Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bacolod City
In Bachelor of Science
In Nursing
by:
Gangoy, Lalaine
Genovea, Dona
Suegay, Charmy
Group 6 N3 - 5
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Smoking is a habit but curable. Considered as curable but few people try to control
themselves from doing it. People, students and even professionals are often tempted to
smoke. For some, smoking relieves tension; superiority among others, curiosity,
satisfaction, and a form of self deception but the adverse consequences of smoking is
but fails to act on it because they themselves cannot practice what they preach1. It is
obvious that smoking is one of the major problems of every college student. Many
college students are fond of smoking, it driven one self to heavenly feeling. But it is not
Many people tried self discipline to control the temptation of smoking. Others
would try re- lifestyle and refocus their attention just to stop themselves from doing it.
But worse, others don’t know what to do and they simply give in. Others on the other
hand, would smoke not because they don’t know what to do but simply because they
1
Toni Christopherson, Working Nurse, (Working World, June 11- July 2, 2004), pp. 22.
3
As mentioned earlier, smoking is curable; one always has the power to control
one’s self. Because of smoking, few qualified people get to be successful. It's because
of smoking is one of the reason that word's mortality rate. Smoking could never be
eradicated unless we try to start the battle against it and heart attack in those with heart
disease.
Studies have indicated that some student does smoking during their vacant time
becoming popular substitute for learning. There are some factors of smoking which has
the social approval from parents, faculty and friends. Some studies shows that student
with low self – esteem is actually more likely to smoke than student with high self –
esteem because of the negative evaluation that they might receive from the people
around them.2 3
2
Keller, Kimberly, Great Emphasis, 1976, pp.32
3
Polacheck, Whitney, Guiding Rules for a Better, 1996, pp. 45
4
The main purpose of this is to know the attitude of West Negros University
a. favorable
b. unfavorable
2. What are the attitudes of male and female student nurses toward
smoking?
3. What are the attitudes of regular and second courser students toward
smoking?
Assumptions
5
1. Male and Female student nurses possess different attitude toward smoking.
3. Each school has certain ways to prevent unnecessary misdoing inside the school
campus.
Theoretical Framework
Smoking has been practiced in one form or another since ancient times.
Perception surrounding smoking has varied over time and from one place to another;
holy and sinful, sophisticated and vulgar, a panacea and deadly health hazard. Only
viewed in a decidedly negative light. Today medical studies have proven that smoking
is among the leading causes of diseases such as stenosis, lung cancer, heart attacks and
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and can also lead to birth defects. The well-
proven health hazards of smoking have caused many countries to institute high taxes on
tobacco products and anti-smoking campaigns are launched every year in an attempt to
curb smoking.
The reasons given by smokers for this activity are broadly categorized as
differences in how much each of these reasons contribute, with females more likely
and 95 percent of alcoholics smoke cigarettes, which is more than three times higher
Research has also shown that smokers with a history of alcoholism are more
nicotine dependent than smokers with no such history, and suggests smoking cessation
may prompt a relapse to drinking among a small number of smokers with a history of
alcoholism.
"This study refutes the common perception that smokers with a history of
alcoholism have more difficulty quitting smoking and are likely to relapse back to
Vermont and lead author of the study. "Our results suggest smokers with this history
Hughes also said that for "for 85 percent of smokers with past alcoholism,
smokers with past but not current alcoholism were able to quit as well and benefited
from nicotine-patch treatment to the same degree as smokers without this history.
4
Evelyn Lutz, Philippine Journal of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, January-June 2006,pp.23
5
John R. Hughes, Smoke Alarm, Volume 76, March-December 1998
7
attributes to smoking. Crowne and Marlou6 found college student with a high need for
approval of smoking more often because they as concerned about negative evaluation.
