 function a=h (A) , a=v2∗d∗V1 , endfunction
16 Ry=intg ( 0 ,A, h ) / / T h i s i s a f t e r n e g l e c t i n g weight of
vane and the water .
18 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nNet f o r c e on th e vane : %. 3 f i+%. 2 f j kN\n\n
” ,Rx/1 0 00 ,Ry/1000)
1 // Vane turning angle :

2 t h e t a =60;
3 // Speed of vane ( in m/ s e c ) :
4 U=10;
5 // Area of nozzle ( in m2 ) :
31
6 A= 0 . 0 0 3 ;
7 // Flow velocity of water ( in m/ s e c ) :
8 V=30;
10 d=999;
4 // E v a l u a t i n g the value of Vb :
5 Vb=V∗(1− cosd ( t h e t a ) ) ∗d∗A/M
6 // Value of U/V for various values of t
7 t =0:20;
8 [m n]= s i z e ( t )
9 for i =1:n
10 U V( i )=Vb∗ t ( i ) /(1+Vb∗ t ( i ) ) ;
11 end
12
13 // P l o t t i n g U/V vs t :
14 plot ( t , U V)
15 x t i t l e ( ’U/V vs t ’ , ’ t ( i n s e c ) ’ , ’U/V ’ )
1 // Mass of vane and cart ( in kg ) :

2 M=75;
3 // Turning angle of vane :
4 t h e t a =60;
5 // Speed of water leaving nozzle h o r i z o n t a l l y ( in m/ s e c ) :
6 V=35;
7 // E x i t area of nozzle ( in mˆ) :
8 A= 0 . 0 0 3 ;
10 d=999;
32
33
4 // A c c e l e r a t i o n of rocket at t =0( i n m/ s e c ˆ 2 ) :
5 Ve∗me/M0−g
6 // V e l o c i t y of rocket at t =10 ( in m/ s e c ) :
7 function y=f ( t ) , y=Ve∗me/ (M0−me∗ t )−g , endfunction
8 Vcv=intg ( 0 , t , f )
10 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n V e l o c i t y o f r o c k e t a t t =10: %. 1 f m/ s e c \n\n”
, Vcv )
1 // I n i t i a l mass of th rocket ( in kg ) :
2 M0=400;
3 // Rate of fuel consumption ( in kg / s e c ) :
4 me=5;
5 // Exhaust v e l o c i t y ( in m/ s e c ) :
6 Ve=3500;
8 g =9.81;
9 // Time after which velocity is to be calculated ( in sec )
:
10 t =10;
4 // Area of jet ( in mm ˆ 2 ) :
5 A j et=%pi /4∗Dˆ2
6 // J e t speed re la ti ve to the nozzle ( in m/ s e c ) :
7 V r e l=Q/2/ Aje t ∗10ˆ6/60/1000
8 // Value of w∗R in m/ s e c :
34
9 wR=w∗R∗2∗ %pi /60/1000
10 // F r i c t i o n torque at pivot ( in N−m ) :
11 Tf=R∗( V r e l ∗ cosd ( alpha )−wR) ∗d∗Q/1000/60/1000
13 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nJet speed r e l a t i v e t o each n o z z l e : %. 2 f m/
s e c \n\n” , V r e l )
14 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n F r i c t i o n t o r q u e a t p i v o t : %. 5 f N−m\n\n” , Tf )
1 // I n l e t gauge pressure ( in kPa ) :

2 p=20;
3 // Volume flow rate of water through the s p r i n k l e r ( in l /
min ) :
4 Q= 7 . 5 ;
5 // Speed of rotstion of s p r i n k l e r ( in rpm ) :
6 w=30;
7 // D i a m e t e r of jet f spri nkle ( in mm ) :
8 D=4;
9 // Radius of s p r i n k l e r ( in mm ) :
10 R=150;
11 // Supply pressure to s p r i n k l e r ( in kPa ) :
12 p=20;
13 // Angle at which jet is sprayed wrt horizontal :
14 a lpha =30;
15 // D e n s i t y of water ( in kg /m ˆ ) :
16 d=999;
4 // V e l o c i t y at exit ( in ft / sec ) :
5 V2=m∗R∗(T2+460) /A2/p2 /144
6 // As power input is to CV , Ws = − 6 0 0
7 // Rate of heat t r a n s f e r ( in Btu / s e c ) :
8 Q=Ws∗550/778+m∗ cp ∗(T2−T1)+m∗V2ˆ 2 / 2 / 3 2 . 2 / 7 7 8
35
10 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nRate o f hea t t r a n s f e r : %. 3 f Btu/ s e c \n\n” ,Q)
1 // P r e s s u r e at entry ( in psia ) :
2 p1 = 1 4 . 7 ;
3 // T e m p e r a t u r e at entry ( in F) :
4 T1=70;
5 // P r e s s u r e at exit ( in psia ) :
6 p2 =50;
7 // Temprature a exit ( in F) :
8 T2=100;
9 // C r o s s sectional area of the pipe at exit ( in ft ˆ2) :
10 A2=1;
11 // Mass flow rate ( in lbf / sec ) :
12 m=20;
13 // Power input to the compressor ( in hp ) :
14 Ws=−600;
15 // Value of cp ( in B t u / l b m −R ) :
16 cp = 0 . 2 4 ;
17 // Value of gas constant ( in f t − l b f / ( l b m −R ) )
18 R= 5 3 . 3 ;
4 // D e n s i t y of tank ( in kg /m ˆ 3 ) :
5 d=(p1+patm ) /R/T
6 // Mass flow rate of air into the tank ( in kg / s e c ) :
7 m=d∗V∗ cv ∗ r /R/T∗1000
9 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nMass f l o w r a t e o f a i r i n t o t h e tank : %. 3 f g
/ s e c \n\n” ,m)
36
1 // Volume of tak ( in mˆ3) :
2 V= 0 . 1 ;
3 // T e m p e r a t u r e of line and tank ( in K) :
4 T=293;
5 // I n i t i a l tank gauge pressure ( in N/m ˆ 2 ) :
6 p1 =1∗10ˆ5;
7 // A b s o l u t e line pressure ( in N/m ˆ 2 ) :
8 p =2∗10ˆ6;
9 // Rate of rise of temperature after opening of the
valve ( in C/ s e c ) :
10 r =0.05;
11 // A t m o s p h e r i c pressure ( in N/m ˆ 2 ) :
12 patm = 1 . 0 1 ∗ 1 0 ˆ 5 ;
13 // Gas Constant ( in N−m / ( k g −K ) ) :
14 R=287;
15 // Value of cv ( in N−m / k g −K ) :
16 cv =717;
37
Chapter 5
Introducton to Differential
Analysis of Fluid Motion
5.1 Discussion
the question
5.2 Scilab Code

4 // Rate of change of density with time ( in k g /mˆ3 − s ) :
5 r=−d∗V/L
7 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nRate o f change o f d e n s i t y with time : %. 1 f
kg /mˆ3− s \n\n” , r )
38
1 // D i s t a n c e f piston from closed end of the cylinder at
the give instant ( in m) :
2 L= 0 . 1 5 ;
3 // D e n s i t y of gas ( in kg /m ˆ 3 ) :
4 d=18;
5 // V e l o c i t y of piston ( in m/ s e c ) :
6 V=12;
4 // At point b , u =3 mm / s e c
5 u=3;
6 // D i s p l a c e m e t of b( in mm ) :
7 xb=u∗ t
8 // Rate of angular deformation ( in s ˆ −1) :
9 d e f=U/h
10 // Rate of rotation ( in s ˆ −1) :
11 r o t =−0.5∗U/h
12 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nRSULTS\n\n” )
13 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nRate o f a n g u l a r d e f o r m a t i o n : %. 1 f / s e c \n\n”
, def )
14 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nRate o f r o t a t i o n : %. 1 f / s e c \n\n” , r o t )
Example 5.07d 5.07d
1 // Value of ( in mm / s e c ) :
2 U=4;
3 // Value of h( in mm ) :
4 h=4;
5 / / Tme at which to find position ( in sec ) :
6 t =1.5;
39
4 // Value of T:
5 T=log ( 3 / 2 ) /A
6 x0 = 1 : 2 ;
7 y0 = 1 : 2 ;
8 for i =1:2
9 for j =1:2
10 // For X coordinate :
11 X( i ) ( j )=x0 ( i ) ∗%eˆ (A∗T)
12 // For Y coordinate :
13 Y( i ) ( j )=y0 ( j ) ∗%eˆ(−A∗T)
14 end
15 end
16 plot (X,Y)
17 // Rates of linear deformation in X direction :
18 Ax= 0 . 3 ;
19 // Rate of linear deformation in the y direction :
20 Ay= −0.3;
21 // Rate of volume d i l a t i o n ( s ˆ −1) :
22 v=A−A
23 // Area of abcd :
24 A1=1;
25 // Area of a ’b ’ c ’d ’:
26 A2=(3−3/2) ∗(4/3 −2/3)
28 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nRates o f l i n e a r d e f o r m a t i o n i n X and Y
d i r e c t i o n : %. 1 f / s , %. 1 f / s \n\n” ,Ax , Ay)
29 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nRate o f volume d i l a t i o n : %. 0 f / s e c \n\n” , v )
30 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nArea o f abcd and a , b , c , d :%. 1 f mˆ 2 , %. 1 f mˆ\
n\n” ,A1 , A2)
1 // Value of A( in s e c ˆ −1) :
2 A= 0 . 3 ;
40
4 // Volume flow rate ( in mˆ3/ sec ) :
5 Q=d∗g∗ s i n d ( t h e t a ) ∗b ∗( h /1000) ˆ3∗1000/ u/3
6 p r i n t f ( ”RESULTS” )
7 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nVolume f l o w r a t e : %. 4 f mˆ3/ s e c \n\n” ,Q)
1 // T h i c k n e s s of water film ( in mm ) :
2 h=1;
3 // Width of surface ( in m) :
4 b=1;
5 // Angle of in cl in at i on of surface :
6 t h e t a =15;
8 d=999;
9 // A c c e l e r a t i o n du to gravity ( in m/ s e c ˆ 2 ) :
10 g =9.81;
11 / / V i s c o s i t y ( k g / m− s ) :
12 u=10ˆ−3;
41
Chapter 6
Incompressible Inviscid Flow
6.1 Discussion
the question
6.2 Scilab Code

1 pathname=g e t a b s o l u t e f i l e p a t h ( ’ 0 6 . 0 1 . s c e ’ )
4 // V e l o c i t y of flow ( in m/ s e c ) :
5 V=sqrt (dw/ log ( ( r+w) / r ) ∗g/da∗p /1000)
7 Q=V∗( d∗w)
1 // Depth of the duct ( in m) :
42
2 d=0.3;
3 // Width of the duct ( in m) :
4 w= 0 . 1 ;
5 // I n n e r radius of the bend ( in m) :
6 r =0.25;
7 // P r e s s u r e difference between the taps ( in mm of Hg ) :
8 p=40;
10 dw=999;
12 g =9.8;
14 da = 1 . 2 3 ;
5 V=sqrt (2∗dw∗g∗p /1000∗SG/da )
7 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n V e l o c i t y o f f l o w : %. 3 f m/ s e c \n\n” ,V)
1 // P r e s s u r e d i f e r e n c e ( in mm of mecury ) :
2 p=30;
4 dw=1000;
5 // A c e l e r a t i o n due to gravity ( in m/ s e c ˆ 2 ) :
6 g =9.81;
8 da = 1 . 2 3 ;
9 // S p e c i f i c gravity of mercury :
10 SG= 1 3 . 6 ;
43
4 // V e l o c i t y of flwat the i n l e t ( in m/ s e c ) :
5 V1=Ae/ Ai∗V2
6 // Gauge pressure required at the i n l e t ( in kPa ) :
7 p=0.5∗ da ∗(V2ˆ2−V1ˆ 2 )
9 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nGauge p r s s u r e r e q u i r e d a t th e i n l e t : %. 3 f
kPa\n\n” , p /1000)
1 // Area of nozzle at input ( in mˆ2) :

