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Aerospace Electronics
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Introduction
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Avionics bay of passenger aircraft
containing LRUs and electrostatic
sensitive devices (ESD)
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Electrostatic Sensitive Devices (ESD) are
electronic components and other parts that are
prone to damage from stray electric charge.
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Static electricity
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Triboelectric charging
The process of electron transfer as a result of
two objects coming into contact with each
other and then separating is known as
'triboelectric charging'.
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The Triboelectric series
AIR
HUMAN HANDS Increasingly Positive
ASBESTOS
RABBIT FUR
GLASS
MICA
HUMAN HAIR
NYLON
WOOL
LEAD
SILK
ALUMINIUM
PAPER
COTTON -----
STEEL Neutral
WOOD
AMBER
SEALING WAX
HARD RUBBER
NICKEL COPPER
BRASS SILVER
GOLD PLATINUM
SULFUR
ACETATE RAYON
POLYESTER
CELLULOID
ORLON
SARAN
POLYURETHANE
POLYPROPYLENE
PVC (VINYL)
KEL-F (CTFE)
SILICON Increasingly Negative
TEFLON
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The following materials give up electrons and
become positive when charged (and so appear as
positive on the triboelectric scale) when rubbed
against other materials:
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The following are examples of materials that do not
tend to readily attract or give up electrons when
brought in contact or rubbed with other materials
(they are thus said to be neutral on the triboelectric
scale):
• Cotton
• Steel
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The following materials tend to attract electrons when rubbed
against other materials and become negative when charged
(and so appear as negative on the triboelectric scale):
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When both of the materials are from the
positive side, the material with the greatest
ability to generate charge will become positive
in charge.
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Electrostatic voltages due to
triboelectric effect
Situation Typical electrostatic voltage generated
Table 1
Representative values of electrostatic voltages generated in typical work situations
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Electrostatic Sensitive Devices
(ESD)
All modern microelectronic components
are prone to damage from stray electric
charges.
These devices that can be damaged or
destroyed by static electricity
discharges due to improper handling
are referred to as Electrostatic
Sensitive Devices (ESD).
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Static voltage susceptibility
Type of Device Typical static voltage susceptibility
CMOS Logic 250V to 1kV
TTL Logic 550V to 2.5kV
Bipolar Junction Transistors 150V to 5kV
Dynamic memories 20V to 100V
VLSI microprocessor 20V to 100V
MOSFET transistors 50V to 350V
Thin Film resistors 300V to 3kV
Silicon Controlled Rectifiers 4kV to 15kV
Table 2
Representative values of static voltage susceptibility for different semiconductor devices
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ESD Damage
In the aircraft, damage to the internal
components of an ESDS LRU
• Changes in system characteristics and / or
performance degradation also known as latent
defect
• Complete destruction or catastrophic failure
Latent defect refers to a device that is partially
degraded yet can still perform its intended
function.
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Events that causes ESD
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1. Discharge from human body or
charged material
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2. Device electrostatic discharge
Caution
Yellow is the
background
for all 3
symbols
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Boeing ESD decals
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General rules when handling ESD
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ESD LRU room
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Removal of ESD LRU’s and ESD
circuit boards
Contaminated or unwanted material should
be kept clear of the sensitive devices.
Connect the wrist strap into the Electrostatic
Ground Jack of the card file or recognised
aircraft ESD ground point.
The electrical connectors are to be covered
using the correct conductive blanks.
LRU or circuit boards are to be placed in the
correct conductive bag or container which
must display an ESD label.
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Handling and transporting ESD
Special precautions must be taken
when handling, transporting, fitting
and removing ESD. These include the
following:
1. Use of wrist straps which must be
worn when handling ESD
2. Use a heel strap
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Figure 6
Figure 5 Using a wrist strap for a bench
Typical on-board stowage for a wrist strap operation (note the grounding jack
connector)
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3. Use of static dissipative floor and bench
mats.
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7. Use of low-voltage soldering equipment and
anti-static soldering stations
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Static Controlled work station
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ESD wrist strap
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Electromagnetic Environment (EMC)
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Intra-system and inter-system EMC
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Intra-system and inter-system EMC
• Examples of susceptibilities:
• component burnout
• navigation and communication system degradation
• loss of engine power or flight controls
• computer memory or data losses
• To prevent EMI affecting an operational aircraft, the
aircraft and system component manufacturers conduct
intersystem EMC testing , also known as Electromagnetic
Vulnerability (EMV), Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR), or
High Intensity Radiated Fields (HIRF) testing.
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Lightning and its protection
• Potential source of interference
• Travel the path of least resistance and seek out tall
or metal objects.
• Unpredictable
• Aircraft often trigger lightning when flying through
heavily charged regions of clouds, especially at
night.
• Originates at the aircraft and extends away in
opposite directions.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=036hpBvjoQw
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Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
• defined as any electromagnetic disturbance that interrupts, obstructs
or otherwise degrades or limits the effective performance of
electronic and electrical equipment or avionics.
• sources of EMI which produce Extremely Low Frequency (ELF)
magnetic fields called H fields comes from video display units (VDU),
photocopiers, air conditioning units, fluorescent lights and electric
wiring.
• Inside the aircraft, EMI can come from computers, headsets, radios
and navigation aids, as well as the electrical power distribution
system of the aircraft.
• External EMI include ground transmitters such as radio, radar, TV
and telephone.
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Personal Electronic Device (PED)
• Personal items such as notebooks, game consoles,
mobile hand phones, etc can produce signals at a range
that could affect various avionic equipment like the gyro
compass, inertial navigation system (INS), etc.
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EMI protection
• Can minimised by ensuring that all electronic equipment
is operated with a good electrical ground system.
• Cords and cables connecting the peripherals must be
shielded to keep unwanted RF energy from entering and
leaving.
• Effective shielding of avionic equipment must anticipate
both radiated susceptibility (the degree to which outside
interference affects the reliable functioning of equipment),
and radiated emissions (the extent to which the device
creates EM waves that can affect its function).
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Lightning protection zones on an
aircraft
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• These defined lightning zones are required to ensure
adequate protection of fuel systems, structure and
primary control systems.
• Aircraft protection relies on low resistance and low
inductance paths and joints between all aircraft surfaces
and these are designed at initial manufacture.
• This is achieved by the good earthing of all the system
components and good bonding between all parts of the
airframe.
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Electrical bonding
• Electrical bonding of the aircraft’s structure protects the
aircraft from static buildup and provides a low resistance
current path for any lightning strike.
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Typical bonding methods
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Static protection
•Static buildup can occur when two objects rub
together and the aircraft friction with the air
molecules caused a negative charge on the
aircraft skin.
•This creates an EMI wave in the region of 10
KHz to 350 MHz
•If properly bonded, these excess charges
gather around the aircraft’s extremities or any
sharp edges on the fuselage.
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•This means they are at the greatest
potential at the wing and tail plane trailing
edges and at the outboard ends of all the
control surfaces.
•These static wick act as conduits for the
electrons to travel through from the
airframe to the surrounding air.
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Typical static wick arrangement
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Summary
1. ESD is caused by static electric charge (Tribo).
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