AFOSR

EOARD AERONAUTICAL
SCIENCES
17 March 2011
Gregg Abate
Program Manager
AFOSR/RSW
Air Force Office of Scientific Research
European Office of Aerospace Research & Development
Distribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 88ABW-2011-0795
 2011 AFOSR SPRING REVIEW
EOARD AERONAUTICAL SCIENCES
PORTFOLIO OVERVIEW
NAME: Gregg Abate
Prior experience:
• 1987-2001 Aerospace Engineer RW (Basic research on external aero & flt mech)
• 2002-2004 Exchange Engineer (Ernst Mach Institute, Freiburg, Germany)
• 2004-2010 RW (Basic research on MAVs, Chief Engineer for MAVs)

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PORTFOLIO:

Identifying world class research in the EOARD area of resposibility
focusing on: aerodynamics (low speed – hypersonic), air breathing
propulsion, aero-structural interaction, air vehicle technologies and
the modelling thereof

LIST SUB-AREAS IN PORTFOLIO:

Aerodynamics, Propulsion, Structural Mechanics, Multi- Disciplinary
Optimization, Flight Controls, Combustion, Thermal Management,
Aeroelasticity, Applied Mathematics that support high-order methods
for CFD

2
 EOARD Aeronautical Sciences

• Technologies that enable flight (in air)!

• Where are the challenges at this time?
0 Mach 5+
O (10K) Reynolds number O (10M)
Adv. Technologies of
Very low/slow “conventional” aircraft Very high/fast

Delfly II – TU-Delft

• Low Reynolds number • Morphing • Hypersonic aerodynamics

aerodynamics • Adv. Aero/Structures • Heat transfer
• Membrane wings • Adv. Propulsion • Propulsion
• Flapping flight • BL Transition
Flight Control
• Biological Inspiration • Shock-BL interaction
High Order methods for CFD
Modeling & Simulation 3
Multidisciplinary Optimization (MDO)
 Portfolio Philosophy

• Leveraging European Research Excellence in:

– Low Reynolds number fluid dynamics
– Fundamental research in:
• Plasma & MHD
• Hypersonics
• Propulsion Sciences

– Aeronautical Science “Interactions”

• Aero-structural interaction for membrane wings (MAVS)
• Shock-BL

• AFRL Transformational Opportunities:

– Realization of the MAV vision
• 2015 Bird-sized MAV
• 2030 Insect-sized MAV

– Sustained hypersonic flight ops 4

 Principal Collaborators
WRIGHT-PATTERSON
AIR VEHICLES (RB):
- Poggie
- Visbal
- Ol
- Schumacher
- Johnson
- Beran
- Dale
- Kolonay
- Suchomel
- Tinapple

PROPULSION (RZ):
- Schauer & Zilena
- Carter
- Gord

BALLSTON
AFOSR (RS):
- Schmisseur
- Smith
- Stargel
EDWARDS - Fahroo
- (Tishkoff)
ROCKET PROPULSION (RZ)
- Cambier EGLIN - Nachman
- Luginsland
MUNITIONS (RW):
- Zipfel
- Wehling
- Evers
- Abate 5
 EOARD Aeronautical Sciences
Technical Directions

FY11
My Goal

*
*

FY10 *
* Area of excellence in
Removing MAVs as a ** EU
†
“research” area †Looking for
6
opportunities in EU
 Research Locations

A Aerodynamics
C
Combustion
Pl
Plasma & MHD
S Ma
Structures
M
MAV/UAV
P
Propulsion
P
F S A
Flight Controls
A A
Ma A
Ma
Mathematics A A
Pl

Ma
Pl
Pl C
Pl

F Ma 7

Israel
 Technical Highlights

• Selected topics for this presentation:

– Very low/slow

– Very high/fast

– Advancements of Conventional Vehicle

Technologies

8
 Research efforts to enable
Very low/slow flight
Multidisciplinary
Aero-Structure Optimization
Interaction Perching

Advanced flight
Flapping wing control
aerodynamics
Low Reynolds Bio-Inspiration
number Unsteady
fluid dynamics aerodynamics
9
 Perching of MAVs
“Perching Experiments at low Re”
R. Radespiel, TU-Braunschweig
(Supported by RB)
LNB wind tunnel
 Test section: 600x400 mm2
 Velocity range: 2.5 - 20 m/s
 Tu < 0.1% @ 10m/s
 Core flow uniformity: 99%
Objective
 Identify and characterize unsteady flow phenomena
on flat plate wings during perching motion by force
measurement and PIV.
Key Results
 Force and PIV data gathered for varity of perch
maneuvers
 Complex motion controller developed for WT tests