2 Ai = 0 . 1 ;
3 // Area of nozzle at exit ( in mˆ2) :
4 Ae = 0 . 0 2 ;
5 // O u t l e t velocity of flow ( in m/ s e c ) :
6 V2=50;
8 da = 1 . 2 3 ;
4 // Speed of water at exit ( in m/ s e c ) :
5 V2=sqrt (2∗ g∗ z )
6 // P r e s s u r e at point A in the f l o w ( kPa ) :
7 pA=p1+d∗g∗(0− l ) −0.5∗d∗V2ˆ2
9 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nSpeed o f water a t e x i t : %. 3 f m/ s e c \n\n” ,V2)
10 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n P r e s s u r e a t p o i n t A i n t h e f l o w : %3f kPa\n\
n” ,pA/1000)
44
1 // Length of tube above surface ( in m) :
2 l =1;
3 // Depth of exit below water surface ( in m) :
4 z =7;
6 g =9.81;
8 d=999;
9 // A t m o s p h e r i c pressure ( in N/m ˆ 2 ) :
10 p1 = 1 . 0 1 ∗ 1 0 ˆ 5 ;
4 // V e l o c i t y of flow at the exit ( in ft / sec ) :
5 V2=sqrt (2∗ g ∗(Du−Dd/12) )
6 // Volume flow rate / width ( f t ˆ2/ sec ) :
7 Q=V2∗Dd/12
9 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n V e l o c i t y o f f l o w a t t h e e x i t : %. 3 f f t / s e c \n
\n” ,V2)
10 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nVolume f l o w r a t e / width : %. 3 f f t ˆ2/ s e c \n\n” ,
Q)
1 // Depth of water at the u p s t r e a m ( on feet ) :

2 Du= 1 . 5 ;
3 // Depth of water at the vena contracta downstream from
the gate ( in inches ) :
4 Dd=2;
6 g =32.2;
45
4 // P r e s s u r e of air at 1000 m( in N/m ˆ 2 ) :
5 p=P1∗pa
6 // D e n s i t y of air at 1000m( in kg /m ˆ 3 ) :
7 d=D1∗da
8 // S t a g n a t i o n pressure at A( in kPa ) :
9 p0A=p+0.5∗d ∗(V∗1000/3600) ˆ2
10 // S t a t i c pressure at B( in kPa ) :
11 pB=p+d / 2 ∗ ( (V∗1000/3600)ˆ2−Vbˆ 2)
13 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t A: %. 3 f kPa\n\n” , p0A
/1000)
14 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t B : %. 3 f kPa\n\n” ,pB
/1000)
1 // Speed of plane ( in km / h r ) :
2 V=150;
3 // Speed at point B r el at i ve to the wing ( in m/ s e c ) :
4 Vb=60;
6 da = 1 . 2 3 ;
7 // A t m o s p h e r i s pressure ( in N/m ˆ 2 ) :
8 pa = 1 . 0 1 ∗ 1 0 ˆ 5 ;
9 // At 1000m,
10 // p / pSL :
11 P1 = 0 . 8 8 7 0 ;
12 // d / dSL :
13 D1= 0 . 9 0 7 5 ;
46
4 // V e l o c i t y of flow at exit ( in ft / sec ) :
5 V4=sqrt (2∗ g ∗( z3 −0) )
6 // Mass flow rate of water ( in slug / sec ) :
7 m=d∗V4∗A4/144
8 // R i s e in temperature between points 1 and 2( in R) :
9 T=Q∗3413/3600/m/ 3 2 . 2
11 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nRise i n t e m p e r a t u r e between p o i n t s 1 and 2 :
%. 3 f R\n\n” ,T)
1 // Area of cross section of the nozzle ( in in ˆ2) :

2 A4= 0 . 8 6 4 ;
3 // C a p a c i t y of heater ( in kW ) :
4 Q=10
6 g =32.2;
7 // Water level in reservoir above datum line ( in ft ) :
8 z3 =10;
9 // D e n s i t y of water ( In slug / ft ˆ3) :
10 d=1.94;
4 t =0:5
5 // Value of s q r t (2 gh ) :
6 x=sqrt (2∗ g∗h )
7 // Value of 1/2 L ∗ s q r t (2 gh ) :
8 y=1/2/L∗x
9 [m n]= s i z e ( t )
10 i =1:n ;
11 // V e l o c i t y ( in m/ s e c ) :
12 V2=x∗tanh ( y∗ t ( i ) )
13 plot ( t , V2) ;
47
14 x t i t l e ( ’ S t r e a m l i n e f l o w from 1 t o 2 ’ , ’ Time ( i n s ) ’ , ’V2(
i n m/ s e c ) ’ )
1 // Depth to which water is f i l l e d ( in m) :

2 h=3;
3 // Length of pipe ( in m) :
4 L=6;
5 // D i a m e t e r of pipe ( in mm ) :
6 D=150;
8 g =9.81;
48
Chapter 7
Dimensional Analysis and

Simlitude
7.1 Discussion
the question
7.2 Scilab Code

4 // V e l o c i t y of prototype in ft / sec
5 Vp1=Vp∗6080/3600
6 // R e y n o l d s number of prototype :
7 Rep=Vp1∗Dp/vp
8 / / R e p =Rem
9 // T h e r e f o r e :
10 Rem=Rep ;
49
11 // V e l o c i t y of air for wind tunnel ( in ft / sec ) :
12 Vm=Rem∗vm/ (Dm/12)
13 // Drag force on prototype ( in lbf ) :
14 Fp=Fm∗( dp/dm) ∗(Vp1/Vm) ˆ2∗(Dp/ (Dm/12) ) ˆ2
16 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nTest speed i n a i r : %. 3 f f t / s e c \n\n” ,Vm)
17 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nDrag f o r c e on p r o t o t y p e : %. 3 f l b f \n\n” , Fp)
1 // D i a m e t e r of the prototype ( in ft ) :
2 Dp=1;
3 // Speed of towing of prototype ( in knots ) :
4 Vp=5;
5 // D i a m e t e r of model ( in inches ) :
6 Dm=6;
7 // Drag for model at test condition ( in lbf ) :
8 Fm= 5 . 5 8 ;
9 // D e n s i t y of seawater at 5 C for prototype ( in slug / ft
ˆ3) :
10 dp = 1 . 9 9 ;
11 // K i n e m a t i c viscosity at 5 C for prototype ( in f t ˆ2/ sec )
:
12 vp =1.69∗10ˆ −5;
13 // D e n s i t y of air at STP for model ( in slug / ft ˆ3) :
14 dm= 0 . 0 0 2 3 8 ;
15 // K i n e m a t i c viscosity of air at STP for model ( in f t ˆ2/
sec ) :
16 vm=1.57∗10ˆ −4;
4 // Width of the model ( in m) :
5 wm=S∗wp∗ 0 . 3 0 4 8
6 // Area of model ( in mˆ2) :
50
7 Am=Sˆ2∗Ap∗ 0 . 3 0 5 ˆ 2
8 [m n]= s i z e (V)
9 i =1:n
10 // Aerodynamic drag c o e f f i c i e n t () :
11 Cd=2.∗Fd ( i ) /d . / (V( i ) ) ˆ 2 / 0 . 0 3 0 5
12 // R e y n o l d s number :
13 Re=V( i ) ∗wm/v
14 plot ( Re , Cd) ;
15 a=gca ( )
16 a . data bounds = [ 1 0 0 0 0 0 , 0 . 4 ; 5 0 0 0 0 0 , 0 . 6 ]
17 x t i t l e ( ’ Aerodynamic drag c o e f f i c i e n t vs drag f o r c e ’ , ’
Reynolds number ’ , ’ Model Drag C o e f f . ’ )
18 // I t is seen that drag c o e f f i c i e n t becomes constant at
CD = 0 . 4 6 a b o v e Re = 4 ∗ 1 0 ˆ 5 at which speed of air is 4 0 m/
s
19 CDc= 0 . 4 6 ;
20 Va=40;
21 // Drag force ( in N) :
22 FDp=CDc/2∗d ∗(Vp∗5/18) ˆ2∗Ap∗ 0 . 3 0 5 ˆ 2
23 // Power required to pull prototype at 100 kmph ( i n W)
24 Pp=FDp∗Vp∗5/18
26 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nSpeed above which Cd i s c o n s t a n t : %. 3 f m/
s e c \n\n” ,Va)
27 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nDrag Force : %. 3 f kN\n\n” ,FDp/1000)
28 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nPower r e q u i r e d t o p u l l p r o t o t y p e a t 100
kmph : %. 3 f kW\n\n” ,Pp/1000)
1 // Width of the prototype ( in ft ) :

2 wp=8;
3 // F r o n t a l area of the prototype ( in ft ˆ2) :
4 Ap=84;
5 // Model Scale :
6 S=1/16;
8 d=1.23;
51
9 // Air speed in wind tunnel ( in m/ s e c ) :

10 V=[18 2 1 . 8 26 3 0 . 1 35 3 8 . 5 4 0 . 9 4 4 . 1 4 6 . 7 ] ;
11 // Drag force ( in N) :
12 Fd = [ 3 . 1 4 . 4 1 6 . 0 9 7 . 9 7 1 0 . 7 1 2 . 9 1 4 . 7 1 6 . 9 1 8 . 9 ] ;
13 // K i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y ( in mˆ2/ sec ) :
14 v =1.46∗10ˆ −5;
16 d=1.23;
17 // Speed of prototype ( in km / h r ) : \
18 Vp=100;
52
4 // The same pump is used for both the c o n d i t i o n s . Hence :
5 D2=D1 ;
6 // The same water is used for both the conditions . Hence
:
7 d2=d1 ;
8 // Flow rate at condition 2( in gpm ) :
9 Q2=Q1∗N2/N1∗(D2/D1) ˆ3
10 // Head at condition 1( in ft ) :
11 H1=(N1∗ sqrt (Q1) / Nscu1 ) ˆ ( 4 / 3 )
12 // Head at condition 1( in ft ) :
13 H2=H1∗(N2/N1) ˆ2∗(D2/D1) ˆ2
14 / / Pump output power at condition 1( in hp ) :
15 P1=d1∗g∗Q1∗H1/ 7 . 4 8 / 6 0 / 5 5 0
16 / / Pump output power at condition 2( in hp ) :
17 P2=P1 ∗( d2/d1 ) ∗(N2/N1) ˆ3∗(D2/D1) ˆ5
18 // R e q u i r e d input power ( in hp ) :
19 Pin=P2/ E f f p
20 // S p e c i f i c speed at condition 2:
21 Nscu2=N2∗ sqrt (Q2) /H2ˆ ( 3 / 4 )
22 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nRESULTS\n\n\n” )
23 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nVolume f l o w r a t e a t c o n d i t i o n 2 : %. 3 f gpm\n
\n\n” ,Q2)
24 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nHead a t c o n d i t i o n : %. 3 f f t \n\n\n” ,H2)
25 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nPump output power a t c o n d i t i o n : %. 3 f hp\n\n
\n” , P2 )
26 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nRequired i n p u t power : %. 3 f hp\n\n\n” , Pin )
27 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n S p e c i f i c speed a t c o n d i t i o n 2 : %. 3 f \n\n\n” ,
Nscu2 )
1 // E f f i c i n c of pump :
2 Effp =0.8;
53
3 // D e s i g n s p e c i f i c speed ( in rpm ) :
4 Nscu1 =2000;
5 // I m p e l l e r diameter ( in inches ) :
6 D1=8;
7 // O p e r t i o n sped at esign point flow condition ( in rpm ) :
8 N1=1170;
9 // Flow rate at design point flow condition ( in gpm ) :
10 Q1=300;
12 d1 = 1 . 9 4 ;
13 // A c c e l e r a t i o n due to gravity ( in f t ˆ2/ sec ) :
14 g =32.2;
15 // Working speed 2( in rpm ) :
16 N2=1750;
54
Chapter 8
Internal Incompressible Viscous

Flow
8.1 Discussion
the question
8.2 Scilab Code

4 // Leakage flow rate ( in mm ˆ 3 / s e c ) :
5 Q=%pi /12∗D∗a ˆ3∗( p1−p2 ) ∗10ˆ3/ u/L
7 V=Q/%pi/D/a /1000
8 // S p e c i f i c gravity of SAE 1 0W oil :
9 SG= 0 . 9 2 ;
10 // R e y n o l d s Number :
11 Re=SG∗dw∗V∗a/u /1000
55
12 // As Re < 1 4 0 0 , flow is laminar .
14 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nLeakage f l o w r a t e : %. 3 f mmˆ3/ s e c \n\n” ,Q)
1 // O p e r a t i o n pressure of hydraulic system ( in kPa ) :

