1

POOJYA
DODDAPPA APPA
COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
GULBARGA

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRONICS
&
COMMUNICATION

E-GNITE
(Bisemester,Bilingual magazine)

(Feb. - March 2010)

To View the magazine on-line,

visit : www.pdaengg.com
Write to the editorial board:
egnitemagazine@gmail.com.

2
 From the Head’s Desk....
Dear Readers,

Here by the silicon association presents fourth issue of the magazine in the hot summer. As a principle, the
magazine is mix of technical and social writings. I am sure, you will appreciate the quality of the articles and efforts
taken by the authors to ensure their authenticity. The activities taken up by the association are the hall marks of this
issue.

Further, I feel proud as we (college) celebrated 50 glorious years of existence and service to the people of this
part of the world. Let us try to build the college stronger and take it ahead further as a center of excellence which would
be true homage to Late Sri Mahadevappa Rampure, the founder of the college. The department will work with the
alumni to ensure better placements. Although, the GATE results are not so appreciating, the department will rejuvenate
to motivate the students to appear for competitive exams and make all out efforts to bring in competitive ambiance on
the campus. Association and the department request all the students to ensure that they use the facilities available and
equip themselves better. There is no short cut to success, except hard work.

Best wishes of Basava Jayanti.

- Dr Vinayadatt V Kohir.

Unnati ke path par badhna hai ab

Anchue bulandiyo ko chuna hai ab
Lagaana hai Chiraag jo roshan kare duniya,
failake uska ujala jagmag kare sadiya

3
INS ↵ DE YOU FIND
1. Sixth Sense Technology: Life beyond the Five Senses
- Pritish Nilangi 1
2. Ambisonics Surround by Sound not just by Speakers
- Praveen Katti 2
3. OFDM for Multipath Wireless Communication
- Shweta Reddy 4
4. Mechatronics - Engineering Automation
- Gururaj Kulkarni 5
5. Artificial Reality in your Eyes 6
- Sachin S Uplaonkar
6. Life 7
7. Null and Void: Introspections on an intriguing Universe. 8
- Vinay Biradar 9
8. Stock Markets - A Bird’s Eye View 10
- Praveen E. D & Ambresh V. P
10. Space for the Soul 16
- Sneha

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15. Department News 25

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16. Abracadabra 26
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17. Advertisements 27
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4
Tech - Trek

Sixth Sense Technology:

Life beyond the Five Senses Pritish Nilangi
IV Semester ‘A’

(Mistry’s brainchild Sixth Sense technology

instantly has occupied the prime space in all scientific
journals. The response to his invention has been so
overwhelming for this IIT-Bombay pass out that his mailbox
is flooded every single hour of the day. He has grandiose
visions for his baby; he feels that his invention can
effectively be utilised for noble causes. This is only re-
affirmed by the award bestowed upon Sixth Sense by
Popular Science, naming it as the ‘Invention of the year,
2009’. Pranav Mistry and his mentor Dr. Maes of MIT and
the whole unit behind this project; take a bow!)
mobile wearable device. Basically the camera recognizes
The Wonder:
individuals, images, pictures, gestures one makes with
The world has shrunk. Distances have dissolved. their hands and the projector assists in projecting any
Communication lines and interaction with countless systems information on whatever type of surface is present in front
have been rendered feasible. However this technological of the person. Sixth Sense symbolises that aspect of
overhaul has been peripheral and not so much related to technology and innovation which is so personal that it ends
the human body; researchers and innovators have up negating the lines which demarcate the domains of
constantly grappled with the issue of bridging the gaps man and machine. It is basically a connection to something
which limit the human-environment contact. Well, looks greater than what our physical senses are able to perceive.
like we finally may have stumbled upon an answer to that
The Possibilities:
quagmire.
The Sixth Sense archetype puts to use numerous
Pranav Mistry, a student at the Media Lab of Massachusetts
applications that enable the user to comprehend the
Institute of Technology (MIT), has developed a gestural
system’s effectiveness, feasibility and usefulness. The
interface device which enables enrichment of the physical
application meant for drawing assists the user in drawing
world with knowledge that is digital and allows a person
on any surface by tracking the fingertip movements of his
to use natural motions to act together with this information
index finger. There are various other things which this
so received. This device, tentatively named as the Sixth
amazing discovery possesses in its arsenal. Some of them
Sense, is a wearable machine that assists unexplored
are the ability to check one’s email on a blank wall by
interactions between the real and the virtual sphere of
simply drawing a ‘@’ sign in the air with one’s finger, one
data. It consists of certain commonly available components,
look at one’s airplane boarding pass lets the passenger
which are intrinsic to its functioning. These include a
know whether his flight is on time or is it delayed and if its
camera, a portable battery-powered projection system
delayed then by how many hours or minutes, being able
coupled with a mirror and a cell phone. All these
to check the time by using the fingers to draw a circle on
components communicate to the cell phone, which acts
the wrist which produces the image of an analogue watch
as the communication and computation device. The entire
on the wrist, clicking a digital photograph simply by holding
hardware apparatus is encompassed in a pendant-shaped
one’s fingers at arm’s length and forming a square. The

