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Renewable Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/renene
Technical Note
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Renewable resources gained more attention in the last two decades due to persisting energy demand
Received 14 December 2008 coupled with decrease in fossil fuel resources and its environmental effect to the earth. In Iraq, the
Accepted 22 December 2009 electric power generated is not enough to meet the power demand of domestic and industrial sectors. In
Available online 13 January 2010
this article, a hybrid system was proposed as a renewable resource of power generation for grid con-
nected applications in three cities in Iraq. The proposed system was simulated using MATLAB solver, in
Keywords:
which the input parameters for the solver were the meteorological data for the selected locations and the
Wind turbine
sizes of PV and wind turbines. Results showed that it is possible for Iraq to use the solar and wind energy
Solar
PV panel to generate enough power for some villages in the desert or rural area. It is also possible to use such
Iraq a system as a black start source of power during total shutdown time. Results also indicated that the
preferred location for this system is in Basrah for both solar and wind energy.
Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0960-1481/$ – see front matter Ó 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.12.010
1304 S.S. Dihrab, K. Sopian / Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 1303–1307
a village with potable water at the rate of 300 m3/d. Celik [13] In open circuit condition, the current is zero and the ‘1’ in Eq. 2 is
introduced a novel sizing method to model a PV-wind hybrid small as compared to the exponential term. Because of this, the
energy system with battery storage and found that the techno- diode current is given by:
economic optimization of autonomous energy systems should
include the following design parameters at the same time: the level Voc;ref
of autonomy i.e. the fraction of time for which the specified load Io;ref ¼ IL;ref e aref (4)
can be met, and the cost of the system.
Bakes [14] reported the technical feasibility and economical The measured values for I and V at the maximum power point given
viability of a hybrid solar/wind grid-connected system for electrical by the manufacturer can be substituted into Eq. 2 along with the
and thermal energy production that covers the energy demand of diode and light current to find the series resistance, RS
a typical residence in the city of Xanthi (Greece). Also, Deshmukh Imp
[15] described methodologies to model Hybrid Renewable Energy a ln 1 Vmp þ Voc
IL
Systems (HRES). It also highlighted few issues related to the pene- Rs ¼ (5)
Imp
tration of these energy systems in the present distribution network.
In this paper, a hybrid system (PV and wind) is proposed and The following equations are good approximations for the temper-
simulated for three different cities in Iraq namely Baghdad (33 N), ature effect on many PV modules.
Basrah (30 N) and Mosul (36 N), as one of the future system based
on renewable resources in Iraq. The system consists of 5 Mw of PV GT
IL ¼ IL;ref þ mIsc Tc Tc;ref (6)
panels and 100 wind turbines in which each one has the power of GT;ref
10 KW so that the total plant will generate about 6 MW of
maximum power. The system was seized in order to work as a black Tc;ref
start generator to power the auxiliary equipment during total a ¼ aref (7)
Tc
shutdown time, or to meet the power requirement of about 750
small houses in the remote area with the assumption that each " !#
house will consume about 30 Kwh/day of power at rated system " #2 3Ns Tc;ref
1
power. The proposed plant will need an area of 400 m 400 m of Tc aref Tc
Io ¼ Io;ref e (8)
square land. This area will be enough to carry the 57,500 panels of Tc;ref
PV as well as the 100 wind turbines which will be distributed along
a specified area. The basic components of the proposed plant are
illustrated in Fig.1. Voc ¼ Voc;ref þ mVoc Tc Tc;ref (9)
The PV cell can directly convert the sunlight to DC power Now we have to find the cell temperature at operating conditions. It
through the photoelectric phenomena. The power output of is essential to use the energy balance for a module that was over-
a single diode solar cell is given by [16]. viewed by Duffie and Beckman [16]. The energy balance for
a module is given by:
P ¼ IV (1)
saGt ¼ hc Gt þ UL ðTc Ta Þ (11)
The general formula for monocrystalline solar cell current is the
current–voltage relationship for a single diode solar cell of an array If we know the cell temperature at a certain condition called
is given as follow: nominal operating temperature, NOCT with no load as given by the
manufacturer, then the term in Eq. 11 can be found from
V þ IRs !