2 p1 =20000;
3 // O p e r a t i o n temperature of hydraulic system ( in C) :
4 T=55;
5 // P i s t o n diameter ( in mm ) :
6 D=25;
7 // V i s c o s i t y of SAE 1 0W at 55C( in k g / ( m− s ) :
8 u=0.018;
9 // Mean radial clearance of a cylinder ( in mm ) :
10 a =0.005;
11 // Gauge pressure on lower pressure side of piston ( in
kPa ) :
12 p2 =1000;
13 // Lenth of piston ( in mm ) :
14 L=15;
15 // D e n i t y of water ( in kg /m ˆ 3 ) :
16 dw=1000;
4 // Shear stres ( in lbf / ft ˆ2) :
5 Tyx=u∗N∗2∗ %pi /60∗D/2/( a /2 )
6 // Torqe ( in inches −lbf ) :
7 T=%pi /2∗Tyx∗Dˆ2∗L/144
8 // Power dissipated in the bearing ( in hp ) :
9 P=T∗N/60∗2∗ %pi /12/550
11 Re=SG∗p∗N∗2∗ %pi / 6 0 ∗ 1 . 5 ∗ a /2/u/144
56
13 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nTorque : %. 3 f i n c h e s −l b f \n\n” ,T)
14 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nPower d i s s i p a t e d i n t he b e a r i n g : %. 3 f hp\n\
n” ,P)
1 // t e m p e r a t u r e fo operation ( in F) :
2 T=210;
3 // D i a m e t e r of te bearing ( in inches ) :
4 D=3;
5 // D i a m e t r a l clearance ( in inches ) :
6 a =0.0025;
7 // Length of shaft ( in inhes ) :
8 L= 1 . 2 5 ;
9 // Speed of rotation of the shaft ( in rpm ) :
10 N=3600;
11 // V i s c o s i t y of the o i l ( in lbf −s / f t ˆ2) :
12 u=2.01∗10ˆ −4;
13 // S p e c i f i c gravity of SAE 1 0W :
14 SG= 0 . 9 2 ;
15 // D e n s i t y of water ( in slug / ft ˆ3)
16 p=1.94;
4 // V i s c o s i t y of the l i q u i d ( in N− s / m ˆ 2 ) :
5 u=%pi /128∗ p ∗1000∗Dˆ4/Q/L/1000
6 // V e l o c i t y ( in m/ s e c )
7 V=Q/ ( %pi /4∗Dˆ2 ) /1000
9 Re=d∗V∗D/u /1000
11 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n V i s c o s i t y o f f l u i d %. 3 f N−s /mˆ2\n\n” , u )
57
1 // Flow rate through capilarry viscometer ( in mm ˆ 3 / s e c ) :
2 Q=880;
3 // Tube length ( in m) :
4 L=1;
5 // Tube diameter ( in mm ) :
6 D= 0 . 5 ;
7 // P r e s s u r e drop ( in kPa ) :
8 p=1000;
9 // D e n s i t y of o il ( in kg /m ˆ 3 ) :
10 d=999;
4 // R e s e r v o i r depth required to maintain flow ( in m) :
5 D1=8∗Qˆ2/( %pi ) ˆ2/Dˆ4/ g ∗( f ∗L/D+K+1)
7 Re=4∗d∗Q/ ( ( %pi ) ∗u∗D)
9 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n R e s e r v o i r depth r e q u i r e d t o maintain f l o w :
%. 3 f m\n\n” ,D1)
1 // Volme flow rate of water ( in mˆ3/ sec ) :

2 Q= 0 . 0 0 8 4 ;
3 // Length of horizontal pipe ( in m) :
4 L=100;
5 // D i a m e t e r of pipe ( in m) :
6 D= 0 . 0 7 5 ;
8 d=999;
9 // F r i c t i o n factor :
10 f =0.017;
11 // Minor losss es c o e f f i c i e n t :
12 K= 0 . 5 ;
58
13 // V i s c o s i t y ( in k g / m− s ) :
14 u=10ˆ−3;
15 // A c c e l e r a t i o n due to gravity ( in / sec ˆ2) :
16 g =9.8;
4 // V e l o c i t y of flow ( in ft / sec ) :
5 V=Q/24/3600/( %pi /4∗(D/12) ˆ2 ) ∗ 4 2 / 7 . 4 8
6 // Maximum spacing ( in ft ) :
7 L=2/ f ∗D/12∗( p2−p1 ) / (SG∗d ) /Vˆ2∗144
8 // Power needed at each pump ( i n hp ) :
9 Win=1/ E f f p ∗V∗%pi /4∗(D/12) ˆ2∗( p2−p1 ) /550∗144
11 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nMaximum s p a c i n g : %. 3 f f e e t \n\n” ,L)
12 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nPower needed a t each pump : %. 3 f hp\n\n” ,Win
)
1 // Flow rate of crude o il ( in bbl ) :

2 Q= 1 . 6 ∗ 1 0 ˆ 6 ;
3 // I n s i d e diamete of pipe ( i inches ) :
4 D=48;
5 // Maximum allowable pressure ( in psi ) :
6 p2 =1200;
7 // Minimum pressure required to keep gases d i s s o l v e s ( in
psi ) :
8 p1 =50;
9 // S p e c i f i c gravity of crde oil :
10 SG= 0 . 9 3 ;
11 // V i s c o s i t y at 140 F( in lbf −s / f t ˆ2) :
12 u=3.5∗10ˆ −4;
13 // E f f i c i n c y of pump :
14 Effp =0.85;
59
15 // D e n s i t y ( in slug / ft ˆ3) :
16 d=1.94;
17 // V i s c o s i t y ( in lbf −sec ) :
18 u=3.5∗10ˆ −4;
20 f =0.017;
4 // V e l o c i t y ( in ft / sec ) :
5 V2=sqrt (2∗ g∗ l / ( f ∗ ( ( L+l ) /D∗12+8)+1) )
6 // Volume flow rate ( in gpm ) :
7 Q=V2∗%pi ∗(D/12) ˆ 2 / 4 ∗ 7 . 4 8 ∗ 6 0
9 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nVolume low r a t e : %. 3 f \n\n” ,Q)
1 // H e i g h t of standpipe ( in ft ) :
2 l =80;
3 // Length of longest pipe ( in ft ) :
4 L=600;
5 // D i a m e t e r of pipe ( in inches ) :
6 D=4;
8 f =0.031;
9 // A c c e l e r a t i o n due to gravityin ft / sec ˆ2) :
10 g =32.2;
60
4 // Value of dPmax ( i n psi ) :
5 dPmax=p1−p2
6 //Q in cubic feet / sec :
7 Q1= 1 5 0 0 / 6 0 / 7 . 4 8 ;
8 // I n i t i a l l y assume diameter to be 4 inches :
9 D=4;
11 Re=4∗Q1/%pi/v/D∗12
12 // For this value ,
13 f =0.012;
14 dP=8∗ f ∗L∗p∗Q1ˆ2/( %pi ) ˆ2/Dˆ 5 ∗ 1 7 2 8 ;
15 while (dP>dPmax)
16 dP=8∗ f ∗L∗p∗Q1ˆ2/( %pi ) ˆ2/Dˆ 5 ∗ 1 7 2 8 ;
17 i f (dP<dPmax)
18 break
19 else
20 D=D+1;
21 end
22 end
24 p r i n t f ( ”Minimum d i a m e t e r t h a t can be used :%. 1 f i n c h e s \n
\n” ,D)
1 // Length of Al tubing ( in ft ) :
2 L=500;
3 // Volume flow rate of pump output ( in gpm ) :
4 Q=1500;
5 // D i s c h a r g e pressure ( in psig ) :
6 p1 =65;
7 // S p r i n k l e r pressure ( in psig ) :
8 p2 =30;
9 // K i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y ( in f t ˆ2/ sec ) :
10 v =1.21∗10ˆ −5;
11 // D e n s i t y ( in slug / ft ˆ3) :
12 p=1.94;
61
4 // Average velocity ( in ft / s ) :
5 V2=4/%pi∗Q/Dˆ2∗144
7 Re=V2∗D/v /12
8 // For this value ,
9 f =0.013;
10 // Power law exponent :
11 n=−1.7+1.8∗ log10 ( Re )
12 // Value of V/U :
13 v u=2∗n ˆ2/( n+1) /(2∗ n+1)
14 // Value of alpha :
15 a lpha =(1/ v u ) ˆ3∗2∗nˆ2/(3+n ) /(3+2∗n )
16 // Loss Coefficient for a square edged entrance :
17 K=2∗g∗h/V2ˆ2− f ∗L/D∗12− alpha ;
19 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nLoss C o e f f i c i e n t f o r a s q u a r e edged
e n t r a n c e : %. 3 f \n\n” ,K)
1 // Length of copper wire ( in ft ) :

2 L=10;
3 // I n n e r diameer of pipe ( in inches ) :
4 D= 1 . 5 ;
5 // D i s c h a r e ( in f t ˆ3/ sec ) :
6 Q= 0 . 5 6 6 ;
7 // L e v e l of reservoir above pipe c e n t r e l i n e ( inn feet ) :
8 h=85.1;
9 // K i n e m a t i c viscosity at 70 F( in f t ˆ2/ s ) :
10 v =1.05∗10ˆ −5;
12 g =32.2;
62
4 // V e l o c i t y V1 ( i n m/ s ) :
5 V1=sqrt (2∗ g∗ z0 / 1 . 0 4 )
7 Q=V1∗%pi∗Dˆ2/4
8 K d i f f =1−1/A Rˆ2−Cp
9 // For 2 nd case :
10 // V e l o c i t y ( in m/ s ) :
11 V1=sqrt (2∗ g∗ z0 / 0 . 5 9 )
12 // Volume flow rate ( in mˆ3/ s ) :
13 Qd=V1∗%pi∗Dˆ2/4
14 // I n c r e a s e in discharge after addition of d i f f u s e r is :
15 dQ=(Qd−Q) /Q∗100
17 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nVolume f l o w r a t e i n c a s e 1 : %. 3 f mˆ3/ s e c \n\n
” ,Q)
18 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nVolume f l o w r a t e i n c a s e 2 : %. 3 f mˆ3/ s e c \n\
n” ,Qd)
19 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n I n c r e a s e i n d i s c h a r g e a f t e r a d d i t i o n o f
d i f f u s e r i s : %. 3 f p e r c e n t \n\n” ,dQ)
1 // N o z z l e exit diameter ( in mm ) :
2 D=25;
3 / / N / R1 value value :
4 N R=3;
5 / / AR value :
6 A R=2;
7 // S t a t i c head available from the main ( in m) :
8 z0 = 1 . 5 ;
10 g =9.8;
11 // Value of Cp :
63
12 Cp= 0 . 4 5 ;
4
5 // Value of K∗B ˆ 2 :
6 K B=Q/ ( %pi /4∗Dˆ 2 ) ∗ sqrt ( 0 . 5 ∗ d1/g/d2/h )
7 // Reynods number :
8 ReD1=4/%pi∗Q/D/v
9 / / By t r i a l and error method , the value of beta is fixed
at :
10 betta =0.66;
11 //K is then :
12 K=K B/ b e t t a ˆ2
13 // D i a m e t e r of o r i f i c e plate ( in m) :
14 Dt=b e t t a ∗D
15 // Value of p3 − p 2 ( i n N/m ˆ 2 ) :
16 P1=d1∗Qˆ2/( %pi /4∗Dˆ 2 ) ˆ 2 ∗ ( 1 / 0 . 6 5 / b e t t a ˆ2−1)
17 // Value of p1 − p 2 ( i n N/m ˆ 2 ) :
18 P2=d2∗g∗h
19 // Head loss between sections 1 and 3( in N−m / k g ) :
20 hLT=(P2−P1 ) /d1
21 // E x p r e s s i n g the permanent pressure as a fractio of the
meter d i f f e r e n t i a l :
22 C=(P2−P1 ) /P2
23 p r i n t f ( ”\n\n\nRESULTS\n\n” )
24 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nDiameter o f t he o r i f i c e : %. 3 f m\n\n” , Dt )
25 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nHead l o s s between s e c i o n s 1 and 3 : %. 3 f N−m
/ kg \n\n” ,hLT)
1 // Volume flw rate of ai ( in mˆ3/ sec ) :

2 Q=1;
64
4 D= 0 . 2 5 ;
6 d1 = 1 . 2 3 ;
7 // A c c e l e r a t i o n due to gravity ( in m/ s ˆ 2 ) :
8 g =9.8;
10 d2 =999;
11 / / Maxmum range of manometer ( in m) :
12 h=0.3;
13 // K i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y ( in mˆ2/ s ) :
14 v =1.46∗10ˆ −5;
65
Chapter 9
External Incompressible
Viscous Flow
9.1 Discussion
the question
9.2 Scilab Code

