NANOTECHNOLOGY

Ch.Rajini i
ECE
M.V.S.R Engg College
chanti.sonu91@gmail.com
K.Divya
ECE
M.V.S.R Engg College
divya23291@gmail.com

INDEX

1) Abstract
2) Introduction.
3) Two style of technology.
4) What is Nanotechnology ?
5) Objectives.
6) Why is Nanotechnology happening ?
7) MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System)
8) Assemblers.
9) Positional assemblers.
10) Self-replication.
11) How long will it take to develop Nanotechnology?
12) Applications.
13) Drawbacks.
14) Conclusion.
 NANOTECHNOLOGY-THE TINY
REVOLUTION

ABSTRACT:
Nanotechnology is fundamentally a
materials science that has the following
characteristics:
• Research and development at
molecular or atomic levels, with
lengths ranging between about 1 to
100 nanometers.

• Creation and use of systems,

devices, and structures that have
• Nanotechnology refers to the
special functions or properties
projected ability to construct
because of their small size.
items from the bottom up, using
• Ability to control or manipulate techniques and tools being developed
matter on a molecular or atomic today to make complete, high
scale. performance products.

• Nanotechnology is a broad term

being applied wherever researchers
are dealing with the tiniest
fundamentals of matter, atoms and
molecules.

• The word "nano" means "dwarf" in

Greek: a nanometer is one millionth
of a millimeter.
 • Nanotechnology can change the
properties of surfaces to be treated in
an outstanding manner.
• A key understanding of
nanotechnology is that it offers not
just better products, but a vastly
improved manufacturing process.
• The real meaning of nanotechnology,
and why it is sometimes seen as "the
next industrial revolution."
average human hair is about 25,000
nanometers wide.
Nanotechnology offers great potential
for benefit to humankind, and also brings
severe dangers. While it is appropriate to
examine carefully the risks and possible
toxicity of nanoparticles. CRN's focus is on
designing and promoting mechanisms
for safe development and effective
administration of MM.