Dynamic model support

 Linear direct drives with 12bit cam
resolution
 Real time closed loop control
 Max. plunging: 150mm @ 3Hz
10
 Max. pitching: 20° @ 3Hz
 Repetitive accuracy 0.05mm, 0.1°
 Perching of MAVs

  
  
  
        

Force measurements for the case AR=inf, Re=50000, k=0.03, PIV-plane at 1/3 span

stage  stage  stage  stage  stage 

Flow evolution by selected time stages via PIV, averaged velocities, upright 1/3 span plane

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 Research efforts to enable
Very high/fast flight

Multidisciplinary
Optimization
Propulsion High order CFD

Ablation
Shock-
interactions
Aerodynamic
BL Transition heating
Advanced flight
control
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 Energy deposition in high speed
flows
“Experimental Studies on Effects of Thermal
Bumps in the Flow-Field around a Flat
Plate using a Hypersonic Wind Tunnel”
K. Kontis, Univ. of Manchester, UK
(Supported by RB)
Hypersonic Wind Tunnel facility
Objectives
• Understanding the basic gas-dynamic implications
of having a thermal bump (both surface heating and
volumetric heating) in a hypersonic flow
• Obtain instantaneous and time resolved
visualization of the flow field with and without
thermal bumps in hypersonic flow
• Measurement of surface static pressures with and
without the presence of thermal bumps at
hypersonic Mach numbers
Approach:
• Hypersonic wind tunnel tests using the University
of Manchester hypersonic facility with a Mach 5
nozzle (unit Reynolds no. 6.2 to 11.4 x 10-6 /m)
• Schlieren, Shadowgraph and oil flow
visualisation, pressure measurements (Pressure-
Sensitive Paints, transducers), heat transfer
measurements (Infrared thermography)
13
Energy deposition in high speed
flows
Key Results
 Weak oblique shock wave was
induced by the thermal bump
and perturbed thicker boundary
layer in the trailing edge of the
flat plate. Its strength is linked to
the power input;
 Surface oil flow captured the
vortex structure as it develops
from upstream to downstream;
 Variation in pitot pressure
distribution was more
pronounced 2mm above the
surface;
 3-D effects were also captured
by pressure transducers and
infrared thermography (IR);
 Stanton no. was increased
downstream of the heating
element;

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Temperature Map: heating off and on
 Research efforts on Advanced
Conventional Technologies

Morphing
Shock-BL
Multidisciplinary Interaction
Optimization

Adv Propulsion Aero-Structural

Technology interaction

High order CFD Advanced flight

control

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 Shock-BL Interaction & Control
“Shock Boundary Layer Interaction Flow
Control with Micro Vortex Generators”
H. Babinsky, U. Cambridge
(Supported by RB)
Inlet Simulation: Novel setup developed to better simulate
fundamental flow physics of shock-wave / boundary-layer
interactions (SWBLI) in inlets
Objective
• To determine the feasibility of Vortex
Generators (VGs) as an alternative to
boundary-layer bleed in inlet applications
• Main research interests:
• The simulation of typical inlet conditions
using a small-scale wind tunnel
• The evaluation of fundamental VG fluid
mechanics
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 Shock-BL Interaction & Control
Fundamental Inlet Study Fundamental VG Study
• Addition of diffuser downstream of the normal shock results in
complex 3D flow • Supersonic and subsonic behavior similar
• VGs can suppress centre-line separation but enhance 3D and
• VG shape affects vortex positioning and
corner effects
development. Optimum shape unknown

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 New Research Initiative

• MAV 2030 goal

– Develop an “insect sized” micro air vehicle capable
of performing ISR and effects delivery missions
– International Initiative to highlight the challenge of
the MAV 2030 goal
– Invest in research to help meet this goal
• Bio-inspired control technologies for MAVs
• Embedded sensors & Actuators
• Develop BAA to highlight research needs for MAV 2030
– Coordinate amongst key AFRL/AFOSR/XOARD
personnel 18
 Upcoming Conf. Support

• 10th International Workshop on Magneto-Plasma

Aerodynamics, 22-24 March, Moscow, RU
• Fundamentals of aerodynamic-flow and combustion
control by plasma II, 27 Mar – 1 April, Houches, FR
• 4th European Conference for Aerospace Sciences, 4-8
July 2011, St Petersburg, RU
• 28th International Symposium on Shock Waves, 18-22
July, Manchester, UK
• IMAV 2011, 12-15 Sep 2011, Netherlands

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 Summary

• Aeronautical Sciences at EOARD is a broad topic

area
• Seeking the best research interactions in the EOARD
Area of Responsibility
• Support and execute research collaborations with
AFOSR and AFRL TDs
• Primary focus on technologies for:
– Very low/slow
– Very high/fast
– Advancements of Conventional Vehicle Technologies
• New research initiative to address the MAV 2030 Goal
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Back-up Charts