Attitudes and values can be thought and will be dealt with here as motivational
perceptual states7. An individuals attitude set a respond through the perceptual quality
individuals' values are associated with the central tendency of cluster of his attitude in a
process is a dynamic one in so far as attitudes and values are subject to change though
Attitudes are important in social psychology because they sum up the past
growing
out of learning. This process therefore has consequences not only in terms of
observable behaviors but also with respect to potentials fro the individual's action.
6
Erik Crowne and Marlou, Your Health Guide, February-August 2005, pp. 85
7
Franklin Allport, Choose life, not smoking, pp. 106
8
In the early studies of attitudes, it was quite common to rely largely on the
description on individual's attitudes, their direction in terms of valence, and the belief
system that they constituted. More recently, attitudes have been viewed with
considerably greater stress on what can be called their structural relationships and
functional features. The first of these newer emphases has been called "cognitive
interaction'' which conveys the idea of a relationship between attitudes within the
psychological field. It also encompasses the process by which new experiences become
research has been directed toward attitudinal consistency and congruity, about which
we shall say more shortly. The second emphasis, on functional features, concerns
There are great ways to approach the organization of attitudes, but for
convenience, we can consider them with reference the three major components and
three aspects of study. Regarding the components, Katz8 observes that attitudes have
been treated with respect to a cognitive component, which refers to belief – disbelief,
affective components, which deal with like – dislike, and an action components, which
8
Emily Katz, Aspects of Behavior, pp:123-124 h
9
social psychology. Thus believing or not believing something, and liking one or the
challenge, is usually found to have considerable positive effect. There maybe a little
apparent liking – in the sense of positive valence associated with one's belief that the
earth is round, yet a contradiction of it would generate strong feeling. This point bears
The three major aspects in the study of attitudes are: the relationships of their
their source, that is, the patterns by which attitudes are acquired through learning; and
attitude change, with reference to the influences on the individual which result in the
View broadly; there are several qualities of attitudes which may we may now
generalize as follows: they are beliefs and feelings about an object or set of objects in
the social environment; they are learned; they to persist, though subject to the effects of
experience; and they are directives states in the psychological field which affects
action.
9
Rokeach, Beliefs & Attitude,pp89
10
Elliot Karen, Significant Gains, 1996, pp. 63
10
Scope
This study covers all the level 3 nursing student of West Negros University –
Bacolod. The sample size was predetermined because of the inadequate list of student
affection in smoking and school objectives to handle the necessary precautions toward
smoking.
Limitations
In view of financial and time constraints on the part of the researchers, only
level 3 student nurses were selected: Level 3 because it is easy and accessible on the
part of the researchers as they are also in the same year level. Aside from that, level 3 is
the time were the student nurses are expose to the clinical area for their internship.
11
Definition of Terms
these terms refer to the over all grades of students in all his subjects.
Age – refers to the length of time of level 3 students which measured by years
fact. In this study, this term means the student's feeling and disposition toward
smoking.
Sex- conceptually this term refers to the sum of structural and functional
differences of every individual. Operationally this term refers to male and female
engage in smoking.
and the smoke tasted or inhaled. This is primarily done as a form of recreational drug
use, as combustion releases the active substances in drugs such as nicotine and makes
them available for absorption through the lungs. In this study, this term refer to the
Clinical Instructors in WNU. As clinical instructors guide and are the one who
are always there for the students, they have a great responsibility in motivating the
students. This study will provide and support the students in giving good quality
education and health teaching which could necessarily extend benefits in the school and
for the students. In terms of school performances, level 3 student nurses could practice
self discipline through the help of Clinical Instructors who handle them. They should
give advices and health teachings for the students to be more aware of the effects of
Dean of the College of Nursing. In order for the dean to assess the immediate
needs of the student services and supervises the level 3 student nurses through their
academic performance and health status. Furthermore, to determine whether this study
towards smoking has a great impact in the student nurse's academic and clinical
performance. Also for the dean of the college to be alarmed and to implement actions
that could alleviate the students attitude towards smoking. This is not only for the
college but also for the school to uplift its name and produce quality nurses in the near
future.
that will draw out a plan for the school. They could provide objectives and support the
For the class advisers, who could give student nurses care and guidance and
which could possibly help students in managing their life. They could provide
objectives and identify all their perspective needs from the different policy of the
school.