Nanoparticles take advantage of their

dramatically increased surface area to
volume ratio. When brought into a bulk
material, nanoparticles can strongly INTRODUCTION
influence the mechanical properties of the
material, like stiffness or elasticity.
Buckminsterfullerene C60, also known as
the buckyball, is a representative member of
the carbon structures known as fullerenes.
Viewed from the molecular level today's
Members of the fullerene family are a major
macroscopic manufacturing methods are
subject of research falling under the
crude and imprecise. Casting, milling,
nanotechnology umbrella.
welding and all the other traditional
Shortly after envisioned molecular
manufacturing methods spray atoms
machinery is created, it will result in
about in great statistical herds.
a manufacturing revolution, probably
Manufactured products are made from
causing severe disruption. It also has serious
atoms. The properties of those products
economic, social, environmental, and
depend on how those atoms are arranged.
military implications.
If atoms are arranged in one way, atoms
A nanometer is one billionth of a meter,
make up soil, air, and water, arranged
roughly the width of three or four atoms. The
 one way; they make up apple. If we tolerances is in the range of 0.1nm to
rearrange the atoms in coal can make 100nm plays a critical role’.
diamond even computer chips.
Defined in the broadest terms,
TWO STYLES OF TECHNOLOGY ’Nanotechnology’ refers to the
fabrication, study and use of materials,
The ancient style of technology that led
structures, device and system that range
from flint chips to silicon chips handles
from 1 to 100 nm in size.
atoms and molecules in bulk; call it bulk
technology. The new technology will
handle individual atoms and molecules
with control and precision; call it OBJECTIVES
molecular technology. It will change 1. Get essentially every atom in the
our world in more ways than we can right place.
imagine. We can use the terms 2. Make almost any structure consistent
"Nanotechnology" and "molecular with the laws of physics that we can
technology" interchangeably to describe specify in molecular detail.
the new style of technology. 3. Have manufacturing costs not greatly
Microcircuits have parts measured in exceeding the cost of the required
micrometers - that is, in millionths of a raw materials and energy.
meter - but molecules are measured in 4. Operate at the most fundamental
nanometers (a thousand times smaller). level (here atoms and molecules,
The engineers of the new technology will instead of bits and bytes),
build both nanocircuits and 5. Work very fast, because it works at a
nanomachines. very small scale,
6. As today's computers are showing up
1. WHAT IS in more and more products,
NANOTECHNOLOGY? nanocomputers and nanodefined
materials will be able to improve just
It is defined as ‘that area of science and
about any object we use, including
technology where dimensions and
our own bodies.
WHY IS NANOTECHNOLOGY bigger a grain of sand. The MEMS
HAPPENING? devices are complex machines makes
that intelligent. Microelectronic
According to Moore’s Law “The
integrated circuits can be thought of as
number of transistors on a chip doubles
the "brains" of a system and MEMS
every 18 months and new micro
augments this decision-making capability
transistors are crammed onto the tiny
with "eyes" and "arms", to allow
chipset for more performance.” Going by
microsystems to sense and control the
this law, experts are of the opinion that
environment. Sensors gather information
sooner the current standards would no
from the environment through measuring
longer be feasible for further
mechanical, thermal, etc. The electronics
development and the hardware would be
then process the information derived
needed to change considerably. This is
from the sensors and through some
where Nanotechnology comes into the
decision making capability direct the
picture.
actuators to respond by moving,
positioning, etc thereby controlling the
MEMS (MICRO-ELECTRO-
environment for some desired outcome
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS)
or purpose. MEMS promises to
The marriage of the electrical and revolutionize nearly every product
mechanical system on the single chip has category by bringing together silicon-
led to the development of micro based microelectronics with
electrical system also called the micromachining technology, making
mircomachines. This technology possible the realization of complete
allowing the development of smart systems-on-a-chip
products, augmenting the computational
ability of microelectronics with the ASSEMBLERS
perception and control capabilities of
“Nano assemblers are programmable
microsensors and microactuators and
machines that can do unlimited tasks in
expanding the space of possible designs
the physical world, the world of matter.”
and applications. The MEMS is typically
Load the right software and the same
thinner than the human hair and no
machines can take out the garbage, paint
 your car, or construct an office building,
etc. These basic nano-workhorses are
called assemblers. Imagine a single
assembler about a billion atoms in size,
placed in a closed system filled with fuel
and building material. Assuming the
exponential growth, an assembler could
build a copy of it self in a little over 1000
seconds. The new assembler would
immediately being building, and there