5

Editorial
I always remember the prophetic statement of
Helen Keller: “Life is either a daring adventure or nothing at
all.” When team e-gnite looks back, it has all been, nothing
short of an adventurous journey. The time when I last penned
down my editorial for the 3rd issue and the time I write it for
the 4th one, it has been a rough journey of various highs and
lows. It has taught us the art of becoming mature day by
day. Of course it reflects in our struggle number 4.
The days which have passed by since the last issue, have
been hectic, demanding deadlines. The college witnessed
one of the biggest celebrations in its history- The Golden
Jubilee Alumni meet. With over 5000 alumni placed in
different parts of the globe coming together to relive their
bygone past, to become young once again, it was an arduous
task to make them feel comfortable in all respects. We have
given the prime space to cover the event and help the
memories become stronger. The final year students had
the trip of their life. Mumbai Calling is the special section
dedicated to it. Mahesh has artistically captured the tour in
his poem written in Hindi. No, we have no intentions in
making e-gnite a trilingual magazine. That is published for its
sheer sense of artistic brilliance. As always, the project and
seminar articles get highlighted. We hope it will benefit
specially the pre-final year students and everyone in general.
We have also learnt the art of diversifying. There are many
other articles written on various issues of importance. The
cover again is catchy. What strikes the most is when you get
to know, Vikas has done it with only his left hand functioning.
His right hand had gone with the wind when he clashed
onto a motorcycle coming upright, 117KMPH. Well, he got
well sooner than expected. God is great, definitely. Pritish
deserves a pat on his back for his efforts to woe the sponsors,
get money and add more colour to the magazine. He joins
the Sub-Editors’ group from this issue.
When the deadlines seemed so scary that I almost
had lost hopes of completing the magazine in time, an sms
by Chotu (Mahesh) put me out of the pressure. I reproduce
that to you:
The pressure is increasing, And the hard work to
be done is more.
I dint even help a little, But surely I ll do some more.
The pressure is raising high, But don’t worry mere bhai.
Together we will mess the mess, But first lets have chai...
The chai was so very refreshing, that it took us
through to the end of the tunnel. Some moments are so
very special...
The future looks all the more promising. With the
alumni assuring their support and with the constant
encouragement of our teachers we will go a long way in our
endeavour. The next issue will be the highlight, special
anniversary edition, e-gnite on its first birthday. Await...
e-gnite has many surprises in its belly.

- Vinay Biradar
(ViMaViTa)
TEAM E-GNITE
Managing Editor: Dr Vinayadatt V Kohir, HOD ECE
Staff Editor: Prof G. S Biradar
Silicon Association Advisor: Prof Ravindra Kanta
Student Editor: Vinay Biradar, 8th semester B
Sub-Editors : Mahesh Deshpande, 6th semester A
Vikas B.M, 6th semester A
Preetesh Nilangi - 4rd semester.
Members: Praveen Katti, Sachin Uplaonkar,
Sagar Harkude,-8th semester - Shilpa Ibrahimpur,
Vidya Belamgi, Ejaz Rahi,
th
Shashank Patil - 6th semester - Preeti Toshniwal - 4 semester

6

system will click whatever is enclosed within the boundaries
created by your fingers. Pictures so clicked can be re-
arranged, resized or played with by projection on the wall
and by dragging them around. The gadget can also
recognise articles in newspapers, magazines and retrieve
the latest data and information in the form of articles and
videos and present it to the user on pages.
The Future:
The world seems to have lapped up with huge expectations
and one of them being developing a sign language
application that would speak out a translation while
someone is communicating through signs and symbols. If
ambitions have sky as their limit, then even Dr.Maes vision
can be a reality someday when she says that soon the
team at MIT may come up with a sixth sense brain implant!
However as has been the case with every discovery, this
piece of device is also not beyond its faults. It still is a
rough prototype, very ambiguous on the fact that how
many of the features shown in the demo video are just
mere stimulations and in Maes’ own words, it is still very
much a work in progress and much needs to be done
before it can be marketed to the world at large. Perhaps
that could be another reason why even after 6 to 7 months
of its exposition, it still hasn’t been formally launched in
the market. Of course a lot of work still needs to be done
so that it becomes near to perfect. But the aim with which
it was devised in the first place cannot in the least be
doubted. If all works out well for Sixth Sense and if all its
shortcomings are corrected with as much precision and
thought as has gone into its inception in the first place,
then it can’t be disputed that environment-human
interactions would occur on a much larger level and the
constant disparity between both these elements would be
covered and cemented, for posterity. The world is gaping
in awe at this revelation of the human brain and
expectations are, vey obviously skyrocketing.
Reference :
1) www.Ted.com
2) www.en.wikipidia/org/wiki/sixthsense
Ambisonics
Surround by Sound
Praveen Katti
not just by Speakers 8th Semester B
Sound’ can be described as an entity that describes
the position, pattern, physical existence of any object.
Ambisonics is actually an encode method that is
independent of the number of output channels and a decode
method that is adaptable to reproduction with an arbitrary
number of loudspeakers. If we go in search of the heading
of the article, the etymology of the word Ambiosonics lies
here. The word Ambi –means “on both sides” in Latin and
sonic has a meaning of using sound or sound waves.
Ambisonics is a series of recording and replay
techniques using multi-channel mixing technology that can
be used live or in the studio. By encoding and decoding
sound information on a number of channels, a 2-
dimensional (“planar”, or horizontal-only) or 3-dimensional
sound field can be presented.
What is surround sound?
Surround sound attempts to improve the realism
of the perceived sound by providing information from all
directions, not just from in front of the listener. Stereo,
creating the illusion of musicians playing in your living room
- a “they are here” illusion.
When this illusion is successful, surround sound
is as big an improvement over stereo as stereo was over
mono
What is Ambiosonic Surround Sound?
Ambisonic Surround Sound is a set of techniques
for the recording, studio processing and reproduction of
the complete sound field experienced during the original
performance. Ambisonic technology does this by
decomposing the directionality of the sound field into
spherical harmonic components, termed W, X, Y and Z.
The Ambiosonic approach is to use all speakers
to cooperatively recreate these directional components.
7
Seminar Article
That is to say, speakers to the rear of the listener help
localise sounds in front of the listener, and vice versa.
Ambisonic technology is based on a meta-theory
(a theory of theories) of sound localization developed by
the late Michael A Gerzon, University of Oxford. Ambisonic
decoder design aims to satisfy simultaneously and
consistently as many as possible of the mechanisms used
by the ear/brain to localise sounds.
In an Ambisonic decoder the spherical harmonic
direction signals, W, X, Y and Z, are passed through a set
of filters which have different gains at low and high
frequencies, designed to match different ways the ear/
brain localizes sounds. (The different localization
mechanisms operate below and above about 700 Hz.).
The speaker feeds are then derived by passing
the outputs from the shelf filters through a simple amplitude
matrix. An important aspect of Ambisonic decoder
technology is that it is only at this final stage of processing
that the number and layout of speakers is considered.
The listening area for Ambisonic Surround Sound
is comparable with that for conventional stereo, but larger.
Ambisonics offers a number of advantages over
other surround sound systems:
• It is isotropic in that sounds arriving from all
directions are treated equally (as opposed to most
other surround systems that assume that the main
sources of sound are frontal and that rear
channels are only for ambience or special effects).
8
• All speakers are generally used to localize a sound
in any direction. This gives better localisation,
particularly to the sides and rear.
• The stability and imaging of the reproduced
soundfield vary less with listener position. The
soundfield can even be appreciated by listeners
outside the speaker array.
• The loudspeakers do not have to be positioned in
a rigid setting (regular polygons or irregular
figures). This allows the speaker configuration to
be matched more closely to real listening
environments, such as domestic living rooms.
• The Ambisonic signal is independent of the replay-
system: the same signal can be decoded for
varying numbers of loudspeakers (in general, the
more speakers, the higher the accuracy of the
reconstructed soundfield). This allows flexibility
for composers, performers and production teams
to produce a “final” mix without worrying about
how the mix will later be released and decoded.
Conclusion
Ambisonics has been shown to be a, viable
technology for projection of sounds in three dimensions to
concert size audiences. As with all technologies, there are
problems to overcome, but they are no more significant
than in any other systems and the underlying simplicity of
the system conveys advantages which more than outweigh
them.
Reference :
1) Michael A Curzon - Ambisonics Part - II
2) Michael A Curzon - Sound reproduction System
3) Peter Fellgett - Ambisonics Part I,General System
discription
Project Article