4 // Change in static pressure between sections 1 and 2:
5 C=(((L−2∗d1 ) / (L−2∗d2 ) ) ˆ4−1) ∗ 1 0 0 ;
7 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nChange i n s t a t i c p r e s s u r e between t he
s e c t i o n s 1 and 2 : %. 3 f p e r c e n t \n\n” ,C)
66
1 // Lengh of side of the test section ( in mm ) :
2 L=305;
3 // F r e e s t e a m speed at section 1( in m/ s e c ) :
4 U1=26;
5 // D i s p l a c e m e n t thickness at section 1( in mm ) :
6 d1 = 1 . 5 ;
7 // D i s p l a c m e n t thickness at section 2( in mm ) :
8 d2 = 2 . 1 ;
5 ReL=U∗L/v
6 / / FOR TURBULENT FLOW
7 // D i s t u r b a n c e thickness ( in m) :
8 dL1 =0.382/ReL ˆ 0 . 2 ∗ L
9 // D i s p l a c e m e n t thickness ( in m) :
10 function y=f ( n ) , y=dL1∗(1−n ˆ ( 1 / 7 ) )
11 endfunction
12 d l 1=intg ( 0 , 1 , f )
13 // Skin f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t :
14 Cf1 =0.0594/ReL ˆ 0 . 2
15 // Wall shear s t r e s s ( in N/m ˆ 2 ) :
16 tw1=Cf1 ∗ 0 . 5 ∗ d∗Uˆ2
17 // For LAMINAR FLOW :
18 // D i s t u r b a n c e thickness ( in m)
19 dL2=5/sqrt ( ReL ) ∗L
20 // D i s p l a c e m e n t thickness ( in m) :
21 d l 2 =0.344∗ dL2
22 // Skin f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t :
23 Cf2 =0.664/ sqrt ( ReL )
24 // Wall shear s t r e s s ( in N/m ˆ 2 ) :
25 tw2=Cf2 ∗ 0 . 5 ∗ d∗Uˆ2
26 / / COMPARISON OF VALUES WITH LAMINAR FLOW
27 // D i s t u r b a n c e thickness
67
28 D=dL1/dL2
29 // D i s p l a c e m e n t thickness
30 DS=d l 1 / d l 2
31 // Wall shear stress
32 WSS=tw1/tw2
34 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n D i s t u r b a c e t h i c k n e s s : %. 3 f m\n\n” , dL1 )
35 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nDisplacement t h i c k n e s s : %. 3 f m\n\n” , d l 1 )
36 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nWall s h e a r s t r e s s : %f N/mˆ2\n\n” , tw1 )
37 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nCOMPARISON WIH LAMINAR FLOW\n\n\n” )
38 p r i n t f ( ”\n\n D i s t u r b a n c e t h i c k n e s : %. 3 f \n\n” ,D)
39 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nDisplacement t h i c k n e s s : %. 3 f \n\n” ,DS)
40 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nWall s h e a r s t r e s s : %. 3 f \n\n” ,WSS)
1 // V e o c i t y of flow ( in m/ s e c ) :
2 U=1;
3 // Length of flat plate ( in m) :
4 L=1;
6 d=999;
7 // K i n e m a t i c viscosity of water ( in mˆ2/ sec ) :
8 v=10ˆ−6;
4 // Speed in m/ s :
5 U=s ∗ 6 0 7 6 ∗ 0 . 3 0 5 / 3 6 0 0
7 Re=U∗L/v
8 // Drag c o e f f i c i e n t :
9 Cd=0.455/ log10 ( Re ) ˆ2.58 −1610/Re
10 // Area ( in mˆ2) :
11 A=L∗(W+D)
68
12 // Drag force ( in N)
13 Fd=Cd∗A∗ 0 . 5 ∗ d∗Uˆ2
14 // Power required to overcome skin f r i c t i o n drag ( in W) :
15 P=Fd∗U
17 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nDrag f o r c e : %f N\n\n” , Fd)
18 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nPower r e q u i r e d t o overcome s k i n f r i c t i o n
drag : %. 3 f W\n\n” ,P)
1 // Length of the supertanker ( in m) :

2 L=360;
3 // Width of supertanker ( in m) :
4 W=70;
5 // D r a f t of the supertanker ( in m) :
6 D=50;
7 // C r u i s i n g speed in water ( in knots ) :
8 s =13;
9 // K i n e m a t i c viscosity at 10 C
10 v =1.37∗10ˆ −6;
11 // D e n s i t y of sea water ( in kg /m ˆ 3 ) :
12 d=1020;
4 // V e l o c i t y in m/ s e c :
5 V=s ∗5/18
7 Re=d∗V∗D/u
8 // Value of Cd is obtained as :
9 Cd= 0 . 3 5 ;
10 // Area ( in mˆ2) :
11 A=L ˆ 2 ;
12 // Moment about the chimney base ( in N−m ) :
69
13 M0=Cd∗A∗D/4∗d∗Vˆ2
15 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nBending moment a t t h e bottom o f th e chimney
: %. 3 f N−m\n\n” ,M0)
1 // D i a m e t e r of chimney ( in m) :
2 D=1;
3 // H e i g h t of chimney ( in m) :
4 L=25;
5 // Speed of wind ( in kmph ) :
6 s =50;
8 d=1.23;
9 // V i s c o s i t y of air ( in k g / ( m− s ) ) :
10 u=1.79∗10ˆ −5;
11 // P r e s s u r e ( in kPa ) :
12 p=101;
4 // Time required to decelerate to 100 mph ( i n seconds ) :
5 t =(s1−s2 ) ∗2∗w/ ( s1 ∗ s2 ) /Cd/d/A/g ∗3600/5280
7 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nTime r e q u i r e d t o d e c e l e r a t e t o 100 mph : %. 3
f s e c o n d s \n\n” , t )
1 // Weight of the dragster ( in lbf ) :

2 w=1600;
3 // Speed of dragster ( in mph ) :
4 s 1 =270;
70
5 // Area of drag chute ( in ft ˆ2) :
6 A=25;
7 // Speed of dragster after deceleraton ( in mph ) :
8 s 2 =100;
10 g =32.2;
11 // D e n s i t y of air ( in slug / ft ˆ3) :
12 d=0.00238;
13 // Value of c o e f f i c i e n t of drag :
14 Cd= 1 . 4 2 ;
4 // P l o t t i n g velocity with drag force
5 V= 1 7 5 : 2 5 : 4 5 5 ;
6
7 [m n]= s i z e (V) ;
8 for i =1:n
9 CL( i ) =2∗W/p ∗(3600/V( i ) /5280) ˆ2/A;
10 Cd( i )=Cd0+CL( i ) ˆ2/ %pi/ a r ;
11 Fd ( i )=Cd( i ) /CL( i ) ∗W;
12 FD( i )=Fd ( i ) / 1 0 0 0 ;
13 end
14 plot (V,FD)
15 x t i t l e ( ’ F l i g h t speed vs t h r u s t ’ , ’ F l i g h t Speed ( i n mph) ’ ,
’ Drag Force ( i n 1000 l b f ) ’ )
16 // Optimum cuise speed at speed level is obtained to be
320 mph from the graph .
17 Vosl =320;
18 // R a t i o of speeds at 30000 ft and at sea level is given
by :
19 r=sqrt ( 1 / 0 . 3 7 5 ) ;
20 // S t a l l speed at 30000 ft is ( in mph ) :
21 Vs3=V s s l ∗ r ;
22 // Optimum Cruise speed at 30000 ft ( in mph ) :
71
23 Vo3=Vosl ∗ r ;
25 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nOptimum c r u i s e speed a t s e a l e v e l : %. 3 f mph
\n\n” , Vosl )
26 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n S t a l l speed a t 30000 f t : %. 3 f mph\n\n” , Vs3 )
27 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nOptimum c r u i s e speed a t 30000 f t : %. 3 f \n\n”
, Vo3 )
1 // Wing area ( in ft ˆ2) :

2 A=1600;
3 // A s p e c t ratio :
4 ar =6.5;
5 // Groos weight of a i r c r a f t ( in lbf ) :
6 W=150000;
7 // C o e f f i c i e n t of drag at zero l i f t :
8 Cd0 = 0 . 0 1 8 2 ;
9 // S o n i c speed at sea l e v e l ( in mph ) :
10 c =759;
11 // D e n s i t y of air ( in slug / ft ˆ3) :
12 p=0.00238;
13 // S r a l l speed at sea l e v e l ( in mph ) :
14 V s s l =175;
5 // Value of wD / 2 V :
6 W=0.5∗N∗D/1000/V∗2∗ %pi /60
7 Red=V∗D/v ;
8 // For this value , CL is obtained as :
9 CL= 0 . 3 ;
10 // Aerodynamic l i f t ( in N) :
72
73
11 FL=%pi /8∗CL∗(D/1000) ˆ2∗d∗Vˆ 2 ;
12 // Radius of curvature of the path in the ve rt ic a l plane
( in m) with topspin :
13 Rts=Vˆ2/( g+FL/ (m/1000) ) ;
14 // Radius of curvature without topspin ( in m) :
15 Rwts=Vˆ2/ g ;
17 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nAerodynamic l i f t a c t i n g on t h e b a l l :%. 3 f N\
n\n” ,FL)
18 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nRadius o f c u r v a t u r e o f t he path when b a l l
has t o p s p i n :%. 3 f m\n\n” , Rts )
19 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nRadius o f c u r v a t u r e o f t he path when b a l l
has t o p s p i n : %. 3 f m\n\n” , Rwts )
1 // Mass of the tennis ball ( in grams ) :

2 m=57;
3 // D i a m e t e r ofthe ball ( in mm ) :
4 D=64;
5 // V e l o c i t y with which te ball is hit ( in m/ s ) : \
6 V=25;
7 // Topspin given on the ball ( in rpm ) :
8 N=7500;
9 // A c c e l e r a t i o n due to gravity ( in m/ s ˆ 2 ) :
10 g =9.81;
11 // K i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y ( in mˆ2/ s ) :
12 v=1.46∗10ˆ −5
13 // D e s i t y of air ( in kg /m ˆ 3 ) :
14 d=1.23;
74
Chapter 10
Fluid Machinery
10.1 Discussion
the question
When S 10.03 is executed, we get Fig. 10.1. When S 10.07 is executed,
we get Fig. 10.2. When S 10.08 is executed, we get Fig. 10.3 and Fig. 10.4.
When S 10.11 is executed, we get Fig. 10.5 to Fig. 10.7.
10.2 Scilab Code

4 // I m p e l l e r exit width b2 ( i n feet ) :
5 b2=Q∗12/(2∗ %pi∗R2∗Vrb2 ∗ 7 . 4 8 ∗ 6 0 )
6 // Torque of the Shaft , Tshaft ( in ft − l b f ) :
7 T s h a f t=w∗R2ˆ2∗p∗Q∗2∗ %pi / 3 6 0 0 / 7 . 4 8 / 1 4 4
8 // Power , Wm ( i n hp ) :
9 Wm=w∗ T s h a f t ∗2∗ %pi /60/550
75
11 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n I m p e l l e r e x i t width : %. 3 f f e e t \n\n” , b2 )
12 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ Torque i n p u t : %. 3 f f t −l b f \n\n” , T s h a f t )
13 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nPower : %. 3 f hp\n\n” ,Wm)
1 // Volume flow rate in gpm :

2 Q= 1 5 0 ;
3 // Value of Vrb2 in ft / sec :
4 Vrb2 =10;
5 // Radius of outter impeller in inches :
6 R2=2;
7 // I m p e l l e r Speed in rpm :
8 w=3450;
9 // D e n s i t y of air in s l u g / f t ˆ3
10 p=1.94;
4 U=0.5∗(Dh+Dt ) /2∗1200∗2∗ %pi /60
5 k=tand ( alpha1 )+co td ( b e t t a 1 )
6 Vn1=U/k
7 V1=Vn1/ cosd ( alpha1 )
8 Vt1=V1∗ s i n d ( alpha1 )
9 Vrb1=Vn1/ s i n d ( b e t t a 1 )
11 Q=%pi /4∗Vn1∗( Dtˆ2−Dhˆ2 )
12 k=(U−Vn1∗ cotd ( b e t t a 2 ) ) /Vn1
13 al pha2= atand ( k )
14 V2=Vn1/ cosd ( alpha2 )
15 Vt2=V2∗ s i n d ( alpha2 )
16 // Rotor Torque ( in N−m ) :
17 Tz=p∗Q∗(Dh+Dt ) /4∗( Vt2−Vt1 )
18 // Power required ( in W) :
19 Wm=w∗2∗ %pi /60∗Tz
76
22 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nRotor Torque : %. 3 f N−m\n\n” , Tz )
23 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nPower r e q u i r e d : %. 3 f W\n\n” ,Wm)
1 // Tip Diameter in metres :