would be two more in another 1000
seconds. In 10 hours, there are 68 billion
assemblers. Gives unlimited fuel and
building material, assemblers would
outweigh the Earth in about 2 days.
Anything the laws of nature will allow
can be assembled. In large groups,
devices may be termed as macro sized
“nanobots”. This is the beginning of
“Digital matter”.
There are two more concepts commonly
associated with Nanotechnology:
 Positional assembly.
 Self-replication.
POSITIONAL ASSEMBLY
Positional assembly to get the right
molecular parts in the right places. It is
frequently used in normal macroscopic
manufacturing today, and provides
tremendous advantages. The idea of
manipulating and positioning individual
atoms and molecules is still new and
takes some getting used to. We need to
apply at the molecular scale the concept
that has demonstrated its effectiveness at
the macroscopic scale: making parts go
where we want by putting them where
we want! Almost any manufactured
product could be improved, often by
several orders of magnitude, if we could
precisely control its structure at the
molecular level. We often want our
products to be light and strong. Yet all
share a common problem: we can't yet
economically make them in the exact
shapes that we want.
SELF REPLICATION
The artificial self-replicating systems
that have been envisioned for molecular
manufacturing bears about the same
degree of similarity to their biological
counterparts as a car might bear to a
horse. Horses and cars both provide
transportation. Horses, however, can get
their energy from corn, hay, straw, grass,
and countless other types of "fuel." A car
uses only a single artificial and carefully
refined source of energy. Putting sugar or
straw into its gas tank is not
recommended! The machines that people
make tend to be inflexible and brittle in
response to changes in their
environments. By contrast, living
biological systems are wonderfully
flexible and adaptable. Horses can pick
their way along a narrow trail or jump
over shrubs; they get "parts" (from their
food) in the same flexible way they get
energy; and they have a remarkable self-
repair ability. Cars, on the other hand,
need roads on which to travel; are often
difficult to repair; and in general are
simply unable to cope with a complex
environment. They work because we
want them to work.
In the same way, the artificial self-
replicating systems that are being
proposed for molecular manufacturing
are inflexible and brittle. It's difficult
enough to design a system able to self-
replicate in a controlled environment.
Designing a system that uses a single
source of energy is both much easier to
do and produces a much more efficient
system: the horse pays for its ability to
eat potatoes when grass isn't available by
being less efficient at both. For artificial
systems we wish to decrease design
complexity and increase efficiency.
Horses can manufacture the many
complex proteins and molecules they
need from whatever food happens to be
around. Again, they pay for this
flexibility by having an intricate
digestive system able to break down food
into its constituent molecule’s. Artificial
self replicating systems will be both
simpler and more efficient if most of this
burden is off-loaded by giving them the
odd compounds and than forcing the
device to make everything itself -- a
process that is both less efficient and
more complex to design.
Self replication is but one of
many abilities that living systems
exhibit. Copying that one ability in an
artificial system will be challenge
enough without attempting to emulate
their many other remarkable abilities.
NANOTUBES
Nanotubes are the tiny tubes of carbon
about 10000 times thinner than human
hair. These consist of rolled up sheets of
carbon hexagons. Discovered in 1991 by
researchers at NEC, these have the
potential for use as miniscule wires or in
ultra small electronic devices. To built
ultra small electronic devices, scientist
must be able to manipulate the nanotubes
in a controlled way.
An atomic force microscope, an
instrument whose tip can apply
accurately measured force to atoms and
molecules, have recently devised a
means of changing a nanotube’s position,
shape and orientation, and have also
succeeded in cutting and bending it. By
applying particularly large forces, able to
cut the nanotubes. For that to happen,
however, the nanotubes had to be
anchored to the surface more firmly than
normal; by means of chemical bonds
rather than the physical van der waals
force.
The important conclusion that the
van der waal interaction between the
nanotubes and the surface on which they
rest is itself strong enough to change the
shape of nanotubes. In general, they tend
to adapt to the shape of the surface on
which they sit by bending and becoming
slightly squashed. Those changes can
cause the properties of nanotubes on the
surface to differ from those of perfect
nanotubes, which are straight and
circular cross-section. This raises the
possibility of tailoring nanotubes
property by intentionally changing theirs
shapes.
As the electronic circuit on computer
chips become smaller and smaller,
conventional transistor run into physical
limitations caused by extreme
miniaturization. Nanotubes hold the
promise of creating novel device, such as
carbon base single electron transistor,
that will allow the miniaturization to
continue beyond the limit of current