OFDM for Multipath

Wireless Communication.
Introduction
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing) has developed into a popular scheme for
wideband digital communication, whether wireless or over
copper wires, used in applications such as digital television
and audio broadcasting, wireless networking and
broadband internet access.
The primary advantage of OFDM over single-
carrier schemes is its ability to cope with severe channel
conditions (for example, attenuation of high frequencies
in a long copper wire, narrowband interference and
frequency-selective fading due to multipath) without
complex equalization filters. Channel equalization is
simplified because OFDM may be viewed as using many
slowly-modulated narrowband signals rather than one
rapidly-modulated wideband signal. The low symbol rate
makes the use of a guard interval between symbols
affordable, making it possible to handle time-spreading
and eliminate inter-symbol interference (ISI). This
mechanism also facilitates the design of single frequency
networks (SFNs), where several adjacent transmitters
send the same signal simultaneously at the same frequency,
as the signals from multiple distant transmitters may be
combined constructively, rather than interfering as would
typically occur in a traditional single-carrier system. This
results in optimal usage of bandwidth.
Although OFDM in theory has been in existence
for a long time, recent developments in DSP and VLSI
technologies have made it a feasible option. Many wired
and wireless standards like DVBT, DAB, xDSL and 802.11a
have adopted OFDM.
Shweta Reddy
8th Semester ‘B’
systems, all the frequencies are sent simultaneously in
time. The frequencies used in OFDM system are
orthogonal. Neighbouring frequencies with overlapping
spectrum can therefore be used. The figure explains shows
the block diagram representation of the OFDM transceiver.
This property is shown in the figure where f1, f2 and f3
orthogonal. This results in efficient usage of BW. The OFDM
is therefore able to provide higher data rate for the same
Band Width.
F1 F2 F3
OFDM transceiver
Each sub-carrier in an OFDM system is modulated
in amplitude and phase by the data bits. Depending on the
kind of modulation technique that is being used, one or
more bits are used to modulate each sub-carrier. Modulation
techniques typically used are BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
etc. The process of combining different sub-carriers to
form a composite time-domain signal is achieved using
Fast Fourier transform. Different coding schemes like block
coding, convolutional coding or both are used to achieve
better performance in low SNR conditions. Interleaving is
done which involves assigning adjacent data bits to non-
adjacent bits to avoid burst errors under highly selective
fading. Block diagram of an OFDM transceiver is shown
below.

How does it work?

OFDM is a multi-carrier system where data bits

are encoded to multiple sub-carriers. Unlike single carrier
Figure: Block diagram of the 802.11a OFDM transceiver

9
Different implementation techniques Reference :

The above figure shows an OFDM transciever. They
are many choices available for implementing an OFDM
system. The following are some of them:
• DSP based implementation
• DSP based implementation with
hardware accelerators
• VLSI implementation
The discussion of all these implementations is
beyond the scope of this article.
• Robust Frequency and Timing Synchronization for
OFDM, Timothy M. Schmidt and Donald C. Cox,
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS,
VOL. 45, NO. 12, DECEMBER 1997
• “OFDM for multimedia wireless communications”
by Van Nee, Richard and Ramjee Prasad
• OFDM communication has gained wide spread
acceptance in the recent times. In particular, it
has been a boon to wireless communication.

Gururaj Kulkarni
Mechatronics - 6th Semester Mech.