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 Unsteady Lift Generation at Low Re
“Unsteady lift generation for micro air vehicles”
H. Babinsky and A. Jones, U. Cambridge
(Supported by RSA, RB, & RW)

Objectives
• What is the mechanism for unsteady lift production at low Re?
• Is spanwise flow a factor?
Key Findings
• What is the mechanism for unsteady lift production at low Re?
• Is spanwise flow a factor? 22
 Control & FSI for MAVs
“Control of Low Reynolds Number Flows Objectives
with Fluid-Structure Interactions ”  exploit fluid-structure interactions to delay stall and
I. Gursal, Univ. of Bath, UK increase lift of airfoils and wings at low Reynolds
(Supported by RSA) numbers
 improve maneuverability and gust response of MAVs
 simulate aerolastic vibrations by means of small-
amplitude plunging oscillations of airfoils and wings
 develop flexible wings based on this knowledge.

 Mode 1: leading-edge
vortex sheds and convected;
better for high-lift generation

 Mode 2: vortex loses its

coherency through
impingement with the
23
upward moving airfoil; better
for thrust generation
 Hypersonic BL Transition
“Hypersonic Transition Experiments in 3D Objectives
Cone Flow with New Measurement • identify transition mechanisms of cones at angle of
Techniques” attack
R. Radespiel, TU - Braunschweig • improve advanced measurement techniques for BL
(Supported by RSA)
instabilities
• characterize instabilities in 3D flows

Key Findings
 Critical experimental data captured for Mach 6 flow
 IR and pressure data captured for slender cone at
angles of attack with artificial roughness
TU-B Mach 6 Ludwieg Tube

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 Advanced physical models of high
enthalpy flows
“Advanced physical models and numerical
methods for high enthalpy and plasma flows
applied to hypersonics”
T. Magin, Von Karman Institute
(Supported by AFOSR & RZ)

Objectives
• Development and validation of MUTATION:
MUlticomponent Transport And Thermodynamic
properties / chemistry for IONized gases
• Multilanguage support for greater flexibility
• Newly developed architecture facilitates
integration with existing solvers
• Facilitates extension to electronic CR—
collaboration with AFRL (Cambier)
• Online support for latest
documentation/libraries
Application Fortran C/C++ Java/JNI
• GUI applet will allow
Interface mutationlib.so collaborators to remotely
compute thermophysical
properties via WWW
Implementation Mutation F77
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 Improved Modeling
“Development of a Class of Smoothness-Increasing
Accuracy-Conserving (SIAC) Methods for Post-Processing
Discontinuous Galerkin Solutions”
J. Ryan, TU-Delft, NL
(Supported by RSL)

Smoothly varying
Triangular mesh:
Errors in the
Discontinuous
Galerkin solution: Improved Streamline Calculation
O(h3) even near boundaries.

Objectives
• To define, investigate, and address the technical obstacles
inherent in visualization of data derived from high-order
discontinuous Galerkin methods.
Errors in the •To provide robust and easy to use algorithms to overcome
Filtered solution: the difficulties that arise due to lack of smoothness.
O(h5) Key Findings
•Most Significant Accomplishment: Numerically demonstrated
viability of applying this filter to discontinuous Galerkin
simulations on smoothly varying triangular mesh structures.
•Other Significant Accomplishments: Extended the filtering
Benefit to Air Force: Improved visualization technique to allow for non-periodic boundary data as well as26
algorithms for higher order methods filtering in the neighborhood of discontinuities.
 Extension of Flutter Boundaries
“Extension of Flutter Boundaries Using In-Flight
Receptance Data”
J. Mottershead, Univ. of Liverpool, UK
(Supported by RB)
• Receptance Method depends upon
measured receptances from test data
• No modeling of structure or
aerodynamics required
Objectives
• Assessment in use of the Receptance Method for
application to aeroelastic systems
- Extension of flutter boundaries
•Design and manufacture of wing tunnel model for
experimental demonstration of the method
Key Points
•Assessing the effectiveness of increasing damping and/or shifting
frequency in flutter suppression
•Demonstrating the capability of the process when applied to systems
with flutter modes having close or separated frequencies
•The frequency range (limited by the data acquisition equipment),
possible spillover at high frequency and the treatment of spillover effects
•Assessing the effect of different measurement positions and numbers of
sensors
•Determining the displacements and rates necessary to achieve the
desired suppression and how these values change as the suppressed
closed-loop flutter speed increases
•Assessing the effects of noise (measurement noise and turbulence)
27on
the robustness of the process