2 Dt = 1 . 1 ;
3 / / Hub Diameter in metres :
4 Dh= 0 . 8 ;
5 // O p e r a t i n g Speed in rpm :
6 w=1200;
7 // A b s o l u t e inlet angle in degrees :
8 al pha1 =30;
9 // Blade inlet angle in degrees :
10 b e t t a 1 =30;
11 // Blade outlet angle in degrees :
12 b e t t a 2 =60;
13 // D e n s i t y of air in kg /m ˆ 3
14 p=1.23;
4 [ nQ mQ]= s i z e (Q) ;
5 [ nps mps]= s i z e ( ps ) ;
6 [ npd mpd]= s i z e ( pd ) ;
7 [ nI mI]= s i z e ( I ) ;
8 // C o r r e c t measured static pressures to he pump
centreline p1 , p2 ( i n psig ) :
9 j =1:mps ;
10 p1=ps ( j )+px∗g∗ z s /144
11 j =1:mpd ;
12 p2=pd ( j )+px∗g∗ zd /144
13 // The value of Pump head ( in feet ) :
77
14 j =1:mps ;
15 Hp=(p2 ( j )−p1 ( j ) ) / ( px∗g ) ∗144
16 // V a l u e s of Hydraulic Power delivered ( in hp ) :
17 j =1:mps ;
18 Wh=Q( j ) . ∗ ( p2 ( j )−p1 ( j ) ) / 7 . 4 8 / 6 0 ∗ 1 4 4 / 5 5 0
19 // V a l u e s of motor power output ( in hp ) :
20 j =1:mI ;
21 Pin=Effm∗ sqrt ( 3 ) ∗PF∗E∗ I ( j ) /746
22 // V a l u e s of Pump Effi ciecy :
23 j =1:mI ;
24 E f f p= Wh( j ) . / Pin ( j ) ∗100
25 // P l o t t i n g pump c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
26 plot (Q, Hp , ”−o” )
27 plot (Q, Pin , ”−+” )
28 plot (Q, Effp , ”−∗” )
29 x t i t l e ( ’Pump C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ’ , ’ Volume f l o w r a t e ( i n
gpm) ’ , [ ’Pump E f f i c i n c y (%) ’,’ Pump Head ( i n
feet ) ’,’ Pump Power i n p u t ( i n hp ) ’ ])
30 l e g e n d ( ’Hp ’ , ’ Pin ’ , ’ E f f p ’ )
1 // Rate of flow in gm :
2 Q=[0 500 800 1000 1100 1200 1400 1 5 0 0 ] ;
3 // S u c t i o n pressure in psig :
4 ps =[ 0 . 6 5 0 . 2 5 −0.35 −0.92 −1.24 −1.62 −2.42 − 2 . 8 9 ] ;
5 // D i s c h a r g e pressure in psig :
6 pd = [ 5 3 . 3 4 8 . 3 4 2 . 3 3 6 . 9 33 2 7 . 8 1 5 . 3 7 . 3 ] ;
7 // Motor Current in amps :
8 I =[18 2 6 . 2 31 3 3 . 9 3 5 . 2 3 6 . 3 38 3 9 ] ;
9 // A c c e l e r a t i o n due to gravity in ft / s ˆ2:
10 g =32.2;
11 // Value of Zs in feet
12 z s =1;
13 // D e n s i t y of air in slug / ft ˆ3:
14 px = 1 . 9 4 ;
15 // Value of ZD in feet :
16 zd =3;
78
17 // D e n s i t y of fluid in slug / ft ˆ3:

18 py =1000;
19 // Motor Efficiency :
20 Effm = 0 . 9 ;
21 // Motor Supply in volts :
22 E=460;
23 // Power Factor :
24 PF= 0 . 8 7 5 ;
79
4 // S p e c i f i c speed in Us customary units :
5 Nscu=N∗Qus ˆ 0 . 5 / Hus ˆ 0 . 7 5
6 // C o n v e r s i o n to SI units :
7 w=1170∗2∗%pi / 6 0 ;
8 Qsi=Qus / 7 . 4 8 / 6 0 ∗ 0 . 3 0 5 ˆ 3 ;
9 Hsi=Hus ∗ 0 . 3 0 5 ;
10 // Energy per unit mass is :
11 h=g∗ Hsi ;
12 // S p e c i f i c speed in SI units :
13 N s s i=w∗ Qsi ˆ 0 . 5 / h ˆ 0 . 7 5
14 // C o n v e r s i o n to hertz :
15 whz=N/ 6 0 ;
16 // S p e c i f i c speed in European units :
17 Nseu=whz∗ Qsi ˆ 0 . 5 / 6 5 . 5 ˆ 0 . 7 5
18 // R e l a t i o n between s p e c i f i c speeds in Us customary
units and European units :
19 C o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r 1=Nscu/Nseu
20 // R e l a t i o n between s p e c i f i c speeds in Us customary
units and SI units :
21 C o n v e r s i o n f a c t o r 2=Nscu/ N s s i
23 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n S p e c i f i c speed i n US customary u n i t s : %. 3 f
\n\n” , Nscu )
24 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n S p e c i f i c speed i n SI u n i t s : %. 3 f \n\n” , N s s i
)
25 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n S p e c i f i c s p e e d i n European u n i t s : %. 3 f \n\n”
, Nseu )
26 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n R e l a t i o n between s p e c i f i c s p e e d s i n Us
customary u n i t s and European u n i t s : %. 3 f \n\n” ,
Conversionfactor1 )
27 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n R e l a t i o n between s p e c i f i c s p e e d s i n Us
customary u n i t s and SI u n i t s : %. 3 f \n\n” ,
Conversionfactor2 )
80
1 // Head in Us customary units :
2 Hus = 2 1 . 9 ;
3 // Volume flow rate in US customary units :
4 Qus=300;
5 // Working seed in rpm :
6 N=1170;
7 // A c e l e r a t i o n due to graviy in m/ s ˆ 2
8 g =9.81;
4 // Volume flow rate ( in gpm ) at shut off condition for N2
:
5 Q2so=N2/N1∗Q1so
6 // Volume flow ( in gpm ) rate at best e f f i c i e n c y for N2 :
7 Q2be=N2/N1∗Q1be
8 // R e l a t i o n between pump heads :
9 h e a d r e l a t i o n =(N2/N1) ˆ2
10 // Head ( in feet ) at shut off condition for N2 :
11 H2so=(N2/N1) ˆ2∗ H1so
12 // Head ( in feet ) at best e f f i c i e n c y condition for N2 :
13 H2be=(N2/N1) ˆ2∗ H1be
14 Q1=[Q1so Q1be ] ;
15 Q2=[Q2so Q2be ] ;
16 H1=[H1so H1be ] ;
17 H2=[H2so H2be ] ;
18 plot (Q1 , H1 , ”−o” )
19 plot (Q2 , H2 , ”−∗” )
20 x t i t l e ( ’ Comparison o f head f o r both c o n d i t i o n s ’ , ’ Volume
Flow Rate ’ , ’ Head ’ )
21 l e g e n d ( ’ 1170 ’ , ’ 1750 ’ )
81
1 // Volume flow rate ( in gpm ) at shut off condition for N1
:
2 Q1so =0;
3 // Volume flow ( in gpm ) rate at best e f f i c i e n c y for N1 :
4 Q1be=300;
5 // Head ( in feet ) at shut off condition for N1 :
6 H1so =25;
7 // Head ( in feet ) at best e f f i c i e n c y condition for N1 :
8 H1be =21.9
9 // O p e r a t i o n Speed 1:
10 N1=1170;
11 // O p e r a t i o n speed 2:
12 N2=1750;
4 // D i a m e t e r of pipe ( in feet ) :
5 Df= Di /12
6 // Area of crossection of pipe ( in ft ˆ2) :
7 A=%pi /4∗ Df ˆ2
8 // V e l o c i t y of flow ( in ft / sec ) :
9 V=Q/ 7 . 4 8 /A/60
10 // For water at T = 8 0 F , v i s c o s i t y = 0 . 9 2 7 e −5 f t ˆ2/ sec ,
Reynolds number :
11 Re=V∗Df/v
12 // F r i c t i o n loss Coefficient for this value of Re :
13 f =0.0237;
14 // For cast iron , roughness ( in feet ) :
15 e =0.00085
16 // e /D is :
17 e /Df
18 // T o t a l head loss ( in feet ) :
19 HL=K+f ∗(SE+OGV)+f ∗(L/Df )+1
20 // The heads are ( in feet ) :
82
83
21 H1=patm ∗144/( p∗g )
22 Vh=Vˆ2/2/ g
23 // S u c t i o n head ( in feet ) :
24 Hs=H1+h−HL∗Vh
25 / / NPSHA ( i n feet ) :
26 NPSHA=Hs+Vh−Hv1
27 // For a flow rate of 1000 gpm , NPSHR ( i n feet ) for water
at 80 F
28 NPSHR=10
29 / / PLOTTING NPSHA AND NPSHR VERSUS VOLUME FLOW RATE :
30 // For 80 F
31 Qp= 0 : 1 0 0 : 1 5 0 0 ;
32 [ nQp mQp]= s i z e (Qp) ;
33 for j =1:mQp;
34 Vp( j )=Qp( j ) / ( 7 . 4 8 ∗A∗60) ;
35 Vhp( j ) =(Vp( j ) ) ˆ2/2/ g ;
36 Hs ( j )=H1+h−HL∗Vhp( j ) ;
37 end
38
39 for j =1:mQp;
40 NPSHAp1( j )=Hs ( j ) +(Vhp( j ) )−Hv1 ;
41 end
42
43 plot (Qp, NPSHAp1, ”−+” )

44 plot (Qh, NPSHRp, ”−o” )
45 x t i t l e ( ’ S u c t i o n head vs Flow r a t e ’ , ’ Volume f l o w r a t e (
gpm) ’ , ’ S u c t i o n Head ( f e e t ) ’ ) ;
46 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nType ( Resume ) t o c o n t i n u e o r ( a b o r t ) t o end
\n\n” )
47 l e g e n d ( ’NPSHA ’ , ’NPSHR ’ )
48 pause
49 clf
50
51 // For 180 F
52 for j =1:mQp;
53 NPSHAp2( j )=Hs ( j ) +(Vhp( j ) )−Hv2 ;
54 end
55 plot (Qp, NPSHAp2, ”−+” )
84
56 plot (Qh, NPSHRp, ”−o” )
57 x t i t l e ( ’ S u c t i o n head vs Flow r a t e ’ , ’ Volume f l o w r a t e (
gpm) ’ , ’ S u c t i o n Head ( f e e t ) ’ ) ;
58 l e g e n d ( ’NPSHA ’ , ’NPSHR ’ )
60 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nNPSHA a t Q=1000 gpm o f water a t 80 F : %. 2 f
f t \n\n” ,NPSHA)
61 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nNPSHR a t Q=1000 gpm o f water a t 80 F : %. 1 f
f t \n\n” ,NPSHR)
1 // For 5 inch nominal pipe line , diameter D:

2 Di = 5 . 0 4 7 ;
3 // Length of p i p e l i n e ( in feet ) :
4 L=6;
5 // Operatng spped ( in rpm ) :
6 N=1750;
7 // Water level abovepump c e n t r e l i n e ( in feet ) :
8 h=3.5;
9 // T e m p e r a t u r e 1 of water ( in Farenheit ) :
10 T1=80;
11 // T e m p e r a t u r e 2 of water ( in Farenheit ) :
12 T2=180;
13 // Volume flow rate of water ( in gpm ) :
14 Q=1000;
15 // Minor loss C oe f f i cie n t s :
16 K= 0 . 5 ; SE=30; OGV=8;
17 // A t m o s p h e r i c pressure ( in lbf / in ˆ2) :
18 patm = 1 4 . 7 ;
19 // D e n s i t y of air ( slug / ft ˆ3) :
20 p=1.93;
22 g =32.2;
23 // Head ( in feet ) due to vapor pressure of water for T
=80 F :
24 Hv1 = 1 . 1 7 ;
85
Figure 10.3: Output graph-1 of S 10.08
25 // Head ( in feet ) due to vapor pressure of water for T