Engineering Automation
Mechatronics, a relatively new concept that
combines mechanics, electronics and software
technologies, which is now expected to revolutionise the
automotive industry. The purpose of this interdisciplinary
engineering field is the study of automata from an
engineering perspective and serves the purposes of
controlling advanced hybrid systems. And in the recent
years due to advancement in these fields, there has been
an abundant transformation in the field and the scopes Motion sensors, actuators and sensors,
are increasing exponentially. microdevices and optoelectronics, robotics and many more
are the basic dwelling parameters for a mechatronic device.
With the ever-changing needs and wants of a
One of the very much advanced and latest from the field is
complex and sophisticated world, innovations and
‘Sojourner’. For all those who have heard the word now,
technologies will have to improve and develop with the
sojourner is the rover used for mars exploration. Thanks
rapidly changing times. The mechatronic approach to the
to this field, we are very close to find another safe living
system design compounded with the quality and quantity
planet in our milkyway!
surveillance has made the sequential sorting out of the
problems easier than before. High accuracy and comfort With the advancement in the GPS positioning system,
being high end advantage of it. Thus this Industry now mechatronics is laying its grip in almost all fields of life. Its
needs a skilled engineer who can manage all three hard to imagine living on earth without mechatronics and
disciplines simultaneously, especially at the design stage with the speed this field is travelling its really hard to imagine
to create “intelligent machines”. whats in store up next!

10
Artificial Reality in your Eyes
Let your imagination run wild and think that you
are getting all the information about the things you wanted
to know just before your eyes and accessing the internet
without any conventional methods and you are also
knowing about your health on a daily basis, all this just
with the help of a simple contact lens which is semi-
transparent so that you don’t go and bump on to an obstacle
if it were opaque, just as one might have seen the film
“Terminator”, where Arnold gets information about the
surrounding before his eyes. Well this novel idea
(imagination!!) has come true and is being at
its infancy has generated great interest in
many people and in many organizations too..
This idea was developed by Prof. Babak A.
Parviz of University of Washington along with
his students, and named it as Augmented
Reality in a Contact Lens.
Augment means: To add, i.e. adding
an artificial circuitry to ordinary lenses to
transform them into extraordinary lenses. Conventional
contact lenses are polymers formed in specific shapes to
correct faulty vision. To turn such a lens into a functional
system, we integrate control circuits, communication
circuits, and miniature antennas into the lens using custom-
built optoelectronic components. These components will
eventually include hundreds of LEDs, which will form
images in front of the eye (bionic eye-sight), such as words,
charts, and photographs. Much of the hardware is
semitransparent so that wearers can navigate their
surroundings without crashing into them or becoming
disoriented. In all likelihood, a separate, portable device
will relay displayable information to the lens’s control
circuit, which will operate the optoelectronics in the lens.
In near future we can rely on electronic contact
lenses, rather than Smartphone’s or brain implants for
seamless access of information that appears right before
our eyes. These can be powered by using wireless RF or
through solar energy. With more colors and resolution the
lens could be expanded to include display of text, translating
- Sachin S Uplaonkar
8th Semester ‘B’.
speech into captions in real time or offering visual cues
from a navigation system. Beside the external world, the
internal world (within the human body) information can
also be used and these can act as biomarkers and health
indicators. Several simple sensors are built that can detect
the concentration of a molecule, such as glucose. Sensors
built onto lenses would let diabetic wearers keep tabs on
blood-sugar levels without needing to prick a finger. An
appropriately configured contact lens could monitor
cholesterol, sodium, and potassium levels, to name a few
potential targets. Coupled with a wireless data
transmitter, the lens could relay information
to medics or nurses instantly, without needles
or laboratory chemistry, and with a much
lower chance of mix-ups.
Three fundamental challenges
stand in the way of building a multipurpose
contact lens. First, the processes for making
many of the lens’s parts and subsystems are
incompatible with one another and with the
fragile polymer of the lens. That leads to the second
challenge, which is that all the key components of the lens
need to be miniaturized and integrated onto about 1.5
square centimeters of a flexible, transparent polymer. Last
but the most significant, the whole contraption needs to
be completely safe for the eye. For example most red
LEDs are made of aluminum gallium arsenide, which is
toxic. So before an LED can go into the eye, it must be
enveloped in a biocompatible substance. Researchers at
the University of Washington, in Seattle under the
leadership of Prof. Babak A. Parviz are working in this
regard. They have fabricated prototype lenses with an
LED, a small radio chip, and an antenna, and are successful
in transmitting the energy to the lens wirelessly, lighting
the LED. To demonstrate that the lenses can be safe, they
have encapsulated them in a biocompatible polymer and
successfully tested them in trials with live rabbits.
One would probably wonder a person wearing
one of these contact lenses would be able to focus on an
image generated on the surface of the eye. After all, a
11
normal and healthy eye cannot focus on objects that are
fewer than 10 centimeters from the corneal surface. The
LEDs by themselves merely produce a fuzzy splotch of
Life
color in the wearer’s field of vision. Somehow the image
Life is a challenge - Meet it
must be pushed away from the cornea. One way to do
Life is a gift - accept it
that is to employ an array of even smaller lenses placed
on the surface of the contact lens. Arrays of such Life is an adventure - Dare it
microlenses have been used in the past to focus lasers
and, in photolithography, to draw patterns of light on a
photoresist. On a contact lens, each pixel or small group Life is a sorrow - Overcome it
of pixels would be assigned to a microlens placed between Life is a tragedy - Face it
the eye and the pixels. Spacing a pixel and a microlens Life is a duty - Perform it
360 micrometers apart would be enough to push back the
virtual image and let the eye focus on it easily. To the
wearer, the image would seem to hang in space about Life is a game - Play it
half a meter away, depending on the microlens.
Life is a mystery - Unfold it
Another way to make sharp images is to use a scanning Life is a song - Sing it
microlaser or an array of microlasers. Laser beams diverge
much less than LED light does, so they would produce a
sharper image. A kind of actuated mirror would scan the Life is an opportunity - Take it
beams from a red, a green, and a blue laser to generate
Life is a journey - Complete it
an image. The resolution of the image would be limited
primarily by the narrowness of the beams, and the lasers Life is a promise - Fulfill it
would obviously have to be extremely small, which would
be a substantial challenge. However, using lasers would
ensure that the image is in focus at all times and eliminate Life is a beauty - Praise it
the need for microlenses. One difficulty in putting a display Life is a spirit - Realize it
on the eye is keeping it from moving around relative to the Life is a struggle - fight it
pupil. Normal contact lenses that correct for astigmatism
are weighted on the bottom to maintain a specific
orientation, give or take a few degrees.The same technique Life is a puzzle - Solve it
could keep a display from tilting (unless the wearer blinked
Life is a goal - Achieve it...
too often!).