For Level 3 student nurse’s, so their goals could be identified, and for the
benefits of their future plans, health and career. This could be chance of opportunity for
them to gain self discipline and be a role model to their responding clients in the
clinical area, school and community. They will realized that what they are doing will
For the researcher, to encourage changes in the health habit of their fellow
anchor individuals to maintain and strengthen the health condition of the students
Chapter II
This chapter covers more on the study, which is basically related to the research
study of the attitude of West Negros University College of Nursing level 3 student
nurses towards smoking. This chapter contains the related reading, ideas, concept and
research studies of different authors and sources in relation to the effect of smoking to
one's attitude.
Conceptual Literature
Smoking is the practice of inhaling tobacco from a pipe or cigarette. The custom
of smoking tobacco is thought to have started in the Americas. In the late 1400's,
English and Spanish explorers returning from the New World brought back to Europe
the custom of pipe smoking, which they had learned from Indians. Cigarette smoking
may have started among the Aztecs of Mexico, who smoked shredded tobacco rolled
inside corn husks. Until the 1900's tobacco was used mainly in cigars, chewing tobacco
and snuff. Later cigarette smoking became popular and increased sharply after World
In 1964 the United States Public Health Service released a landmark document,
smoking in health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General, which
concluded that smoking is a major cause of cancer of the lung, mouth and throat. Since,
then researchers have shown that each year cigarette smoking cause more than 300,000
premature deaths in the United States alone, principally from the heart disease, cancer
11
The New Book of Knowledge, 1992, pp. 243
15
and chronic (long – lasting) obstructive lung disease, such as emphysema. In 1965,
congress adopted legislation requiring that all cigarette packages carry a warning about
the health hazard of smoking. Cigarette advertisements on radio and television have
One of the more recent concerns about smoking is the effects of tobacco smoke
has on nonsmokers (" passive or involuntary'' smoking). The 1986 Surgeon General's
healthy nonsmokers; (2) the children of parents who smoke have more respiratory
infection, such as pneumonia and bronchitis, than the children on non- smokers. (3) The
separation of smokers and non- smokers may reduce, but does not eliminate, the
recent trend towel restricting or banning smoking in public places and in the workplace.
In fact, the surgeon general and Public Health Service have called fro smoke – free
Campaigns aimed at educating the Public about the health hazards of smoking
have been very successful. Studies shows that 90% of the U.S. adult population now
recognizes that cigarette smoking cause lung cancer, heart disease and emphysema.
Teenagers have begun turning away from cigarettes. The percentage of high school
seniors who smoke every day has fallen from 29 % in 1977 to about 20% in 1987. It is
critical that people recognize that dangers of smoking before they consider taking up
12
Time Magazine, Volume 44, 1995, pp.5
16
the habit. Smoking causes smokers cough, a lower capacity for exercise, addiction to
Local Literature
In the Philippines, the number of women who smoke is constantly on the rise. It
is a phenomenon that, in recent years, seems to affect the youngest most of all: 30% of
According to a recent study conducted by the Southeast Asia Tobacco Control Alliance,
18.7% of Filipino young women between the ages of 13 and 25 smoke cigarettes. The
already have the smoking habit. Among female smokers, 60% say that they smoked
their first cigarette at the age of 18, while the remaining 40% say they started when they
They continue to smoke despite the fact that they are aware of the risks
connected to smoking: nine girls out of ten know that smoking can cause lung cancer,
infertility, early menopause, osteoporosis, and hysterectomy. For this reason, the
country has begun an anti-smoking campaign supported by the local Catholic Church:
13
The New Book Of Knowledge, 1992, pp. 587
14
AsiaNews.It.com, February 05, 2007
17
Research Literature
Alarm more teens are lighting up and making smoking a habit. But do they
really know the harm they're doing to their young bodies? Some teens are asked why
they smoke. They mostly answered to relieve tension; to be in "in" the group, fashion
and make them feel strong and heavenly feeling. There are only some teenagers being
asked for the reasons of why they smoke. True that we all die but don’t we know the
More than just addictive nicotine, these are the poisons that go into our lungs
each time we inhale cigarette smoke. ARSENIC: used in rat poison; ACETIC ACID:
hair dye and developer; ACETONE: main ingredients in paint and fingernail polish
CADIUM: found in batteries and artist oil plant that carries carbon monoxide;
in explosive moth balls and pain pigments; NICKEL: used in the process of
dosage equal to 300 chest X-ray in one year; STYRENE: found in isolation material;
bags15.