=180 F :
26 Hv2 = 1 7 . 3 ;
27 // K i n e m a t i c viscosity of water at 80 F :
28 v =0.927 e −5;
29 // Value of discharges for plotting NPSHR ( i n gpm ) :
30 Qh=[500 700 900 1100 1 3 0 0 ]
31 // V a l u e s of NPSHR obtained from Fig . D3 of appendix D:
32 NPSHRp=[7 8 9 . 5 12 1 6 ]
4 [ nQ mQ]= s i z e (Q1) ;
5 [ np mp]= s i z e ( p1 ) ;
6 [ nP mP]= s i z e ( P1 ) ;
7 // Volume flow rate for fan 2( in cfm ) :
86
8 j =1:mQ;
9 Q2=Q1( j ) ∗(N2/N1) ∗(D2/D1) ˆ3
10 // P r e s s u r e values for fan 2( in inches of H2O ) :
11 j =1:mp;
12 p2=p1 ( j ) ∗( d2/d1 ) ∗ ( ( N2/N1) ˆ 2 ) ∗ ( ( D2/D1) ˆ 2)
13 // Power values for fan 2( in hp ) :
14 j =1:mP;
15 P2=P1 ( j ) ∗( d2/d1 ) ∗ ( ( N2/N1) ˆ 3 ) ∗ ( ( D2/D1) ˆ5 )
16 plot (Q2 , p2 )
17 x t i t l e ( ’ Performance c u r v e s ’ , ’ Volume f l o w r a t e ( i n cfm ) ’ ,
’ P r e s s u r e head ( i n i n c h e s o f water ) ’ )
18 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nType ( resume ) t o c o n t i n u e o r ( abort ) to
e x i t \n\n” )
19 pause
20 clf
21 plot (Q2 , P2 )
’ Power ( i n hp ) ’ )
23 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nType ( resume ) t o c o n t i n u e o r ( abort ) to
87
e x i t \n\n” )
24 pause
25 clf
26 plot (Q2 , E f f )
’ Eficiency ( in percentage ) ’ )
28 // S p e c i f i c speed of fan ( in US customary units ) at
operating point :
29 Nscu= 1 1 5 0 ∗ 1 1 0 0 0 0 ˆ 0 . 5 0 ∗ 0 . 0 4 5 ˆ 0 . 7 5 / 7 . 4 ˆ 0 . 7 5
30 // S p e c i f i c speed of fan ( in SI units ) at operating
point :
31 N s s i = 1 2 0 ∗ 3 1 1 0 ˆ 0 . 5 ∗ 0 . 7 2 1 ˆ 0 . 7 5 / 1 . 8 4 e3 ˆ 0 . 7 5
1 // D i a m e t e r of fan 1 ( in inches ) :
2 D1=36;
3 // O p e r a t i n g speed of fan 1( in rpm ) :
4 N1=600
5 // D e n s i t y of air used in fan 1( in lbm / f t ˆ 3 ) :
6 d1 = 0 . 0 7 5 ;
7 // D i a m e t e r of fan 2( in inches ) :
8 D2=42;
9 // O p e r a t i n g speed of fan 2( in rpm ) :
10 N2=1150;
11 // D e n s i t y of aif usd in fan 2( in lbm / f t ˆ 3 ) :
12 d2= 0 . 0 4 5 ;
13 // The following values are obtained from the given
graph
14 // V a l u e s of volume flow rate ( in cfm ) through fan 1:
15 Q1= [ 0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000 6 0 0 0 0 ] ;
16 // V a l u e s of pressure ( in inches of H2O ) :
17 p1=[ 3 . 6 8 3 . 7 5 3 . 5 0 2 . 9 6 2 . 1 2 1 . 0 2 0 ] ;
18 // V a l u e s of power ( in hp ) :
19 P1=[ 1 1 . 1 1 5 . 1 1 8 . 6 2 1 . 4 2 3 . 1 2 3 . 1 2 1 . 0 ] ;
20 // E f f i c i e n c y ( in %) :
21 E f f =[0 37 59 65 57 34 0 ] ;
88
89
90
4 // From given graph , for maximum delivery condition , Q
= 4 8 . 5 gpm .
5 // Volume of oil per revolution delivered by the pump ( i n
in ˆ3/ rev ) :
6 vc=Qe/N∗231
7 // V o l u m e t r i c Effciency of pump at max flow :
8 E f f v=vc / va
9 // O p e r a t i n g point of the pump is found to be at 1500
p s i g , Q = 4 6 . 5 gpm
10 // Power delivered by the f l u i d ( in hp ) :
11 Pf=Qo∗ po1 / 7 . 4 8 / 6 0 ∗ 1 4 4 / 5 5 0
12 // I n p u t power ( in hp ) :
13 Pi=Pf / E f f p
14 // The power delivered to the load ( in hp ) :
15 Pl=Q∗( po1 ) / 7 . 4 8 / 6 0 ∗ 1 4 4 / 5 5 0
16 // Power dissipated by t h r o t t l i n g ( in hp ) :
17 Pd=Pf−Pl
18 // The dissipation with the variable displacement pump (
in hp ) :
19 Pvd=Q∗( po2−po1 ) / 7 . 4 8 / 6 0 ∗ 1 4 4 / 5 5 0
20 // Power required for te load sensing pump if pump
pressure is 100 psi above that required by the load (
in hp ) :
21 P l s=Q∗ 1 0 0 / 7 . 4 8 / 6 0 ∗ 1 4 4 / 5 5 0
23 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nVolume o f o i l p er r e v o l u t i o n d e l i v e r e d by
t he pump : %. 3 f i n ˆ3/ r e v \n\n” , vc )
24 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nRequired pump power i n p u t : %. 3 f hp\n\n” , Pi )
25 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nPower d e l i v e r d t o th e l o a d : %. 3 f hp\n\n” , Pl
)
26 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nPower d i s s i p a t e d by t h r o t t l i n g : %. 3 f hp\n\n
” ,Pd)
27 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nThe d i s s i p a t i o n with th e v a r i a b l e
91
d i s p l a c e m e n t pump : %. 3 f hp\n\n” , Pvd )
28 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nPower r e q u i r e d f o r t e l o a d s e n s i n g pump i f
pump p r e s s u r e i s 100 p s i above t h a t r e q u i r e d by t he
l o a d : %. 3 f hp\n\n” , P l s )
1 // O p e r a t i o n speed ( in rpm ) :
2 N=2000;
3 // Volume flow rate ( in gpm ) :
4 Q=20;
5 // P r e s s u r e ( in psig ) :
6 p=1500;
7 // A c t u a l Pump Displacement ( in ˆ3/ rev ) :
8 va = 5 . 9 ;
9 // Volume flow rate at operating condition ( in gpm ) :
10 Qo= 4 6 . 5 ;
11 // Volume flow rate at maximum delivery ( in gpm ) :
12 Qe = 4 8 . 5 ;
13 // P r e s s u r e at operation condition ( in psi ) :
14 po1 =1500;
15 // E f f i c i e n c y of pump at operating condition :
16 Effp =0.84;
17 // P r e s s u r e at operating condition case 2( in psig ) :
18 po2 =3000;
4 // P r o p e l l e r Thrust ( in MN ) :
5 Ft=P/V
6 // R e q u i r e d power input to the p r o p e l l e r ( in MW ) :
7 Pin=P/ E f f
8 // C a l c u l a t i n g value of D( in m) :
9 nD=V/J
10 D=(Ft ∗10ˆ6/ p / (nD) ˆ2/ Cf ) ˆ 0 . 5
92
11 // O p e r a t i n g speed ( in rpm ) is given by :
12 n=nD/D∗60
14 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nDiameter o f t h e s i n g l e p r o p e l l e r r e q u i r e d
t o pwer t h e s h i p :%. 3 f m\n\n” ,D)
15 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nOperating speed o f th e p r o p e l l e r : %. 3 f rpm\
n\n” , n )
1 // T o t a l propulsion power requirement ( in MW ) :

2 P= 1 1 . 4 ;
3 // From the given curves , Value of c o e f f i c i e n t s atoptimum
e f f i c i e n c y are as follows :
4 // Speed of advance c o e f f i c i e n t :
5 J =0.85;
6 // Thrust Coefficient :
7 Cf = 0 . 1 ;
8 // Torque Coefficint :
9 Ct = 0 . 0 2 ;
10 // E f f i c i e n c y :
11 Eff =0.66;
12 // V e l o c i t y of ship ( in m/ s e c ) :
13 V= 6 . 6 9 ;
15 p=1025;
4 // Tip speed ratio of windmill :
5 X=N∗2∗ %pi /60∗D/2/(V∗5/18)
6 // A c c o u n t i n g for w h i r l , max attainable e f f i c i e n c y is :
7 Efw = 0 . 5 3 ;
8 // K i n e t i c energy flux ( in W) is given by :
9 KEF=0.5∗p ∗(V∗5/18) ˆ3∗ %pi ∗(D/ 2 ) ˆ2
93
10 // A c t u a l Efficiency :
11 E f f a=Po/KEF
12 // The maximum possible thrust occurs for an
interference factor of :
13 amax = 0 . 5 ;
14 // Thrust ( in W) :
15 Kx=p ∗(V∗5/18) ˆ2∗ %pi ∗(D/ 2 ) ˆ2∗2∗amax∗(1−amax )
17 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nTip speed r a t i o o f w i n d m i l l :%. 3 f \n\n” ,X)
18 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nActual E f f i c i e n c y : %. 3 f \n\n” , E f f a )
19 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nActual Thrust : %. 3 f W\n\n” ,Kx)
1 // D i a m e t e r of windmill ( in m) :
2 D=26;
3 // O p e r a t i n g speed ( in rpm ) :
4 N=20;
5 // Wind speed ( in km / h r ) :
6 V=36;
7 // Power Output ( in W) :
8 Po=41000;
9 // Maximum e f f i c i e n c y occurs in following conditions :
10 // E f f i c i e n c y :
11 Eff =0.593;
12 // I n t e f e r e n c e Factor :
13 a =1/3;
15 p=1.23;
94
Chapter 11
Introduction to Compressible
Flow
11.1 Discussion
the question
When S 11.03 is executed, we get Fig. 11.1.
11.2 Scilab Code

4 // D e n s i t y of air at entry :
5 d1=p1 ∗10ˆ3/R/T1
6 // Area ( in mˆ2) :
7 A=m/d1/V1
8 // Change in enthalpy of air ( in kJ / kg ) :
9 dh=cp ∗(T2−T1)
10 // Change in internal energy of air ( in kJ / kg ) :
95
11 du=cv ∗(T2−T1)
12 // Change in entropy ( in k J / ( k g −K ) ) :
13 ds=cp ∗ log (T2/T1)−R/1000∗ log ( p2/p1 )
15 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nDuct Area : %. 3 f mˆ2\n\n” ,A)
16 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nChange i n e n t h a l p y o f a i r : %. 3 f kJ / kg\n\n” ,
dh )
17 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nChange i n i n t e r n a l e n e r g y o f a i r :%. 3 f kJ / kg
\n\n” , du )
18 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nChange i n e n t r o p y : %. 3 f kg−K\n\n” , ds )
1 // T e m p e r a t u r e of air entering the cold section ( in K) :

2 T1=440;
3 // A b s o l u t e pressure of air entering the cold section ( in
kPa ) :
4 p1 =188;
5 // V e l o c i t y of air entering the cold section ( in m/ s e c ) :
6 V1=210;
7 // T e m p e r a t u r e of air at outlet :( in K)
8 T2=351;
9 // A b s o l u t e pressure of air at outlet ( in kPa ) :
10 p2 =213;
11 // Rate of heat loss in the section ( in kJ / s e c ) :
12 // Gas Constant ( in N−m ) :
13 R= 2 8 7 ;
14 // Mass flow rate of air ( in kg / s e c ) :
15 m= 0 . 1 5 ;
16 // S p e c i f i c heat at constant pressue ( in k J / ( k g −K ) ) :
17 cp =1;
18 // S p e c i f i c energy at constant volume ( in k J / ( k g −K ) ) :
19 cv = 0 . 7 1 7 ;
96
4 // V a l u e s of a l t i t u d e ( in m) :
5 Al = 0 : 1 0 0 0 : 1 5 0 0 0
6 [ nAl mAl]= s i z e ( Al ) ;
7 // V a l u e s of temperature at given a l t i t u d e s ( in K) :
8 T= [ 2 8 8 . 2 2 8 1 . 7 2 7 5 . 2 2 6 8 . 7 2 6 2 . 2 2 5 5 . 7 2 4 9 . 2 2 4 2 . 7
236.2 229.7 223.3 216.8 216.7 216.7 216.7 2 1 6 . 7 ] ;
9 [ nT mT]= s i z e (T) ;
10 // V a l u e s of speed of sound at these a l t i t u d e s ( in m/ s e c )
:
11 j =1:mT;
12 c=sqrt ( k∗R∗T( j ) )
13 // Speed of sound at sea l e v e l ( in m/ s e c ) :
14 c1=sqrt ( k∗R∗T( 1 ) )
15 plot ( c , Al )
16 x t i t l e ( ’ V a r i a t i o n o f sound speed with a l t i t u d e ’ , ’ Speed
o f sound (m/ s e c ) ’ , ’ A l t i t u d e (m) ’ )
18 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nSpeed o f sound a t s e a l e v e l : %. 3 f m/ s e c \n\n
” , c1 )
1 // Value of k :
2 k =1.4;
3 // Gas Constant ( in K j / ( k g −K ) ) :
4 R=287;
4 // Mach number at entry :
5 M1=V1/ sqrt ( k∗R∗T1)
6 // S t a g n a t i o n pressure at entry ( in kPa ) :
7 p01=p1 ∗(1+(k−1)/2∗M1ˆ 2 ) ˆ ( k / ( k−1) )
97
98
8 // S t a g n a t i o n temperature at entry ( in K) :
9 T01=T1∗(1+(k−1)/2∗M1ˆ 2 )
10 // S t a t i c pressure at exit ( in kPa ) :
11 p2=p02 /(1+(k−1)/2∗M2ˆ 2 ) ˆ ( k / ( k−1) )
12 // T e m p e r a t u r e at exit ( in K) :
13 T2=T02/(1+(k−1)/2∗M2ˆ 2 )
14 // Change in entropy ( in k J / k g −K ) :
15 ds=cp ∗ log (T2/T1)−R/1000∗ log ( p2/p1 )
17 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t e n t r y : %. 3 f kPa\n\n”
, p01 )
18 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t e n t r y : %. 3 f K\n\n
” , T01 )
19 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a t e x i t : %. 3 f kPa\n\n” , p2 )
20 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nTemperature a t e x i t : %. 3 f K\n\n” ,T2)
21 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nChange i n e n t r o p y : %. 3 f kJ /kg−K\n\n” , ds )
1 // P r e s s u r e at entry ( in kPa ) :
2 p1 =350;
3 // T e m p e r a t u r e at entry ( in K)
4 T1=333;
5 // V e l o c i t y at entry ( in m/ s ) :
6 V1=183;
7 // Mach no . at exit :
8 M2= 1 . 3 ;
9 // S t a g n a t i o n pressure at exit ( in kPa ) :
10 p02 =385;
11 // S t a g n a t i o n temperature at exit ( in K) :
12 T02=350;
13 // Value of k :
14 k =1.4;
15 // Gas constant ( in N−m / k g −K )
16 R=287;
17 // S p e c i f i c heat at constant p r e s s u r e ( k J / ( k g −K ) :
18 cp =1;
99
Chapter 12
Steady One-Dimensional
Compressible Flow
12.1 Discussion
the question
12.2 Scilab Code