The world already sees a future in which the humble - Contributed by Arpitha Kadganchi
contact lens becomes a real platform, like the iPhone is 4th semester B
today, with lots of developers contributing their ideas and
inventions. As far as the curious onlookers are concerned,
the possibilities extend as far as the eye can see, and
beyond.

References :

1) www.augmentedreality.in
2) www.spectrum.ieee.org
3) www.darpa.com

12
Null and Void: Introspections on
an intriguing Universe.
Part II: “God, Decoded”
(Continued from the previous issue...)
...By far the greatest obstacle in reconciling science
and spirituality has been the personification of God. Is
anthropomorphism the answer? Can science restore God
to those starry skies? Thus ended your last read, with
questions unanswered and had left enough room for
contemplating further. After a brief pit stop if we start
racing our brains again towards that
infinitum, there unveils a vast sea and
unexplored islands of knowledge. Our
inner truth seeking device will ultimately
have to turn toward this code called:
God. For the licence to explore further
lies here. We will have to first
encounter with this universally revered
and at the same time, one of the most
feared words. In calling this enigma a
code, I have my own set of reasons and reservations. Not
the Christian God or the Hindu God or the Jewish God, but
the Nature’s God. I am strongly inclined to believe that a
clear eyed appraisal of the warp and weft of physical reality
reveals that woven throughout the universe is an abstract
intelligence, which we may, without offence to either
science or religion be permitted to call divine.
The prophets and the priests of all global religions
have historically offered a multi-latitude view of the
almighty, whether that depiction is of a stern patriarch
with a white beard, or a serpent tongued she-demon. They
have found out that we have tremendous difficulties
conceptualising, let alone believing in things beyond the
pale of our own senses. This is the definition of
Anthropomorphism, the inability to conceptualise something
without giving it a form. Swami Vivekananda thus explains
the holistic view of the living and the non-living: “Now,
Vinay Biradar
8th Semester ‘B’
when we study meta-physics we come to know that the
world is one, not that the spiritual, the material, the mental,
and the world of energies are separate. It is all one, but
seen from the different planes of vision. Whatever is, is
one. Let us say, it is a sort of tapering existence; the
thickest part is here, it tapers and becomes finer and finer.
The finest is what we call spirit; the grossest, the body.
The end aim of all science is to find the unity, the one out
of which the manifold is being manufactured, that one
existing as many.”
Perfectly cogent with what
Vivekananda said more than a century
ago, scientists of the present age have
had a glimpse of the existence of the
unification of all the forces and fields.
If at all there is anything, that thing
should be the interplay of these forces
and fields. That is exactly why, great
minds like Albert Einstein, Stephen
Hawking, Maxwell ran behind the: “The Theory of
Everything” (TOI). What strikes us most was, all of them
missed out. So near, yet so far. The theory is defined as
everything we know plus everything we do not know. To
understand the unification of forces, we must first
understand nature’s symmetries. A golf ball for example,
looks the same regardless of how you turn it. It has
rotational symmetry. Talking of nature’s symmetries
however, we are not looking for things that appear the
same, but about the elemental forces and particles giving
up their distinguishing “marks” and behaving as if they
were characterised by the same natural laws. The forces
and the fields that we know are the result of broken
symmetries of nature. So, the restoration of symmetries
appears to be the magic key to unification, and unification
is the key to understand the common source. The question
that now pops up is- “what could the world of science tell
13
about the nature of God?” coherent? Could it be the timeless mystical experience of
oneness with the source, an experience which transcends
What gives physicists such confidence is the fact
all faiths and cultures, the closest, we humans can ever
that the strength of interaction of the diverse forces
come to perceiving.
appears to become equal at nature’s own dimensions,
called the Planck’s dimensions, named after the genius It is the power of one source, the order that
who conceived it back in 1899. Planck’s length is as small underlies and enfolds all orders, that unifies all fields and
as the universe is large. He derived a set of units of forms, which encompasses everything there is and
measurements that are same throughout the universe. everything there is not. Men have disguised this very own
Planck’s dimensions are the coordinates we use to navigate energy by its code name: GOD. In the words of Meister
the deepest subatomic realm. It merely represents the Eckhart: “Get out of the way and let God be God in
fact that all the fields in the universe are now believed to you.”
arise from the common source, which may be appropriately
CONCLUSION : If we give creation to God and the rest to
called as the primary field. Could this primary field be
Science, what need is there now of God?
embedded in space itself even though we cannot see it?
How can the source be encoded there? The very idea seems References :
absurd and bizarre, defying common sense. Remember
• Code Name God by Mani Bhaumik.
Einstein revolutionised the idea of space itself. He showed
• The Recovery of faith by S Radhakrishnan.
us that space and time are not absolute, but malleable.
• Life, Mind and Consciousness, a compilation by
Space which appears to be formless is actually curved
Sri Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Kolkata.
around a heavy mass like galaxy that literally acts as a
giant optical lens. The Hubble space telescope gives a
testimony to this enigmatic finding. When we think of
space we tend to think of it as a black empty region. It is In nature’s belly life my unguided fallacies,
important to keep in mind that this black empty space unspoken amitions,
resides in us, as well, for we are made of atoms, and unseen dangers,
inside an atom is mostly space. The source is not only Peeping,
with us, it’s within us. the cosmos transforms into a distant void
this sphere of life.
Have we found the address of the architect of the Still ...
universe? One has to wonder, however at what point we I liveth and my God liveth!
are, in the words of the Zen philosopher, Alan Watts, “trying - V B.
to taste our own tongues.” After all, we exist. Somehow,
most likely by sheer serendipity, things are clumped
together in our favour. Beyond all reasonable doubt we
may, perhaps have got a very faint glimmering of the nature
of God and of how the abundant majesty of the cosmos
arises from the Void, from an address numbered zero
and its superimposing symmetry. But what do we call this
larger something we sense when our minds are perfectly