The gross truth, the damage of smoking does to our insides eventually shows in
our physical appearance. It's not about beig vain, but puffing can really strip our pretty
15
The Script, 2002, pp.41
18
points. Its stained teeth that either yellowish or brownish, bad breath, a yellow stain in
the fingertips, black lips, facial wrinkles and an over all odor of stale smoke that
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter discusses the method of research use, the subject and respondent of
the study, the sampling procedures, the research instrument, the data gathering
Since the main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of smoking in
the health condition and the academic and clinical performances of the student nurses.
Research Design
In this study, the descriptive research design is use because we want to know if
smoking has great effect on the clinical and academic performance of nursing students.
What is really their reason of smoking? Descriptive research is the most widely
researches, the primary aim of which is to describe existing belief, opinion or condition
of social group; compare sub groups in terms of selected variables; determine the
The respondents of the study will be the level 3 male and female student nurses
their academic performance, and clinical performance. With the use of purposive
16
Ardales, Venancio, 3rd Edition, 2008.
20
sampling procedure, there were 300 level student nurses who were taken as respondent.
n = __N__
1 + Ne²
N = population size
Thus: n = _200_
1+ 500(.05)²
The researcher requested the approval of the dean of College of Nursing to gather
the pertinent data necessary to answer the objectives of the investigation. Approval
from the College Registrar for the procurement of grades was also sought upon
approval; the researcher personally copied the averages of the academic grades as well
as the clinical grades of the level 3 student nurses. Other information which was needed
to establish the profile of the respondents was also gathered from the same office.
Research Instrument
This study will make use of a survey questionnaire compose parts to gather the
needed data. It will be supplemented by the academic and clinical record of the level 3
student nurses in second semester S.Y. 2008 – 2009. It will be further supplied with
21
The following statistical tools were utilized to analyze the gathered data to answer
the first objective which sought whether level 3 student nurses of WNU are favorable
or not, towards smoking. Objective 2 and 3 determine the attitudes between the male
and female and the regular and second courser level 3 student nurses towards smoking.
Descriptive Statistics
% = F/N × 100
% = percent
F = frequency
the level 3 nursing student when group according to attitude of student, regular or
second courser, smoking habit, the mean was used. According to Basilio, the mean is
X = __efx__
N
22
where:
x = the mean
QUESTIONNAIRE
Direction: Please indicate your response by checking the appropriate box or by filling
the blank.
1. Name (optional)___________________
3. Age: _____________
PART II.
area. ( ) Yes ( ) No
smoking. ( ) Yes ( ) No
24
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
Ardales, Venancio B.
2008 Basic Concepts and Methods in Research. 3rd edition. Ermita, Manila:
Educational Publishing Company
Christopherson, Toni G.
2004 Working Nurse, Working world. New York: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Hughes, John R.
1996 Smoke Alarm. San Diego State University
Keller, Kimberly F.
1996 Great Emphasis. California:
Polacheck, Whitney.
1996 Guiding Rule for a better.” New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc.
PERIODICALS
INTERNET
www. AsiaNews.It.com
25
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION
Hypothesis
Theoretical Framework
Conceptual Framework
Definition of Terms