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-Keppler’s 2nd Law- -Orbits & Energy-

𝟏 𝟐
𝛿𝐴 𝑅 𝑅𝛿𝜃 𝑹 𝜹𝜽
𝟐
Or using polar form
𝑑𝐴 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃
𝑅 𝛿𝜃
𝟏 𝟐
𝛿𝐴 ∫ ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 𝑹 𝜹𝜽
𝑟 𝜃 𝟐

̇
̂ ̂
̇ Kinetic Energy
We take point at the closest approach to the sun
( ̂) ̇ ̇
̇ ̇
( ̂) ̇̂ ̇ (
( ̂) ) ̇ [ ] ̇ ̇
( )
̇
( ̂)
( ) & the only contribution is the transverse velocity
̇
( ̂) ̇̂
̇
̇ ̂ ̇̂ Kepler’s 2nd Law of Planetary Motion & we can use the zero transverse acceleration condition (central orbit) - ̇
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This means that equal areas are swept in equal times, which ̇
̇ ( ̂) ̇ (̂ ) ̅ ̇ ( ̂) ̅ ̇ ( ̂) ̇ ( ̂) is exactly what Kepler found for planetary motion.
This result applies to any central force.
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̈ ( ̇ ̂ ̇ ̂)
-Inverse-square force for planetary orbits-
Gravitational Force is a Central Force Potential Energy
( ̈̂ ̇ )
̇ ( ̂) ( ̇ ̇̂ ̈̂ ̇ ( ̂̇ )) ( )
̂ ∫ ∫ ( )
̇
( ̂)
Graviational Force is purely radial therefore Total Energy
( ̂̇ ) ( ̇ ̂)
̈ ̇
( ̈ ̂ ̇ ̇ ̂) ( ̇ ̇̂ ̈̂ ̇( ̇ ̂)) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) )
̈ ̂ ̇ ̇̂ ̇ ̇̂ ̈̂ ̇ ̂
̇ ( ) ( )
( ̈ ̇ ) ̂ ( ̇ ̇ ̇ ̇ ̈) ̂
̇ )̂ ( ̇ ̇ ̈ )̂ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( ̈ ( ( ) )
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ̈ ( )
( ̈ ̇ )̂ ( )
-Kepler’s 1st Law-
The soln to the D.E is
Main Cases
( ̇ ̇ ̈ )̂ ( ̇ ̇ ̈ )̂ ( ̇ )̂ e < 1 the total energy E is negative and orbit is an ellipse.
( ) The planet is said to be bounded to the Sun.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- e = 1 the total energy E is zero and the orbit is an parabola.
̇ )̂ e > 1 the total energy E is positive and the orbit is an hyperbola.
( ̈ ( ̇ ̇ ̈ )̂ ( ̈ ̇ )̂ ( ̇ )̂
The planet (or comet) is said to be unbounded.
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Type of curve depends on the value of e (equ 2.240
-Central Orbits-
𝒆 𝒆𝒄𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓
A central force is purely radial – that is, it is directed towards a fixed point (the centre)
If the force is radial the so to is the acceleration therefore the transverse
(tangential) acceleration is zero.
( ̇ ̇ ̈) ( ̇ ̇ ̈) ( ̇)
Kepler’s 1st Law of Planetary Motion
This shows the path of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one
( ̇)
of its foci. Kepler found this from empirical observations.
( ̇) ( ̇) The Orbits of comets that never return -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( )
̇ ( )
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-Kepplers 3rd Law- -Rotating Objects & Reference Frames-- Let the body in Fig 3.4 rotate at angular velocity
The time dependence was eliminated as soon as we could but we will now look at ̂̂ ̂
̂ ̂
̂
the planetary motion from the perspective of time using the easiest quantity being ̂ ̂ ̂
the period. Any Vector quantity ( ) can be expanded in terms of ̂ ( ) ̂ ( ) ̂ ( )
̇ ̇ ̂( ) ( )̂ ( ) ( )̂ ( ) ( )̂ ( )
In 1 period (one revolution) the time goes from t=0 to t=T & from 0 to 2 ( )
[ ( ) ̂ ( ) ( ) ̂ ( ) ( ) ̂ ( )]
( )
∫ ∫ [ ( ) ̂ ( ) ( ) ̂ ( ) ( ) ̂ ( )]
̂ ( ) ̂ ( ) ̂ ()
* ( ) ( ) ( ) +
Replacing r with our soln for the orbit equ 2.24
( )
[ ( ) ̂ ( ) ( ) ̂ ( ) ( ) ̂ ( )]
∫ ( ) ∫
( ) -Points in Rotating Objects- [ ( ) ̂ ( ) ̂ ( ) ̂ ]
From the Areal Velocity expression eq 2.10 If a body rotates with angular velocity about an axis which passes through the ( )
origin of co-ordinates, then the velocity of a point P fixed to the body is [ ( ) ̂ ( ) ( ) ̂ ( ) ( ) ̂ ( )]
[ ( )̂ ( )̂ ( )̂ ]
∫ ∫ ( )
Where is the position vector of point P (see below) [ ( )̂ ( ) ( )̂ ( ) ( ) ̂ ( )] ( )
Area=
This is usually written as
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) * + * +
( ) ( )
From equ 2.25 This result expresses the rate of change in relative to the external (inertial)
reference as 2 terms.
( )
( ) * + ( )
P moves perpendicular to the plane of (ie moves in the direction ) ̂
( ) ( )
( ) | | ( ) | |
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| | | | | | ( ) ( )
Kepler’s 3rd Law of Planetary Motion * + * +
This means that the square of the period T is proportional to By Galilean Velocity Addition
the cube of the semi-major axis α. The constant 4π2/(GM) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
* + * + * + * +
does not change with the planet, so exactly the same relationship
holds for all the planets. This is Kepler’s 3rd Law. ( ) ( ) ( )
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( ) ( ) ( ) A CD is rotating about the z axis with angular velocity . A
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Beetle starts at the centre and it wants to walk directly outwards
-Dark Matter-
at a speed of v relative to the surface of the CD. The external
axes, the internal axes and the position of the insect are illustrated
( ) ( )
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-Rotating Reference Frames-

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