14
Stock Markets -
A Bird’s Eye View
Introduction
There are different kinds of investment in the
capital markets. Each of the investment has specific benefits
along with certain features. The investments are used for
a specific purpose. The most common way of making an
investment is through purchase of shares in a company.
Shares are a mode of holding ownership in a company.
Holding shares means becoming a part owner of a
company and at the same time enjoy all the benefits along
with the consequent risks.
There are different ways in
which investment activities are
referred in their normal parlance. As
far as the common terminology is
concerned in India this will be called
as buying shares and those who hold
the shares are known as
shareholders. People who buy shares
are also said to be buying equity in
a company and they are also known
as equity holders or equity shareholders. Shares are also
known as scrips traded on the stock exchange and in many
cases people who buy shares are often referred to as
having bought scrips. This is another term that is used for
the same investment and is quite common in the Indian
context.
Dealing in shares
The term shares are used in conjunction with a
company and there are two ways in which the shares are
usually purchased and sold. Few companies are traded
on a stock exchange, which means that the shares of that
company can be bought and sold through the exchange.
The second way of dealing in shares arises when the
shares of a company are not traded on a stock exchange.
In this case, the shares are bought either from some other
investor or the company newly issues them. The issue of
shares to the public for the first time is called an Initial
Public Offer (IPO). When this is done the second time, it is
called follow on public offer.
Praveen E. D & Ambresh V. P
8th Semester ‘B’
There is a benefit of buying shares especially in
listed companies known as public limited companies. In
public limited companies, the number of members are
more than 50 and there is no restriction on the selling of
the shares. The investor can thus enter and exit whenever
they wish.
Shares enables a person to earn a dividend from
a company but with a risk tagged that if the company goes
out of business, shareholders are the last ones to get their
money. The money too would only be given to shareholders
once all the outside people have
been paid their dues. So a possibility
also runs that there might not be
anything left for the equity
shareholders after the distribution
of assets have taken place. The
company, too, if it goes into losses
cannot ask its shareholders to pay
anything more than the value of
shares. This is the concept of
limited liability that is applicable to
shares.
The Indian scenario
In India, investors have a choice between two
types of shares, and hence one will get commensurate
benefits for the kind of shares that one holds. The first
type of share is equity share. These are the shares that
everyone is familiar with. These shares are traded in the
market for companies that are listed on the stock
exchanges.
On these shares there is a dividend declared each
year depending upon the performance of the company. In
fact, if there is a loss then for several years there is no
dividend.
There is another type of share called preference
shares where the dividend is fixed and the holders of these
shares are paid the dividend as well the payout even before
the equity shareholders are given. Preference shares have
to redeemed within a specified period of time according
to the law in India.
15
16
17
18
19

Within preference shares there are shares that
differ with their features. The first is redeemable
preference shares, which means that they have to be
redeemed after a certain time period. The next is to see
whether they are cumulative or non-cumulative preference
shares. Investors if they have cumulative preference
shares, then the dividend payout which is not possible in
year is carried forward to the next year they are paid at a
later date when the required sum is available for payment.
Then there are convertible preference shares which are
converted after a specific point of time into some other
instrument.
Trading in shares
Trading in shares is one of the fundamental factors
that attract investors toward this instrument. The
experience of investing in the stock markets and the
changes that occur and the excitement generated is a good
enough reason for a lot of people to be attracted to this
mode of investment. Many believe that trading produces
returns as well as a certain level of pleasure for the
investors too for being a part of the process.
Stock exchanges
One of the first things that have to be recorded is
the idea of a stock exchange. A stock exchange is a medium
through which there is trading in shares and securities.
Earlier, the stock exchange was a physical space where
the brokers used to gather and then deal in the shares
face to face. There was a trading ring where the
transactions used to take place.
Now with the advent of information technology,
the stock exchange is a virtual place. Each member who
wishes to trade on the exchange is connected by the trading
terminal to a central place where all the buy and sell orders
are matched and the transactions are effected. This means
that a person sitting in Punjab can trade with a person
sitting in Chennai by dealing through the terminals that
are connected by satellite and other means of
communication.
In the stock exchange, we now have an
automated system of putting in order, so that all that an
investor does goes through a broker, who places their
respective order at a given price or the available market
price and then the system matches the best buy and the
sell orders and the transaction is executed. Thus, for
example, an investor can go through his brokers terminal
and have an order of buying 100 Reliance shares at Rs
2090. The system will look for the best quote that matches
this requirement and will then execute the order.
There are two main exchanges in the country,
the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock
Exchange, on which a large majority of the trading in the
cash segment of the market takes place. The cash segment
of the market is where there is dealing in actual shares
and not in the derivatives.
Market terminology
Bulls :
This is one of the common terms used in the
market to denote a person who is looking at the price of a
share to rise. This person undertakes the activity of buying
the shares at a lower price level and then selling them to
others after the price rises.
Bears :
The bears believe that the share prices will fall and hence
they will sell off the shares at the current level and then
buy them back at a lower level so that their aim is achieved.
Arbitrage :
Arbitrage refers to an opportunity between two
investments that can be executed in a virtual risk free
manner.
Penny stocks :
These are an essential part of any stock market
across the world. Penny stocks are stocks that quote at a
very low value, which is below their face value and are
usually a few rupees.
All play and no work makes Jack an investor
in the stock market.
References :
1. www.sharekhan.com
2. www.geojitbnpparisbas.com