silicon based device technology. IBM
scientist are now examing the basic
properties of the carbon nanotubes
and the feasibility of using them as the
basis for a new class of nanoelectronic
device.
HOW LONG WILL IT TAKE TO
DEVELOP NANOTECHNOLOGY?
Perhaps the most commonly asked
question about Nanotechnology is: how
long will it take to develop?
As the underlying technology
base has changed dramatically. From
relays to vacuum tubes to transistors to
integrated circuits to VLSI to ULSI. We
have seen steady declines in the size and
cost and steady increases in their
performance. In short, if we're to keep
the computer hardware revolution on
schedule then it seems we'll have to
develop Nanotechnology in the 2010 to APPLICATIONS
2020 time frame. We can confidently
This section will focus on
state that no fundamental law of nature
Nanotechnology application to Medicine,
prevents us from developing
Space, Computers, The Environment,
Nanotechnology on schedule (or even
etc.
faster), there is equally no law of nature
that says the trends of the past must
TRILLION-BIT DATA STORAGE
continue unchanged into the future, or
DENSITY
that this schedule will not slip. The
August 1995 issue of Wired magazine A data storage of a trillion-bits per
has estimates by five experts (all have sq.inch-20 times higher than the densest
Ph.D.’s) the answers were given in magnetic storage available today. This
tabular form. remarkable density, enough to store 25
Birge million printed textbook pages on a
Brenner Drexle Hall Smalley surface the size of a postage stamp –in a
Molecular Assembler: 2005 2025 research project code –named Millipede.
2015 2010 2000
Rather than using traditional
Nanocomputer: 2040 2040
magnetic or electronic means to store
2017 2010 2100
data Millipede uses thousand of nano-
Cell Repair: 2030 2035
sharp tips to punch indentations
2018 2050 2010
presenting individual bits into a thin
Commercial product: 2002 2000
plastic film. The result is akin to a nano-
2015 2005 2000
tech version of the venerable data
Nanotech laws: 1998 2036
processing ‘punch card’ developed more
2015 1995 2000
than 110 years ago, but with 2 crucial
We need to remember, though, that
differences: the Millipede technology is
how long it takes depends on what we do
rewritable, may be able to store more
(or don't do). To quote: "The best
than 3 billion bits of data in the space
way to predict the future is to invent it."
occupied by just 1 hole in a standard
punch card.
 Scientists believe still higher NANOCOMPUTERS
level of storage density is possible. The fastest computers will use electronic
“Since a nanometer-scale tip can address effects, but the smallest may not; may
individual atoms, we anticipate further seem odd. A digital computer is a
improvements far beyond eve this collection of switches able to turn one
fantastic terabit milestone”, said Gred another on and off. Engineers build
Binnig. “While current storage computers from tiny electrical switches
technologies may be approaching their connected by wires simply because
fundamental limits, this nanomechanical mechanical switches connected by rods
approach is potentially valid for a or strings would be big, slow, unreliable,
thousand fold increase in data storage and expensive, today. The idea of a
density. ” purely mechanical computer is scarcely
new. A simple mechanical computer
would fit within 1/100 of a cubic micron,
many billions of times more compact
than today's so-called microelectronics.
Even with a billion bytes of storage, a
nanomechanical computer could fit in a
box a micron wide, about the size of a
bacterium. And it would be fast.
Although mechanical signals move about
100,000 times slower than the electrical
signals in today's machines, they will
need to travel only 1/1,000,000 as far,
and thus will face less delay. So a mere
mechanical computer will work faster
than the electronic whirl-winds of today.
Electronic nanocomputers will likely be
thousands of times faster than electronic
microcomputers.
DRAWBACKS assemblers has many steps, each step
will bring immediate rewards. The first
1) The implicit of using Nanotechnology
steps have already been taken, under
for aggressive purpose are more
the names of "genetic engineering"
foreboding than pervious weapons, and
and "biotechnology." Barring
must always be checked. Molecular
worldwide destruction or worldwide
manufacturing make it possible to built
controls, the technology race will
weapons at a much faster rate than is
continue whether we wish it or not.
now possible, but a more frightening
Promise to bring changes as profound as
prospect is the development of dangerous
the industrial revolution, antibiotics, and
programmable “germ” nanomachine for
nuclear weapons all rolled up in one
warfare.
massive breakthrough.
To quote: "The best way to predict the
2) The possibility of accident world
future is to invent it."
destruction also exist, if one thinks about
the implications of escaped replicating
BIBLIOGRAPHY
machine eating organic material
throughout the earth. [1] www.zyvex.com
[2] www.google.com
3) At first, Nanotechnology will be more [3] EFY Magazine
technically challenging other weapons
nanoterroism will not be possible for
many year to come, until the knowledge
on how to built replicating assemblers
becomes more available.

CONCLUSION

Assemblers will take years to emerge,

but their emergence seems almost
inevitable: Though the path to