4 // Here the stagnation quantities are constant .
5 // Stagnation temperature ( in K) :
6 T0=T1∗(1+(k−1)/2∗M1ˆ 2 )
7 // S t a g n a t i o n pressure ( in kPa ) :
8 p0=p1 ∗((1+( k−1)/2∗M1ˆ 2 ) ˆ ( k / ( k−1) ) )
9 // F i n d i n g T2 / T1 :
10 T=t 2 / t 1
100
12 T2=T∗T1
13 // F i n d i n g p2 / p1 :
14 P=P2/P1
15 // P r e s s u r e at exit ( in kPa ) :
16 p2=P2∗p1
17 // D e n s i t y of air at exit ( in kg /m ˆ 3 ) :
18 d2=p2 ∗10ˆ3/R/T2
19 // V e l o c i t y of air at exit ( in m/ s e c ) :
20 V2=M2∗ sqrt ( k∗R∗T2)
21 // F i n d i n g A2 / A1 :
22 a=a2 / a1
23 // Area at exit ( in mˆ2) :
24 A2=a∗A1
26 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e : %. 3 f K\n\n” ,T0)
27 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n S t a g a n t i o n p r e s s u r e : %. 3 f kPa\n\n” , p0 )
28 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nTemperature a e x i t %. 3 f K\n\n” ,T2)
29 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n P r e s s u r e a t e x i t : %. 3 f kPa\n\n” , p2 )
30 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nDensity o f a i r a t e x i t : %. 3 f kg /mˆ3\n\n” , d2
)
31 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n V e l o c i t y o f a i r a t e x i t : %. 3 f m/ s e c \n\n” ,V2
)
32 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nArea a t e x i t : %. 3 f \n\n” ,A2)

2 M1= 0 . 3 ;
3 // T e m p e r a t u r e at entry ( in K) :
4 T1=335;
5 // P r e s s u r e at entry ( in kPa ) :
6 p1 =650;
7 // Area at entry ( in mˆ2) :
8 A1= 0 . 0 0 1 ;
9 // Mach number at exit :
10 M2= 0 . 8 ;
11 // / Value of k :
12 k =1.4;
101
13 // For the Mach no : 0 . 3 :
14 / / T / T0 :
15 t 1 =0.9823 ,
16 // p / p0 :
17 P1 = 0 . 9 3 9 5 ;
18 // d / d0 :
19 den1 = 0 . 9 5 6 4 ;
20 //A/A ∗ :
21 a1 = 2 . 0 3 5 ;
22 // For the Mach no : 0 . 8 :
23 // T / T0 :
24 t2 =0.8865;
25 // p / p0 :
26 P2 = 0 . 6 5 6 0 ;
27 // d / d0 :
28 den2 = 0 . 7 4 0 0 ;
29 //A/A ∗ :
30 a2 = 1 . 0 3 8 ;
31 // Gas Constant ( in N−m / k g −K ) :
32 R=287;
4 // C h e c k i n g for chocking :
5 c=pb/p0 ;
6 i f ( c <=0.528)
7 // choked
8 else
9 // Not choked
10 // T h e r e f o r e pressure at exit = back pressure
11 pe=pb ;
12 // Mach number at exit :
13 Me=((( p0/ pe ) ˆ ( ( k−1)/k ) −1) ∗ ( 2 / ( k−1) ) ) ˆ 0 . 5
15 Te=T0/(1+(k−1)/2∗Meˆ2 )
102
16 // V e l o c i t y at exit ( in m/ s e c ) :
17 Ve=Me∗ sqrt ( k∗R∗Te )
18 // D e n s i t y at exit ( in kg /m ˆ 3 ) :
19 de=pe ∗10ˆ3/R/Te
20 // Mass flow rate of a i r ( kg / s e c ) :
21 m=de ∗Ve∗Ae
22 end ;
24 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nMach number a t e x i t : %. 3 f \n\n” ,Me)
25 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nMass f l o w r a t e o f a i r : %. 3 f kg / s e c \n\n” ,m)
1 // Throat area of nozzle ( in mˆ2) :

2 Ae = 0 . 0 0 1 ;
3 // Back pressure of air ( in kPa ) :
4 pb =591;
6 p0 =1000;
7 // S t a g n a t i o n temperature ( in K) :
8 T0=333;
10 R=287;
11 // Value of k :
12 k =1.4;
4 // S a t u r a t i o n pressure ( in psia ) :
5 p0=p1 ∗(1+(k−1)/2∗M1ˆ 2 ) ˆ ( k / ( k−1) )
6 // C h e c k i n g for choking :
7 x=pb/p0 ;
8 i f ( x >0.528)
9 // Not choked
10 else
103
11 // choked
12 end
13 // As there is choking :
14 Mt=1;
15 // V e l o c i t y at entry :
16 V1=M1∗ sqrt ( k∗R∗(T1+460) ∗ 3 2 . 2 )
17 // D e n s i t y at the entry ( in lbm / f t ˆ 3 ) :
18 d1=p1 / (R∗(T1+460) ) ∗144
19 // Mass flow rate ( in lbm / s e c ) :
20 m=d1∗V1∗A1
21 // F i n d i n g the valueof A1 / A ∗ ;
22 A=1/M1∗((1+( k−1)/2∗M1ˆ 2 ) /(1+(k−1) /2 ) ) ˆ ( ( k+1) / ( 2 ∗ ( k−1) ) )
23 // For choked flow , A t =A ∗
24 At=A1/A
26 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nMach number a t t h r o a t : %. 3 f \n\n” ,Mt)
27 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nMass f l o w r a t e : %. 3 f lbm/ s e c \n\n” ,m)
28 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nArea a t t h r o a t : %. 3 f f t ˆ2\n\n” , At )