20
Space for the Soul
Sneha
6 Semester ‘B’
th

MESMERISING MOSAIC

LOVE REDIFINED

BLESSINGS : HOLY SEER SHIVAKUMAR SWAMIJI

BEWITCHING BEAUTY

21
 E-gnite Brain Jam - 02
Shilpa Ibrahimpur
6th Semester ‘A’

1 3

9 4

10

ACROSS :
1 Atmosphere of a place (8)
2 Left hand page of an open book (4)
3 Extensible Markup languages abbreviation (6)
4 Spell 12th ? (7)
6 Pin no. 20 of 8051 (8)
7 Largest gland of human body (9)
DOWN
8 Group of Islands (1)
9 Time between two eventh
Appeal to the Alumni :
E-gnite appeals to the alumni of the college to
actively contribute articles on various issues of importance.
For qurries please write to : egnitemagazine@gmail.com
or call : 9008147666.
The next issue will be a highlight special
anniversary edition. To advertise your firm contact :
9611464041 or write to egnitemagazine@gmail.com

22
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26
£Àqz
É É ¤£Àß ºÁ¢ Workshop on Document Preparation
- ¸ÀAUÀªÉÄñÀégÀ Dgï.Dgï. for Research Publications
£ÀqÉzÉ ¤£Àß ºÁ¢AiÀÄ°è 6£É ¸ÉªÀiï ©.E. "©" «¨sÁUÀ
From 2nd April to 4th April 2010
£ÀqÉzÉ ¤£Àß ºÁ¢AiÀÄ°è Organised by Dept. of ECE, PDACEG.
¤Ã£ÀÄ PÉÊPÉÆmÁÖUÀ Course outline and objectives
©qÀ°®è ¤£Àß ºÁ¢AiÉÆAzÉÃ
This workshop addresses the standard accepted
PÀ®Äè ªÀÄļÀÄîUÀ¼À£ÀÄß by the most publishers included IEEE publications. At the
£ÉÆqÀzÉ CAdzÉ §AzÉà workshop we introduce LATEX – the IEEE and other referred
C°ègÉÆÃzÀÄ £ÉgÀ¼ÉÆAzÉà journals’ recommended standard for documentation
©qÀ°®è ¤£Àß ºÁ¢AiÉÆAzÉà preparation.

Course Overview
PÉÆÃn PÉÆÃn ¸ÉʤPÀgÀ£ÀÄß
1. Documents and document classes
PÁr PÀÄ¥Àཹ §AzÉÃ
C°ègÉÆÃzÀÄ C«±Áé¸À MAzÉà 2. Document structure

©qÀ°®è ¤£Àß ºÁ¢AiÉÆAzÉà 3. Environments- text, Table, Figure

C¥Àà CªÀÄä£À ªÀiÁvÀÄ «ÄÃj
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4. Math Equations
C°ègÉÆÃzÀÄ C¥À£ÀA©PÉ MAzÉ
©qÀ°®è ¤£Àß ºÁ¢AiÉÆAzÉà 5. Bibliography and Citation

6. Sample LATEX document generation

£ÀªÄÀ ä UÀÄ®§UÁð Eligibility :

DVvÀÄÛ gÁd ªÀĺÁgÁdgÀ ºÉªÉÄäAiÀÄ zÀÄUÁð Course is meant for teachers from Universities/
FUÁVzÉ §ÄzÀÞ«ºÁgÀªÀ°èUÉ ªÀiÁUÀð Engineering Colleges of all Departments, research Scholars
E¯Éèà EzÉ ±ÀgÀt§¸ÀªÉñÀégÀ ªÀÄA¢gÀ and Post Graduate students.
ªÀÄvÀÄÛ SÁeÁ §AzÉãÀªÁdgÀ zÀUÁð Background required:
DUÀÄwÛzÉ ªÀĺÁzÉêÀ¥Àà gÁªÀÄ¥ÀÄgÉ
CªÀgÀ ¸ÀdÓ¤PÉAiÀÄ ¸ÀA¸ÀUÀð. Minimal computer operating skills.
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E¯Éè EzÉ UÀÄ®§UÁð «±Àé«zÁå®AiÀÄ, UÀÄ®§UÁð Contact :
ºÉêÀiÁ ºÉëÄUÀ¼À ¸ÀA¸ÀUÀð Dr. Vinayadutt V. Kohir
F jÃw E°è vÀÄA©zÉ eÁÕ¤UÀ¼À zÀÄUÀð HOD ECE
EzÀjAzÀ ¹UÀÄvÀÛzÉ eÁÕ£ÀzÀ ¸ÀA¸ÀUÀð Dr. Siddaram Patil
EμÁÖzÀgÀÆ £Á£ÀÄ ºÉÆÃUÀĪÀÅzÀÄ E£ÀÆß CzÀgÀ ªÀiÁUÀð
Prof. G.S. Biradar
E£ÀÆß zÀÆgÀ«zÉ D £À£Àß PÀ£À¹£À UÀÄ®§UÁð
Convenors
- eÉÊ©üêÀiï UÁAiÀÄPÀªÁqÀ
6£Éà ¸ÉªÀiï "J"«¨sÁUÀ