I ¼ IL ID ¼ IL Io e a 1 (2) sa=UL ¼ Tc;NOCT Ta Gt;NOCT (12)
3
Eq. 13 indicates that the cell temperature depends on its efficiency.
2
At the same time, the cell temperature affects the current and
voltage of the module i.e. the cell temperature and the module 1
efficiency one affects each other. Therefore, the procedure for the
0
solution will be: JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1. Assume an arbitrary amount of module efficiency (normally, Fig. 3. wind speed distribution during the year for Baghdad, Basrah and Mosul.
the cell efficiency is between 7 and 14 %)
2. Apply Eq. 13 to find the cell temperature
3. Apply Equations 7–9 to obtain the operating current and the data were collected over 8 years as monthly average data [18]. The
voltage of the module daily average data obtained from the mentioned source can be used
4. Calculate the module efficiency using Eq. 14 and compare this further to find the incident solar irradiation on the PV arrays. The
value with the first estimated value until they converge. solar irradiation distribution throughout the year for Baghdad,
Thereafter, the module efficiency and the cell temperature can Basrah and Mosul are illustrated in Fig. 2, and the wind speed
be obtained. distributions are shown in Fig. 3.
The PV manufacturer should provide the characteristic specifi- 4. Results and discussion
cations such as (VOC, ISC,Vmp, Imp, mISC and mVOC) coefficients of the
short circuit current and open circuit voltage. The technical char- The proposed hybrid system was simulated using MATLAB. The
acteristics of the PV module (Kyosera) used in this simulation are major inputs for the solver for the PV modules were solar irradia-
given in Table 1. tion and atmospheric temperature, as well as the PV manufacturing
data sheet information’s. For the wind turbine, the inputs were
2.2. Wind turbine wind speed and the wind turbine manufacturing data sheet. In
general, the average daily radiation for Basrah (refer to Fig. 2) had
Wind is a form of solar energy. It is caused by uneven heating of the maximum value. It was slightly higher than Mosul, especially
the atmosphere by the sun, irregularities of the earth’s surface, and for the first and last 3 months of the year, and it was noticeably
rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by earth’s higher than Baghdad. Therefore, the expected annual PV output for
terrain, bodies of water, and vegetation. Human use this wind flow, Basrah was the highest, higher than Mosul and Baghdad respec-
or motion energy, for many purposes such as sailing, flying a kite, tively. Fig. 4 showed the annual PV output for the selected sites.
and even generating electricity [17]. The amount ofpower- The output power for the wind turbine is strongly affected by
transferred to a wind turbine is directly proportional to the area the wind speed as shown in Eq. 15. Fig. 3 showed that the wind
swept out by the rotor, the air density, and the cubic power of the speed for Basrah was the highest, as compared to Baghdad and
wind speed, as given by: Mosul. This is not surprising due to its location, which is at the top
south of Iraq, near the gulf. Consequently, the annual wind turbines
Pwind ¼ 0:5arAv3 (15) output for Basrah was also the highest. Fig. 4 also showed the
annual wind turbine power output for all cities.
The technical characteristics of the wind turbine used in this study Basically, the PV modules generate DC power. Therefore, the DC/
are given in Table 2. AC inverters are recommended to be used in the system in order to
switch the PV modules voltage from DC to AC. In this study, a DC/AC
3. Metrological data is assumed to have 90 % electrical efficiency. Fig. 4 showed that
Basrah had the highest PV modules output and wind turbines
The main input parameters for the solver are solar radiation and power, while Baghdad had the lowest PV output power, but
wind speed. The daily average solar radiation and wind speed data a slightly higher wind turbine power than Mosul. Fig. 5
for Iraq were collected from a metrological weather web site, the
750 9000
Average daily radiation (kwh/m2)
8
Annual PV power (MWh)
7
700 8500
6
5
4 650 8000
3
2 600 7500
1
0 550 7000
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Basrah Baghdad Mos ul
Fig. 2. Solar irradiation distributions during the year for Baghdad, Basrah and Mosul. Fig. 4. PV power output distribution during the year for Baghdad, Basrah and Mosul.
1306 S.S. Dihrab, K. Sopian / Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 1303–1307
Acknowledgment
Annual total power sent to grid (MWh)
9000
8000 Nomenclature
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