2 M1= 0 . 5 2 ;
3 // T e m p e r a t u r e at entry ( in F) :
4 T1=40;
5 // P r e s s u r e at entry ( in psia ) :
6 p1 =60;
7 // Area at entry ( in ft ˆ2) :
8 A1= 0 . 0 1 3 ;
9 // Back pressure ( in psia ) :
10 pb=30;
11 // Gas Consant ( in f t − l b f / l b m −R )
12 R= 5 3 . 3 ;
13 // Value of k :
14 k =1.4;
104
4 // T e m p e r a t u r e at the throat ( in K) :
5 Tt=T0/(1+(k−1)/2∗Mtˆ 2)
6 // P r e s s u r e at throat ( in kPa ) :
7 pt=p0 ∗( Tt/T0) ˆ ( k / ( k−1) )
8 // D e n s i t y at throat ( in kg /m ˆ 3 ) :
9 dt=pt ∗1000/R/Tt
10 // V e l o c i t y at the throat ( in m/ s ) :
11 Vt=Mt∗ sqrt ( k∗R∗Tt )
12 // Value of At /A ∗ :
13 Ax=1/Mt∗((1+( k−1)/2∗Mtˆ 2) /(1+(k−1) /2 ) ) ˆ ( ( k+1) / ( 2 ∗ ( k−1) )
)
14 // S t a g n a t i o n properties are constant
15 // As a result pressure at exit ,
16 pe=pb ;
17 // The Mach number at the exit is therefore given by
18 Me=sqrt ( ( ( p0/ pe ) ˆ ( ( k−1)/k ) −1) ∗2/( k−1) )
19 // C a l c u l a t i n g the value of Ae / A ∗ :
20 Ay=1/Me∗((1+( k−1)/2∗Meˆ2 ) /(1+(k−1) /2 ) ) ˆ ( ( k+1) / ( 2 ∗ ( k−1) )
)
21 // Value of A∗( in mˆ2) :
22 A s t a r=Ae/Ay
23 // Area at throat ( in mˆ2) :
24 At=Ax∗ A s t a r
26 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nTemperature a t th e t h r o a t : %. 3 f K\n\n” , Tt )
27 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n P r e s s u r e a t t h r o a t : %. 3 f kPa\n\n” , pt )
28 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nDensity a t t h r o a t : %. 3 f kg /mˆ3\n\n” , dt )
29 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n V e l o c i t y a t t h e t h r o a t : %. 3 f m/ s e c \n\n” , Vt )
30 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nMach number a t th e e x i t : %. 3 f \n\n” ,Me)
31 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nArea a t t h r o a t : %. 3 f mˆ2\n\n” , At )
2 T0=350;
105
4 p0 =1000;
5 // Back Pressure ( in kPa ) :
6 pb =954;
7 // Mach number at throat :
8 Mt= 0 . 6 8 ;
10 Ae = 0 . 0 0 1 ;
11 // Value of k :
12 k =1.4;
14 R=287;
4 // Mach number at the exit :
5 Me=sqrt ( ( ( p0/ pe ) ˆ ( ( k−1)/k ) −1) ∗2/( k−1) )
7 Te=T0/(1+(k−1)/2∗Meˆ2 )
8 // Mass flow rate ( in kg / s ) :
9 m=pe ∗1000∗Me∗ sqrt ( k/R/Te ) ∗Ae
11 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nMach number a t th e e x i t : %. 3 f \n\n” ,Me)
12 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nMass f l o w r a t e : %. 3 f kg / s e c \n\n” ,m)
2 T0=350;
3 // S t a g n a t i o n pressure ( in kPa ) \
4 p0 =1000;
5 // P r e s s u r e at exit ( in kPa )
6 pe = 8 7 . 5 ;
7 // Back Pressure ( in kPa ) :
8 pb=50;
106
10 Ae = 0 . 0 0 1 ;
11 // Gas Constant ( in N−m / k g −K )
12 R=287;
13 // Value of k :
14 k =1.4;
4 // Mach umber at section 1:
5 M1=sqrt ( ( 2 / ( k−1) ∗ ( ( p0/p1 ) ˆ ( ( k−1)/k ) −1) ) )
6 // T e m p e r a t u r e at section 1( in K) :
7 T1=T0/(1+(k−1)/2∗M1ˆ 2 )
8 // D e n s i t y at section 1( in kg /m ˆ 3 ) :
9 d1=p1 ∗1000/R/T1
10 // V e l o c i t y at section1 ( in m/ s e c ) :
11 V1=M1∗ sqrt ( k∗R∗T1)
12 // Area at section 1( in mˆ2) :
13 A1=%pi /4∗Dˆ2
14 // Mass flow rate ( in kg / s e c ) :
15 m=d1∗A1∗V1
16 // Mach number at section 2:
17 M2=sqrt ( ( 2 / ( k−1) ) ∗ ( ( T0/T2) −1) )
19 V2=M2∗ sqrt ( k∗R∗T2)
21 d2=d1∗V1/V2
22 // P r e s s u r e at section 2( in kPa ) :
23 p2=d2 /1000∗R∗T2
24 // S t a g n a t i o n pressure at section 2( in kPa ) :
25 p02=p2 ∗(1+(k−1)/2∗M2ˆ 2 ) ˆ ( k / ( k−1) )
26 // F o r c e exerted on control volume by duct wall ( in N) :
27 F=(p2−p1 ) ∗1000∗A1+m∗(V2−V1)
29 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nMass f l o w r a t e : %. 3 f kg / s e c \n\n” ,m)
107
30 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nLocal i s e n t r o p i c s t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t
s e c t i o n 2 :%. 3 f kPa\n\n” , p02 )
31 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nForce e x e r t e d on c o n t r o l volume by duct
w a l l :%. 3 f N\n\n” ,F)
2 D=7.16∗10ˆ −3;
4 p0 =101;
6 T0=296;
8 p1 = 9 8 . 5 ;
10 T2=287;
11 // Gas constant ( in N−m / k g −K ) :
12 R=287;
13 // Value of k :
14 k =1.4;
5 M1= sqrt ( 2 / ( k−1) ∗ ( ( p0 / ( p0+p1 ) ) ˆ ( ( k−1)/k ) −1) )
7 T1=T0/(1+(k−1) /2∗(M1) ˆ2 )
8 V1=M1∗ sqrt ( k∗R∗T1)
10 p1=g∗dHg∗(760 −18.9) ∗10ˆ−3
12 d1=p1/R/T1
13 // At M1 = 0 . 1 9 0 ,
14 // ( p / p ∗) 1 :
108
15 P1=5.745
16 // ( f L m a x / Dh ) 1 :
17 F1=16.38
18 // Value of L13 ( in m) :
19 L13=F1∗D/ f
20 // Value of ( p/p ∗) 2:
21 P2=p2/p1∗P1
22 // For this value , Value of M2 is obtained as 0.4
23 M2= 0 . 4 ;
24 // For M=0.4 , fLmX /D = 2 . 3 0 9
25 F2=2.309
26 // Value of L23 ( in m) :
27 L23=F2∗D/ f
28 // Length of duct between section 1 and 2( in m) :
29 L12=L13−L23
31 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nLength o f duct r e q u i r e d f o r c h o k i n g from
s e c t i o n 1 : %3f m\n\n” , L13 )
32 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nMach number s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f \n\n” ,M2)
33 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ Length o f duct between s e c t i o n 1 and 2 : %. 3 f
m\n\n” , L12 )
2 T0=296;
3 // S t a g n a t i o n pressure ( in mm of Hg ) :
4 p0 =760;
5 // Gauge pressure at section 1( in mm of Hg ) :
6 p1 = −18.9;
7 // Gauge pressure at section2 ( in mm of Hg ) :
8 p2=−412;
9 // Mach number at 3:
10 M3=1;
11 // Gas constant :
12 R=287;
13 // D e n s i t y of m e r c u r y ( kg /m ˆ 3 ) :
14 dHg=13500;
109
16 g =9.8;
18 f =0.0235;
19 // D i a m e t e r of tube ( in m) :
20 D=7.16∗10ˆ −3;
21 // Value of k :
22 k =1.4;
4 // D e n s i t y at section 1( in lbm / f t ˆ 3 ) :
5 d1=p1 ∗144/R/T1
6 // V e l o c i t y at section 2( in ft / sec ) :
7 V2=(p1−p2 ) ∗144/ d1/V1∗32.2+V1
8 // D e n s i t y at section 2( in lbm / f t 3 ) :
9 d2=d1∗V1/V2
10 // T e m p e r a t u r e at section 2( in R) :
11 T2=p2/d2/R∗144
13 M2=V2/ sqrt ( k∗R∗ 3 2 . 1 6 ∗ T2)
14 // S t a g n a t i o n Temperature at section 2( in R) :
15 T02=T2∗(1+(k−1)/2∗M2ˆ 2 )
16 // S t a g n a t i o n pressure at section 2 ( in psia ) :
17 p02=p2 ∗( T02/T2) ˆ ( k / ( k−1) )
18 // Mach Number at section 1:
19 M1=V1/ sqrt ( k∗R∗ 3 2 . 1 6 ∗ T1)
20 // S t a g n a t i o n temperature at section 1( in R) :
21 T01=T1∗(1+(k−1)/2∗M1ˆ 2 )
22 // Energy added ( in Btu / lbm ) :
23 E=Cp∗( T02−T01 )
24 // Change in entropy ( in B t u / ( l b m −R ) ) :
25 dS=Cp∗ log (T2/T1) −(Cp−Cv) ∗ log ( p2/p1 )
27 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n V e l o c i t y a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f f t / s e c \n\n” ,V2)
110
28 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nDensity a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f lbm/ f t ˆ3\n\n” , d2
)
29 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nTemperature a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f R\n\n” ,T2)
30 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n S t a g n a t i o n Temperature a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f R
\n\n” , T02 )
31 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f p s i a
\n\n” , p02 )
32 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nEnergy added : %. 3 f Btu/lbm\n\n” ,E)
33 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nChange i n e n t r o p y : %. 3 f Btu / ( lbm−R) \n\n” , dS
)
1 // T e m p e r a t u r e at section 1( in R) :
2 T1=600;
3 // P r e s s u r e at section 1( in psia ) :
4 p1 =20;
5 // P r e s s u r e at section 2( in psia ) :
6 p2 =10;
7 // V e l o c i t y at section 1( in ft / s ) :
8 V1=360;
9 // Cross − s e c t i o n a l area of the duct ( in ft ˆ2) :
10 A= 0 . 2 5 ;
11 // Gas Constant ( in f t − l b f / l b m −R ) :
12 R= 5 3 . 3 ;
13 // Value of k :
14 k =1.4;
15 // S p e c i f i c heat at constant presure ( in B t u / l b m −R ) :
16 Cp= 0 . 2 4 ;
17 // S p e c i f i c heat at constant volume ( in B t u / l b m −R ) :
18 Cv= 0 . 1 7 1 ;
4 // Mach nuber at section 1:
111
5 M1=V1/ sqrt ( k∗R∗T1)
6 // For these value of M1 and M2 , t h e following values are
obtained :
7 / / ( To / T0 ∗ ) 1 :
8 t01 =0.7934;
9 / / ( T0 / T0 ∗ ) 2 :
10 t02 =0.9787;
11 // ( p0 / p0 ∗) 1 :
12 P01 = 1 . 5 0 3 ;
13 // ( p0 / p0 ∗) 2 :
14 P02 = 1 . 0 1 9 ;
15 // (T/T ∗) 1 :
16 t1 =0.5289;
17 // (T/T ∗) 2 :
18 t2 =0.9119;
19 // ( p / p ∗) 1 :
20 P1 = 0 . 3 6 3 6 ;
21 // ( p / p ∗) 2 :
22 P2 = 0 . 7 9 5 8 ;
23 // (V/V ∗) 1 :
24 v1 = 1 . 4 5 5 ;
25 // (V/V ∗) 2 :
26 v2 = 1 . 1 4 6 ;
27 // Value of T2 / T1 :
28 t=t 2 / t 1
30 T2=t ∗T1
31 // Value of p2 / p1 :
32 p=P2/P1
34 p2=p∗p1
35 // Value of V2 / V1 :
36 v=v2 / v1
38 V2=v∗V1
40 d2=p2 ∗1000/R/T2
41 // At M1 , T / T0 = 0 . 5 5 5 6
112
42 T01=T1 / 0 . 5 5 5 6
43 // At M2 , T / T0 = 0 . 7 7 6 4
44 T02=T2 / 0 . 7 7 6 4
45 // Heat added ( in kJ / kg ) :
46 E=Cp∗( T02−T01 )
47 // Change in e n t r o p y ( k J / k g −K ) :
48 dS=Cp∗ log (T2/T1)−R∗ log ( p2/p1 ) /1000
50 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nTemperature a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f K\n\n” ,T2)
51 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n P r e s s u r e a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f kPa\n\n” , p2 )
52 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n V e l o c i t y a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f m/ s e c \n\n” ,V2)
53 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nDensity a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f kg /mˆ3\n\n” , d2 )
54 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f K
\n\n” , T02 )
55 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nHeat added : %. 3 f kJ / kg \n\n” ,E)
56 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nChange i n e n t r o p y : %. 3 f kJ / kg \n\n” , dS )
2 T1=333;
4 p1 =135;
6 V1=732;
8 M2= 1 . 2 ;
9 // Gas constant ( in N−m / k g −K ) :
10 R=287;
11 // Value of k :
12 k =1.4;
13 // S p e c i f i c heat at constant presure ( in N−m / k g −K ) :
14 Cp=1;
113
5 d1=p1 ∗1000/R/T1
7 M1=V1/ sqrt ( k∗R∗T1)
8 // S t a g n a t i o n temperature at section 1( in K) :
9 T01=T1∗(1+(k−1)/2∗M1ˆ 2 )
11 p01=p1 ∗(1+(k−1)/2∗M1ˆ 2 ) ˆ ( k / ( k−1) )
12 // The following values are obtained from the appendix :
13 // po2 / p01 :
14 p0 = 0 . 7 2 0 9 ;
15 / / T2 / T1 :
16 T= 1 . 6 8 7 ;
17 // p2 / p1 :
18 p=4.5;
19 / / V2 / V1 :
20 V= 0 . 3 7 5 0 ;
21 // T e m p e r a t u r e at section 2 ( in K) :
22 T2=T∗T1
24 p2=p∗p1
26 V2=V∗V1
27 // D e n s i t y at section 2 ( in kg /m ˆ 3 ) :
28 d2=p2 ∗1000/R/T2
30 p02=p0∗ p01
31 // S t a g n a t i o n temperature at section 2( in K) :
32 T02=T01 ;
33 // Change in entropy ( in k J / ( k g −K ) ) :
34 dS=−R/1000∗ log ( p0 )
36 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nTemperature a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f K\n\n” ,T2)
37 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n P r e s s u r e a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f kPa\n\n” , p2 )
38 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n V e l o c i t y a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f m/ s e c \n\n” ,V2)
39 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ nDensity a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f kg /mˆ3\n\n” , d2 )
40 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n S t a g n a t i o n p r e s s u r e a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f kPa\
114
n\n” , p02 )
41 p r i n t f ( ”\n\nChange i n e n t r o p y : %. 3 f kg−K\n\n” , dS )
42 p r i n t f ( ”\n\ n S t a g n a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e a t s e c t i o n 2 : %. 3 f K
\n\n” , T02 )
2 T1=278;
4 p1 =65;
6 V1=668;
7 // Value of gas constant ( in N−m / k g −K ) :
8 R=287;
9 // Value of k :
10 k =1.4;
115

Scilab Code for Fox and McDonald's Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

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Scilab Code for Fox and McDonald's Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

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Scilab Code for

Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

College Teacher and Reviewer

1 Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

Authors: Robert W. Fox and Alan T. McDonald

Title: Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Place: New Delhi

List of Scilab Code 4

4 Basic Equations in Integral form for a Control Volume 23

5 Introducton to Differential Analysis of Fluid Motion 38

6 Incompressible Inviscid Flow 42

7 Dimensional Analysis and Simlitude 49

9 External Incompressible Viscous Flow 66

11 Introduction to Compressible Flow 95

12 Steady One-Dimensional Compressible Flow 100

3.1 Output graph of S 3.01 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

4.1 Output graph of S 4.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

7.1 Output graph of S 7.05 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

9.1 Output graph of S 9.08 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

10.1 Output graph of S 10.03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

11.1 Output graph of S 11.03 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

1.2 Scilab Code

Example 1.01d 1.01-data.sci

1 // Mass of oxygen present ( in kg ) :

Example 1.02 1.02.sce

Example 1.02d 1.02-data.sci

2.2 Scilab Code

5 // V i s c o s i t y in units of lbf −s / f t ˆ2:

Example 2.02d 2.02-data.sci

1 // Mass of oxygen present ( in kg ) :

3.2 Scilab Code

15 // P l o t t i n g tube daimeter and water level :

Example 3.01d 3.01-data.sci

Example 3.03 3.03.sce

1 // A c c e l e r a t i o n due to gravity ( in ft / sec ˆ2) :

Example 3.04 3.04.sci

Example 3.04d 3.04-data.sci

Example 3.05 3.05.sce

Example 3.05d 3.05-data.sci

Example 3.06 3.06.sce

Example 3.06d 3.06-data.sci

1 // P r e s s u r e apllied on the door ( in psfg ) :

Example 3.07 3.07.sce

Example 3.07d 3.07-data.sci

Basic Equations in Integral

4.2 Scilab Code

Example 4.01d 4.01-data.sci

Example 4.02 4.02.sce

16 // Mass flow rate across surface bc ( in kg / s e c ) :

Example 4.02d 4.02-data.sci

1 // Flow velocity ahead of the plate ( in m/ s e c ) :

Example 4.03 4.03.sce

1 // Volume of tank ( in mˆ3) :

Example 4.04 4.04.sce

13 function z=g (A) , z=−u1∗d∗V, endfunction

Example 4.04d 4.04-data.sci

1 // V e l o c i t y of water leaving the nozle ( in m/ s e c ) :

Example 4.05 4.05.sce

Example 4.05d 4.05-data.sci

Example 4.06 4.06.sce

Example 4.06d 4.06-data.sci