27
Guest Article

E- Resources for Engineering Community -

Indest Consortia - Dr. Mallikarjun Vaddankeri
Librarian, PDACEG

With the information revolution brought about by

development of internet and World Wide Web, libraries at
all levels graduated themselves from traditional storehouse
of information to information providers. Users were
beginning to expect speedy delivery of their requests in
full-text. User expectations rose with the enhancement of
technological changes that occurred. Libraries had to meet
these user requirements with advanced capabilities or fall
by the wayside. The budgetary limitations forced libraries
colleges and technical departments in universities have
to provide the scholarly publications collectively through
joined the Consortium with financial support from the
national consortia.
AICTE. Moreover, the INDEST-AICTE Consortium, as an
Dissemination of research is a key value of the open-ended proposition, welcomes other institutions to
academy. Indeed, academic freedom encompasses the join it on their own for sharing benefits it offers in terms
rights of faculty members and researchers to communicate of highly discounted rates of subscription and better terms
freely and broadly the conclusions of their scholarly of agreement with the publishers. 502 Institution have
endeavors. Faculty research and scholarship represent joined the Consortium, under its self-supported category.
invaluable intellectual capital, but the value of that capital Total number of member institutions in the Consortium
lies in its effective dissemination to present and future has grown to more than 600.
audiences. Academic and research communities
PDA College of Engineering, Gulbarga is one of
particularly engineering fraternity need to capture the full
the active members of this INDEST consortia. But the major
value of the growing investments in research and
issue to be addressed is its utilization, for which user
scholarship by maximizing the dissemination of their
sensitization and workshops are inevitable to explore the
products. Emergence of information and communication
goldmine of e-resources available under this national
technology has given a new dimension for accessing full
consortia to act as a gateway of access to research
text e-journals and databases for use in advancing
information of nascent value.
research, teaching, and in advancing the public good. In
this direction, the Ministry of Human Resource Development Full text e-journals and e-databases available
(MHRD) has set-up the Indian National Digital Library in under INDEST - AICTE Consortia are as under:
Engineering Sciences and Technology (INDEST) Consortium
Full – Text E-Resources
on the recommendation made by the Expert Group
• ABI / Inform Complete
appointed by the Ministry. The Ministry provides funds
• ACM Digital Library
required for subscription to electronic resources for (38)
• ASCE Journals
institutions including IISc, IITs, NITs, IIMs and a few other
• ASME Journals (+ A M R)
centrally-funded Government institutions through the
• ASTM Standards and Journals
consortium headquarters set-up at the IIT Delhi. Besides,
(60) Government or Government-aided engineering

28
 Live Your Dream
• Capitaline
• CRIS INFAC Ind. Information Hold fast to dreams
• Digital Engineering Library (DEL) For if dreams die
• EBSCO Databases Life is a broken winged bird
• Elsevier’s Science Direct That cannot fly
• Emerald Full-text
• Emerald Management Xtra Hold fast to dreams
• Engineering Science Data Unit (ESDU) For when dreams go
• Euromonitor (GMID) Life is a barren field
• IEEE / IEEE Electronic Library Online (IEL) Frozen with snow
• Indian Standards
• INSIGHT To fling my arms wide
• Nature In the face of the Sun
• Proquest Science (formerly ASTP) Dance ! whirl ! whirl !
• Springer Link Till the quick day is done

Bibliographic Databases Rest at pale evening

• COMPENDEX on EI Village A tall, Slim tree
• INSPEC on EI Village Night coming tenderly
• J-Gate Custom Content for Consortia (JCCC) Black like coal
• MathSciNet - Manjunath Patil
• SciFinder Scholar 6th Semester ‘A’
• Web of Science

Open Access Resourses

• About Open Access
• Open Access E-Journals
• Open Access Directories
• IRs @ member Institutions

29
 Department News
Toppers this time.... Association News
Veena Kalburgi, scoring 695/900, with an Silicon Association Cricket Tournament
aggregate of 77.22% tops the charts for Schedule
the 7 semester exams this time. She thinks
th

th th th
“Hard work will yield success but smart work • March 27 : 4 'A' V/s 8 'B' (1.30 PM)
yields better result”. For friends, she has to say, “Trust
th th th
yourself, you know more than you think you do”. • March 28 : 4 'B' V/s 8 'A' (6.00 AM)
th th
6 'A' V/s 8 'B' (9.00 AM)
Some of her worth mentioning achievements are she
scored, 102 on 125 in DSPAA, and 70 on 75 in Power rd th th
• April 03 : 4 'B' V/s 6 'B' (1.30 PM)
Electronics lab.
th th th
• April 04 : 4 'A' V/s 6 'A' (6.00 AM)
th th
6 'B' V/s 8 'A' (9.00 AM)
Siddagundappa Ingale, once again
topped the charts of 5th semester by scoring
Finals on 11th April, 2010
‘S’ grade in Linear Control Systems, Digital
Signal Processing and Advanced
Microprocessor Lab. He has scored a CGPA of 9.45 and Venue :
SGPA of 9.32. PDACE College Ground
All are Wel - Come
He believes strongly in saying, “The path that leads
to happiness is too narrow on which two cannot walk”.
And his line for friends is that, “There is a spark at the nick
of heart which beats for friends”.
II Internals
Gangabai Biradar, did what was th th th
II Internals scheduled for 4 , 6 , 8 Semesters
expected from her and stood first for third th th th
on 26 , 27 , 28 April 2010.
consecutive time (i.e., for 3 semester).She
rd

scored a perfect 10 in Engineering Maths-3

Team E-gnite wishes you all the best
and ‘A’grade in all other subjects. Her CGPA stands at 9.58
and SGPA at 9.16. Her quote for success is, “They con-
quer who believe, they can”. And for friends she has to
say, “Common sense is an uncommon degree, which the
world calls Wisdom”.

Team E-gnite also congratulates Anand R. L, The Association also conducts Farewell party & indoor
th
Anand S. Patil & Shivanand of 8 semester for getting games. To participate register your names with the
GATE 2010 eligibility. Silicon assocations advisor.

30
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N-Tel Mobiles

Jawali Complex, Super Market, GULBARGA

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